The concept of social role is closely related to the function that a person performs in society, with his rights and responsibilities to others. Social science has been enriched with several definitions throughout its existence. Some correlate this concept with social position, which brings it closer to status. Others suggest that this is expected behavior.

Let us give examples of social roles, so it will be easier to understand what exactly we are talking about. Let's say there is a school. Who is in it? Teacher, students, director. In the public understanding, a teacher must know his subject well, be able to explain it, prepare for each lesson, and be demanding. He has certain tasks, and he performs his function. And the social status and social role of the individual depends on how well he does this.

At the same time, the teacher can be more demanding, tough, or soft, good-natured. Some limit themselves exclusively to teaching their subject, while others begin to participate more actively in the lives of their students. Some people accept gifts from their parents, others absolutely do not. These are all shades of the same role.

What does the concept of social role include?

Social roles are necessary for society because they allow us to interact with big amount people without receiving a huge amount of information about who they are. When we see a doctor, a postman, a policeman in front of us, we have certain expectations. And when they make excuses, it promotes order.

Moreover, the same person may have a large number of different roles: in the family - father, husband, friendly company- a shirt-guy, at work - the head of the security department, etc. Moreover, the more an individual has the opportunity to switch, the richer and more varied his life is.

The variety of social roles is especially noticeable in adolescence, when a person tries to understand what is close to him. He can spend quite a long time figuring out how they are connected to each other, to status, prestige, to the reaction of society, to family comfort, etc. As the teenager develops a more mature and clear awareness of what he needs , he begins to grow up.

And at the same time, in adolescence there is a transition from one role to another. And in a certain interval he seems to freeze on the edge. The teenager manages to emerge from the state of a child, but has not yet fully entered the life of an adult. Which is often perceived quite negatively.

Social role theory

A well-known researcher in sociology, the American Merton was the first to draw attention to the fact that any social status presupposes not one, but a whole set of social roles. This formed the basis of the corresponding theory.

Now in science such a set is called a role set. It is believed that the richer it is, the better for the realization of the person himself. But if he has a small number of roles or only one, then in this case we are talking about pathology. Or, at least, about severe isolation from society.

How is a role set different from a set of roles? Because the first applies only to one social status. But the second one is more scattered. In general, sociological focus groups are still conducting research on how a change in one position affects status in the family, to what extent, and why.

Scientists are now actively checking whether the following judgments are true: a man’s social role at work does not in any way affect his position in the family. As you might guess, the responses received are also carefully analyzed to understand the reasons.

Types of social roles

So, what types of social roles are there anyway? There is a division related to representations. This is the expected role, that is, what they are set up for in the family, at work, etc. The second type is the subjective social role of the individual. Roughly speaking, what everyone expects from himself is internal installations. And, finally, the role played, the characteristics of what happened.

However, the classification of social roles is not limited to this. They are divided into prescribed (woman, daughter, Russian) and achieved (student, lawyer, professor). There are also types of social formal and informal roles. In the first case, everything is strictly regulated: military, official, judge. In the second - the soul of the company, a lone wolf, best friend– there is a lot that is unspoken, and often arises spontaneously.

It is worth considering that each role is influenced by social attitudes and how the bearer understands the tasks assigned to him. A seller in the UK and a seller in Iran on the market are two very different things.

The concept of social role in development

Please note that many things are changing quite rapidly today. Thus, the social role of women in modern society in the family, at work, etc. has become completely different compared to what it was 100 years ago. And the same applies to men, teenagers, representatives of various groups. What is considered acceptable behavior these days would have severely offended others just a few decades ago.

Why do you need to track these dynamics? To understand what kind of world we live in, where we are moving, what types of social roles we will have to deal with in the future. Scientists are already collecting opinions, for example, whether the following judgments are true: marriage as an institution has outlived its usefulness, children cannot be physically punished, animals have the right to criminal protection from violence.

