Ostroukhov.I.S.

Ostroukhov I.S.


Ostroukhov I.S.


Polenov V.D.


Shishkin I.I.


Shishkin I.I.


Shishkin I.I.


Kuindzhi A.I.


Kuindzhi A.I.

Zhukovsky S.Yu.


Levitan I.I.


Levitan I.I.


Levitan I.I.


Levitan I.I.

Petrovichev P.I.

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Landscape is one of the genres of painting. Russian landscape is a very important genre both for Russian art and for Russian culture in general. The landscape depicts nature. Natural landscapes, natural spaces. The landscape reflects human perception of nature.

Russian landscape in the 17th century

Saint John the Baptist in the desert

The first bricks for the development of landscape painting were laid by icons, the background of which was, in fact, landscapes. In the 17th century, masters began to move away from icon painting canons and try something new. It was from this time that painting ceased to “stand still” and began to develop.

Russian landscape in the 18th century

M.I. Makheev

In the 18th century, when Russian art joins the European artistic system, landscape in Russian art becomes an independent genre. But at this time it is aimed at recording the reality that surrounded the person. There were no cameras yet, but the desire to capture significant events or works of architecture was already strong. The first landscapes, as an independent genre in art, were topographical views of St. Petersburg, Moscow, palaces and parks.

F.Ya. Alekseev. View of the Resurrection and Nikolsky Gates and Neglinny Bridge from Tverskaya Street in Moscow

F.Ya. Alekseev

S.F. Shchedrin

Russian landscape at the beginning of the 19th century

F.M. Matveev. Italian landscape

At the beginning of the 19th century, Russian artists painted mainly Italy. Italy was considered the birthplace of art and creativity. Artists study abroad and imitate the style of foreign masters. Russian nature is considered inexpressive and boring, so even native Russian artists paint foreign nature, giving preference to it as more interesting and artistic. Foreigners are warmly welcomed in Russia: painters, dance and fencing teachers. Russian high society speaks French. Russian young ladies are taught by French governesses. Anything foreign is considered a sign high society, a sign of education and good manners, and manifestations of Russian national culture- a sign of bad taste and rudeness. In the famous opera P.I. Tchaikovsky, written based on the immortal story by A.S. Pushkin " Queen of Spades“The French governess scolds Princess Lisa for dancing “in Russian,” which was shameful for a lady from high society.

S.F. Shchedrin. Small harbor in Sorrento with views of the islands of Ischia and Procido

I.G. Davydov. Suburbs of Rome

S.F. Shchedrin. Grotto Matromanio on the island of Capri

Russian landscape in the mid-19th century

In the mid-19th century, the Russian intelligentsia and artists in particular began to think about the undervaluation of Russian culture. Two opposing trends appear in Russian society: Westerners and Slavophiles. Westerners believed that Russia was part of global history and excluded its national identity, while Slavophiles believed that Russia was a special country, with a rich culture and history. Slavophiles believed that the path of development of Russia should be radically different from the European one, that Russian culture and Russian nature are worthy of being described in literature, depicted on canvas, and captured in musical works.

Below will be presented paintings that depict landscapes of the Russian land. For ease of perception, the pictures will not be listed in chronological order and not by the authors, but by the seasons to which the paintings can be attributed.

Spring in the Russian landscape

Savrasov. The Rooks Have Arrived

Russian landscape. Savrasov “The rooks have arrived”

Spring is usually associated with elation, anticipation of joy, sun and warmth. But in Savrasov’s painting “The Rooks Have Arrived” we see neither the sun nor the warmth, and even the temple domes are painted with gray colors, as if they had not yet awakened.

Spring in Russia often begins with timid steps. The snow is melting, and the sky and trees are reflected in the puddles. Rooks are busy with their rook business - building nests. The gnarled and bare trunks of birch trees become thinner, rising towards the sky, as if they are reaching out to it, gradually coming to life. The sky, which at first glance is gray, is filled with shades of blue, and the edges of the clouds are slightly lighter, as if the rays of the sun are peeking through.

At first glance, a painting can make a gloomy impression, and not everyone can feel the joy and triumph that the artist put into it. This painting was first presented at the first exhibition of the Wanderers Association in 1871. And in the catalog of this exhibition it was called “The Rooks have Arrived!” there was an exclamation point at the end of the title. And this joy, which is only expected, which is not yet in the picture, was expressed precisely by this exclamation mark. Savrasov, even in the title itself, tried to convey the elusive joy of waiting for spring. Over time, the exclamation mark was lost and the picture began to be called simply “The Rooks Have Arrived.”

