Types of specially protected natural areas

Protected natural areas - ϶ᴛᴏ areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health value, which are withdrawn by decisions of public authorities in whole or in part from economic use and A special protection regime has been established for them.

In Russia, the most important legislative act regulating relations in the field of organization, protection and use of protected areas is the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Areas”, adopted by the State Duma in 1995.

Taking into account the dependence of their significance, protected areas may be under federal ownership and management, or they may be regional or municipal property.

In Russia, the system of protected areas has been formed for more than 80 years. One of the first was the Barguzinsky Nature Reserve on Lake Baikal. By the end of 1998, this system included 99 nature reserves, 34 national parks, about 1,600 state reserves and more than 8,000 natural monuments.

A state nature reserve (full reserve) is the most stringent form of nature conservation. Οʜᴎ represent, firstly, territories completely withdrawn from economic use, and secondly, scientific and research institutions aimed at preserving the natural course of natural processes and phenomena. Only scientific, security and control activities are allowed in them, and in exceptional cases, the organization of educational and environmental routes. Sometimes it is even prohibited to remove fallen and dead trees, which disrupts the natural development of natural processes.

Of the total number of reserves, biosphere reserves are especially distinguished; they are part of the international system of biosphere reserves and carry out global environmental monitoring. In Russia, about 20% of nature reserves have this international status.

In addition to areas that are completely closed to the public, it is also extremely important to create areas accessible to controlled visits. World experience says that the main thing for nature conservation now is the education of environmentally literate people. It is important to note that to combine protective and educational functions, national parks are created, which are the main form of protected areas in the world (there are about 2 thousand of them).

National Park- ϶ᴛᴏ a vast territory (from several thousand to several million hectares), including both completely protected areas and areas intended for recreation, health improvement, short-range tourism, and promotion of environmental knowledge. At proper organization serving visitors, they can produce good results not only in the environmental, but also in the economic sphere, partially recouping the costs of their maintenance. One of the famous national parks is Losiny Ostrov (Moscow).

The total area of ​​reserves and national parks in our country at the end of the 90s reached 2% of the territory of Russia and will have to increase further.

In addition to nature reserves and national parks, there are also softer forms of conservation, such as nature reserves and natural monuments.

Natural monuments are individual natural objects that have scientific, aesthetic, cultural or educational value. They can be an unusual spring, a waterfall, a ravine with rare plant species, very old trees that were “witnesses” of some historical events, for example, oak trees in the Kolomenskoye estate (Moscow), preserved from the time of Ivan the Terrible.

A reserve is a natural complex designed to preserve certain types of natural resources with limited use of others. In areas occupied by nature reserves, certain types of economic activity are permanently or temporarily prohibited. For example, activities leading to disturbance of the landscape are prohibited, but hunting must be permitted. Temporary hunting reserves are often created to preserve and restore the numbers of certain animal species.

Although nature reserves and monuments play a positive role in maintaining ecological balance, they cannot radically solve the problem. Only systemic natural aggregates can be preserved, and not individual components. Without preserving its habitat, a species will inevitably disappear, and will pull with it a chain of species interconnected with it.

Types of specially protected natural areas - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “Types of specially protected natural areas” 2017, 2018.

According to the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, these include areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which are withdrawn by decision of government bodies authorities wholly or partially from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.

The law distinguishes 7 main categories of protected areas: reserves, national parks, natural parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, as well as health-improving areas and resorts. In addition, the law provides that government authorities can establish other categories of protected areas (urban forests and parks, green areas, monuments of landscape art, biological stations, micro-reserves, protected natural landscapes, river systems, coastlines, etc.). Protected areas may have federal, regional and local significance.

Reserves

State nature reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. On the territory of the reserves, protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, plant and animal world), having special environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance.

In accordance with the IUCN classification, reserves belong to the first category of protected areas, which provide the most comprehensive and strict nature protection regime. Nature reserves are approved by government decree, and the land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna located on their territory are provided to them for use (ownership). The seizure of land plots and other natural resources of reserves is prohibited; they are completely withdrawn from circulation. Any activity that contradicts the objectives of the reserve and the regime of special protection of its territory is prohibited on the territory of the reserves. On areas of land and water adjacent to the territories of nature reserves, protective zones with a limited regime of environmental management are created.

A reserve is the most stringent organizational form of protection of natural areas in terms of environmental restrictions. The word “reserve” itself (it is believed that this concept was originally applied to a sacred forest protected by the Orthodox Church) is quite difficult to translate into other languages, and in English-speaking countries its analogue is “strict reserve”. However, this does not quite accurately convey the essence of nature reserves as a special category of protected areas, therefore in Lately In international practice, the term “zapovednik” is increasingly used.

The foundations of the modern concept of nature reserves were laid at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries in the works of outstanding Russian natural scientists V.V. Dokuchaeva, I.P. Borodina, G.F. Morozova, G.A. Kozhevnikova, V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and others. In their opinion, in nature reserves they should study nature, preserved completely intact, in order to identify its laws, knowledge of which is necessary for the wise use of natural resources. This idea has run like a “red thread” through the entire history of nature reserves, but at different times, views on the tasks of nature reserves have changed. The latter circumstance was associated both with the destruction of the country’s nature and with changes scientific views on nature conservation, including under the influence of ideology and economic policy.

