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Here they are - the undying images of Enlightenment literature: Robinson Crusoe, who lived alone on a desert island for twenty-nine years and remained alive despite all assumptions, maintaining not only his sanity, but also his self-esteem;

Here they are - the undying images of the literature of the Enlightenment: Candide, a philosopher reflecting on the fate of the world and the place of man in it, a traveler who saw “what is really going on on our sad and funny globe,” and whose last words were: “We must cultivate our garden, for our world is crazy and cruel... let us set the boundaries of our activity and try to carry out our humble task as best as possible”;

Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment era: Figaro, a servant in the count's house, who in all situations deceives his master, laughs at him, and with him at the entire class of feudal lords, showing the advantage of his class, his strength, his intelligence, energy and determination;

Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment era: The hero of the tragedy Faust is a historical figure, he lived in the 16th century, was known as a magician and warlock, and, rejecting modern science and religion, sold his soul to the devil. There were legends about Doctor Faustus, he was a character in theatrical performances, and many authors turned to his image in their books. But under the pen of Goethe, the drama about Faust, dedicated to the eternal theme of knowledge of life, became the pinnacle of world literature.

All the characters created in the 18th century bear the features of their time, talking about their contemporaries, their feelings and thoughts, dreams and ideals. The authors of these images are Defoe and Swift, Voltaire, Schiller and Goethe, great enlightenment writers whose names stand next to their immortal heroes.

Daniel Defoe () He hasn't read Robinson Crusoe since childhood... Let's see if Robinson Crusoe will amaze him now! W. Collins You become just a Man while you read it. S. Coleridge

The Enlightenment movement originated in England after the events of the bourgeois revolution of the late 17th century. (1688). Its compromise nature preserved many remnants of the feudal system, and the English enlighteners saw their duty in consolidating the victories already achieved by the revolution. They sought to re-educate a person in the spirit of bourgeois virtues. Among them is D. Defoe. Daniel Defoe is an English writer, the founder of the European novel. He was born in London into a petty bourgeois family and after graduating from the Puritan Theological Academy, where he received an excellent education, he began to engage in commerce.

He was a real bourgeois! Getting acquainted with his biography, you are amazed by his ebullient energy, efficiency, practical acumen, and incredible hard work. Subsequently, Defoe would endow his favorite hero Robinson Crusoe with these traits. And the life of Defoe himself resembles the life of Robinson before the desert island. Having been involved in commerce all his life, Defoe was convinced that the enterprises he started for personal enrichment also benefited society.

When the book was published, it was a completely unexpected success. It was quickly translated into major European languages. Readers, not wanting to part with the hero, demanded a continuation. Defoe wrote two more novels about Robinson, but neither of them compares with the first in artistic power. Despite the enormous success among contemporaries, the true appreciation of the novel came later, after the death of the writer. Literary researchers argue that, being a mirror of its time, the novel "Robinson Crusoe" had a great influence on public thought and artistic culture XVIII, XIX and even XX centuries.

Jonathan Swift () And I glanced at people, I saw their arrogant, low, Cruel, flighty friends, Fools, always the villainy of loved ones... A. S. Pushkin Give me the pleasure of talking about you in the same way as posterity will talk. Voltaire in a letter to Swift

Jonathan Swift was a contemporary and compatriot of D. Defoe, and their heroes Robinson and Gulliver were compatriots and contemporaries. They lived in the same country, England, under the same rulers, read each other’s works, although they did not know each other personally. Undoubtedly, there was much in common in their work, but the talent of each of them was brightly original, unique, just as their personalities and destinies were unique. Jonathan Swift called himself a “joker, an extreme joker,” who was sad and bitter about his jokes. Many satirists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. called him their predecessor.

An Englishman by birth, Swift was born in 1667 in Ireland, in Dublin, where the father of the future writer moved in search of work. After graduating from Dublin University in 1789, Swift received a position as secretary to the influential nobleman William Temple. This service weighed heavily on Swift, but he was kept in Moore Park by the Temple’s extensive library and his young pupil Esther Johnson, for whom Swift carried a tender affection throughout his life. After Temple's death, Swift went to the Irish village of Laracor to become a priest there. Stella, as Esther Johnson called Swift, followed him.

