Human activities in a natural ecosystem. Human ecosystems. Human influence on natural ecosystems

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Change of communities under the influence of human activity. If the change of communities under the influence of the life activity of the organisms themselves is a gradual and long process covering a period of tens, hundreds and even thousands of years, then the change of communities (underlying the change of ecosystems) caused by human activity occurs quickly, over several years.

The rapid (spasmodic) development of ecosystems is often accompanied by a reduction in their species diversity and a slowdown in the processes of self-regulation and sustainability. As a result, in such ecosystems communities of a simplified type are formed, with a poor species structure. For example, people turn mixed-grass steppes into arable land, and floodplain meadows turn out to be flooded with reservoirs. Thus, the plowing of virgin lands in the second half of the twentieth century led to the destruction of natural steppe ecosystems in Kazakhstan and southern Russia. As a result, many species of insects, mammals, and various types of grasses disappeared.

Suburban forests are under great pressure due to the massive number of people visiting them. As a result of trampling of grass, the ground organs of plants are injured, the soil becomes compacted, and the undergrowth is damaged. As a result, the forest is thinned out and brightened. Shade-loving and shade-tolerant grasses are replaced by light-loving ones, characteristic of meadow ecosystems.

Overgrazing of livestock changes meadow and steppe ecosystems: those grasses that are not eaten by animals (wormwood, thistle) are widely distributed, and the abundance of forage grains decreases. Many plants do not have time to bloom and produce seeds. As a result, the species diversity of the ecosystem decreases, its structure and food webs become simplified.

Reservoirs also experience anthropogenic impact. If wastewater, fertilizers from fields, or household waste get into them, then the oxygen dissolved in the water is spent on their oxidation. As a result, species diversity decreases, various aquatic plants (floating salvinia, amphibian knotweed) are replaced by duckweed, algae are replaced by blue-green algae, and “water blooms” occur. Valuable commercial fish are being replaced by low-value ones, shellfish and many species of insects are disappearing. A rich aquatic ecosystem turns into an ecosystem of a decaying reservoir.

There are many cases where humans have disrupted the species structure of an ecosystem as a result of introducing new species into it. So, at the beginning of the 19th century. The prickly pear cactus was brought to Australia from America to create thorny fences in pastures. It multiplied so much that it began to shape the appearance of many communities, displacing familiar plant species, and led to a change in a number of ecosystems. By the middle of the twentieth century. Australia could have turned into a continent of continuous thorny thickets, but this did not happen thanks to the cactus moth butterfly brought to the mainland, whose caterpillars eat prickly pear. After the cactus population was regulated with the help of caterpillars, the disturbed ecosystems gradually recovered.

If the human impact that caused the change in communities stops, then, as a rule, the natural process of self-healing of the ecosystem begins. Plants continue to play a leading role in it. Thus, after the cessation of grazing, tall grasses appear on the pastures, typical forest plants appear in the forest, the lake is cleared of the dominance of unicellular algae and blue-greens, and fish, mollusks, and crustaceans reappear in it.

If the species and trophic structure of the ecosystem are simplified so much that the process of its self-healing can no longer occur, then man is again forced to intervene in this natural community, but now for good purposes: grass is sown in pastures, new trees are planted in the forest, reservoirs are cleaned and watered. there are young fish there.

An interesting experience is being used in the Stavropol Territory: hay is brought into already unproductive pastures, scattered over the surface. Hay contains seeds of the entire complex of plant species in the steppe ecosystem. After three to four years, this area becomes close to the natural steppe.

The ecosystem is capable of self-healing only with partial disturbances. Therefore, the influence of human economic activity should not exceed the threshold after which the ecosystem cannot carry out self-regulation processes. To do this, human impact on ecosystems is normalized: they determine how many livestock can be kept per 1 hectare of pasture, how many vacationers can visit a suburban forest park, and compare the total amount of wastewater with what the aquatic ecosystem itself can neutralize.

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Nature is man's partner. But the relationship between humanity and nature is not always mutually beneficial - most often a person takes everything without giving anything in return. People are an important natural link, so their activities have a significant impact on various ecosystems.

Human influence on natural ecosystems

Natural ecosystems are mainly influenced by targeted or direct human activities.

Cars, without which we cannot imagine everyday life, leave a big imprint on the concentration of chemical elements in the air, soil, vegetation and animals. Elements that change the life of ecosystems are zinc and lead.

When developing new deposits of necessary elements, people change the shape and composition of landscapes. Such exposure leads to the transition of toxic heavy metals from mineral form to aqueous solutions. At the same time, the amount of these elements does not change, but the risk of such waters entering the plant and animal world increases.

The activities of modern man are associated with chemical and man-made compounds that have no analogues in nature. At the same time, most of these substances are not processed, so there is a huge release of freon, weapons-grade plutonium, cesium and pesticides into nature.

Human influence on natural ecosystems also has positive aspects.

Nature reserves are created to preserve rare species of plants and animals. Such territories are created by man both in the wild and in artificially created objects: zoological and botanical gardens, parks and reserves.

For economic purposes, people create new species of plants and animals. Such activities contribute to the increase and conservation of natural populations of the natural world.

Planting new forests and greening cities has a positive impact on natural ecosystems. Artificial lakes and reservoirs are also favorable for the emergence of new natural ecosystems.

Today people are trying to find a replacement for natural resources. The reason for this is the lack of resources for today's rapidly developing society. Man began to extract energy from wind, sun and water.

Consequences of human activities in ecosystems

The atmosphere is polluted due to the burning of fuel. Industrial enterprises emit huge amounts of harmful gases that settle on the soil during precipitation.

Pollution of the seas and oceans also remains one of the main problems of modern society. Oil spills, nitrates and phosphates released into waters destroy most ecosystems.

Many industries continue to release radioactive and toxic substances onto the earth's surface, which negatively affect both nature and humans.

Thanks to the use of purification filters, fewer harmful substances and gases are released into the atmosphere, water and soil. And the use of environmentally friendly and natural energy sources - water, sun and wind - has led to the conservation and accumulation of natural resources.

Nature reserves, parks and gardens created by man have had a beneficial effect on increasing the populations of rare and endangered species of the animal world and all ecosystems.

People organize clean-up days, nature events, days without cars and hours without electricity. Each person participating in such actions makes an irreplaceable contribution to the restoration of natural ecosystems.

Life Safety Class 28.01 16 Lesson No. 9

Topic: Environmental pollution. The impact of human agricultural activities on the environment. Fertilizers. Pesticides. Soil depletion and pollution. Impact of soil pollution on human health

Purpose: to consider the impact of human agricultural activities on the environment. Characterize the areas of human activity that affect the balance in nature

Lesson progress

Learning new material

Anthropogenic factors are realized through various types of human impact on Nature, which can be divided into several types.