The tasks assigned to the reserves are formulated as follows:

1) maintaining protected natural complexes in their natural state and preserving biodiversity;

2) conducting environmental monitoring, including through maintaining the “Chronicle of Nature”;

3) conducting research work;

4) assistance in training scientific personnel and specialists in the field of nature conservation;

5) environmental education;

6) participation in state environmental assessments for the design of construction, reconstruction and expansion of economic facilities.

Let's look at some of them in more detail.

For example, as of January 1, 2002, Russia had 100 nature reserves with a total area of ​​33.17 million hectares, which is approximately 1.56% of its area. The network of Russian nature reserves is widely recognized throughout the world. 27 reserves have the international status of biosphere reserves, 9 are under the jurisdiction of the World Heritage Convention, 10 are part of the network of wetlands of international importance. Designed by long-term plan further development network of reserves for the period until 2010, taking into account their role in the conservation of biodiversity and as standards of nature.

Despite the numerous conflicts that have plagued nature reserves over the years, the network of protected areas that has formed in Russia is an outstanding achievement of domestic nature conservation enthusiasts, which has no analogues throughout the world. We can say that this is one of the most significant contributions of Russia to world civilization in the 20th century. The classic, initial principle of conservation is the absolute inviolability of strictly protected natural objects removed from any economic use. No country in the world has created protected areas in such areas on the principle of complete non-interference by humans in natural processes. It seems that such a phenomenon is possible only in Russia with its vast territory and the special mentality of the scientific community.

Currently, the situation with nature reserves is quite contradictory. Some scientists believe that the principles of nature reserves proclaimed by Russian science did not stand the test of the realities of life and entered into a deep, perhaps even insoluble contradiction with it, and a significant number of nature reserves are not “standards of nature”, but “nature farms”. The opinion is also expressed that the current network of reserves does not correspond to modern socio-economic conditions and the capabilities of the state (according to existing legislation, reserves are non-profit environmental institutions financed from the federal budget). Proponents of another point of view believe that, despite the current difficulties, it is necessary to preserve and expand the network of nature reserves as unique “laboratories of nature” that are of exceptional importance for humanity, and the destruction or even transformation of the existing network of reserves is a crime against the current and future generations of people.

In our opinion, the latter point of view is closer to the truth. This, however, does not exclude some aspects of evolutionary (not revolutionary) reform of the reserve system. The scientific community has long been discussing the possibility of dividing reserves into absolute and partially managed ones. Historically in Russia, it has happened that some nature reserves were created in places where it would be more appropriate to organize national parks. The features of the organization and functioning of biosphere reserves, which in Russia are not always reasonably classified as biosphere reserves, need to be clarified. The need to reform the management of the entire system of protected areas, in which nature reserves would occupy a central place, is being discussed. However, these and, possibly, other aspects of reforming protected areas should be based on time-tested and practice-tested basic principles of conservation management. At the same time, the absolute priority should be the preservation of an integral network of nature reserves that have almost a century-old history, reflect and preserve the diversity of Russia’s nature, support biodiversity and are excluded from economic use.

National parks

National parks (NP) are a special form of organization of protected natural areas, which combine the tasks of preserving natural, historical and cultural objects with the organization of active educational recreation.

The entire global diversity of national parks, in principle, corresponds to a single international standard, enshrined in the decision of the X session of the IUCN General Assembly in 1969: a national park is a relatively large area where: 1) ecosystems have not been significantly changed as a result of exploitation and use by humans, geomorphological areas, species of animals and plants and their habitats are of scientific, educational and recreational interest, the landscapes are characterized by amazing beauty; 2) the highest and most competent authorities of the country have taken steps to prevent or eliminate the economic use of natural resources throughout the territory and to ensure effective compliance with the rules of conduct; 3) visitors stay with a special permit for education and fulfillment of cultural and recreational needs.

The first NPs of Russia (Losinoostrovsky and Sochi) were formed only in 1983. The main reason was that in the former USSR, priority among all protected areas was given only to nature reserves.

However, throughout the history of the existence of the Russian reserve network, prominent scientists and public figures have addressed this idea more than once. This issue was discussed especially widely after the creation of the first Lahemaa NP in the former Union in Estonia, established in 1971. Following this, during the 70s, one NP was created in Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan. And only Russia, with its vast territory and a huge variety of natural and socio-economic conditions, continued to discuss the idea itself until the beginning of the 80s. The result of the discussion was the approval in 1981 of the “Model Regulations on State Natural National Parks.”

It can be considered that, on the whole, the NP network has taken shape as a systemic entity. A significant role in this was played by the adoption in 1995 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, which for the first time determined the legal status of NP in our country. Article 12 section III states: “National parks are environmental, environmental, educational and scientific research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism."

When organizing an NP, the entire territory or part of it is withdrawn from its previous economic use and given over to the park. On old developed lands, NPs usually have within their boundaries areas of other land users, including agricultural lands, lands of towns and cities. This operating model is called European.

Parks located in areas of new development or in underdeveloped regions usually own the entire or almost the entire territory (“Paanajärvi”, “Yugydva”, Transbaikalsky, etc.). This is the so-called North American operating model.

According to the Federal Law, the NP is entrusted with the following main tasks:

1. preservation of natural complexes and unique natural and historical and cultural objects;

2. environmental education of the population;

3. creating conditions for regulated tourism and recreation;

4. implementation of environmental monitoring, etc.

