Maxim Gorky (Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov)- prose writer, publicist and playwright, one of the most popular writers in Russia of his time, an active participant in the reorganization process cultural life USSR in the first post-revolutionary decades. His work, determined by the interaction of the traditions of realism, elements neo-romanticism and Marxist worldview, was elevated by Soviet ideologists to the rank of a model socialist realism . At the same time, Gorky himself was “crowned” as the founder of Soviet literature.

Life of Maxim Gorky in dates and facts

March 28, 1868- was born in Nizhny Novgorod in a carpenter's family. At three years old future writer lost his father, was left without a mother at the age of ten; He spent his childhood in the house of his despotic grandfather. Having studied for only two years, due to dire need, he was forced to go “to the people,” that is, to earn a living as a student or journeyman, mastering the simplest and lowest-paid professions. However, through chaotic self-education and thanks to his phenomenal memory, Gorky acquired extensive knowledge in various fields.

1884 - in the hope of entering the university, he arrived in Kazan, where, without becoming a student, he continued his self-education mainly in populist and Marxist circles.

End 1880 — Start 1890s — spent traveling around Tsarist Russia

, visiting Ukraine, Crimea, and the Caucasus, among other places. At the same time, the writer began to appear in print with his stories. Beginning with He was arrested several times for revolutionary propaganda among workers.

1892 - published a story in the Tiflis newspaper "Caucasus" "Makar Chud-ra", signing it with the pseudonym “Maxim Gorky”. Then a number of his neo-romantic ( "Old Isergil", 1895; "Song of the Falcon" 1895, etc.) and realistic ( "Chelkash" 1894; "Konovalov" 1897, etc.) works that drew the public’s attention to the talented “writer of the people.”

1898 - a two-volume collection was published "Essays and Stories", which brought the author all-Russian fame. Soon his name became famous in Western Europe.

1899 — Gorky visited St. Petersburg and Moscow, where he met prominent representatives creative intelligentsia and became close to revolutionary circles. In the coming years, he actively helped fighters against the autocratic regime with money received from the successful sale of publications, in particular, hiring lawyers for arrested participants in protests and investing significant sums in the publication of the Leninist newspaper “Forward.”

1901— while under arrest in Nizhny Novgorod prison, he wrote "Song of the Petrel", which spread across the country with lightning speed and was perceived as a poetic call for revolution.

1902 - the play was written " At the bottom" In the same year, Gorky was elected honorary academician in the category belles lettres, but under pressure from Tsar Nicholas II this decision was annulled. As a sign of protest, the writers A.P. Chekhov and V.G. Korolenko refused the title of honorary academician awarded to them.

January 9, 1905 - participated in a peaceful demonstration of workers, which was brutally shot and caused the rise of the revolutionary movement in Russia. After the bloody massacre of the demonstrators, the writer published an appeal in which he called on “all citizens of Russia for an immediate, persistent struggle against the autocracy,” joined the Social Democratic Party and got involved in supplying weapons to the workers who fought street battles in Moscow. For his revolutionary activities, he was accused of a state crime and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Prison.

1906 — visited the United States to raise funds for the underground struggle of the Bolsheviks. During this trip, Gorky wrote the propaganda novel " Mother"(1906-1907), later recognized as the first work of socialist realism, and the play "Enemies"(1906), banned from production on the Russian stage because of its protest against the existing system. Fearing arrest in Russia, Gorky, after traveling around America, settled in Italy, on the island of Capri. There he created a cycle "Tales of Italy"(1911-1913), and also began a series of stories "Russian tales"(1912-1917) and "Across Rus'"(1912-1917).