What do these trends show? By analyzing the opinions of many, one can see the needs of society. And understand exactly where we will end up, because the existing social demand will sooner or later be satisfied. Nowadays, social scientists note the growing importance of law in the lives of the majority.

For example, many newlyweds, when filling out a questionnaire asking whether the following judgments were correct, indicated that they had actually signed a marriage contract. What 15 years ago seemed a shocking detail from the world of oligarchs has now affected representatives of the middle class.

Varieties of social statuses

Since the issue of social role is very closely related to status, it is necessary to at least briefly understand this concept. And are the following judgments true: are role and status the same thing or very similar concepts? As you will see shortly, we are talking about different concepts.

So, we consider personal status, the one that a person receives in the primary group, and social status, which he acquires later, achieving something with his mind, behavior, and work. Sociologists also distinguish the main, basic status, with which many people associate themselves in the first place, and temporary, secondary ones. They arise for short periods of time situationally.

It should be noted that roles and statuses in society are not equivalent to each other. There is a certain hierarchy, determined by the system of values ​​and the significance of the holder of a particular status, how important he is for society, how much and what he is capable of influencing.

All this directly relates to the issue of prestige. And the more important this or that status is, the harder a person tries to perform a certain role, as a rule.

Social role is the behavior expected of someone who has a certain social status. Social roles are a set of requirements imposed on an individual by society, as well as actions that must be performed by a person occupying this status in social system. A person can have many roles.

Children's status is usually subordinate to adults, and children are expected to be respectful towards the latter. The status of soldiers is different from that of civilians; The role of soldiers is associated with risk and fulfillment of the oath, which cannot be said about other groups of the population. Women have a different status from men and are therefore expected to behave differently than men. Each individual can have big number statuses, and those around him have the right to expect him to perform roles in accordance with these statuses. In this sense, status and role are two sides of the same phenomenon: if status is a set of rights, privileges and responsibilities, then a role is an action within the framework of this set of rights and responsibilities. A social role consists of role expectations (expectation) and the performance of this role (game).

Social roles can be institutionalized or conventional.

Institutionalized: institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife)

Conventional: accepted by agreement (a person can refuse to accept them)

Cultural norms are learned primarily through role learning. For example, a person who masters the role of a military man becomes familiar with the customs, moral norms and laws characteristic of the status of this role. Only a few norms are accepted by all members of society; the acceptance of most norms depends on the status of a particular individual. What is acceptable for one status is unacceptable for another. Thus, socialization as the process of learning generally accepted ways and methods of actions and interactions is the most important process of learning role behavior, as a result of which the individual truly becomes a part of society.

Types of social roles

Types of social roles are determined by diversity social groups, types of activities and relationships in which the individual is involved. Depending on the public relations distinguish social and interpersonal social roles.

Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, student, student, salesperson). These are standardized impersonal roles, built on the basis of rights and responsibilities, regardless of who plays these roles. There are socio-demographic roles: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson... Man and woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and presupposing specific modes of behavior, enshrined in social norms and customs.

Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated at the emotional level (leader, offended, neglected, family idol, loved one, etc.).

In life, in interpersonal relationships, each person acts in some dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image, familiar to others. Changing a habitual image is extremely difficult both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer a group exists, the more familiar the dominant social roles of each group member become to those around them and the more difficult it is to change the behavior pattern habitual to those around them.

Main characteristics of a social role

The main characteristics of a social role are highlighted by American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He suggested the following four characteristics of any role.

By scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.

By method of receipt. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).

According to the degree of formalization. Activities can take place either within strictly established limits or arbitrarily.

By types of motivation. Personal profit may serve as motivation, public good etc.

The scope of the role depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since the widest range of relationships is established between husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relationships are regulated regulations and in in a certain sense are formal. The participants in this social interaction are interested in a variety of aspects of each other’s lives, their relationships are practically unlimited. In other cases, when relationships are strictly defined by social roles (for example, the relationship between a seller and a buyer), interaction can only be carried out for a specific reason (in this case, purchases). Here the scope of the role is limited to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.