In addition to the tasks common to all NPs, each of them, due to the specifics of its location, natural conditions and the history of the territory’s development, also performs a number of additional functions. Thus, NPs near large agglomerations and (or) in popular tourist and recreational areas are designed to preserve a relatively weakly modified natural environment and historical and cultural objects from the influence of industry, forestry or agriculture, on the one hand, and from the degradation of ecosystems under the influence of mass recreation and tourism, on the other. Such NPs, first of all, include Losinoostrovsky, “Russian North”, Prielbrussky and some others.

Around the NP, as well as around nature reserves, there is a so-called protective zone, the width of which depends on natural and socio-economic conditions. The territory of the protected zone remains under the jurisdiction of the previous land users, but economic activities must be coordinated with the park administration.

There are a number of activities that contradict the goals and objectives of the entire NP and are therefore completely prohibited within its boundaries. These include mining, plowing, grazing, almost all types of tree felling, summer cottage construction, etc. Some types of activities, which generally do not contradict the objectives of the NP, but cause local disturbances of the natural environment, are permitted only in specially designated areas. These include mass sporting and entertainment events, organizing tourist camps, making fires, and amateur fishing.

NPs are distributed unevenly across the territory of Russia. More than half of them (21) are located in the European part of the country. Another 3 are located in the Caucasus and 5 in the Urals. Thus, for the entire vast territory of Siberia there are only 6 NPs, all of them concentrated in the mountains of Southern Siberia. In the rest of the territory (the Far North, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East) not a single NP has yet been created.

Promising proposals for the creation of NPs cover both new and old development areas, as well as untouched landscapes. The priority criteria for selecting a territory for creating an NP are the following:

Availability of representative samples of ecosystems and biota, unique samples of geological and geomorphological processes, rare and endangered species of organisms included in the Red Book of Russia;

The ability to maintain the most important natural processes and ecosystems essential for maintaining the ecological stability of large regions;

Availability of historical and cultural monuments national importance in a natural environment;

Availability of conditions for the organization of protected areas of international importance (border protected areas, World Heritage sites, biosphere reserves, etc.);

Significance for the development of environmental education and tourism.

Natural parks

Along with national parks, there is another form of protected areas in the world, within which the tasks of preserving natural landscapes and historical and cultural objects are combined with the organization of educational recreation and tourism. These are natural parks. As a separate concept, they arose in the world a little later than NP: the first natural park was created in 1909 in Germany. Over the years, their organization has grown in scope, especially in the highly urbanized countries of Western Europe. Thus, out of 5.6 thousand natural parks, 2.6 thousand are in the European region. In various countries, the same category includes a protected landscape area and a protected landscape. This also includes a regional natural park according to the classification of N.V. Maksakovsky.

The IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas classifies natural parks as protected landscapes, i.e. Protected areas created specifically for nature conservation and recreational use.

In Russia, a natural park is one of the new and not yet established forms of protected areas in terms of content.

For the first time, the concept of a natural park in Russia was enshrined in 1995 in the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Areas”. Before this, they were actually “merged” with the NP on the basis of the “Model Regulations on State Natural National Parks” in force at that time.

According to the Law, natural parks are understood as “environmental recreational institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use for environmental, educational and recreational purposes.” The main legal difference between natural parks and national parks is their subordination: they are not federal property, but are under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Natural parks can be located not only on those lands that are provided to them for indefinite use, but also on the lands of other land users. In the latter case, all organizations whose activities are carried out within the boundaries of the park or its protective zone must coordinate their actions with the park management.

In general, the tasks of natural parks are similar to the tasks of the protected landscapes of the world listed above. These tasks determine the regime for the protection and use of the territory, as well as the presence of various functional zones: reserved, recreational, historical and cultural, etc. The list of functional zones for each park is determined in accordance with natural, socio-economic and historical conditions.

The first natural parks in Russia, corresponding to this status not only in name, but also in content, were organized in 1995. At the beginning of 2002, there were 40 of them. The reasons for choosing territory for natural parks can be very different. Let's give a few examples.

Natural criteria for choosing a territory for creating natural parks generally repeat those for NPs. Almost the only difference between them is that the recreational value of landscapes for natural parks in in a certain sense more important than environmental. Thus, when choosing an area for a natural park, it is not at all necessary to have representative samples of ecosystems, rare and endangered species of flora and fauna. What is more important for him is the high aesthetic value of the natural area, which in most cases is directly related to the good preservation of ecosystems.

Natural parks are especially necessary in conditions of high human development of the region, where only islands of natural nature remain, surrounded by economically transformed territory. The regime of natural parks will help limit economic activity within territories that are valuable in recreational and educational terms, will help streamline recreational activities, and will prevent the digression of the most visited areas.

Wildlife sanctuaries

State nature reserves are territories that are of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and the maintenance of ecological balance.

Nature reserves can carry out both land use on their territory and be organized on the lands of other land users. In the territories of nature reserves (or their individual sections), any economic activity is permanently or temporarily prohibited or limited if it contradicts the purposes of their creation or damages natural complexes and their components.

Due to a certain flexibility of the environmental restrictions introduced (depending on the specifics of local conditions, economic activity may be either completely prohibited or some types of it may be allowed), zakazniks are one of the most common categories of protected areas in Russia. Moreover, it is very ancient form protection of hunting grounds and their inhabitants, known since the time Kievan Rus. It is assumed that it was then that the word “order” appeared, which meant a temporary restriction on the use of hunting resources.