It is this picture that begins the establishment of landscape painting as an equal, and in some periods, the leading genre of Russian painting.

I. Levitan. March

Russian landscape. I. Levitan. March

March is a very dangerous month - on the one hand the sun seems to be shining, but on the other it can be very cold and dank.

This spring is an air filled with light. Here the joy of the arrival of spring is already more clearly felt. It doesn’t seem to be visible yet, it’s only in the title of the picture. But, if you look more closely, you can feel the warmth of the wall, warmed by the sun.

Blue, rich, ringing shadows not only from trees and their trunks, but also shadows in snow potholes along which a person has walked

M. Claude. On the arable land

Russian landscape. M. Claude. On the arable land

In the painting by Michael Claude, a person (unlike a modern city dweller) lives in the same rhythm with nature. Nature sets the rhythm of life for a person who lives on earth. In the spring a person plows this land, in the fall he harvests the crop. The foal in the picture is like an extension of life.

Russian nature is characterized by flatness - you rarely see mountains or hills here. And Gogol surprisingly accurately characterized this lack of tension and pathos as “the continuity of Russian nature.” It was this “continuity” that Russian landscape painters of the 19th century sought to convey in their paintings.

Summer in the Russian landscape

Palenov. Moscow courtyard

Russian landscape. Palenov “Moscow courtyard”

One of the most charming paintings in Russian painting. Business card Polenova. This is the cityscape in which we see ordinary life Moscow boys and girls. Even the artist himself does not always understand the significance of his work. Here we see a city estate and a barn already collapsing, children, a horse, and above all this we see a church. Here are the peasantry and the nobility and children and work and the Temple - all the signs of Russian life. The whole picture is permeated with air, sun and light - that’s why it’s so attractive and so pleasant to look at. The painting “Moscow Courtyard” warms the soul with its warmth and simplicity.

Residence of the American Ambassador Spas House

Today, on Spaso-Peskovsky Lane, on the site of the courtyard depicted by Palenov, there is the residence of the American ambassador, Spas House.

I. Shishkin. Rye

Russian landscape. I. Shishkin. Rye

The life of Russian people in the 19th century was closely connected with the rhythms of natural life: sowing grain, cultivating, harvesting. Russian nature has breadth and space. Artists try to convey this in their paintings.

Shishkin is called the “king of the forest” because he has the most forest landscapes. And here we see a flat landscape with a sown rye field. At the very edge of the picture a road begins and winds through the fields. In the depths of the road, among the tall rye, we see peasant heads in red scarves. In the background are depicted mighty pines that stride like giants across this field; on some we see signs of withering. This is the life of nature - old trees fade, new ones appear. The sky is very clear overhead, and clouds begin to gather closer to the horizon. A few minutes will pass and the clouds will move closer to the leading edge and rain will begin to fall. Birds that fly low above the ground remind us of this - the air and atmosphere bring them there.

Initially, Shishkin wanted to call this painting “Motherland”. While painting this picture, Shishkin thought about the image of the Russian land. But then he moved away from this name so as not to create unnecessary pathos. Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin loved simplicity and naturalness, believing that simplicity is the truth of life.

Autumn in the Russian landscape

Efimov-Volkov. October

Russian landscape. Efimov-Volkov. "October"

“There is in the primordial autumn...”

Fedor Tyutchev

There is in the initial autumn
A short but wonderful time -
The whole day is like crystal,
And the evenings are radiant...

Where the cheerful sickle walked and the ear fell,
Now everything is empty - space is everywhere, -
Only a web of thin hair
Glistens on the idle furrow.

The air is empty, the birds are no longer heard,
But the first winter storms are still far away -
And pure and warm azure flows
To the resting field...

Efimov-Volkov’s painting “October” conveys the lyrics of autumn. In the foreground of the picture is a young woman painted with great love. Birch Grove. Fragile trunks of birch trees and brown earth, covered with autumn leaves.

L. Kamenev. Winter road

Russian landscape. L. Kamenev . "Winter road"

In the painting, the artist depicted an endless expanse of snow, a winter road along which a horse is dragging wood with difficulty. A village and a forest can be seen in the distance. No sun, no moon, just dull twilight. In the image of L. Kamenev, the road is covered with snow, few people drive along it, it leads to a village covered with snow, where there is no light in any window. The picture creates a melancholy and sad mood.

I. Shishkin. In the wild north

M.Yu.Lermontov
"In the Wild North"
It's lonely in the wild north
There's a pine tree on the bare top,
And dozes, swaying, and snow falls
She is dressed like a robe.

