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Lesson objectives:

• introduce students to the facts of the biography of a literary scholar, public figure D.S. Likhachev and his book “Letters about the good and the beautiful”;
• compare the life views of an outstanding scientist of our time with your own views;
• gain a positive emotional experience from communicating with the legacy of the great publicist;
• determine your attitude to moral values;
• evaluate the ecology of your own soul;
• gain the skill of selecting arguments for Part C of the Unified State Exam in Russian;
• prepare to write Unified State Exam essay in social studies.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Opening speech by the Russian language teacher.

The human soul... For some it is the size of a pea, while for others it is all-encompassing, ready to accommodate the whole world. Compassion, mercy, conscience, and next to it - cruelty, envy, violence, thirst for power. And man, it turns out, is sometimes sincere, sometimes indifferent, at the same time he is the keeper of nature, but he is also its destroyer. Every year three special calendar holidays are celebrated on our planet:

These days are a reminder of the problems of nature conservation, because we need to protect nature not from some mythical aliens, but from our fellow citizens with a deformed soul. The human soul must be nurtured carefully, carefully and with love. Humanity has no other way if it wants to live like a human being.

Today we will talk about what it means to live like a human being, and Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev’s book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” will help us in this.

He introduces students to the personality of D.S. Likhacheva.

Slides on screen:

• Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev;
• Milestones life path;
• Likhachev’s legacy (cover of the book about “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”;
• Recognition (awards);
• Personality and power.

The teacher comments on each slide and talks about three aspects of Academician Likhachev’s confrontation with the authorities: a professional conflict, a moral conflict, and a conflict of class origin.

But due to his intelligence and decency, Dmitry Sergeevich did not become embittered and continued his work as a philosopher, educator, and publicist. The book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” was written by him in 1985.

Remember what is called journalism? What are its tasks?

The student answers: “This is a type of work dedicated to current problems and phenomena of current life. The main task of the journalistic style is to influence the reader, listener, to convince him of something, to instill certain ideas, views, and to induce certain actions.

– What genres of journalistic style do you know?

On the screen is a slide with genres: essays, articles, reports, interviews, letters.

– Likhachev’s book consists of forty-six letters addressed to the young reader.

-What is a letter?

There is a slide on the screen: A letter is a written text sent to communicate something (from the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov).

We have four working groups. Each has its own letter. Let's think about what Dmitry Sergeevich wanted to tell the reader?

– As a teacher preparing you for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, I ask you to identify the problem raised by the author in the letter, give an answer, what is the author’s position. Argue your agreement or disagreement by citing examples from literature or history.

– And I, as a social studies teacher, ask you to formulate a moral rule for each of the letters, which will become your life credo. Write it on the board after the discussion.

So, think out loud about what you read.

Letter ten: TRUE AND FALSE HONOR

1st group: – The tenth letter in Likhachev’s book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” is entitled “True and False Honor,” which indicates the problem raised by the author. True honor comes from the depths of the soul; it does not allow a person to calm down, as if it is “gnawing” him from the inside. A synonym for such honor is conscience, which cannot be false, because it is located in the subconscious and is completely beyond the control of a person. It is conscience that leads you to the true path. False honor is the “honor of the uniform,” which forces you to say and do what society expects of you, even when it contradicts your own beliefs. For example, in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment” Rodion Raskolnikov crosses those moral boundaries that a person, if he wants to remain human, cannot cross under any circumstances. Rodion did not foresee remorse, he forgot that the one who

shed blood, doomed himself to terrible torment. Having committed a crime, he says: “I didn’t kill the old woman, but myself!” In the novel. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" ordinary people help the wounded, fight for freedom native land. The same Tikhon Shcherbaty goes to war not for any political reasons (because “that’s the right way”), but because he feels an inner need, a necessity. This is, in my opinion, a manifestation of true honor. False honor remains a heavy burden and devastates the soul, while true honor does not allow a person to calm down and requires him to perform actions worthy of respect. I think people need to remember that conscience is a measure of purity of thoughts and actions.

Group members complement what has been said with their own arguments and conclusions.

– It is common for young people to strive to understand these eternal truths in order to find their place in society and determine their moral position. Turning to classical literature, you analyze the behavior of the heroes from the point of view of their life credo, evaluate their actions, attitude towards people and events through the prism of honor and dishonor. In my opinion, the behavior of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky is a worthy example of true honor. This is a knight without fear or reproach, who decided to serve his Motherland without reserve, to be with the common people to the end (the scene of a mortal wound). It's sad that the lot of a man of honor is to suffer. He is an advanced warrior, he is a winner, and he is also a victim!

- Duel between Lensky and Onegin. What is this: defense of true honor or “uniform honor”?

The conversation on the contents of letter No. 10 ends with a writing on the board of a moral rule formulated by the group based on what was said:

Slide on screen with the text of the letter.