Swift could not limit himself only to the modest activities of a pastor. While Temple was still alive, he published his first poems and pamphlets, but the real beginning of Swift’s literary activity can be considered his book “The Tale of a Barrel.” (“Barrel Tale” is an English folk expression that means “talk nonsense”, “talk nonsense”). It is based on the story of three brothers, which is a sharp satire on the three main branches of the Christian religion: Catholic, Protestant and Anglican. "The Tale of a Barrel" brought great fame in the literary and political circles of London. His sharp pen was appreciated by both political parties: the Tories and the Whigs.

The main work of Swift's life was his novel “Travel to Some Distant Countries of the World by Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and Then a Captain of Several Ships” - this is its full title. Swift surrounded his work with extreme mystery; even the publisher, who received the manuscript of the novel from an unknown person in 1726, did not know who its author was. The book about Gulliver had a fate similar to the book about Robinson: it soon became world famous, the favorite book of both adults and children.

"Gulliver's Travels" is the programmatic manifesto of Swift the satirist. In the first part, the reader laughs at the ridiculous conceit of the Lilliputians. In the second, in the land of giants, the point of view changes, and it turns out that our civilization deserves the same ridicule. The third ridicules science and the human mind in general. Finally, in the fourth, vile Yahoos (disgusting humanoid creatures) appear as a concentrate of primordial human nature, not ennobled by spirituality. Swift, as usual, does not resort to moralizing instructions, leaving the reader to draw his own conclusions and choose between the Yahoos and their moral antipode, bizarrely dressed in horse form.

VOLTER () Boo me without hesitation, I will answer you in the same way, my brothers. Voltaire He was more than a man, he was an era. V. Hugo

In each country, the educational movement had its own characteristic features. The French Enlightenment was heading towards the revolution, preparing it. Enlightenmentists, denying the existing order, looked for ways to rationally organize society. Their ideas, their demands were embodied in the slogan Freedom, Equality and Brotherhood of all people. During the second half of the 18th century. French enlighteners were the rulers of the thoughts of all progressive Europe. And the first among the first in their rank was Voltaire.

A great poet and playwright, philosopher and scientist, political figure, Voltaire was a symbol and the first figure not only in the history of the French Enlightenment, but also the educational movement throughout Europe. He was at the head of those who prepared France for the coming revolution. Voltaire's voice has been listened to throughout the century. He spoke the decisive word on the most important problems of his time.

An important part of Voltaire's artistic heritage are his philosophical stories. Philosophical story is a literary genre created in the 18th century. Presenting philosophical ideas, problems, discussing political and social topics, the author puts the narrative into artistic form. Voltaire often resorts to fantasy, allegory, and introduces an exotic flavor, turning to the little-studied East. In his most famous philosophical story, “Candide, or Optimism” (1759), Voltaire reflects on religion, wars, the fate of the world and the place of man in it.

The center of the story is Germany. Its action begins in Westphalia, on the estate of Baron Tunder der Tronck. The Prussians appear in the novel under the guise of Bulgarians. Forcibly recruited into the Bulgarian (Prussian) army, the main character of the story, Candide, becomes a witness and participant in a bloody war of conquest, a massacre in which Voltaire is especially shocked by the atrocities against the civilian population. He paints a terrible picture of the death of the entire population of the Avar village, burned “by virtue of international law.”

But the narrative goes beyond one state. “Candide” provides a panorama of the world order, which must be rebuilt on the basis of reason and justice. Writer-philosopher takes the reader to Spain and makes him a witness to the trial of the Inquisition and the burning of heretics; in Buenos Aires he shows him the abuses of the colonial authorities; in Paraguay denounces the state created by the Jesuits. Everywhere lawlessness and deception go hand in hand with murder, debauchery, theft, and humiliation of man. In all corners of the globe, people are suffering; they are not protected under the dominance of feudal orders.

Voltaire contrasts this terrible world with his utopian dream of the ideal country of Eldorado, where the hero ends up. Eldorado means “golden” or “lucky” in Spanish. The state is ruled by an intelligent, educated, enlightened king-philosopher. All residents work, they are happy. Money has no value for them. Gold is considered only as a convenient and beautiful material. Even rural roads are paved with gold and precious stones. The people of Eldorado do not know oppression, there are no prisons in the country. Art plays a huge role. It permeates and organizes the entire life of society. The largest and most beautiful building in the city is the Palace of Sciences.