1. Direct impact, consisting in the fact that a person destroys the biogeocenosis by plowing virgin soil for the purpose of growing cultivated plants, occupies territory for the construction of housing, roads, etc.

2. Indirect impact is that a person influences Nature not directly, but indirectly, through the products of his production activities: when burning fuel in thermal power plants (thermal power plants), a person does not directly come into contact with organisms, however, the thermal energy released when burning fuel enters the environment environment, causes “thermal pollution” of the atmosphere, which affects certain organisms.

3. The complex effect is that by influencing a certain type of organism directly, through it, without contacting another species, a person has a certain effect on it, for example, by influencing mouse-like rodents with the toxic chemical DDT, a person destroyed part of these rodents (direct exposure), but DDT is poorly destroyed in natural conditions, accumulates in some organisms (fungi) and can enter other organisms, including humans, with food, causing them to be poisoned (this is an indirect effect).

4. Spontaneous (unconscious) influence is that a person, without setting a goal, without even wanting it, influences Nature. Thus, not wanting to have a negative impact, a person, walking in a field or forest, can trample grass, step on small animals (insects), pick flowers, etc.

5. Conscious (purposeful, systematic) consists of organizing activities aimed at the formation by a person of such biocenoses that will be most useful to him, for example, cultivating a field for growing cereals or vegetables, cultivating a meadow by planting alfalfa and other fodder crops on it, breeding new varieties plants and animal breeds, etc. Such an impact can be both positive (for example, the creation of nature reserves) and negative (mineral development, construction of hydroelectric power stations, etc.) in nature. In this regard, the slogan proposed by I.V. Michurin is interesting: “We cannot wait for favors from nature; taking them from her is our task.” This slogan can be understood in different ways. In a vulgar understanding, this means the need to change nature at all costs, without regard to the consequences. In this interpretation, such use of Nature will cause great harm and ultimately lead to the death of man himself. But it can also be understood in such a way that a person is able to influence Nature in such a way that it will reveal its secrets and this will help a person live normally in changed conditions. Man, whether he wants it or not, changes Nature, but these changes must be rational not only and not so much from the standpoint of economic activity, but from the standpoint of the possibility of survival in the natural environment. Thus, when deciding on the construction of a hydroelectric power station, it is necessary to foresee all the consequences of this action and calculate how much it will cost to restore those natural and other resources that the territory used for construction possessed, and whether these costs will be recouped by the resulting electricity.

The degree of human impact on Nature strongly depends on the size of the population - the larger it is, the higher the degree of influence of anthropogenic factors on the biosphere. This is due to the need to solve food, energy, housing and other problems. Since the advent of man, the population has been constantly increasing, and it is still growing. But the planet’s possibilities are not limitless, so in the future the Earth’s population will stabilize and even decrease. Currently, problems of family planning have arisen, which in developed countries are trying to solve, but in countries of religious obscurantism, in developing countries, the population is practically not regulated, which leads to hunger, high infant mortality and other negative phenomena.

An increase in population leads to urbanization - the sharp growth of cities. Cities create their own conditions, different from natural ones, where there is no place for natural biogeocenoses. In place of cities, natural communities are completely destroyed, specific conditions are created, and even the climate changes. Cities have a difficult environmental situation, but measures are currently being developed and implemented to improve the environmental living conditions in cities.

Brief description of areas of human activity that change the balance in natural ecosystems

Human activities are diverse and many of their types lead to dramatic changes in equilibrium ecological processes in natural ecosystems. Let's look at some of them.

1. Organization of various industries, construction of enterprises and implementation of activities for the production of certain products.

This type of activity has direct and indirect impacts on natural ecosystems. In the territory where the enterprise is being built, the biocenosis is almost completely destroyed, including the plant community, although attempts are currently being made to preserve the vegetation cover, animals leave their habitats and may completely die, a special biocenosis arises of animals and plants capable of coexistence with person. As a rule, a populated area (working village, city) is built nearby, which has a similar impact on natural ecological processes. The indirect impact is that during the operation of an enterprise, various compounds can be formed that uncontrollably enter the natural environment, affecting both people and various organisms living in the given territory.

2. Creation of artificial biocenoses - agrocenoses in the process of implementing the tasks of agricultural production.

Agriculture is a condition for solving the food problem, which is becoming increasingly acute due to population growth. Growing cultivated plants in order to obtain large yields, creating the basis for both the production of plant foods and the effective development of livestock farming, makes it necessary to create highly effective agrocenoses.

Agrocenosis is a biocenosis created artificially by man on the basis of a cultivated plant (one or several) located on a natural substrate (soil) in contact with weeds and other organisms living in the given territory. This biocenosis is influenced by a complex of abiotic factors characteristic of a given geographical zone, as well as a number of impacts from human activity aimed at increasing the productivity of the main organisms that form it (weeding, watering, fertilizing, controlling weeds and other pests using biological and chemical methods, etc. .d.).

Agrocenoses are characterized by the following features:

1) have a strictly defined species composition of plants or animals (components that determine the type of agrocenosis);

2) have a certain type of interaction between the organisms that form this agrocenosis;

3) realize a certain type of relationship between the organisms that form the agrocenosis and their habitat.

There are two types of agrocenoses.

A. The basis of the agrocenosis is one or several cultivated plants. Such agrocenoses include fields of wheat, rye, oats, etc.; vegetable gardens where cabbage, tomatoes and other vegetables are grown; melon fields, where watermelons, melons and other melons are grown; vineyards, fruit and berry gardens.

b. The basis of the agrocenosis is the natural plant community, which is enriched with additional species of cultivated plants. Such agrocenoses include parks, hayfields, meadows, pastures and forest plantings. For example, leguminous and cereal crops with high productivity are sown in natural meadows.

Agrocenoses change the composition of natural biocenoses, in some cases improving the living conditions of natural organisms, and sometimes leading to the death of the natural biocenosis.

Agrocenoses and natural biocenoses have a number of differences.

1) Characterized by differences in the balance of nutritional components: in natural biogeocenoses, the cycle of nutrients occurs naturally and is replenished due to processes that occur independently of human activity, and in agrocenoses, nutritional processes are intensified by the introduction of mineral fertilizers; the fight against individual organisms undesirable for agrocenosis is carried out by mechanical, chemical and biological methods carried out by humans; measures are being implemented to artificially intensify the cycle of substances through the use of crop rotation, etc.

2) Different nature of energy use in agrocenoses and natural biocenoses. Only solar energy enters natural biocenoses and only it forms the basis of all life processes in these ecosystems. In agrocenoses, both solar energy and energy produced by human activity are “used”: lighting in greenhouses at night, mechanical energy of machines spent in processing arable land, energy spent on the production of metals, the manufacture of agricultural equipment, the production of mineral fertilizers and plant protection products, mechanical energy of a person cultivating agrocenosis, etc.