The way a role is acquired depends on how inevitable the role is for the person. Yes, roles young man, old man, man, woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of a person and do not require special efforts to acquire them. There can only be a problem of compliance with one’s role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won during the course of a person's life and as a result of targeted special efforts. For example, the role of student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all roles related to the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relationships of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relationships between people with strict regulation of rules of behavior; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others may combine both formal and informal relationships. It is obvious that the relationship between a traffic police representative and a traffic rule violator should be determined by formal rules, and relationships between close people should be determined by feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him. This occurs when people have been interacting for some time and the relationship has become relatively stable.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of a person. Different roles are driven by different motives. Parents, caring for the well-being of their child, are guided primarily by a feeling of love and care; the leader works for the sake of the cause, etc.

In sociology, the concept of social role has appeared since the end of the 19th century, although this term officially appeared only at the end of the 20th century within the framework of the theory of R. Linton.

This science considers society or other organized group as a collection of individuals with a certain status and pattern of behavior. What is meant by the concepts of social statuses and roles, as well as what meaning they have for a person, we will describe further and give examples.

Definition

For sociology, the term “social role” means a model of behavior expected from a person that would correspond to the rights and normative responsibilities established by society. That is, this concept considers the connection between the function of an individual and its position in society or interpersonal relationships.

We can also say that a social role is a certain algorithm of actions prescribed to a person by society, which he must follow in order to carry out useful activities in society. In this case, a person tries on a model of behavior or a prescribed algorithm of actions either voluntarily or forcibly.

This definition first appeared in 1936, when Ralph Linton proposed his concept of how an individual interacts with society under the conditions of a limited algorithm of actions dictated by a specific community. This is how the theory of social roles appeared. It allows us to understand how a person can identify himself within certain social frameworks and how such conditions can affect his development as an individual.

Usually this concept is considered as one of the dynamic aspects of an individual’s status. When acting as a member of a society or group and accepting responsibility for performing certain functions, a person must follow the rules established by that very group. This is what the rest of the community expects from him.

If we consider the concept of a social role using the example of an organization, we can understand that the manager of an enterprise, training staff, and persons receiving knowledge are an active organized community, the norms and rules of which are prescribed for each participant. IN educational institution the principal gives orders that teachers must obey.

In turn, teachers have the right to demand that students follow the rules prescribed for their social status by the standards of the organization (do their homework, show respect to teachers, maintain silence during lessons, etc.) At the same time, a certain freedom is allowed for the student’s social role associated with the manifestation of his personal qualities.

For each participant in role relationships, the prescribed regulatory requirements and the individual shades of the status he has received are known. Therefore, the model of human behavior in a particular social circle is expected for other members of this group. This means that other members of the community can to a large extent predict the nature of the actions of each of its members.

Classification and varieties

Within the framework of its scientific direction, this concept has its own classification. Thus, social roles are divided into types:

1. Social or conventional roles determined professional activity or a standardized system of relationships (educator, teacher, student, seller). They are built on the basis of rules, norms and responsibilities prescribed by the community. This does not take into account who exactly is performing a particular role.

In turn, this type is divided into basic socio-demographic patterns of behavior, where there are such social roles in the family as husband and wife, daughter, son, granddaughter, grandson, etc. If we take the biological component as a basis, we can also distinguish such social roles of the individual as woman/man.

2. Interpersonal – roles determined by the relationships between people in limited conditions and the individual characteristics of each of them. These include any relationship between people, including conflict, arising from emotional manifestations. In this case, the gradation may look like this: idol, leader, ignored, privileged, offended, etc.

The most obvious examples here are: the selection of an actor to play a specific role, taking into account his external data, abilities, and specific social and typical manifestations. Each actor tends to play a certain role (tragic, hero, comedian, etc.). A person tries on the most typical model of behavior or a unique role, which allows others to, to one degree or another, predict the person’s future actions.