Letter twenty-fifth: BY THE DIRECTIONS OF CONSCIENCE

2nd group: – The spiritual need to act according to the dictates of conscience, to do good is the most valuable thing in a person, that is, what makes him live like a human being - this, in my opinion, is the position of the author in the letter “At the command of conscience” . Everyone can cultivate an intuitive manifestation of conscience. You just have to want it. Life will indeed become easier and more interesting, and the right decisions will begin to come to your mind, preventing you from calming down and souring. A person does not think about what and how he does in order to breathe, walk, see. Likewise, the paths of goodness should be found without effort and pain.

– A striking example of people’s actions at the behest of conscience can be the exploits of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War. Nikolai Gastello - pilot, in battle he directed his plane at an enemy column, at the cost own life did not allow the enemy to win. Alexander Matrosov died, covering the embrasure of an enemy bunker with his chest, opening the way for his colleagues to the desired height. These people acted intuitively, at the behest of their conscience.

– Honor and conscience did not allow the heroes of the story “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet...” not to complete the task. Retreat. They knew that they would die, but they believed that they would gain time. And so it happened. All five girls died, and Sergeant Major Vaskov suffered because he could not save them. We are grateful to the people who defended the honor of the country, acted according to the dictates of their conscience on the battlefields and survived.

“I would like to believe that people with a clear conscience and honor will not disappear and that they will finally be appreciated.” They will be looked up to, they will be glorified. But honor and conscience are necessary for a person not for glory and honors. In everyday life, it is also important to behave with dignity, that is, to live like a human being. The lines from Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter” come to mind, the father’s order to Pyotr Grinev: “Take care of your honor from a young age!” Apparently, this is the most important wish for a person.

- And I think that living according to the dictates of conscience must begin with early childhood, so I will cite Arkady Gaidar’s story “Timur and His Team” as an argument. After all, it is in childhood that the foundations of moral purity are laid.

The conversation on the contents of letter No. 25 ends with a writing on the board of a moral rule formulated by the group based on what was said:

Do good without seeing any merit in it.

On the screen is a slide with the text of the letter.

Letter thirtieth: MORAL HIGH POINTS AND ATTITUDE TO THEM

On the screen is a slide with the text of the letter.

3rd group:

“...The most important thing among a people is its ideals,” this is how D.S. Likhachev ends his thirtieth letter. The basis of this text is the author’s discussion about the moral peaks of the people and their attitude towards them. The scientist argues that in resolving this issue one should rely on the best, the great, the highly moral. In this letter, the author calls for a benevolent attitude towards any people, even the smallest ones. A people should be judged by the best that is in it. Old fairy tales were created by ordinary people, but they already contain the idea that good always triumphs over evil. And what helped the Russian people to withstand severe historical trials: in the Patriotic War of 1812 and in the Great Patriotic War? In the novel “War and Peace,” Leo Tolstoy talks about the role of the individual in history and comes to the conclusion that the success of a business is determined not by the will of one person, but by the spirit, the moral rise of the people, based on patriotism. Defenders of the Fatherland, military and civilian people, performing great and small feats, rose to moral heights: Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov, Nikolai Rostov, Platon Karataev, Natasha Rostova... This text made me think that I too am a part of a large and great people . To prevent my plane from crashing, I must strive for moral heights, I must be worthy of my people.

– Every person must make a choice between morality and immorality, between external well-being with internal squalor and the wealth of nature with a modest existence. It can be assumed that in the life of every person there will come a period when he has to solve the problem of choice: how to live further. I think the life of Matryona from Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” - good for that confirmation. Everything for people and nothing for yourself.

– An ideal is an idea of ​​perfection, the highest goal and model that determine a person’s way of thinking and acting. A moral ideal is an idea of ​​moral perfection, the highest moral example of behavior. In the books of V.M. Shukshin, the theme of the meaning of life clearly sounds. The hero of the story “Freak” strives to comprehend the movements of his own soul. He sees a fifty-ruble note at the store counter: should he pick it up or pass by, secretly appropriate it or announce his find? His eccentricity is that he chooses the second path, that is, he acts as a minority would act. But as a result, it turned out that he did not bend down to pick up his own money. “I approached the store, I wanted to look at the piece of paper at least from a distance, I stood at the entrance... And I didn’t enter. It will really hurt. The heart may not be able to bear it.” The act shows that the hero lives like a human being, is pure in soul and thoughts.

– A Russian language teacher reads an excerpt from Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, depicting an episode of brickwork: in the inhuman conditions of the Stalinist camp, it is moral pure man retains the ability to receive joy and pleasure from the works of his hands.

The conversation on the contents of letter No. 30 ends with a writing on the board of a moral rule formulated by the group based on what was said:

Remember! You are a grain of your people. Your actions are the fate of your country.

On the screen is a slide with the text of the letter.