3) Different forms of selection and their orientation. In natural biocenoses, natural selection is carried out, aimed at the survival of those organisms that are most adapted to the conditions of a particular habitat. In agrocenoses, artificial selection is implemented, aimed at obtaining forms of organisms that have the greatest productivity in the desired direction (increasing productivity, increasing resistance to diseases, etc.).

Thus, the main goal of creating agrocenoses is to obtain high yields and the maximum amount of high-quality products. It is very important to rationally carry out work on the creation and exploitation of agrocenoses. A scientific system for alternating agrocenoses (multifield system) has been developed, which allows for efficient use of land to obtain sustainable and rich harvests. The crop rotation system is not universal for all areas of agricultural production. Thus, for the Non-Black Earth zone of Russia, a grass-field system is effective, in which the crops of cereals, herbs and vegetables alternate in a certain sequence.

It should be noted that a person, in pursuit of maximum benefit, violates the principle of optimality in the exploitation of agrocenoses. Thus, the principle of “monoculture” was introduced for the entire region - growing cotton in the vast territories of Uzbekistan or orchards and vineyards in Moldova. It is very important to rationally use fertilizers and chemical plant protection products, because their excessive use causes significant harm both due to the negative impact on the natural environment and due to the production of low-quality products from an environmental point of view (products may contain large amounts of nitrates, which have a negative effect on the human body ).

3. Transportation of various substances.

The movement of various objects and chemical compounds plays an important role in human activity. Fertilizers, fuels, pesticides, oil and other substances move from one region to another and even from one continent to another. During transportation, losses of substances occur due to violation of transportation conditions or due to accidents, which leads to pollution of the natural environment. Thus, it is possible for oil to enter the surface of reservoirs, gases to enter the atmosphere due to violation of the integrity of pipelines, dispersion of dusty cement, etc. Violation of transportation technology contributes to the destruction of natural biogeocenoses, disrupts the ecological balance in the regions, and causes great economic damage to the national economy, therefore it is necessary to strictly observe the safety rules of transport work and eliminate, to the maximum possible extent, violation of transportation technology.

4. Extraction of minerals as raw materials for various industries.

For the successful functioning of production activities, raw materials and energy resources are needed, which are extracted from the bowels of the Earth. Mining can be carried out using open or closed (mine) methods. With any method of extraction, natural biocenoses and landscapes are disrupted and plant communities are destroyed. Mountains of waste dumps arise that require reclamation, i.e. work to restore (at least partially) plantings and fauna elements. Mining is also associated with the release to the surface of gases that have a negative impact on the natural environment (methane, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon oxides). Oil reaching the surface has a disastrous effect on both plants and animals. Piles of garbage and various wastes generated during the extraction of solid minerals lead to pollution of the habitat of organisms and humans.

During the operation of mines, flammable gases can accumulate in them, which form explosive mixtures, which contributes to the occurrence of explosions, fires and other negative phenomena. Mining by mining is one of the causes of man-made earthquakes.

So, when developing and extracting mineral resources (gaseous, liquid, solid), it is necessary to organize work in such a way as to cause minimal harm to the environment, which is still in the field of scientific development and little used in practice.

5. Introduction of chemical compounds into the environment that have a negative effect on it.

To facilitate certain activities, humans use substances that can harm the natural environment. Thus, in cities, to facilitate snow removal and combat icy roads, sodium and calcium chlorides are used, and these salts cause salinization of soil and groundwater, which in turn worsens the quality of natural waters, changes the salinity of freshwater bodies of water and negatively affects the fauna of water bodies. etc.

It was shown above that the use of excess mineral fertilizers and the irrational use of chemical plant protection products in agrocenoses also leads to environmental pollution and a deterioration in the quality of agricultural products.

To protect metal products from corrosion, inhibitors are used, which (for example, potassium dichromate) are poisons for many organisms.

To improve the performance of car engines, detonators are used, in particular diethyl lead, which pollutes the environment, being poisonous for both humans and warm-blooded animals.

All this makes it necessary to study in more depth the role of compounds used in human activities on natural environmental processes, as well as to find ways to replace those substances that negatively affect the human environment.

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Abstract on the topic:

"Human activities that change the balance in ecosystems"

Completed by: Shayakhmetova D.I.

Checked by: Obozhina L, V.

Yekaterinburg

Ecological balance and self-regulation of ecosystems

Atmospheric pollution: sources, scale

Agriculture as one of the areas that changes the balance in ecosystems

Anthropogenic impact on soil, mountain ranges and subsoil

Conclusion

equilibrium ecosystem anthropogenic pollution

Ecological balance, stability and self-regulation of ecosystems

The state of equilibrium of an ecosystem is based on the balance (equilibrium) of living and nonliving environmental factors. Stability is ensured by balancing the flow of matter and energy and metabolic processes between organisms and the environment. The stronger the organisms are connected to each other by food webs, the more resistant the community of organisms is to possible imbalances. Disturbed ecosystems strive to restore their balance on their own.

Each species of plant, animal or microorganism within an ecosystem is represented by a population. An ecosystem is called stable if the population size of each species included in it remains more or less constant for a long time (the birth rate in it is balanced with mortality). A sustained increase or decrease in the size of any population throws the system out of balance.

The ability of a system to restore a disturbed equilibrium and maintain its stable state is called homeostasis. Population numbers can increase to a certain level, then limited food resources stop growth and numbers begin to decline. Thus, equilibrium is maintained until external environmental factors change and begin to limit natural processes, for example, the process of temperature disturbances, increased acidity, salinity, and humidity.

In other words, natural ecosystems are capable of self-regulation. Self-regulation is the restoration of the balance of the internal properties of the system, disturbed by any natural factors or human intervention (anthropogenic factors).

If self-regulation processes are destroyed under the influence of external factors, they say that an ecological crisis has occurred in this ecosystem. Already now, due to the negative impact of human economic activity, the duration of the processes of self-regulation of natural objects is calculated not in days, but in centuries.

Self-purification of water bodies is ensured by the sun, air, microorganisms and oxygen dissolved in water. Just a few decades ago, the polluted waters of the river became clean 20-30 km below any city located on its banks. Without any problems, they made water intakes for water supply to the next settlement located downstream. The growth in the number of cities and their population, the rapid development of industry, and the increase in the area of irrigated land every year lead to increasing water pollution, which has become a threat to the health and sometimes life of the population.

Nowadays, many bodies of water can no longer restore the balance that has been disturbed in them. Pollution of a water body causes an imbalance in its ecosystem and reduces the bioproductivity of the latter. As a result, many of the best species of flora and fauna are degenerating, and direct damage to human health is caused.