However, the writer himself understands that the dream of Eldorado is just a dream. Voltaire separates El Dorado from the whole world by huge seas and impassable mountain ranges, and everything that Candide and his companion managed to take out of this fabulously rich country could not serve the enrichment and happiness of the heroes. Voltaire brought the reader to the conclusion: the happiness and prosperity of people can only be won by their own labor. The end of the story is symbolic. The heroes, having gone through many trials, meet in the vicinity of Constantinople, where Candide buys a small farm. They grow fruits and live a peaceful, quiet life. “Let us work without reasoning,” says one of them, “this is the only way to make life bearable.” “We must cultivate our garden,” Candide clarifies this thought. Work as the fundamental principle of life, which is capable of “saving us from three great evils: boredom, vice and need”, work as the basis of creation, practical action is the true calling of man. This is Candide's final call.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe () Who is able, however, to express full gratitude to the great poet, the most precious pearl of the nation! L. Beethoven about Goethe

The work of German enlighteners had its own national characteristics. The main task of the progressive people of Germany at that time was the task of unifying Germany, which means awakening a sense of national unity, national self-awareness of the people, instilling intolerance towards despotism and hopes for possible changes. The heyday of the German Enlightenment occurred in the second half of the 18th century. But already in the first half of the century, the gigantic figure of I.S. rises above the torn Germany. Bach, whose work laid the most important foundations for the self-awareness of the German people.

All the best that the German Enlightenment achieved was embodied in the work of Johann Wolfgang Goethe. He was 21 years old when he came to Strasbourg to continue his education. Behind him is his childhood spent in the ancient free city of Frankfurt am Main in the house of a highly educated burgher, three years of study at the University of Leipzig, where Goethe studied jurisprudence. Strasbourg is an ordinary German city. It lay on the main route from central Europe to Paris. Here the influences of French and German culture seemed to collide and the provincial way of life was less felt.

Goethe’s life’s work and the philosophical result of the European Enlightenment was “Faust,” a work about the greatness of the human mind and faith in the unlimited possibilities of man. "Faust" is a monumental philosophical tragedy. Goethe wrote it all his life, about sixty years, and completed it in 1831, already in a different era, the aspirations and hopes of which were reflected in his immortal creation.

Daniel Defoe () English writer, founder of the European novel. He was born in London into a petty bourgeois family, received an excellent education, and began to engage in commerce.

Jonathan Swift () English writer, politician, philosopher. Most famous works: “The Tale of the Barrel” (based on the story of three brothers, which contains a sharp satire on the three main directions of the Christian religion: Catholic, Protestant and Anglican); "Gulliver's travels".

VOLTAIRE () The great French poet and playwright, philosopher and scientist, politician, was a symbol and the first figure of the educational movement throughout Europe. In his most famous philosophical story, “Candide, or Optimism” (1759), Voltaire reflects on religion, wars, the fate of the world and the place of man in it.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe () All the best that the German Enlightenment achieved was embodied in the work of Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Goethe’s life’s work and the philosophical result of the European Enlightenment was “Faust,” a work about the greatness of the human mind and faith in the unlimited possibilities of man. "Faust" is a monumental philosophical tragedy that was written over 60 years.

GULISTAN PROFESSIONAL COLLEGE COMPUTER AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Foreign literature

AGES

ENLIGHTENMENT

Foreign literature of the Enlightenment

Robinson Crusoe , who lived alone on a desert island for twenty-nine years and remained alive despite all assumptions, maintaining not only his sanity, but also his self-esteem;

Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment: Lemuel Gulliver , beloved childhood hero, a passionate traveler who has visited amazing countries - Lilliputians and giants, on a flying island and in the land of talking horses;

Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment: Candide , a philosopher reflecting on the fate of the world and man’s place in it, a traveler who saw “what is really going on on our sad and funny globe,” and whose last words were: “We must cultivate our garden, for our world is crazy and cruel. .. let’s set the boundaries of our activities and try to fulfill our modest task as best as possible”;

Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment: Figaro , a servant in the count's house, who in all situations deceives his master, laughs at him, and with him at the entire class of feudal lords, showing the advantage of his class, his strength, his intelligence, his energy and determination;

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) He hasn't read Robinson Crusoe since childhood... Let's see if Robinson Crusoe will amaze him now! W. Collins

You become just a Man while you read it. S. Coleridge

The Enlightenment movement originated in England after the events of the bourgeois revolution of the late 17th century. (1688). Its compromise nature preserved many remnants of the feudal system, and the English enlighteners saw their duty in consolidating the victories already achieved by the revolution. They sought to re-educate a person in the spirit of bourgeois virtues. Among them is D. Defoe.