These types of social roles exist in every organized community, and there is a clear connection between the duration of the group's existence and the likelihood of typical manifestations in the behavior of its participants. It is worth noting that it is extremely difficult to get rid of a stereotype that has developed over the years, familiar to a person and society, over time.

Considering this topic, we cannot ignore the classification according to the characteristics of each specific role. The famous American sociologist T. Parsons was able to identify them in order to get the most complete understanding of the term “social role of the individual.” For each model, he immediately proposed four distinctive properties.

1. Scale. This characteristic depends on the breadth of interpersonal relationships observed between members of a particular group. The closer the communication between people, the more significance there is in such relationships. Here you can give a clear example of the relationship between a husband and wife.

2. Method of receipt. Referring to this criterion, we can identify the roles achieved by a person and assigned to him by society. We can talk about behavioral patterns characteristic of different age categories or representatives of a certain gender.

A person’s gender ideas regarding his role are reinforced by school. The biological characteristics of the individual and the gender stereotypes established in society predetermine further formation under the influence of the environment.

It would be appropriate to note that at present the behavior model is not as tied to the characteristic manifestations of a particular gender than before. Thus, the social role of women now includes not only the duties of mother and housewife, but also extends to other areas.

In turn, with the changing conditions of modern society, the concept of the male social role has also changed. However, the family model of behavior for both parties is theoretically balanced, but in fact it is unstable.

These are models prescribed by society for every person who will not have to make any effort to receive justification from the environment. The achieved roles can be considered the results of an individual’s activities, indicating his social status (for example, career growth).

3. The degree of formalization on which the formation of personality and its functions depends. Regarding this criterion, the social status of an individual can be formed under the influence of regulatory requirements, or it can develop arbitrarily. For example, relationships between people in a military unit are regulated by regulations, while friends are guided by personal feelings and emotions.

4. Type of motivation. Each person, when choosing a model of behavior, is guided by a personal motive. This could be financial gain, promotion career ladder, the desire to be loved, etc. In psychology, there are two types of motivation - external, which arises under the influence of the environment, and internal, which is determined by the subject himself.

The process of choosing and becoming a role

A person's role in a social environment does not arise spontaneously. The process of its formation goes through several stages, culminating with the individual in society.

First, a person learns basic skills - through practice, he applies the theoretical knowledge acquired in childhood. Also included in the initial stage is the development of thinking abilities, which will be improved throughout later life person.

At the next stage of development social personality education awaits. Throughout almost his entire life, an individual receives new skills and knowledge from educators, teachers, educators and, of course, parents. As an individual grows older, he will receive new information from his environment, from the media and other sources.

An equally important component of individual socialization is education. Here the main character is the person himself, choosing the most typical skills for himself and the direction for further development.

The next stage of socialization is protection. It implies a set of processes aimed at reducing the significance of factors that could traumatize a person in the process of his formation. Using certain social techniques protection, the subject will protect himself from the environment and conditions in which he will be morally uncomfortable.

The final phase is adaptation. In the process of socialization, a person has to adapt to his environment, learn to communicate with other members of society and maintain contact with them.

The processes by which the social role and social status of an individual are determined are very complex. But without them, a person cannot become a full-fledged person, which is why they are so significant in everyone’s life. Sociologists argue that there are two phases that contribute to an individual’s adaptation to his social role:

• Adaptation. During this period, a person learns the rules and norms of behavior established by society. By mastering new laws, a person begins to behave accordingly.
• Interiorization. It provides for the acceptance of new conditions and rules while simultaneously abandoning old principles.

But “failures” in the process of socialization of the individual are also possible. Often they occur against the background of the subject’s reluctance or inability to fulfill the conditions and requirements that the social role of a person in society provides for.