Negative human impacts on nature often lead to the extinction of entire populations. Human destruction of ecosystems, alteration of animal and plant habitats, environmental pollution, and overexploitation of biotic resources have equally detrimental effects on both low- and high-density populations.

In order to satisfy their needs, people sometimes completely destroy natural ecosystems, for example, cutting down forests to free up land for growing agricultural products or building housing, changing natural landscapes, and reducing the full flow of rivers. The laying of canals and damming of rivers lead to the destruction of spawning grounds of valuable fish species, nesting places of waterfowl, etc.

In anthropogenic (man-made) ecosystems (artificial reservoirs, parks, recreation areas), the balance is spontaneously disrupted over time. Maintaining homeostasis in such systems requires constant human intervention. Their direct intervention, as a rule, entails significant material damage. An example of this is an event organized at the state level in the seventies of the last century in China.

To preserve the rice harvest, the population was required to destroy all sparrows. After the successful completion of the “state task,” the population of harmful insects increased enormously, significantly destroying the crop. As a result, famine struck the country.

Poaching, deforestation, construction of cities, roads, oil spills from pipelines and other human impacts on nature cause great damage to it. Living organisms extremely slowly develop adaptive reactions to these influences. In urban and artificial ecosystems there are few or no decomposers. Waste (liquid, solid and gaseous) accumulates, polluting the environment. It is possible to promote the rapid decomposition of many wastes by encouraging the development of decomposers.

Within the biosphere, vegetation, fauna and microorganisms have a feature called continuity of life. Continuity of life is achieved by the ability to reproduce, which is always combined with a system of natural restrictions. The possibilities of reproduction without a system of restrictions would be monstrous in productivity. For example, from one cucumber seed in a season, 10-15 fruits could ripen, each having several hundred seeds. In the next growing season they could produce tens of thousands of fruits and hundreds of thousands of seeds.

In the next growing season, the seed harvest could number in the millions. However, nature naturally limits the possibilities of reproduction. Restrictions may occur due to lack of food, water, mass death of young animals from predators, natural and climatic disasters.

The human population is subject to the same laws as any other. When environmental resistance weakens, the population grows explosively. But unlike other living beings, humanity itself reduces the resistance of the environment for itself, producing an excess amount of food, shelter, heat, clothing, household items and comfortable living. By influencing the balancing factors affecting ourselves, humanity upsets almost all natural balances.

Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” No. 7-FZ dated January 10, 2002 defines the concept of “favorable environment”. It is interpreted as “an environment whose quality ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems.”

Characteristics of human activities that change the balance in natural ecosystems

Human activities are diverse and many of their types lead to dramatic changes in equilibrium ecological processes in natural ecosystems. Let's look at some of them.

1. Organization of various industries, construction of enterprises and implementation of activities for the production of certain products.

2. Creation of artificial biocenoses - agrocenoses in the process of implementing the tasks of agricultural production.

Agrocenoses are characterized by the following features:

1) have a strictly defined species composition of plants or animals (components that determine the type of agrocenosis);

2) have a certain type of interaction between the organisms that form this agrocenosis;

3) realize a certain type of relationship between the organisms that form the agrocenosis and their habitat.

There are two types of agrocenoses.

Agrocenoses change the composition of natural biocenoses, in some cases improving the living conditions of natural organisms, and sometimes leading to the death of the natural biocenosis.

3. Transportation of various substances.

The movement of various objects and chemical compounds plays an important role in human activity. Fertilizers, fuels, pesticides, oil and other substances move from one region to another and even from one continent to another. During transportation, losses of substances occur due to violation of transportation conditions or due to accidents, which leads to pollution of the natural environment. Thus, it is possible for oil to enter the surface of reservoirs, gases to enter the atmosphere due to a violation of the integrity of pipelines, dispersion of dusty cement, etc. Violation of transportation technology contributes to the destruction of natural biogeocenoses, disrupts the ecological balance in the regions, and causes great economic damage to the national economy, therefore it is necessary to strictly observe the safety rules of transport work and eliminate, to the maximum possible extent, violation of transportation technology.

4. Extraction of minerals as raw materials for various industries.

5. Introduction of chemical compounds into the environment that have a negative effect on it.

To protect metal products from corrosion, inhibitors are used, which (for example, potassium dichromate) are poisons for many organisms.

To improve the performance of car engines, detonators are used, in particular diethyl lead, which pollutes the environment, being poisonous for both humans and warm-blooded animals.

Air pollution

Anthropogenic impact on the atmosphere is manifested primarily in air pollution.

There are natural (natural) and artificial (anthropogenic) air pollution.

Natural atmospheric pollution occurs during volcanic eruptions, weathering of rocks, dust storms, forest fires (arising from a lightning strike), evaporation of swamps, removal of sea salts, etc. In addition, bacteria (including pathogenic ones) are constantly present in the atmosphere. fungal spores, plant pollen, etc.

Natural sources of pollution are distributed fairly evenly across the surface of the planet, and they are balanced by metabolism.

However, anthropogenic atmospheric pollution prevails over natural pollution, and this ratio is continuously increasing. Artificial pollution appears in the atmosphere due to human economic activity and poses the greatest danger. These pollutants can be divided into several groups:

Biological (industrial waste associated with organic substances);

Microbiological (vaccine, serum, antibiotics);

Chemical (chemical elements, acids, alkalis, etc.);

Mechanical (dust, soot, aerosols, etc.);

Physical (heat, noise, light, electromagnetic waves, radioactive radiation).

Sources of air pollution

Currently, the most significant sources of artificial air pollution are transport and industry. The “main contribution” to air pollution in Russia is made by such industries as: thermal power engineering (thermal and nuclear power plants, boiler houses, etc.), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil production and oil refining, production of building materials, etc.

Energy. When solid fuel (coal) is burned, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and solid particles (dust, soot, ash) enter the atmospheric air. The volume of emissions is large. Thus, a modern thermal power plant with a capacity of 2.4 million kW consumes up to 20 thousand tons of coal per day and emits into the atmosphere 680 tons of sulfur oxides, 200 tons of nitrogen oxides and about 150 tons of ash, dust and soot combined.

When using fuel oil (liquid fuel), ash emissions are reduced. And gas fuel pollutes the air 3 times less than fuel oil and 5 times less than coal. Nuclear energy (subject to accident-free operation) is even more environmentally friendly, but is the most dangerous in terms of accidents and nuclear fuel waste.

The main reason for global warming is the increase in the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and primarily CO2. CO2 makes a huge contribution to the greenhouse effect. A significant increase in the volume of its receipt in recent years is associated with human economic activity. The sources of carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere are an increase in the volume of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels.