Until some time, reserves traditionally served as typical hunting reproduction and reserve areas formed on certain period necessary to restore depleted hunting resources. However, at the end of the 50s, nature reserves of republican significance began to appear in Russia, differing from local ones in a stricter protection regime, complexity, better material and technical base, and unlimited validity. A similar division is fixed in the law, which states that, depending on the environmental, ecological and other value of protected natural objects, reserves can have federal or regional significance. Despite the same name - “reserve” - in practical activities the difference between federal and regional reserves is very significant. In addition to a much more strict and comprehensive protection regime, federal reserves go through the stage of special design surveys, they sometimes conduct environmental monitoring, phenological observations, count the number of game fauna, and have their own security staff.

In general, nature reserves are of very significant importance among different categories of reserves and often form the basis of regional systems of protected areas. Due to their diversity, large number, elasticity, and the possibility of being located in regions with very different natural and socio-economic conditions, they represent a kind of supporting system in relation to protected areas with a more stringent protection regime (reserves and national parks), increasing the effect of their activities. In addition, nature reserves (primarily federal ones) are a kind of reserve from which, if necessary and appropriate, natural objects can be transferred to the reserve network.

Natural monuments

Natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.

According to the IUCN classification, natural monuments belong to the III category of protected areas, which as the main task provides for the protection of natural attractions. A natural monument (NP) is one of the most popular concepts related to the protection of natural objects, widely used not only in science, but also in everyday life. The origin of the term is associated with the name of A. Humboldt, who used it in 1818 in relation to a tree he discovered that was unusual in size and age. The prevalence of this concept that has reached our time is obviously due to its simplicity and figurativeness. The protection of natural monuments became widespread in many European countries at the beginning of the 20th century. Here, individual old or rare trees, alleys, boulders, rocks, caves, springs, etc. were preserved as natural monuments. In Russia, the identification of natural monuments became very popular in the 20s of the 20th century. Nature conservation enthusiasts have compiled a list of natural monuments, including about 250 natural objects, some of which still exist as natural monuments.

The main purpose of declaring natural complexes and other objects natural monuments is to preserve them in their natural state. According to the current legislation in Russia, this goal can be achieved both with and without the seizure of land plots from other land users (the latter option is less favorable from an environmental point of view, but in practice it is the most common). The list of objects that have the status of natural monuments is very wide. These may include: areas of scenic areas; reference areas of untouched nature; cultural landscape objects; places of growth and habitat of valuable, relict, small, rare and endangered species of plants and animals; forest areas and forest areas that are especially valuable for their characteristics, as well as examples of outstanding achievements of forestry science and practice; unique landforms and associated natural complexes; thermal and mineral water sources, deposits of medicinal mud; coastal objects (spits, isthmuses, peninsulas, islands, lagoons, bays); individual objects of living and inanimate nature (bird nesting sites, long-lived trees of historical and memorial significance, single specimens of exotics and relics, volcanoes, hills, glaciers, boulders, waterfalls, geysers, springs, river sources, rocks, cliffs, outcrops, manifestations of karst, grottoes). protected biodiversity reserve Chelyabinsk

In general, such a category of protected areas as a natural monument is very widespread and is of exceptional importance for the protection of small landscape elements, which is especially important in old developed regions for maintaining an ecologically balanced spatial structure of landscapes. Among the negative aspects of this form of protected areas in our country is that the direct protection of natural monuments is often entrusted to legal or individuals who are not directly related to nature conservation (as a rule, these are land users), which does not contribute to the effective protection of these objects.

In addition to the five categories of protected areas discussed above, which are characterized by relatively high preservation of the natural environment, the federal law gives the right to consider as such some other environmental and medical-recreational institutions that have within their boundaries not only purely natural, but also anthropogenically modified or even completely artificially created ecosystems. The law contains their expanded definition, special protection regime and financing features.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens

Detailed regulation of the issues of creation, operation and maintenance of the regime of dendrological parks and botanical gardens is contained in a domestic legislative act for the first time. At the same time, the law does not establish any special differences between these two forms of protected areas, since both have similar tasks: the creation of special collections of plants for the purpose of preserving biodiversity and enriching the flora, as well as carrying out scientific, educational and educational activities on this basis. Land, on which arboretums and botanical gardens are located, are transferred to them for perpetual use, regardless of what significance and, accordingly, subordination they have - federal or regional.

In our country there are 56 botanical gardens and 24 dendrological parks and arboretums. Their departmental subordination is different: the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), branches and scientific centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rosleskhoz, state universities (including the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University), agricultural, forestry and pedagogical universities and some other organizations.

The protection regime for arboretums and botanical gardens provides for the prohibition on their territory of any activity that is not related to the implementation of their direct tasks and leads to a violation of the safety of flora objects.

In an arboretum or botanical garden, other areas may be allocated that correspond to their natural conditions and characteristics of functioning. Thus, within the boundaries of the botanical garden of the Amur Scientific Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a protected area (forests of group 1), an active zone and the territory of an arboretum are allocated.

Medical and recreational areas and resorts

According to the Federal Law, a special type of protected areas includes territories (with adjacent water areas) that have healing resources and are suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as for recreation of the population. They are called medical and recreational areas. Their ecosystems are often characterized by significant changes as a result of human economic activities. Their classification as protected areas is mainly due to the fact that they use a natural resource and need to preserve it in its natural form for an indefinitely long time. At the same time, the concept of medicinal resources includes mineral waters, medicinal mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, medicinal climate and some other natural objects and conditions.