1913 — Having fallen under an amnesty in connection with the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, the writer returned to Russia. That same year he began work on the story "Childhood"(1913-1914), which marked the beginning of an autobiographical trilogy, which also included stories "In people"(1916) and "My Universities" (1923).Material from the site

1917 - despite many years of participation in the social democratic movement, he had a sharply negative perception of both the socialist revolution itself and the events that followed it, which prompted him to actually interrupt his membership in the party. Gorky shared his critical reflections on the bloody drama that swept the country after the Bolshevik revolution in journalistic articles that made up the series "Untimely Thoughts". These articles, as well as friction in personal relations with Lenin, strengthened the writer’s political disagreements with the new government. Nevertheless, in the post-revolutionary years, Gorky devoted a lot of effort to improving the cultural life of the country and helping writers who were in danger of physical harm or starvation. Among his achievements is, in particular, the organization of the publishing house "World Literature", which published Russian translations of masterpieces by foreign authors from different eras.

1921 —not seeing an opportunity for himself to continue living and working in Russia, he went into exile. Gorky spent the first years of voluntary emigration in resorts in Germany and Czechoslovakia, then settled again in Italy, in Sorrento. Here he created a novel "The Artamovnov Case"(1925), and also wrote a significant part of the novel - epics "The Life of Klim Samgin"(1927-1936).

1931 - returned to his homeland as a leading writer of Soviet literature and launched a wide public activity: Gorky was the founder of new magazines and book series, the founder of the Literary Institute in Moscow, which was engaged in the professional training of future writers, one of the founders of the Writers' Union, which he headed in 1934 d. In his journalistic articles and essays, he fully agrees with the “official” ideological point of view on the processes of building a “new society” in the country, supporting Stalin’s policies.

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Errand boy

Years of wandering

Rice. 3. and Maxim Gorky. Yasnaya Polyana. 1900

Gorky - journalist

Important! The pseudonym indicated exactly what the young author was going to write - only the truth, which may be bitter.

The beginning of Gorky's career

Singer of the Revolution

Rice. 5. M. Gorky, N. D. Teleshov and I. A. Bunin. Yalta. 1902 Big influence The writer was influenced by his acquaintance with. This happened in 1902. They quickly found mutual language and even became friends. Gorky earned the respect of many members of the intelligentsia when he exposed the provocateur Matvey Golovinsky.

Important! In the same year, Gorky was proposed to be elected a member of the Imperial Academy. A scandal broke out and the election results were annulled. In response to this, others left the Academy - in particular, Chekhov.

New dramaturgy

First Russian Revolution

Capri (Italy)

Gorky's return to his homeland

Rice. 8. and Maxim Gorky in the park on Red Square. 1931 His St. Petersburg apartment again became the revolutionary headquarters. Many issues were discussed, including preparations for the uprising. In 1917, Lenin and Gorky disagreed. The writer seriously condemned prominent figures, believing that the acquired power had a destructive effect on them. He wrote about this in the newspaper “ New life”, which he himself published. There he also published his “Untimely Thoughts,” which were then banned for a long time and were published again only in the 90s of the last century.Gorky reproached the Bolsheviks for violating their own declared freedoms. He was sincerely upset by the attempt on Lenin's life. After the telegram sent by Gorky and a personal meeting, their relationship was restored.

World literature

Emigration

The last years of M. Gorky's life

Important! Shortly before his return, one of the central newspapers published his appeal to cultural masters with a call to direct their talent to serve the people and build a new society. After writing this appeal, he lost all authority among the emigrants.

• At school, Gorky behaved extremely poorly and was considered a difficult student.
• The novel “Mother” was first published not in Russian, but in English.
• Gorky holds the record for the number of nominations to Nobel Prize(5 times), but never received it.
• Gorky signed some of his works not with his name and patronymic, but simply with the initials AM.
• The city of which Gorky was a native bore his name for quite a long time.
• Gorky was published most often in the Soviet Union, his bibliography is enormous, and his autobiographical trilogy was the most popular work.
• Gorky is credited with saying that he would have been able to make the monarchy absolute if he had been the Russian Tsar. The question of who said this may appear in some crossword puzzle.
• Gorky collected Japanese bone figurines, many of which have survived to this day.

Bitter chronological table life and creativity Russian writer, prose writer, playwright is presented in this article.

Chronological table of Gorky

Maksim Gorky - literary pseudonym of Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov.

1876-1883 - studied at the Ilyinsky School, then at the Nizhny Novgorod Sloboda Kunavinsky Primary School, but did not complete the course.