And she dreams of everything in the distant desert,
In the region where the sun rises,
Alone and sad on a flammable cliff
A beautiful palm tree is growing.

I. Shishkin. "In the Wild North"

Shishkin’s painting is an artistic embodiment of the motif of loneliness, sung by Lermontov in the poetic work “Pine”.

Elena Lebedeva, website graphic designer, computer graphics teacher.

Taught a lesson on this article in middle school. Children guessed the authors of poems and the names of paintings. Judging by their answers, schoolchildren know literature much better than art)))

Since time immemorial, people have always admired nature. They expressed their love by depicting it in all kinds of mosaics, bas-reliefs and paintings. Many great artists devoted their creativity to painting landscapes. The paintings depicting forests, sea, mountains, rivers, fields are truly mesmerizing. And we need to respect the great masters who so detailed, colorful and emotional conveyed in their works all the beauty and power of the world around us. It is landscape artists and their biographies that will be discussed in this article. Today we will talk about the work of great painters of different times.

Famous landscape painters of the 17th century

In the 17th century there lived many talented people who preferred to depict the beauty of nature. Some of the most famous are Claude Lorrain and Jacob Isaac van Ruisdael. We will begin our story with them.

Claude Lorrain

The French artist is considered the founder of landscape painting during the classical period. His canvases are distinguished by incredible harmony and ideal composition. Distinctive feature K. Lorrain's technique was the ability to flawlessly convey sunlight, its rays, reflection in water, etc.

Despite the fact that the maestro was born in France, he spent most of his life in Italy, where he left when he was only 13 years old. He returned to his homeland only once, and then for two years.

The most famous works K. Lorrain's paintings are “View of the Roman Forum” and “View of the port with the Capitol”. Nowadays they can be seen in the Louvre.

Jacob Isaac van Ruisdael

Jacob van Ruisdael, a representative of realism, was born in Holland. During his travels in the Netherlands and Germany, the artist painted many remarkable works, which are characterized by sharp contrasts of tones, dramatic colors and coldness. One of the striking examples of such paintings can be considered “European Cemetery”.

However, the artist’s creativity was not limited to gloomy canvases - he also depicted rural landscapes. The most famous works are considered to be “View of the Village of Egmond” and “Landscape with a Watermill”.

XVIII century

18th century painting is characterized by many interesting features, during this period the beginning of new directions in the mentioned art form was laid. Venetian landscape painters, for example, worked in such directions as landscape landscape (another name is leading) and architectural (or urban). And the leading landscape, in turn, was divided into accurate and fantastic. A bright representative The fantastic host is Francesco Guardi. Even modern landscape artists can envy his imagination and technique.

Francesco Guardi

Without exception, all of his works are distinguished by impeccably accurate perspective and wonderful rendition of colors. Landscapes have a certain magical appeal; it is simply impossible to take your eyes off them.

His most delightful works include the paintings “The Doge’s Festive Ship “Bucintoro”, “Gondola in the Lagoon”, “Venetian Courtyard” and “Rio dei Mendicanti”. All his paintings depict views of Venice.

William Turner

This artist is a representative of romanticism.

A distinctive feature of his paintings is the use of many shades of yellow. It was the yellow palette that became the main one in his works. The master explained this by the fact that he associated such shades with the sun and the purity that he wanted to see in his paintings.

Turner's most beautiful and mesmerizing work is the "Garden of the Hesperides" - a fantastic landscape.

Ivan Aivazovsky and Ivan Shishkin

These two men are truly the greatest and most famous landscape painters in Russia. The first - Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky - depicted the majestic sea in his paintings. A riot of elements, rising waves, splashes of foam crashing against the side of a tilting ship, or a quiet, serene surface illuminated by the setting sun - seascapes delight and amaze with their naturalness and beauty. By the way, such landscape painters are called marine painters. The second, Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin, loved to depict the forest.

Both Shishkin and Aivazovsky were landscape artists of the 19th century. Let us dwell on the biography of these individuals in more detail.

In 1817, one of the most famous marine painters in the world, Ivan Aivazovsky, was born.

He was born into a wealthy family, his father was an Armenian businessman. It is not surprising that the future maestro had a weakness for the sea element. After all, the birthplace of this artist was Feodosia, a beautiful port city.

In 1839, Ivan graduated from where he studied for six years. To the artist's style big influence influenced by the work of the French marine painters C. Vernet and C. Lorrain, who painted their canvases according to the canons of Baroque-classicism. Most famous work The painting “The Ninth Wave”, completed in 1850, is considered to be by I.K. Aivazovsky.