Role conflicts are also associated with the fact that each participant in society tends to play several roles at once. For example, the demands placed on a teenager by parents and peers will be different, and therefore his functions as a friend and son cannot meet the expectations of both the former and the latter.

The definition of conflict in this case is tantamount to a complex of complex emotional states. They can arise in a subject due to a discrepancy or contradiction in the demands placed on him by different social circles of which he is a member.

At the same time, all a person’s roles are very important to him. At the same time, he can identify the significance of each of them in completely different ways. The individual manifestation of social roles by the subject has a specific shade, which directly depends on the acquired knowledge and experience, as well as on the desire and desire of the person to meet the expectations of the society of which he is a member. Author: Elena Suvorova

Functions of social role

In sociology, functions indicate what consequences (for society and its individual members) actions performed by a particular person have.

Personal behavior, priorities and attitudes, choices and emotions are determined by a number of factors:

• position in society;
• environmental conditions;
• type of activity performed;
• internal qualities of the individual, the spiritual world.

Due to the fact that people need each other to satisfy their individual needs, certain relationships and interactions are established between them. At the same time, each person fulfills his social role.

Throughout life, an individual masters many social roles, which he is often forced to play simultaneously. This allows for coexistence different people in one society as comfortable and possible.

The social role performs a number of important functions:

1. Sets certain rules of the game: duties and norms, rights, interactions between roles (boss-subordinate, boss-client, boss-tax inspector, etc.). Social adaptation implies mastering and studying the rules of the game - the laws of a given society.
2. Allows you to realize different sides of your personality. Different roles (friend, parent, boss, public figure etc.) enable a person to demonstrate various qualities. The more roles an individual masters, the more multifaceted and rich his personality will become, the better he will understand others.
3. Provides an opportunity to demonstrate and develop potential qualities inherent in a person: softness, toughness, mercy, etc. Only in the process of fulfilling a social role can a person discover his capabilities.
4. Allows you to explore the resources of each person's personal capabilities. Teaches you to use the best combination of qualities for adequate behavior in one situation or another.

The relationship between social role and social status

Social status influences individual behavior. Knowing the social status of a person, one can predict what qualities are characteristic of him, what actions can be expected from him. The expected behavior of an individual associated with his status is called a social role.

Definition 2

A social role is a pattern of behavior that is recognized as the most appropriate for an individual of a given status in society. A role specifies exactly how to act in a given situation.

Any individual is a reflection of the totality of social relations of his historical period.

Social role and social status in communication perform the following functions:

• regulatory function - helps to quickly select the necessary interaction scenario without spending large resources;
• adaptation function – allows you to quickly find suitable model behavior when changing social status;
• cognitive function – the ability to recognize one’s personal potential, carry out processes of self-knowledge;
• function of self-realization - manifestation best qualities person, achieving desired goals.

The process of learning social roles allows one to assimilate cultural norms. Each status of a given role is characterized by its own norms, laws, and customs. The acceptance of most norms depends on the status of the individual. Some norms are accepted by all members of society. Those norms and rules that are acceptable for one status may be unacceptable for another. Socialization teaches role behavior and allows the individual to become a part of society.

Note 1

From the many social roles and statuses offered to an individual by society, he can choose those that will most fully help him apply his abilities and realize his plans. To accept a certain social role big influence have biological and personal characteristics, social conditions. Any social role only outlines a pattern of human behavior; the individual chooses the ways of fulfilling the role himself.

Social role

Social role- a model of human behavior, objectively determined by the social position of the individual in the system of social, public and personal relations. A social role is not something externally associated with social status, but an expression in action of the agent's social position. In other words, a social role is “the behavior that is expected of a person occupying a certain status.”