The same type of protected objects also includes a resort - a developed territory that has not only natural healing resources, but also the buildings and structures necessary for their operation and is already used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.

Both medical and recreational areas and resorts can be of federal, regional and local significance and, accordingly, be under the jurisdiction of federal government bodies, a subject of the federation or local governments.

Based on the Federal Law, the Russian government, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the federation and local governments are given the right to establish other categories of protected areas, in addition to those discussed above. These include areas where there are green areas, urban forests, city parks, monuments of landscape art, protected coastlines, protected river systems, biological stations, micro-reserves, etc.

Like some of the main categories of protected areas discussed above, such objects may have different meaning or level: federal, regional or local. An example of such a category of protected areas of federal significance can be water protection zones of water bodies and their coastal protective stripes, approved by a special decree of the Russian government in 1996.

The list of regional protected areas established by federal subjects is much broader. For example, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), among its protected areas, has national natural reserves, national resource reserves and protected landscapes.

The number of special protected areas created at the local (municipal) level is still insignificant. The “Comments on the Federal Law...”, from which the listed examples are taken, contains only one object recognized as the most successful. This ecological park“Black Lake” in the Zasviyazhsky district of Ulyanovsk.

Nature, both living and inanimate, is a huge value on our planet. We are in excellent living conditions. If you look at the planets closest to us, there is a big difference appearance The Earth and other planets are impressive. A huge volume of clean fresh and salt water of the oceans, a life-giving atmosphere, fertile soils. The richness of the plant world that surrounds almost our entire planet, as well as the animal diversity, is surprising: it is impossible to study all types of living beings in a person’s lifetime.

However, it is precisely such diversity and such environmental conditions that are necessary for the harmonious state of the entire planet, for the balance of substances on it.

Harmony of nature

People, through their activities, transform nature more than any other type of organism. Moreover, other organisms have so merged with the natural environment that they even help maintain the original balance on the planet. For example, a lion hunting an antelope is likely to catch the weakest individual, thereby maintaining the survival of the herbivore population. An earthworm, making numerous holes in the soil, does not spoil the fertile surface layer. It loosens the soil so that the air can better reach the roots of the plants.

Economic activity of Homo sapiens

A person has developed brain. The development of human economic activity is proceeding at a faster pace than the evolutionary processes of nature. She does not have time to adapt to the changes caused by people.

Many years ago, the population of Australia overgrazed livestock on the small continent. According to this hypothesis, numerous deserts of the continent were formed precisely because of human activity.

Since ancient times, trees have been intensively cut down for the construction of houses. Nowadays, forests are shrinking just as quickly: we still use wood for various purposes.

The planet's population is huge and, according to scientists, will grow at an even faster rate. If people populate or use the entire area of ​​the planet for farming, then nature, of course, will not withstand such a load.

History of protected natural areas

Already in ancient times, people kept untouched certain areas of the territory in which they lived. People's faith in gods made them tremble before sacred places. There was no need to even protect such areas; the people themselves treated these sacred territories with care, believing in something mysterious.

In the era of feudalism, the lands of the nobility came first in terms of inviolability. The possessions were guarded. In such territories, hunting was prohibited, or even simply visiting other people's forests or other biotope was prohibited.

In the nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution made people think seriously about preserving natural resources for future generations. Protected areas are being created in Europe. The first of the specially protected natural areas were natural monuments. Ancient beech forests and some attractions, such as unusual geological objects, were preserved.

In Russia, the first protected areas were organized at the end of the 19th century. They were not yet state owned.

What is a protected area

These are areas of land or water where human economic activity is partially or completely prohibited. How does the abbreviation stand for? As "specially protected natural areas".

Types of protected areas according to IUCN

Nowadays there are about 105,000 specially protected natural areas on the planet. For such a number of objects, classification is necessary. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has identified the following types of protected areas:

1. Strict nature reserve. The security of such a territory is especially strict; all economic activity is prohibited. Visit only with a document permitting you to be on the site. The nature of this territory is the most holistic.
2. National Park. It is divided into areas with strict security and areas where tourist routes are laid.
3. Natural monument. An unusual, well-known natural site is being protected.
4. Managed nature reserve. The state takes care of the conservation of species of living organisms and biotopes for their habitat. A person introduces activities to help in fairly rapid reproduction and maintenance of offspring.
5. Protected marine and territorial landscapes. Recreational facilities are preserved.
6. Protected areas with monitoring of resource consumption. It is possible to use natural resources if the activity does not cause major changes to the site.

Types of protected areas according to the law of the Russian Federation

In the Russian Federation a simpler classification is used. Types of protected areas in Russia:

1. State nature reserve. The strictest security regime is maintained. Visit only for the purpose of conservation work or education in the area.
2. National Park. It is divided into ecological zones based on the possibility of using natural resources. Ecotourism has been developed in some areas. There are work areas for national park staff. There may be areas for recreation for the population, as well as for overnight stays for visitors passing the tourist route.
3. Natural Park. It is created to preserve ecosystems in conditions of mass recreation of the population. New methods of nature conservation are being developed.
4. State nature reserve. Natural resources are not only preserved, but also restored. The reserve is actively working to restore the former natural wealth of the area. Ecotourism possible.
5. Natural monument. Significant natural or man-made natural complex. Unique education.
6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. Collections of plant species are created in the territories in order to preserve the species diversity of the planet and replenish lost species of land.