The main suppliers of carbon dioxide through the combustion of fossil fuels (oil, coal) are developed countries. In general, they emit it many times more than developing countries. Among the “record holders” are the USA, China, Japan, Great Britain, and the former USSR. All of Africa emits 8 times less carbon from burning fossil fuels, and all of South America emits 2 times less than the United States.

Motor transport. Currently, several hundred million cars are in use around the world. Exhaust gases from internal combustion engines contain a huge amount of toxic compounds. For example, a thousand cars with a carburetor engine emit about 3 tons of carbon monoxide, 100 kg of nitrogen oxides, and 500 kg of incomplete combustion compounds of gasoline per day. In general, exhaust gases from motor vehicles contain more than 200 toxic substances.

Currently, in large Russian cities, emissions from motor vehicles exceed emissions from stationary sources (industrial enterprises).

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. When smelting a ton of steel, 0.04 tons of solid particles, 0.03 tons of sulfur oxide, 0.05 tons of carbon monoxide, as well as lead, phosphorus, manganese, arsenic, mercury vapor, phenol, formaldehyde, benzene, and other toxic substances are released into the atmosphere . Emissions from non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises contain: lead, zinc, copper, aluminum, mercury, cadmium, molybdenum, nickel, chromium, etc.

Chemical industry. Emissions from chemical plants are characterized by significant diversity, high concentration and toxicity. They contain sulfur oxides, fluorine compounds, ammonia, mixtures of nitrogen oxides, chloride compounds, hydrogen sulfide, inorganic dust, etc.

Agriculture as one of the areas changing the balance of ecosystems

Agriculture, requiring vast areas, has a significant impact on the natural environment.

Agriculture has the greatest impact on the natural environment, which can lead to the destruction of soil ecosystems, loss of fertility, water and wind erosion, and soil compaction. Livestock farming has less impact on the environment. But overgrazing and unprocessed waste from livestock farms are also significant factors affecting the environment.

Common disturbances caused by agricultural activities include:

pollution of surface and groundwater, degradation of aquatic ecosystems due to eutrophication;

deforestation and degradation of forest ecosystems (deforestation);

disruption of the water regime in large areas (during drainage or irrigation);

desertification as a result of complex disturbance of soils and vegetation;

destruction of natural habitats of many species of living organisms and, as a consequence, extinction and extinction of rare and other species.

In addition, in the second half of the 20th century, another problem appeared - a decrease in vitamins in agricultural products and the accumulation of various toxicants (nitrates, pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, etc.).

The productivity of modern agriculture largely depends on the use of mineral and organic fertilizers. According to scientists, the share of mineral fertilizers in the system of measures to increase yields can reach 70%. In Russia, the production of mineral fertilizers in the middle of the 20th century. began to expand significantly.

The need to use mineral fertilizers simultaneously with increasing productivity causes contamination of soils and surface waters, both with nutrients and ballast substances. For example, when adding potassium fertilizer potassium chloride to the soil, along with the potassium necessary for plants, harmful chlorine is also introduced.

In case of violation of transportation rules, due to the washing of fertilizers from the surface of fields into surface drains (rivers, lakes, seas, etc.), in the process of water and wind erosion of soil, in case of overdose and uncontrolled use of mineral fertilizers, the content of nutrients and ballast compounds in the soil and water can reach toxic levels. These substances can enter the bodies of animals and humans through trophic chains.

In farming practice, up to 30 - 50% of all applied mineral fertilizers are uselessly lost. For example, in field conditions, only about 40% of the total volume of applied nitrogen is absorbed by plants, 18 - 33% of the nitrogen remains in the soil, and 10 - 30% of it evaporates in the form of various gaseous compounds. The release of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere not only entails economic losses, but also contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer.

Agriculture is also the main source of phosphorus compounds entering the biosphere. A large amount of phosphates enters natural waters annually due to the washout of phosphorus fertilizers from fields under the influence of irrigation and erosion processes (up to 10 kg of phosphorus is carried away annually from each hectare of arable land), as well as due to the increased production of various phosphorus-containing preparations used in agriculture, everyday life, industry.

Phosphorus differs from other biogenic elements in the practical absence of gaseous compounds and poor solubility. About 17 million tons of phosphorus enter the World Ocean annually and contribute to eutrophication.

Modern agriculture also uses a wide range of potash fertilizers (up to 12 million tons per year). Potassium plays an important and diverse role in the life of plants, but most potassium fertilizers contain ballast substances (for example, chlorine and sodium), which not only pollute the soil, but are also toxic to plants in large quantities.

In addition to mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizers are also widely used in agriculture. The balanced content in them of the most important nutrients and microelements necessary for plants leads to the formation of high yields, preservation and increase of soil fertility. The main place among organic fertilizers belongs to livestock waste - manure and bird droppings. Rational use of these wastes can significantly reduce the production and use of mineral fertilizers. At the same time, the problems of disposal and protection of the environment from pollution by excrement are also solved.

Irrational use of animal waste as fertilizer leads to contamination of the soil and agricultural plants with pathogenic microorganisms and weed seeds, as well as to oversaturation of the arable layer with nutrients. Nutrients from surface runoff can enter water bodies, stimulating the development of blue-green algae, reducing the oxygen content in the water, causing fish kills.

Contributing to pollution of the biosphere when using animal waste in agriculture are disadvantages of processing technology and application to the soil (lack of specialized equipment and storage facilities, widespread use of unrotted manure, etc.).

In modern agriculture, various types of pesticides are widely used. These pesticides are used to control insect pests (insecticides), weeds (herbicides), bacterial and fungal diseases (bactericides and fungicides). World production of pesticides exceeds 2 million tons per year, and the range of pesticide preparations includes more than 100 thousand items.

Pesticides sprayed into the air and released into the water and soil environment cause enormous harm to all living things (birds and small animals, plankton and benthos die). Many of the pesticides are particularly persistent.

A pressing environmental problem in agriculture is the rapid increase in the rate and scale of land degradation. In Russia, since the 90s of the 20th century, 25.6 million hectares of farmland have been removed from agricultural use, including 8.2 million hectares of arable land. The main reasons for the reduction of agricultural areas are the development of erosion processes, overgrowth with forests and shrubs, flooding and swamping of lands, alienation of lands for non-agricultural needs. In some regions, these processes are occurring against the backdrop of an attempt to compensate for the loss of valuable agricultural land by developing new areas, which are often infertile.

As a result of soil compaction by heavy agricultural machinery in Russia, up to 10-15% of arable land and 5-10% of pastures may be lost in the coming years.

From 1970 to the present in Russia, the area of arable land with eroded, salty and acidic soils has increased approximately 2 times, with waterlogged and rocky soils - by 3 times, and with sandy loam soils - by 8 times.