1879 - mother died; The bankrupt grandfather put the boy into service in a shoe store.

1884-1887 — He moved to Kazan, wanted to go to university, but never became a student, and continued self-education mainly in populist and Marxist circles.

1888-1892 — In search of work, I wandered around the Volga region, Ukraine, Southern Bessarabia, Crimea, and the Caucasus. He was arrested several times for revolutionary propaganda among workers.

1892 — The first story, “Makar Chudra,” was published in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus” under the pseudonym M. Gorky.

1895-1896 — Stories written "Old Isergil",Song about the Falcon"Chelkash" "Konovalov"

1896 - marriage to Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina (they had 2 children - a daughter and a son)

1898 — The two-volume book “Essays and Stories” was published.

1899 — Moved to St. Petersburg. Getting to know , . The story “Foma Gordeev” has been published.

1902 — The play “At the Bottom” was created; elected honorary academician Russian Academy Sci.

1905 - joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party

1906 - visited the United States to raise funds for the underground struggle of the Bolsheviks. Fearing arrest in Russia, Gorky, after traveling across America, settled in Italy, on the island of Capri, where he lived until 1913.

1913 - Having fallen under an amnesty in connection with the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, the writer returned to Russia. Started working on the story "Childhood"

1917-1918 — A series of articles “Untimely Thoughts” has been written.

1921-1928 - not having the opportunity to live and work in Russia, he leaves for Germany, then to Italy (Sorrento). Wrote the story “The Artamonov Case.”

1928 — Return to the USSR.

1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress Soviet writers, delivers the keynote address.

June 18, 1936— Maxim Gorky died. The ashes are buried in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.

Maxim Gorky chronological table is briefly outlined in this article, but you can expand or shorten it at your discretion.

Role and place in literature

Maxim Gorky - a prominent representative of Russian literature late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, which is known for works of revolutionary themes. He became the founder of socialist realism. Was nominated for the Nobel Prize.

Origin and early years

Maxim Gorky is the creative name of the writer, and his real name is Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov. He was born in 1868 in Russia (Nizhny Novgorod).

Father - Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov, carpenter. When the future writer was three years old, he fell ill with cholera. His father looked after him, and as a result, he also became infected. The boy survived, but Maxim Peshkov died. There is a version that the writer took the pseudonym Maxim Gorky to preserve the memory of his parent.

Mother - Varvara Vasilievna Peshkova (nee Kashirina). She came from a philistine background. In 1879 she fell ill with consumption with a fatal outcome.

Since Gorky’s parents died early, his grandparents were involved in his upbringing. He spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather, Vasily Kashirin. WITH early years the boy fell in love folk art thanks to his grandmother, who became his first guide to the world of literature. Then Gorky will remember her with tenderness, saying that “he was filled with her poems like a beehive with honey.”

Education

Gorky's first teacher was his mother, who taught him to read. The grandfather taught the boy the basics of church literacy. Alexei went to parish school, but left due to illness. Then he completed two classes at the Sloboda elementary school. There he did not have a good relationship with the teachers. And he respected only one person - the bishop. He also attended an elementary parish school for the poor for some time. His difficult character and poverty were the reasons why the future writer did not even receive a secondary education. However, Alexey had an excellent memory and read a lot, so he could soon quote the classics. In 1884, he tried to enter Kazan University, but did not pass the selection. Having not received a good education, Gorky replaced it with self-education, although all his life he wrote with spelling errors.

Creation

Maxim Gorky was a difficult person; according to him, he was born to disagree. He traveled a lot around the country - and what he saw pushed him to the idea of ​​​​propaganda the revolution. Gorky was even arrested for this.

In 1892, Gorky’s story “Makar Chudra” was published. This was the first step towards literary fame. And in 1898, two volumes of “Essays and Stories” were published, which brought him fame.

In 1902, the writer was awarded the title of member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, but Nicholas II ordered this decision to be reversed.

In addition to revolutionary literature, Gorky wrote fairy tales for children. For example: “The Tale of Ivanushka the Fool”, “Sparrow”.