Daniel Defoe is an English writer, the founder of the European novel. He was born in London into a petty bourgeois family and after graduating from the Puritan Theological Academy, where he received an excellent education, he began to engage in commerce.

When the book was published, it was a completely unexpected success. It was quickly translated into major European languages. Readers, not wanting to part with the hero, demanded a continuation. Defoe wrote two more novels about Robinson, but neither of them compares with the first in artistic power.

Despite the enormous success among contemporaries, the true appreciation of the novel came later, after the death of the writer. Literary researchers argue that, being a mirror of its time, the novel “Robinson Crusoe” had a great influence on social thought and artistic culture of the 18th, 19th and even 20th centuries.

Jonathan Swift

And I glanced at the people,

I saw them arrogant, low,

Cruel, flighty friends,

Fools, always the villainy of loved ones...

A. S. Pushkin

Give me the pleasure of speaking about you in the same way that posterity will speak.

Voltaire in a letter to Swift

Jonathan Swift was a contemporary and compatriot of D. Defoe, and their heroes Robinson and Gulliver were compatriots and contemporaries. They lived in the same country - England, under the same rulers, read each other's works, although they did not know each other personally. Undoubtedly, there was much in common in their work, but the talent of each of them was brightly original, unique, just as their personalities and destinies were unique.

Jonathan Swift called himself a “joker, an extreme joker,” who was sad and bitter about his jokes. Many satirists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. called him their predecessor.

An Englishman by birth, Swift was born in 1667 in Ireland, in Dublin, where the father of the future writer moved in search of work. After graduating from Dublin University in 1789, Swift received a position as secretary to the influential nobleman William Temple.

This service weighed heavily on Swift, but he was kept in Moore Park by the Temple’s extensive library and his young pupil Esther Johnson, for whom Swift carried a tender affection throughout his life.

After Temple's death, Swift went to the Irish village of Laracor to become a priest there. Stella, as Esther Johnson called Swift, followed him.

The main work of Swift's life was his novel “Travel to Some Distant Countries of the World by Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and Then a Captain of Several Ships” - this is its full title. Swift surrounded his work with extreme mystery; even the publisher, who received the manuscript of the novel from an unknown person in 1726, did not know who its author was.

The book about Gulliver had a fate similar to the book about Robinson: it soon became world famous, the favorite book of both adults and children.

VOLTER (1694-1778)

Boo me without hesitation, I will answer you in the same way, my brothers.

He was more than a man, he was an era.

An important part of Voltaire's artistic heritage are his philosophical stories. The philosophical story is a literary genre created in the 18th century. Presenting philosophical ideas, problems, discussing political and social topics, the author puts the narrative into artistic form. Voltaire often resorts to fantasy, allegory, and introduces an exotic flavor, turning to the little-studied East.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Who is able, however, to express full gratitude to the great poet, the most precious pearl of the nation!

L. Beethoven about Goethe

The work of German enlighteners had its own national characteristics.

The main task of the progressive people of Germany at that time was the task of unifying Germany, which means awakening a sense of national unity, national self-awareness of the people, instilling intolerance towards despotism and hopes for possible changes.

The heyday of the German Enlightenment occurred in the second half of the 18th century. But already in the first half of the century, the gigantic figure of I.S. rises above the torn Germany. Bach, whose work laid the most important foundations for the self-awareness of the German people.

Writing in a notebook

The Enlightenment movement originated in England after the events of the bourgeois revolution of the late 17th century. (1688).

They sought to re-educate a person in the spirit of bourgeois virtues.

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)

English writer, founder of the European novel. He was born in London into a petty bourgeois family, received an excellent education, and began to engage in commerce.

"Robinson Crusoe"

The most famous novel is “Robinson Crusoe,” whose hero lived alone on a desert island for twenty-nine years and remained alive despite all assumptions, maintaining not only his sanity, but also his self-esteem.

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)

English writer, politician, philosopher.