There is a further decrease in the most fertile - humus horizon of the soil, and the loss of organic matter is replenished by only one third. Over the past 30-40 years, the chernozems of the Russian plain have lost a third of their humus, their fertile layer has decreased by 10-15 cm.

Rational use of natural resources in agriculture includes: the use of organo-mineral fertilizers in standardized doses; increasing biological nitrogen fixation by expanding the area under legumes; combating erosion using special soil cultivation techniques and forest planting; crop rotation; the use of green manure (crops whose green mass is plowed into the soil); dry farming in the southern regions; use of light agricultural machinery, etc.

Livestock breeding and soil fertility

The crisis that has hit the livestock industry threatens to have a very negative impact on the fertility of agricultural land, and, ultimately, on the ecological balance as a whole. Therefore, the development of this industry should become one of the priorities of agricultural policy.

The soil does not receive enough organic fertilizers, which are so important for the formation of humus, maintaining and improving the structure of the soil. This is due to a steady decline in the number of livestock, pigs and poultry. Which leads to a decrease in the production of organic fertilizers by the livestock industry. In addition, in many farms in the region, part of the produced organic fertilizers remained not transported to the fields due to a lack of funds for the purchase of fuel or due to the lack of necessary equipment. For a number of years now, agricultural enterprises have not compensated for the nutrients carried into the soil by the harvest. This causes excessive removal of nutrients from humus for crop formation, leads to deterioration in soil quality, accumulation of nitrates in food products, pollution of water bodies, and most importantly, leads to a deterioration in the economic fertility of soils, often causing irreparable damage to the land. The logical continuation of this process is a drop in yields and, as a result, a decrease in the gross harvest of products, which in turn negatively affects the financial results of agricultural enterprises.

Consumerism towards land is a detrimental manifestation of the economic crisis. However, this issue is not only economic, but also of a pronounced environmental nature. The consequences of such an attitude towards the land can have a detrimental effect on the ecological balance, and ultimately on the health of the nation. Both agricultural enterprises and the state as a whole are interested in maintaining and improving soil fertility.

Solving the problem of maintaining and increasing soil fertility requires an integrated approach. At the macroeconomic level, it is necessary to create a system that encourages economic entities to carry out measures to increase soil fertility: this could be preferential taxation of farms. Carrying out reclamation and land management works. A system of incentive measures for enterprises producing environmentally friendly products. Subsidies for the purchase of domestic mineral fertilizers, etc.

Similar measures are being taken in the countries of the European Union. For example, in Austria and Germany, the amount of state subsidies to an agricultural enterprise, calculated on the basis of a number of indicators, also depends on the load of animals per 1 hectare of agricultural land. In other words, studies have been conducted in these countries on what the ratio of animals to land on a farm should be in order for the soil to receive the optimal amount of organic fertilizer. This ratio turned out to be different depending on zoning, soil type, relief, etc. Agricultural enterprises in Austria and Germany use their own organic fertilizers only on their own land areas. This means that with intensive livestock farming, the soil can be overloaded with organic fertilizers, which will negatively affect not only crop yields, the quality of hayfields and pastures, but also the ecological balance, causing pollution of water bodies, etc. On the other hand, the soil’s lack of organic fertilizers, along with the optimal application of mineral fertilizers, will worsen the soil structure, slow down the formation of the humus layer, and upset the balance of microorganisms in the soil. Therefore, when calculating subsidies to enterprises, the load factor of animals per unit of agricultural land is taken into account.

Industrial intensive methods of farming at the end of the 20th century caused a number of negative phenomena in the planet’s biosphere: massive erosion and destructuring of arable soils began with a drop in their humus content and fertility, desertification and deforestation of large areas of the planet, salinization of irrigated lands, and a tendency toward general climate warming emerged. . Ecological collapse has become a real threat to humanity. Under these conditions, it became an objective necessity:

Improving environmental knowledge;

Merging ecology with economics;

Ecological conversion of agricultural production.

Anthropogenic impacts on rocks, their massifs and subsoil

Rocks are natural aggregates of minerals of more or less constant mineralogical and chemical composition, which form independent geological bodies that make up the earth's crust.

In the process of human engineering and economic activity, the rocks that make up the upper part of the earth's crust undergo, to one degree or another: compression, tension, displacement, water saturation, vibration, and other impacts.

The main anthropogenic impacts on rocks include: static and dynamic loads, thermal and electrical impacts.

Static loads arise during the construction of buildings and structures. In this case, a zone of active change in rocks is formed, reaching a depth of 70-100 m.

Dynamic loads include vibrations, shocks, shocks and other phenomena that are typical during the operation of transport, construction machines, factory mechanisms, etc. Loose rocks (sand, peat, etc.) are most sensitive to shaking. The strength of these rocks noticeably decreases and they become compacted. In addition, sudden liquefaction and the formation of landslides, dumps and other unfavorable processes are possible.

Explosions (produced during road construction, mining, etc.), also related to dynamic loads and are similar in their effect to seismic impacts. Very often, as a result of explosions, landslides, landslides, screes, etc. occur.

Thermal exposure typically occurs during underground coal gasification and at the base of blast furnaces and open-hearth furnaces. In this case, the temperature of the rocks can increase to 40-50-100°C. As a result, the rocks drain, turn to stone and lose their original properties.

Electrical impact is created by electrified transport, power lines, etc. This impact generates stray currents and fields that change the electrical conductivity, electrical resistivity and other electrical properties of rocks.

Impacts on rock masses lead to damage-generating processes such as landslides, karst, flooding, etc.

Landslides are the sliding of rocks down a slope under the influence of their own weight and load (seismic, vibration, etc.). Landslides disrupt rock masses, negatively affect surface runoff, disrupt soil cover, and can lead to casualties.

Karst is phenomena and processes that occur in rocks dissolved by natural waters. Karst is characterized by a complex of surface (sinkholes, gutters, basins, etc.) and underground (caves, cavities, passages) relief forms. Karst caves can also be unique natural monuments, where stalactites and stalagmites are located.

Karst is widespread in the world and in Russia (North Caucasus, Bashkiria, Moscow region).

Flooding is an increase in groundwater levels. Flooding is observed during the construction of reservoirs and accidents in underground communications. Flooding leads to waterlogging and swamping of rock masses. When flooding occurs, landslides and karst become more active, and seismic activity increases.

The subsoil is the upper part of the earth's crust within which mining is possible. Subsoil is: a source of minerals, raw materials and energy natural resources; place of burial of harmful substances and industrial waste; oil and gas storage; environment for the construction of underground structures; specially protected natural areas (karst caves).

The ecological state of the subsoil is determined, first of all, by the strength and nature of the impact of human activity on them. In the modern period, the scale of anthropogenic impact on the earth's interior is enormous. In one year, more than 150 billion tons of rocks are extracted and processed around the world, millions of cubic meters of groundwater are pumped out, and mountains of waste accumulate.