Wrangel Island

The UNESCO World Heritage Sites include 8 sites located on the territory of the Russian Federation. One of these protected areas is the Wrangel Island Nature Reserve.

The protected area is located in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. This is the northernmost of all protected natural areas in Russia. The protected area consists of two islands (Wrangel and Herald) and the adjacent water area. The area of ​​protected areas is more than two million hectares.

The reserve was organized in 1976 to preserve typical and unique flora and fauna. Nature, due to the location of the islands far from the mainland and due to the harsh climate, is preserved almost untouched. Scientists come to the site to study local ecosystems. Thanks to the creation of the reserve, such rare animals as polar bear, walrus A huge number of endemic species live in this area.

Lives on the islands local population. It has the right to use natural resources, but to a strictly limited extent.

Lake Baikal

The most valuable lake in the world is also a World Natural Heritage Site. The PA data system is the largest reservoir of clean fresh water.

The huge number of endemic species surprises scientists. More than half of the animals and plants growing here are found only on Lake Baikal. There are about a thousand endemic species in total. Of these, 27 species of fish. The Baikal omul and golomyanka are well known. All nematodes living in the lake are endemic. The water in Baikal is purified by the crustacean epishura, which also lives only in this lake.

It makes up 80% of the biomass of plankton of animal origin.

Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List in 1996. The Baikal Nature Reserve itself was founded in 1969.

The UNESCO World Heritage Site “Lake Baikal” consists of 8 protected areas located directly next to the famous lake. Many scientists are confident that Baikal is expanding every year, increasing its water area due to the drift of lithospheric plates.

Kronotsky Reserve

Another example of a protected area is the Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Volcanoes of Kamchatka.

Moreover, this protected area is a biosphere reserve. UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program identifies protected areas around the world that are almost untouched by human activity. The state is obliged to preserve a self-regulating natural system if the object is located on its territory.

The Kronotsky Nature Reserve is one of the earliest in Russia. In 1882, the Sable Nature Reserve was located on this territory. Kronotsky state reserve was created in 1934. In addition to the territory with numerous volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, the Kronotsky Nature Reserve includes a significant area of ​​water.

Currently, tourism is actively developing in the Kronotsky Nature Reserve. Visiting him was not allowed at all times.

Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve

Another example of a protected area in Russia is the Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve. This is the first nature reserve in the Far East. He is also one of the oldest in Russia. The Far Eastern leopard lives here, a rare subspecies of leopards whose numbers have declined in the past. Now it is in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, has the status of “endangered”.

The reserve itself was created for the conservation and research of liana coniferous-deciduous forests. The massifs are not disturbed by anthropogenic influence. There are many endemic species here.

Losiny Ostrov National Park

One of the very first in Russia. Founded in 1983 on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region.

Includes 5 zones: reserved (access is closed), specially protected (visit with permission), protection of historical and cultural monuments (visits are allowed), recreational (occupies more than half the area, free visit) and economic (ensures the operation of the park).

Legislation of the Russian Federation

The Federal Law on Protected Natural Areas (1995) states that protected areas must have federal, regional or local significance. Nature reserves and national parks always have federal significance.

Any reserve, national park, natural park and natural monument must have a protection zone. It additionally protects the object from destructive anthropogenic influence. The boundaries of protected areas, as well as the boundaries of the protective zone, are determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Anyone can visit the territory of the protected zone. However, she is also under guard.

The lands of protected areas are a national property. It is prohibited to build houses, roads, or cultivate land on federal sites.

To create protected areas, the government reserves new lands. Further, such lands are declared protected areas. In this case, the law prohibits future cultivation of the land in this area.

Protected areas are an important component of our planet. Such territories preserve priceless wealth for subsequent generations. The balance of the biosphere is maintained and the gene pool of living organisms is protected. The inanimate nature of such territories is also preserved: valuable water resources, geological formations.

Specially protected natural areas have not only environmental significance, but also scientific, as well as environmental and educational significance. It is at such sites that the most educational tourism for nature lovers is organized.

The world's population is growing at an ever faster pace. Humanity needs to think more actively about maintaining nature and take a more responsible approach to preserving natural resources. Every person should think about this and contribute to maintaining the health of the planet.

Detailed solution to paragraph § 37 on geography for 8th grade students, authors V. P. Dronov, I. I. Barinova, V. Ya. Rom, A. A. Lobzhanidze 2014

questions and assignments

1. Name the main types of specially protected natural areas, indicate how they differ from each other.

Specially protected natural areas and water areas include: reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national and natural parks, natural monuments, forest park protective belt, suburban green zone, etc. They differ from each other specific purpose education, the degree of conservation and permissible economic activity. A reserve is a natural territory (or water area) completely excluded from economic use for the protection and study of the natural complex as a whole. National parks combine the tasks of nature conservation and strictly controlled recreational use, that is, they are open for educational tourism and short-term recreation for citizens.

2. When did the system of nature reserves begin to form in Russia?

The first nature reserves in Russia were formed at the beginning of the 20th century. The first official state reserve in Russia was the Barguzinsky Nature Reserve in northeastern Transbaikalia (1916). Before this, examples of unofficial reserves were known: Suputinsky in the Far East (1911), since 1913 - Ussuriysky, Sayansky (1916), Kedrovaya Pad (1916). The first Soviet nature reserve - Astrakhan - was established on April 11, 1919.