The most famous works: “The Tale of the Barrel” (it is based on the story of three brothers, which contains a sharp satire on the three main directions of the Christian religion: Catholic, Protestant and Anglican);

"Gulliver's travels".

VOLTER (1694-1778)

The great French poet and playwright, philosopher and scientist, politician, was a symbol and the first figure of the educational movement throughout Europe.

In his most famous philosophical story, “Candide, or Optimism” (1759), Voltaire reflects on religion, wars, the fate of the world and the place of man in it.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832)

All the best that the German Enlightenment achieved was embodied in the work of Johann Wolfgang Goethe.

Goethe’s life’s work and the philosophical result of the European Enlightenment was “Faust” - a work about the greatness of the human mind, faith in the unlimited possibilities of man. Faust is a monumental philosophical tragedy that took 60 years to write.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Many things change in life. Already at the end of the 17th century, feudalism had become obsolete. The crisis of the existing system manifested itself in all areas: in the economy, public life, ideology, culture. It was a period of fermentation of minds. Scientists, writers, artists, composers - all advanced people different countries hated the feudal order. And at the same time, representatives of the ruling class used every opportunity to strengthen all their power.

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A new stage of development begins in the eighteenth century public consciousness– Age of Enlightenment. The old social order is being destroyed; the ideas of respect for human dignity, freedom and happiness acquire paramount importance; the individual gains independence and maturity, uses his mind and critical thinking. The ideals of the Baroque era with its pomp, pomp and solemnity are being replaced by a new style life based on naturalness and simplicity. The time is coming for the idealistic views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, calling for a return to nature, to natural virtue and freedom. Along with nature, Antiquity is idealized, since it was believed that it was during Antiquity that people managed to realize all human aspirations. Ancient art is called classical, it is recognized as exemplary, the most truthful, perfect, harmonious and, unlike the art of the Baroque era, is considered simple and understandable. In the spotlight, along with others important aspects, are education, the position of the common people in the social order, genius as a human property. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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Denis Diderot Reason also reigns in art. Wanting to emphasize the high purpose of art, its social and civic role, the French philosopher-educator Denis Diderot wrote: “Every work of sculpture or painting should express some great rule of life, should teach.”

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It is life, its events and ideas, dreams and ideals of people, that is the beginning that will unite various works of art different countries into a single whole, called the artistic culture of the Enlightenment, will determine its originality. What made cultural figures give such a high assessment to the eighteenth century - how greatest era development of humanity? The answer to this question will be for us to turn to history, to the names of the great people of the Enlightenment, many of whom you already know (artists), whose people were worried about the events and problems of this time. And therefore, the progressive figures of the 18th century were called Enlighteners by their contemporaries.

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Let's leave the Italians Empty tinsel with its false gloss, The most important thing is the meaning, but to get to it, You will have to overcome obstacles and paths. Stick strictly to the intended path. Sometimes the Mind has only one road... You need to think over the meaning and only then write. This is how one of the main ideologists of the Enlightenment, the poet Boileau, taught his contemporaries.

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Enlightenment is an ideology (system political views, ideas). The enlighteners conveyed their ideas through art; they manifested themselves most clearly in literature. Writers or philosophers who boldly criticized feudalism in their works were called enlighteners or ideologists. Literature was a weapon in the fight against the feudal system. It carried an educational mission and was based on the principles of Freedom, Equality and Fraternity. The Enlightenment contributed to the following genres: Realistic novel; Philosophical story; Philosophical treatise; Pamphlet.

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Others developed as part of the Enlightenment literary trends: sentimentalism; educational classicism; educational realism, i.e. the authors used various artistic methods.

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Enlightenment people France England Germany Russia Daniel Defoe; Voltaire; J.J. Rousseau, Denis Diderot Fielding; D. Milton; J. Swift I. Goethe; Lessing; Schiller; Herderg Fonvizin; I. Krylov; Derzhavin

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Voltaire. Philosophical story “Candide or optimism.” The hero is the young man Candide, expelled from the baron's castle, becomes a victim of the vicissitudes of fate: he is forcibly taken into the army, driven through the ranks, gets caught in an earthquake, and becomes a victim of the Inquisition. Candide faces different people: representatives of the aristocracy, church, authorities, through communication with whom Voltaire exposes class prejudices and wars of conquest. In the story, Voltaire depicts the happy country of Eldorado, where an enlightened monarch rules, everyone is busy working, well-fed and virtuous. The end of the story shows all the characters on a farm in the vicinity of Constantinople, where everyone is working. Peculiarities creative method Voltaire: denunciation of the feudal prejudices of the critic on civil wars; criticism of church ministers.