Conclusion

In the last quarter of the 20th century, economic growth began to act as a destabilizing factor for the environment. The growth of production and the increase in consumed resources contribute to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, destruction of the ozone layer, water and soil pollution, desertification, deforestation, and landscape disturbance. According to experts, only about 23% of extracted and consumed resources are used in the form of a product; the rest is returned to the environment in the form of waste, which leads to changes in the environmental properties of the territory. Consequently, a region with a high level of economic development is primarily an area that creates environmental problems at the global level.

Noting that the high level of economic development and rapid rates of economic growth of individual states create a large number of environmental problems, which are mainly trans-territorial and global in nature. It can be assumed that it should be carried out through the mechanism of regulation of the social market economy at the national and international levels.

One of the hotbeds of global environmental problems is the region of South and Southeast Asia. This region is home to about 45% of the world's population, located in more than 20 states. In recent decades, problems have emerged related to the use of agricultural land in this region, mainly due to soil degradation, decreased forest cover, and desertification. The countries of South and Southeast Asia have the highest population density in the world in relation to the area of cultivated land - more than 400 people per km², and with a decrease in land fertility, the population is growing rapidly. The industrial development of the region is accompanied by a sharp increase in technogenic load, extensive use of natural resources and, as a consequence, a sharp deterioration of the environment and a decrease in its assimilative potential.

The combination of industrial and primitive pre-industrial land use led to the rapid depletion of resources suitable for agriculture and the loss of their fertility. The involvement of new lands in agricultural circulation, in turn, leads to deforestation, disruption of the water regime, and soil erosion. All these problems, generated by economic reasons, develop and cover various spheres of human life, gradually acquiring a global scale. According to the traditional classification, countries are divided according to the level of their economic development by classifying them as periphery and center. The center is formed by industrialized countries led by the leaders of the world economy; they represent the system-forming core of the world economy. In this core, advanced technological, organizational, managerial, social and economic standards are formed that determine the world economic order. The periphery is the countries lagging behind in terms of economic development, which are also called developing countries. Most of these countries are at various stages of industrialization, which has not yet been completed. The national economies of most of these states are focused on raw materials and have an ineffective mechanism for economic development. And although the division of states into periphery and center is simplified, it can be used to understand the territorial aspects of global environmental and economic problems.

Global ecology considers the integrity of ecosystems in which various elements interact. At the same time, global ecology is based on geographical spatial-territorial connections. Global ecological processes are processes associated with various spheres of human life, based on the functions of biotic and abiotic components, and also formed by the socio-economic development of mankind.

Environmental problems are part of the general problems of humanity. They are characterized by the scale of manifestation that goes beyond individual states and entire regions, the degree of severity and exponential development, dynamism, complexity and interconnectedness.

The driving force of the anthropogenic cycle is human activity. This cycle includes two components: biological, associated with the functioning of humans as a living organism, and technical, associated with the economic activities of people. The anthropogenic cycle, unlike both the geological and biological ones, is not closed. This lack of closure causes depletion of natural resources and pollution of the natural environment.

References

Ecology. Korobkin V.I., Peredelsky L.V.: 12th ed., add. and processed - Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2007. - 602 p.

General ecology. Drozdov V.V.: 2nd ed. - Moscow: Arfa, 2011. - 404 p.

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Man and nature

Today, human influence on the ecosystem has become almost absolute. Over the past few centuries, thanks to the significant development of technological progress, environmental pollution has reached a critical level and has begun to pose a serious danger.

It has a significant impact on atmospheric changes in nature, since it is found in significant quantities in most minerals on earth. When mineral fuel is burned at enterprises, it releases dioxide (carbon dioxide), which tends to accumulate in the air, because as a result of large-scale deforestation, the remaining plants do not have time to cope with its purification.

As a result of the steadily increasing concentration of carbon dioxide on Earth, there is an increase in the global greenhouse effect, in which the dioxide traps heat on the surface, causing excessive heating, the effect of which increases every day.

Analysis and assessment of human activities in the ecosystem allow us to properly judge that if decisive measures are not taken to normalize the environmental situation, the immune system will not be able to properly cope with pollution that has a detrimental effect on the human body, which in the future can lead to irreversible consequences . The thing is that a pollutant can affect the body both directly and indirectly, easily moving through various elements of the ecosystem.

Deserts

All terrestrial ecosystems can be conditionally divided according to climatic and plant characteristics, while each ecosystem has individual characteristics associated mainly not with the rare animals and plants that live there, but with climatic factors. First of all, deserts can be attributed to this category of ecosystems.

The main feature of this area is that the intensity of evaporation in it is much higher than the level of precipitation. As a result of these conditions, vegetation in the desert is very sparse. This area is characterized by clear weather and a predominance of low-growing plants, as a result of which at night the soil begins to intensively lose heat accumulated during the day. It is worth considering that deserts occupy more than 15% of the land surface and are located in almost all latitudes of the earth.

Deserts can be:

Tropical.
Moderate.
Cold.

Plants and animals living in them, regardless of climatic conditions, are able to accumulate and retain scarce moisture in the body. The destruction of vegetation in a given area leads to the fact that its restoration will require a huge amount of time and effort.

Savannah

Natural ecosystems also include the savannah region, the territories of which are essentially grassy ecosystems. This category includes areas that experience several prolonged dry periods and, at their end, receive excessive amounts of rainfall. It is this category of ecosystem that occupies wide areas on both sides of the equator, occurring even in areas adjacent to the Arctic deserts.

Despite the fact that people are extremely rare in such areas, oil and gas reserves discovered in these territories have provoked high anthropogenic impact, because as a result of low rates of decomposition of organic matter, the growth rate of vegetation is minimal, due to which this particular ecological area is one of the most vulnerable.

Forest ecosystems

All forests, regardless of type, also belong to the category of terrestrial ecosystems.

They are presented:

Deciduous forests. The main feature is the rapid restoration of vegetation after cutting down. Consequently, this area is best able to counteract the negative influence that people have on it.

Coniferous. These forests are mainly represented in taiga regions. It is in this area that most of the wood for industrial needs is extracted.
Tropical. The trees in these forests retain their foliage almost throughout the year, which ensures a stable removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. As a result of human destruction of vegetation, the top layer of soil is completely washed away due to prolonged exposure to rain, and forests are almost impossible to restore after cutting down.

Artificially created ecosystems

Artificial ecosystems, or agrocenosis, include ecosystems artificially created by humans, the main task of which is to maintain and stabilize the ecological situation in the world, as well as the stable provision of people and animals with affordable food. This category includes:

Fields.
Haymaking.
Parks.
Gardens.
Vegetable gardens.
Forest plantings.