By the beginning of 1998, there were 97 nature reserves in Russia (total area - 30 million hectares).

3. Tell us about how nature reserves are distributed throughout the territory of our country, name and show the largest of them.

Nature reserves are distributed unevenly throughout the country. The largest number of reserves is in the forest zone (24). A large number of reserves are located in the mountains of Southern Siberia (16) and the Far East (19).

Giant reserves (area > 1 million hectares): Bolshoi Arctic, Komandorsky, Putoransky, Ust-Lensky, Taimyrsky, Kronotsky.

4. Using materials from the textbook, write a description of one of the reserves in Russia.

Barguzinsky Reserve

Geographical position

Located in Buryatia, on the northeastern coast of Lake Baikal and the western slopes of the Barguzinsky ridge, at an altitude of up to 2840 m.

Date and purpose of foundation

This is one of the oldest nature reserves in Russia; it was founded in 1916 to protect and comprehensively study the nature of the western slope of the Barguzinsky ridge, as well as to preserve the valuable Barguzin sable.

The area of ​​the reserve is over 263 thousand hectares. The reserve is located on the picturesque slopes of the Barguzinsky ridge, descending to Lake Baikal. It includes a strip 45-80 km wide and about 100 km long, as well as a three-kilometer strip of the water area of ​​Lake Baikal.

Flora and fauna

Altitudinal zonation is clearly expressed on the territory of the reserve. Dark coniferous taiga predominates, consisting mainly of fir, cedar with an admixture of larch. The fauna is particularly rich: the Barguzin sable and the endemic Baikal seal, squirrel, brown bear, elk, and reindeer are numerous. There are otter, weasel, wolverine, and ermine; Birds include capercaillie, hazel grouse, white-tailed eagle, buzzard, osprey, etc. The nature of the reserve remains untouched. By the time of its organization, there were only 20-30 sables on the territory of the reserve (Barguzin sable is recognized as the best in the world). Now their number has increased sharply. Moreover, sable leaves the boundaries of the reserve and settles beyond its borders. Thus, the reserve enriches the hunting grounds of Buryatia.

FINAL ASSIGNMENTS ON THE TOPIC

1. Prove that a natural area is a natural complex.

A natural zone is a large natural complex that has common temperature and moisture conditions, soils, vegetation and fauna. It is the commonality of natural components that makes a natural area a natural complex. All components natural area are interconnected. Changing one component changes all other components.

2. Which Russian scientist was the founder of the doctrine of natural zones?

The founder of the doctrine of natural zones was V.V. Dokuchaev.

3. Name all the natural zones of Russia. Prove that they are placed regularly.

On the territory of Russia there is a change from north to south of the following natural zones: arctic deserts, tundras, forest-tundras, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts.

4. Name the treeless zones of our country. Where are they located? What are their similarities and what are their differences?

The treeless zones of our country are arctic deserts, tundra and forest-tundra, steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. The Arctic desert zone is located on the islands of the Arctic Ocean and on far north Taimyr Peninsula. The tundra zone is located on the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the western border of the country to the Bering Strait. The forest-tundra zone stretches in a narrow strip along the southern border of the tundra zone. The steppe zone occupies the south of the European part of the country and Western Siberia. Semi-deserts and deserts of Russia are located in the Caspian region and Eastern Ciscaucasia.

The similarity of these natural zones lies in the absence of forests. Herbaceous vegetation predominates here, and in the northern regions - mosses and lichens. Natural areas are open spaces.

The difference between treeless zones is in temperature, moisture, soils, flora and fauna.

5. Which natural zone of our country occupies the largest territory? Find areas within its boundaries that have different natural conditions and think about what explains this.

The largest area in Russia is occupied by the natural taiga zone. In different areas of the vast taiga zone, many natural conditions are different - the overall severity of the climate, the degree of moisture, mountainous or flat terrain, the number of sunny days, and the diversity of soils. Therefore, the coniferous trees that form the taiga are also different, which, in turn, changes and appearance taiga in certain areas. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests predominate in the European part of the zone and in Western Siberia, where they are joined by pine forests. Most of Central and Eastern Siberia is covered with larch forests. Everywhere on sandy and gravelly soils they grow pine forests. The forests of the Far Eastern Primorye have a very special character, where on the Sikhote-Alin ridge the usual conifers - spruce and fir - are joined by such southern species as Amur velvet, cork oak, etc.

6. What natural areas are there in your republic (region, region)? Give an assessment of the agroclimatic resources of your republic (territory, region).

The Moscow region is located in a natural area mixed forests. The Moscow region is located in the central part of the Russian Plain. The relief of the region is heterogeneous. The river network of the region is quite dense. In the Moscow region, soddy-podzolic soils are most common; they occupy most of the territory. In river valleys the soils are alluvial. In the north-east of the region, in the areas of the Upper Volga and Meshcherskaya lowlands, the soils are almost entirely sandy and sandy loam swampy.

The climate of the Moscow region is characterized by warm summers, moderate cold winter with stable snow cover and well-defined transition seasons. The average monthly air temperature of the warmest month, July, varies across the territory from 17° in the northwest to 18.5° in the southeast. The air temperature of the coldest month, January, is -10° in the west of the region, and -11° in the east. The annual amplitude of the average monthly temperature is 27 - 28.5°. The first half of winter is noticeably warmer than the second; the coldest time of the year is shifted to the second half of January and early February. The warm period, i.e. the period with a positive average daily temperature, lasts on average 206-216 days. The length of the day in summer is 15–17 hours.