Except seascapes, great artist worked on the depiction of battle scenes (a striking example is the painting “ Chesme fight", 1848), and also devoted many of his canvases to themes Armenian history(“J. G. Byron’s visit to the Mekhitarist monastery near Venice,” 1880).

Aivazovsky was lucky to achieve incredible fame during his lifetime. Many landscape painters who became famous in the future admired his work and took their cue from him. Passed away great creator in 1990.

Shishkin Ivan Ivanovich was born in January 1832 in the city of Elabug. The family in which Vanya was brought up was not very wealthy (his father was a poor merchant). In 1852, Shishkin began his studies at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, from which he would graduate four years later, in 1856. Even Ivan Ivanovich’s earliest works are distinguished by their extraordinary beauty and unsurpassed technique. Therefore, it is not surprising that in 1865 I. I. Shishkin was given the title of academician for the canvas “View in the vicinity of Dusseldorf”. And after eight years he received the title of professor.

Like many others, he painted from life, spending a long time in nature, in places where no one could disturb him.

The most famous paintings of the great painter are “Forest Wilderness” and “Morning in a Pine Forest,” painted in 1872, and an earlier painting “Noon. In the vicinity of Moscow" (1869)

The life of a talented man was interrupted in the spring of 1898.

Many Russian landscape artists use big amount details and colorful color rendering. The same can be said about these two representatives of Russian painting.

Alexey Savrasov

Alexey Kondratyevich Savrasov is a world-famous landscape artist. It is he who is considered the founder of Russian lyrical landscape.

This outstanding man was born in Moscow in 1830. In 1844, Alexey began his studies at the Moscow School of Painting and Sculpture. Already from his youth, he was distinguished by his special talent and ability to depict landscapes. However, despite this, due to family circumstances the young man was forced to interrupt his studies and resume it only four years later.

Savrasov’s most famous and beloved work is, of course, the painting “The Rooks Have Arrived.” It was presented at the Traveling Exhibition in 1971. No less interesting are the paintings by I. K. Savrasov “Rye”, “Thaw”, “Winter”, “Country Road”, “Rainbow”, “Elk Island”. However, according to critics, none of the artist’s works compared with his masterpiece “The Rooks Have Arrived.”

Despite the fact that Savrasov painted many beautiful canvases and was already known as the author of wonderful paintings, he is soon forgotten for a long time. And in 1897 he died in poverty, driven to despair by family troubles, the death of children and alcohol addiction.

But great landscape painters cannot be forgotten. They live in their paintings, the beauty of which is breathtaking, and which we can still admire to this day.

Second half of the 19th century

This period is characterized by the prevalence in Russian painting of such a direction as everyday landscape. Many Russian landscape artists worked in this vein, including Vladimir Egorovich Makovsky. No less famous masters of those times are Arseny Meshchersky, as well as the previously described Aivazovsky and Shishkin, whose work occurred in the mid-second half of the 19th century.

Arseny Meshchersky

This one was born famous artist in 1834 in the Tver province. He received his education at the Imperial Academy of Arts, where he studied for three years. The main themes of the author’s paintings were forests and the Artist loved to depict in his paintings the magnificent views of the Crimea and the Caucasus with their majestic mountains. In 1876 he received the title of professor of landscape painting.

His most successful and famous paintings can be considered the paintings “Winter. Icebreaker", "View of Geneva", "Storm in the Alps", "At the Forest Lake", "Southern Landscape", "View in Crimea".

In addition, Meshchersky also conveyed the beauty of Switzerland. In this country, he gained experience for some time from the master of landscape painting Kalam.

The master was also fond of sepia and engraving. He also created many wonderful works using these techniques.

Many paintings by the artist in question were shown at exhibitions both in Russia and in other countries of the world. Therefore, many people managed to appreciate the talent and originality of this creative person. The paintings of Arseny Meshchersky continue to delight many people who are interested in art to this day.

Makovsky Vladimir Egorovich

Makovsky V. E. was born in Moscow in 1846. His father was a famous artist. Vladimir decided to follow in his father's footsteps and received art education at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, after which he left for St. Petersburg.

His most successful paintings were “Waiting. At the Jail”, “Bank Collapse”, “Explanation”, “The Lodging House” and “Spring Bacchanalia”. The works mainly depict ordinary people and everyday scenes.

In addition to everyday landscapes, of which he was a master, Makovsky also painted portraits and various illustrations.