History of the term

The concept of “social role” was proposed independently by American sociologists R. Linton and J. Mead in the 1930s, and the former interpreted the concept of “social role” as a unit social structure, described in the form of a system of norms given to a person, the second - in terms of direct interaction between people, " role playing game", during which, due to the fact that a person imagines himself in the role of another, social norms are assimilated and the social is formed in the individual. Linton's definition of "social role" as a "dynamic aspect of status" was entrenched in structural functionalism and was developed by T. Parsons, A. Radcliffe-Brown, R. Merton. Mead's ideas were developed in interactionist sociology and psychology. Despite all the differences, both of these approaches are united by the idea of ​​​​a “social role” as a nodal point at which the individual and society merge, individual behavior turns into social behavior, and the individual properties and inclinations of people are compared with the normative attitudes existing in society, depending on what happens selection of people for certain social roles. Of course, in reality, role expectations are never straightforward. In addition, a person often finds himself in a situation of role conflict, when his different “social roles” turn out to be poorly compatible. Modern society requires an individual to constantly change his behavior pattern to perform specific roles. In this regard, such neo-Marxists and neo-Freudians as T. Adorno, K. Horney and others in their works made a paradoxical conclusion: the “normal” personality of modern society is a neurotic. Moreover, in modern society, role conflicts that arise in situations where an individual is required to simultaneously perform several roles with conflicting requirements are widespread. Irwin Goffman, in his studies of interaction rituals, accepting and developing the basic theatrical metaphor, paid attention not so much to role prescriptions and passive adherence to them, but to the very processes of active construction and maintenance. appearance"in the course of communication, to areas of uncertainty and ambiguity in interaction, errors in the behavior of partners.

Definition of the concept

Social role - dynamic response social position, expressed in a set of behavior patterns consistent with social expectations (role expectations) and set by special norms (social prescriptions) addressed from the corresponding group (or several groups) to the holder of a certain social position. Holders of a social position expect that the implementation of special instructions (norms) results in regular and therefore predictable behavior, which can be used to guide the behavior of other people. Thanks to this, regular and continuously planable social interaction (communicative interaction) is possible.

Types of social roles

The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, types of activities and relationships in which the individual is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are distinguished.

In life, in interpersonal relationships, each person acts in some dominant social role, a unique social role as the most typical individual image, familiar to others. Changing a habitual image is extremely difficult both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer a group exists, the more familiar the dominant social roles of each group member become to those around them and the more difficult it is to change the behavior pattern habitual to those around them.

Characteristics of a social role

The main characteristics of a social role were highlighted by American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He proposed the following four characteristics of any role:

• By scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.
• By method of receipt. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).
• According to the degree of formalization. Activities can take place either within strictly established limits or arbitrarily.
• By type of motivation. The motivation can be personal profit, public good, etc.

Scope of the role depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since the widest range of relationships is established between husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relations are regulated by regulations and, in a certain sense, are formal. The participants in this social interaction are interested in a variety of aspects of each other’s lives, their relationships are practically unlimited. In other cases, when relationships are strictly defined by social roles (for example, the relationship between a seller and a buyer), interaction can only be carried out for a specific reason (in this case, purchases). Here the scope of the role is limited to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.

How to get a role depends on how inevitable the role is for the person. Thus, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of a person and do not require special efforts to acquire them. There can only be a problem of compliance with one’s role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won during the course of a person's life and as a result of targeted special efforts. For example, the role of a student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all roles related to the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relationships of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relationships between people with strict regulation of rules of behavior; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others may combine both formal and informal relationships. It is obvious that the relationship between a traffic police representative and a traffic rule violator should be determined by formal rules, and relationships between close people should be determined by feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him. This occurs when people have been interacting for some time and the relationship has become relatively stable.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person. Different roles are driven by different motives. Parents, caring for the well-being of their child, are guided primarily by a feeling of love and care; the leader works for the sake of the cause, etc.

Role conflicts

Role conflicts arise when the duties of a role are not fulfilled due to subjective reasons (unwillingness, inability).

see also

Bibliography

• "Games People Play" E. Berne

Notes

Links

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

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