Letter forty-five: SPACE HERMITAGE

– 4th group: – In the fortieth letter, the author asks us what can be opposed to such human vices as revenge, anger, quarrels and strife? And he answers it himself: the solution to everything is culture. Likhachev was completely convinced of this, and his deeds can serve as proof. For example, he helped save the nature of the Volzhsky Nature Reserve, prevented the opening of a sand quarry, prevented the destruction of the library in Myshkin, founded the Cultural Foundation, the magazine “Our Heritage”, and headed the publication of the series of books “Literary Monuments” for 20 years. Thanks to his efforts, dozens of monuments were preserved and restored national culture. In the letter, the author shares with the reader his emotions about lasting value our earthly civilization. Speaks of the unifying power of culture.

– In the story by L.N. Tolstoy’s “Lucerne” depicts a scene when all its noble and preoccupied with global problems inhabitants came out onto the balcony of a hotel for very rich people to listen to the play of a poor wandering musician. While listening to beautiful music, people experienced the same emotions, thought about the same things, and even seemed to breathe in unison.

– I agree with the author: there is much more in common between earthlings than there are differences. From historical linguistics it is known that once there was a common language for all - the Proto-Indo-European base language. Thus, it has been proven that the languages ​​existing on earth are relatives. We all speak the same language, so we cannot help but understand each other.

The conversation on the contents of letter No. 45 ends with a writing on the board of a moral rule formulated by the group based on what was said:

As long as culture exists, people exist!

V. The final part of the lesson is reflection.

– So our conversation about “good” has come to an end. As a teacher of Russian language and literature, I am satisfied and I think that problems with finding arguments about morality and purity of soul will not arise during the exam.

– The history teacher shows a slide with a moral code created by Likhachev and offers to compare its points with those that were born to the groups during the lesson. The class is convinced that its conclusions on the issue under discussion coincide with the conclusions of D.S. Likhacheva..

The God of every person is his conscience.
Do good without seeing any merit in it.
Remember! You are a grain of your people. Your actions are the fate of your country.
As long as culture exists, people exist!

The Russian language teacher ends the lesson with words from the 46th letter of the book “Letters about Good.” At this time, the class sees on the screen without sound an excerpt from a film about Likhachev:

– There could be more letters, but it’s time to take stock. We walked today, climbing the steps of experience - moral and aesthetic experience. Life requires complications. So, what is the most important thing in life? The main thing is different for everyone, unique, but it exists. And no matter how individual it is, it must be kind and significant. In life, the most valuable thing is kindness, and smart, purposeful kindness. Happiness is achieved only by those who strive to make others happy and are able to temporarily forget about their interests and themselves. This is the “unchangeable ruble”. Today we learned to follow the paths of kindness. In my opinion, this is very, very important. Believe me!

The history teacher ends the lesson by singing the song “Hurry to Live!” with a guitar.

“I imagine friends in the readers of my letters. Letters to friends allow me to write simply. First, I write about the purpose and meaning of life, about the beauty of behavior, and then I move on to the beauty of the world around us, to the beauty that is revealed to us in works of art. I do this because in order to perceive the beauty of the environment, a person himself must be mentally beautiful, deep, stand on the right life positions. Try holding binoculars in trembling hands - you won’t see anything” (D. S. Likhachev).

Letter ten

True and false honor

I don't like definitions and am often not ready for them. But I can point out some differences between conscience and honor.

There is one thing between conscience and honor significant difference. Conscience always comes from the depths of the soul, and by conscience one is purified to one degree or another. Conscience is gnawing. Conscience is never false. It can be muted or exaggerated (extremely rare). But ideas about honor can be completely false, and these false ideas cause enormous damage to society. I mean what is called “uniform honor.” We have lost such a phenomenon, unusual for our society, as the concept of noble honor, but the “honor of the uniform” remains a heavy burden. It was as if the man had died, and only the uniform remained, from which the orders had been removed. And inside which a conscientious heart no longer beats.

“The honor of the uniform” forces managers to defend false or flawed projects, insist on the continuation of obviously unsuccessful construction projects, fight with societies protecting monuments (“our construction is more important”), etc. Many examples of such defense of “uniform honor” can be given.

True honor is always in accordance with conscience. False honor is a mirage in the desert, in the moral desert of the human (or rather, “bureaucratic”) soul.

At first glance, the statement of Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, a famous scientist, writer and public figure, about the existence of so-called false honor seems somewhat strange and incomprehensible: honor, understood as the highest dignity of a person, cannot be false. In this case, it can probably already be called dishonor. But the great Russian thinker of the 20th century interprets the concept of honor in exactly this way, denoting its two possible components - truth and lie. Let us try, following the scientist, to understand that there is true and false honor.