In most cases, artificial ecosystems are required for humans to obtain agricultural products for their normal life activities. Despite the fact that they are not very reliable in environmental terms, high yields make it possible, using a minimum amount of land, to provide food for the whole world. The main criteria that a person puts into their creation are the preservation of crops with maximum productivity indicators.

In an agrocenosis, it is determined mainly by the care that a person can provide to increase the level of fertility that the artificial ecosystem so needs. Man, whose nature is associated with constant discoveries in the most important areas for life, has long understood that this particular type of ecosystem constantly needs a supply of useful elements. Among them, water plays a decisive role and some of them are constantly disappearing from the soil as a result of the water cycle in nature. This is the only way to maintain productivity and prevent starvation in constantly deteriorating environmental conditions.

At the same time, in agrocenosis, as in any other area, there are food chains of the ecosystem, of which humans are an obligatory component. At the same time, it plays a decisive role, because without it not a single artificial ecosystem can exist. The fact is that without proper care, it retains its properties for a maximum of a year in the form of grain fields and up to a quarter of a century in the form of fruit and berry crops.

The optimal way to increase and maintain the productivity of these ecosystems remains soil reclamation, which helps clear the land of foreign elements and stabilize the natural growth of plants.

Impact on natural ecosystems

Natural ecosystems include both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. At the same time, humanity must take significant measures to protect water bodies from the penetration of harmful substances. The number of living organisms for which water is the main source of life directly depends on the salt content in it and temperature factors. Unlike terrestrial ecosystems, animals living underwater need constant access to oxygen, as a result of which they try to stay on the surface of the water.

Terrestrial ecosystems differ from aquatic ones not only in the root system of vegetation, but also in the main components of nutrition. At the same time, depending on the depth of the water, food sources become much smaller. Even if waste from enterprises is discharged not into water sources, but onto the surface of the Earth, due to precipitation, pollution penetrates into groundwater. And with them it reaches the main sources, destroying most of the living organisms in them and having a harmful effect on the human body when people consume water.

Types of air pollution

The effects of human activities on ecosystems have primarily affected air pollution. Until recently, it was considered the most widespread environmental problem of all large cities, however, thanks to a thorough study of the problem, scientists were able to find out that atmospheric pollutants can travel considerable distances from the direct source of emissions. Consequently, we can conclude that even living in an extremely favorable environmental environment, people are just as little insured against harmful influences as those who live in close proximity to industrial sources.

The most common air pollutants that significantly affect the environment are:

An increase in the concentration of its main element - carbon dioxide.
Nitrogen oxides.
Hydrocarbons.
Sulfur dioxide.
A gas mixture of chlorine, fluorine and carbon compounds, called CFCs.

Such human impact on the ecosystem has led to the fact that the fight against environmental pollution has acquired a global level, becoming the most important task for all countries without exception. Only in conditions of close international cooperation can optimal and rapid stabilization of the environmental situation be achieved.

Negative consequences

Negative human activity in the ecosystem has led to the fact that the concentration of natural atmospheric components in the air decreases every year, and the upper atmospheric layer suffers most from this, in which the concentration of ozone sometimes reaches a critical level. At the same time, the main difficulty in restoring its stable indicators is precisely that ozone itself can significantly increase air pollution on the earth's surface, having a detrimental effect on most agricultural crops. In addition, when ozone is mixed with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide, it forms the most harmful mixture, which has a detrimental effect on the environment.

Today, the best minds in the world are working on the problem of reducing the negative consequences of human activity. Of course, ecosystems created by man partially normalize the indicators, but there is a steady increase in harmful emissions from industrial enterprises accumulating in the atmosphere.

In addition, there are also side factors in the form of dust, noise, increased electromagnetic fields and climate change, as a result of which the ambient temperature has increased significantly in recent years, thereby causing irreversible climate change.

Environmental support measures

Since human influence on the ecosystem has led to serious climate changes, and in particular to global warming, humanity must develop serious measures to combat pollution, increasing the number of ecosystems on Earth, regardless of whether they are natural or artificial. Due to the accumulation of various gases in the atmosphere, of which only a small part is dispersed in outer space, and the rest causes a greenhouse effect on earth, scientists assume a significant increase in temperature on the planet in the future, which will have a detrimental effect on all living things. However, it must be taken into account that without such an influence, which has undergone little change over millions of years, modern ecosystems aimed by humans to support the ecological situation would not be able to exist.

Nevertheless, humanity must seriously reduce emissions of harmful elements into the air, and also at least stabilize the process of deforestation with the formation of new green spaces, because a stable increase in the greenhouse effect will further lead to evaporation of water and deterioration of weather systems. It is important that certain measures in this area have already been taken. First of all, this concerns the creation of an Intergovernmental Group, whose task is to monitor climate change and identify the location of powerful gas emissions, putting all efforts into correcting the environmental situation in this area.

In addition, the World Environmental Congress, better known as the Earth Summit, was created. It is carrying out full-scale work aimed at concluding an international agreement between all countries in order to reduce emissions of gas and other harmful elements into the atmosphere.

Despite the fact that there is no convincing evidence of modern anthropogenic warming today, most scientists believe that an irreversible process has already begun. That is why it is so important for the whole world to unite to stabilize the ecological situation on Earth.

Human influence on the ecosystem can be partially eliminated through the development and further implementation of powerful installations that will be used to thoroughly clean the air. Today, such structures are installed only at the most progressive enterprises, but their number is so small that the reduction in emissions is almost unnoticeable against the global background.

The development of alternative energy sources that do not have a harmful impact on the environment also plays an equally important role. In addition, industrial production must reach a new level of operation using waste-free industrial technology, and measures to combat exhaust gases produced by cars must be strengthened as much as possible. Only after the situation has been stabilized as much as possible will global environmental organizations be able to properly identify and combat all violations.

Steps to stabilize the situation

The negative impact of humans on the ecosystem can be observed not only in chemical waste, as, for example, in the case of Chernobyl, but also in the widespread extinction of the rarest species of animals and plants. All these factors contribute to the deterioration of human health, regardless of age groups. In addition, environmental disturbances affect even unborn children, significantly worsening the overall condition of the global gene pool and affecting the mortality rate of the population.

A detailed analysis and assessment of human consequences in ecosystems allows us to judge that the main deterioration of the ecological state on Earth is associated mainly with deliberately directed human activities. This area includes poaching and the increase in the number of chemical enterprises, the emissions of which have a strong impact on the environment. If in the near future humanity does not realize what result its actions will ultimately lead to and does not begin to actively use cleaning technologies, including increasing the amount of green space, especially in large industrial cities, in the future this may lead to irreversible consequences throughout the world.

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