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Daniel Defoe. The novel “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, written by himself” (1717) The novel is based on true story sailor Alexander Selkirk, who went wild as a result of 4 summer stay on a desert island. Defoe Robinson was “forced” to live on the island for 28 years. Robinson's life story is a hymn to the creative work of man, courage, will, and ingenuity. Defoe endows his hero with the features of a bourgeois man. He seeks to establish the ideal of man

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...Give the world that you influence a direction towards good... You gave this direction to him if, by teaching, you elevate his thinking to the necessary and eternal.

F. Schiller

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Here they are - the undying images of Enlightenment literature: Robinson Crusoe, who lived alone on a desert island for twenty-nine years and remained alive despite all assumptions, maintaining not only his sanity, but also his self-esteem;

Slide 4

Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment: Lemuel Gulliver, a beloved childhood hero, a passionate traveler who visited amazing countries - Lilliputians and giants, on a flying island and in the country of talking horses;

Slide 5

Here they are - the undying images of the literature of the Enlightenment: Candide, a philosopher reflecting on the fate of the world and the place of man in it, a traveler who saw “what is really going on on our sad and funny globe,” and whose last words were: “We must cultivate our garden, for our world is crazy and cruel... let us set the boundaries of our activity and try to carry out our humble task as best as possible”;

Slide 6

Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment era: Figaro, a servant in the count's house, who in all situations deceives his master, laughs at him, and with him at the entire class of feudal lords, showing the advantage of his class, his strength, his intelligence, energy and determination;

Slide 7

Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment era: The hero of the tragedy Faust is a historical figure, he lived in the 16th century, was known as a magician and warlock, and, rejecting modern science and religion, sold his soul to the devil. There were legends about Doctor Faustus, he was a character in theatrical performances, and many authors turned to his image in their books. But under the pen of Goethe, the drama about Faust, dedicated to the eternal theme of knowledge of life, became the pinnacle of world literature.

Slide 8

All the characters created in the 18th century bear the features of their time, talking about their contemporaries, their feelings and thoughts, dreams and ideals. The authors of these images are Defoe and Swift, Voltaire, Schiller and Goethe - great enlightenment writers whose names stand next to their immortal heroes.

Slide 9

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) He hasn't read Robinson Crusoe since childhood... Let's see if Robinson Crusoe will amaze him now! Collins

You become just a Man while you read it.S. Coleridge

Slide 10

The Enlightenment movement originated in England after the events of the bourgeois revolution of the late 17th century. (1688). Its compromise nature preserved many remnants of the feudal system, and the English enlighteners saw their duty in consolidating the victories already achieved by the revolution. They sought to re-educate a person in the spirit of bourgeois virtues. Among them is D. Defoe.

Daniel Defoe is an English writer, the founder of the European novel. He was born in London into a petty bourgeois family and after graduating from the Puritan Theological Academy, where he received an excellent education, he began to engage in commerce.

Slide 11

He was a real bourgeois! Getting acquainted with his biography, you are amazed by his ebullient energy, efficiency, practical acumen, and incredible hard work. Subsequently, Defoe would endow his favorite hero, Robinson Crusoe, with these traits. And the life of Defoe himself resembles the life of Robinson before the desert island. Having been involved in commerce all his life, Defoe was convinced that the enterprises he started for personal enrichment also benefited society.

Slide 12

When the book was published, it was a completely unexpected success. It was quickly translated into major European languages. Readers, not wanting to part with the hero, demanded a continuation. Defoe wrote two more novels about Robinson, but neither of them compares with the first in artistic power.

Despite the enormous success among contemporaries, the true appreciation of the novel came later, after the death of the writer. Literary researchers argue that, being a mirror of its time, the novel “Robinson Crusoe” had a great influence on social thought and artistic culture of the 18th, 19th and even 20th centuries.

Slide 13

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)

And I glanced at the people,
I saw them arrogant, low,
Cruel, flighty friends,
Fools, always the villainy of loved ones...

A. S. Pushkin

Give me the pleasure of speaking about you in the same way that posterity will speak.

• Voltaire in a letter to Swift