Let us turn to the letter “True and False Honor” from the famous collection of letters for youth “Letters about Good.” D.S. Likhachev writes: “...ideas about honor can be completely false, and these false ideas cause colossal harm to society.” How to understand this author's statement? He talks about the so-called “uniform honor,” which falls heavily on the shoulders of officials. However, the writer makes you wonder: is it really difficult for modern officials and those in power to observe the unwritten laws of honor? It turns out that it is almost impossible! And when circumstances require it, understood by the author as his own selfish interests, then the expression “uniform honor”, ​​distorted by modern bureaucrats, appears. It is precisely this that forces officials to defend false projects, insist on the continuation of obviously unsuccessful construction projects, and demolish cultural monuments. There are quite a lot of examples of such violation of honor. One cannot but agree with Likhachev on this: for modern officials there is no concept of honor; for them there is only a great desire to hide their shortcomings and failures, to defend the right to continue to live and work exclusively in their own interests, and not for the benefit of people. This is a false honor that should be called and recognized as dishonor.

But what is true honor in Likhachev’s understanding? The author gives a simple and unambiguous answer. Honor is the conscience of a person, the internal measure of everything good and bad, which will not allow you to stumble and do anything bad or immoral. And then there will no longer be the notorious “honor of the bureaucratic uniform,” but simply honor - a universal concept and principle in accordance with which the life of a decent person should be built.

Thus, we can conclude: true honor is conscience. Today, in a spiritless world, this concept is so important and significant that everyone who considers themselves human should be aware of it. False honor is the unwritten rules of solidarity between officials acting in the interests of the state and people, but only out of consideration of their own benefits and aspirations. It is impossible not to admire the conclusions of the Russian thinker, who at the turn of the century warned about the consequences of a true and false understanding of honor.

Searched here:

• what is true honor and imaginary honor - essay - miniature

You should only be offended when they want to offend you. If they don’t want to, and the reason for the offense is an accident, then why be offended?

Without getting angry, clear up the misunderstanding - that’s all.

Well, what if they want to offend? Before responding to an insult with an insult, it is worth thinking: should one stoop to being offended? After all, resentment usually lies somewhere low and you should bend down to it in order to pick it up.

If you still decide to be offended, then first perform some mathematical operation - subtraction, division, etc. Let's say you were insulted for something for which you were only partly to blame. Subtract from your feelings of resentment everything that does not apply to you. Let's say that you were offended for noble reasons - divide your feelings into the noble motives that caused the offensive remark, etc. Having performed some necessary mathematical operation in your mind, you will be able to respond to the insult with greater dignity, which will be the more noble the You attach less importance to resentment. Up to certain limits, of course.

In general, excessive touchiness is a sign of a lack of intelligence or some kind of complex. Be smart.

There is good English rule: to be offended only when you want offend intentionally offended. There is no need to be offended by simple inattention or forgetfulness (sometimes characteristic of a given person due to age or some psychological shortcomings). On the contrary, show special care to such a “forgetful” person - it will be beautiful and noble.

This is if they “offend” you, but what to do when you yourself can offend someone else? You need to be especially careful when dealing with touchy people. Touchiness is a very painful character trait.

Letter ten honor true and false

I don't like definitions and am often not ready for them. But I can point out some differences between conscience and honor.

There is one significant difference between conscience and honor. Conscience always comes from the depths of the soul, and by conscience one is purified to one degree or another. Conscience is gnawing. Conscience is never false. It can be muted or too exaggerated (extremely rare). But ideas about honor can be completely false, and these false ideas cause enormous damage to society. I mean what is called “uniform honor.” We have lost such a phenomenon, unusual for our society, as the concept of noble honor, but the “honor of the uniform” remains a heavy burden. It was as if the man had died, and only the uniform remained, from which the orders had been removed. And inside which a conscientious heart no longer beats.

“The honor of the uniform” forces managers to defend false or flawed projects, insist on the continuation of obviously unsuccessful construction projects, fight with societies protecting monuments (“our construction is more important”), etc. Many examples of such defense of “uniform honor” can be given.

True honor is always in accordance with conscience. False honor is a mirage in the desert, in the moral desert of the human (or rather, “bureaucratic”) soul.

Letter eleven about careerism

A person develops from the first day of his birth. He is focused on the future. He learns, learns to set new tasks for himself, without even realizing it. And how quickly he masters his position in life. He already knows how to hold a spoon and pronounce the first words.

Then, as a boy and a young man, he also studies.

And the time has come to apply your knowledge and achieve what you strived for. Maturity. We must live in the present...

But the acceleration continues, and now, instead of studying, the time comes for many to master their situation in life. The movement proceeds by inertia. A person is always striving towards the future, and the future is no longer in real knowledge, not in mastering skills, but in placing oneself in an advantageous position. The content, the real content, is lost. The present time does not come, there is still an empty aspiration to the future. This is careerism. Internal anxiety that makes a person personally unhappy and unbearable for others.