In 1906, the writer was forced to emigrate to the USA, then to Italy. But even there, Gorky continued to write works on revolutionary themes.

Major works

The result of Gorky’s first creative quest was the story “The Old Woman Izergil” (1894). This work is a harsh parable about heroism and selfishness.

The story “The Orlov Spouses” (1897) was written in the style of naturalism. The author realistically described a life that many would like not to know.

In the play “At the Bottom” (1901-1902), Maxim Gorky depicted the life of the “bottom” of society: poor, morally fallen people. The events take place in a shelter for the poor. The writer created a multi-faceted gallery of images, thereby emphasizing that this problem affected people of different ages, origin and morality. In 1904, Maxim Gorky received the Griboyedov Prize for this play. But, despite public recognition, the production of the work was not allowed on the imperial stage, but only at the Moscow Art Theater.

The novel "Mother" was written under the impression of the events of 1905 and became fundamental for socialist realism.

Last years

After emigrating, Maxim Gorky returned to his homeland only in 1932. He is actively involved literary activity. But in 1936 he died under mysterious circumstances.

Chronological table (by date)

Theme "M. Bitter. Chronological table of life and creativity” occupies an important place in the school literature course. The writer is one of the most prominent representatives new romantic movement at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, he was the founder of socialist realism in Soviet literature. His biography is no less interesting than his works: it is full of hardships, labor, struggles that the author went through during his difficult life.

Childhood and youth

One of the most prominent Russian and Soviet writers is Gorky. A chronological table dedicated to his biography should include the main, most important stages of his life, the first of which are his childhood and teenage years. Future famous writer born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868. He was orphaned early and was raised by a strict grandfather. Due to constant need, the boy was unable to graduate from the local school. He was forced to work constantly to earn his bread. In the 1880s he lived in Kazan, where he unsuccessfully tried to enter the university; here he became close to the populists and was even arrested.

The beginning of creativity

Gorky, whose chronological biography is the subject of this review, experienced many difficulties and hardships before he became famous as a writer. The 1890s became a new stage in his life. It was during this decade that he traveled around the country, visited the south, and began working for a clerk. But the most important thing is that his first literary experience: he writes his own stories, is published not only in newspapers hometown, but also in neighboring areas. He meets Tolstoy and Chekhov, and readers and critics pay attention to his works.

Dramaturgy

Gorky was a prominent playwright of the early 20th century. The chronological table of his life should include this new stage in his work. In the 1900s, he tried his hand at writing plays, which brought him not only all-Russian, but also European fame (“Bourgeois”, “At the Lower Depths”). These works are staged in leading theaters, and the young and talented playwright is being talked about as a new outstanding author of our time.

The table below summarizes the main milestones in M. Gorky's life.

Emigration

From 1906 to 1913 the writer lived in exile. However, he showed a keen interest in the events taking place in the country, and even before leaving he became a member of the workers' party. Abroad, he writes a novel, which marked the beginning of socialist realism in literature. He was especially famous for his autobiographical works Maksim Gorky. The chronological table should also reflect this new stage in his work. The author writes a trilogy about his childhood, youth and adulthood, reproducing artistic form everything that he had to endure during the years of wandering, hardship and struggle against poverty.

Return

The writer perceived the October revolution ambiguously. On the one hand, he was an ally of the Bolsheviks, but was critical of their policies towards the intelligentsia. He got busy social activities and thanks to his efforts and efforts, many scientists and writers escaped poverty and starvation. Maxim Gorky, whose chronological table of life is presented in the article, went abroad in the 1920s under the pretext of treatment, but in fact due to ideological differences with the party. He lived in different cities Europe, until the Soviet government invited him to return to the country.

last years of life

A chronological table of Gorky's life should include The final stage his creativity. In the 1930s, he returned to the USSR, began to work actively, and contributed to the consolidation of socialist writers. On his initiative, their first congress was held, at which this new literary movement was proclaimed dominant and the only correct one. The writer died in 1936. This event completes the chronological table. Gorky's life and work are reflected in it in brief for ease of memorization.