The Moscow region belongs to a zone of sufficient moisture. The average annual precipitation is 550-650 mm, with fluctuations in some years from approximately 270 to 900 mm. Two thirds of the year's precipitation falls in the form of rain, one third in the form of snow. In the warm part of the year, rains of medium intensity predominate, well moistening the soil.

A stable snow cover usually forms at the end of November. The earliest and latest dates for the formation of stable snow cover were noted on October 23 and January 28, respectively. By the end of winter, the height of the snow cover reaches an average of 30-45 cm. The largest reserve of water in the snow is on average 80-105 mm.

In general, the agroclimatic resources of the region are conducive to agriculture.

7. Determine what natural zone we are talking about if the following grow in it: a) dwarf birch, dwarf cedar, moss; b) larch, cedar, birch, aspen, alder. Name the soils and typical animals characteristic of both zones.

a) natural tundra zone. The soils of the zone are thin, tundra-gley. The tundra is home to reindeer, arctic foxes, geese, and geese.

b) natural zone of mixed forests. In its northern part, mixed coniferous-deciduous forests on soddy-podzolic soils are common. In the south there are multi-tiered broad-leaved forests on gray forest soils. The fauna is represented by brown bears, foxes, wolves, hares, black grouse, sables, and moose.

8. Which natural zone of Russia has optimal natural conditions for successful farming?

Optimal natural conditions for farming exist in the natural steppe zone.

9. Make a description of any natural area according to plan. Use various sources of geographic information.

Geographical position;

occupies the south of the European part of the country and Western Siberia.

Climate: average temperatures in January and July, total radiation, duration of warm and cold periods, amount of precipitation and its distribution by season, humidification coefficient;

There is little precipitation here - from 300 to 450 mm, approximately the same as in the tundra zone. The humidification coefficient in the steppe zone varies from 0.6-0.8 at the northern border to 0.3 in the south. Summer temperatures in July are high (the average temperature in July is +21...+23°C). The average January temperature in the west of the East European Plain is -5°C, east of the Volga -15°C, near Krasnoyarsk about -20°C. The sum of active temperatures is 2200-3400°C.

The most typical steppe landscapes are either flat or plains dissected by a network of ravines and gullies.

Annual flow;

Surface runoff in the steppes is insignificant, since there is little precipitation and evaporation is very high, so the small rivers of the steppe zone have little water, in the second half of summer they become very shallow and sometimes dry up. Large rivers begin far outside the zone.

Soils, their basic properties;

In the steppe, chernozems with a very dark color and a granular structure are common. The thickness of the humus horizon in them is 50-80 cm. In the Kuban River basin, this horizon reaches even 1.5 m. Chernozems are the most fertile soils in our country. Tempo-chestnut soils are common in the southern strip of steppes; they are less fertile and often saline.

Flora and fauna, their adaptability to given natural conditions;

Before the beginning of their intensive agricultural development, they were covered with grassy steppe vegetation with a predominance of feather grass. The predominance of herbaceous vegetation is associated with insufficient moisture for the formation of forests. Among the fauna, various small rodents predominate - gophers, marmots, jerboas, hamsters, voles. Small size is an adaptation for life among grasses. The predominance of rodents is explained by the large amount of food for them.

Agriculture;

The steppe is the main grain granary of the country, which is why it is almost completely plowed. Wheat, corn, sunflowers and other important crops are grown here. In the west of the zone, gardening and viticulture are developed.

Particularly protected components of nature.

Little-changed natural complexes of the forest-steppe and steppe zones are protected and studied in the nature reserves: Kursk, Voronezh, Galichya Gora, Khopersky, Zhigulevsky, Orenburg and Daursky. All of them have forests and areas of steppes: forests grow in river valleys, ravines, ravines, and steppes are preserved on the slopes of erosional landforms. The largest and most diverse steppes are in the Orenburg Nature Reserve, created in 1989 on the remaining isolated areas of the steppes of the Trans-Volga, Cis-Ural, Southern Urals and Trans-Urals. Many species of plants and animals of the steppes are included in the Red Books.

Specially protected natural areas(abbr. SPNA) are areas of land or water surface that, due to their environmental and other significance, are completely or partially excluded from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. According to the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Areas,” these include: state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves; National parks; state nature reserves; natural monuments; dendrological parks and botanical gardens.

The share of all specially protected natural areas in Russia accounts for about 10% of the territory. In 1996, the government of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution on the procedure for maintaining the state cadastre of specially protected natural areas. The state cadastre is an official document that contains information about all specially protected natural areas of federal, regional and local significance. The regime of these territories is protected by law. For violation of the regime, the legislation of the Russian Federation establishes administrative and criminal liability.

State nature reserves are territories that are completely withdrawn from economic use. They are environmental, research and educational institutions. Their goal is to preserve and study the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, unique ecosystems and individual species and communities of plants and animals. Reserves can be comprehensive And special. In complex reserves, the entire natural complex is protected to the same extent, and in special reserves, some of the most specific objects are protected. For example, in the Stolby Nature Reserve, located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, unique rock formations are subject to protection, many of which are shaped like pillars.

Biosphere reserves, unlike ordinary ones, have an international status and are used to monitor changes in biosphere processes. Their identification began in the mid-70s of the last century and is carried out in accordance with the UNESCO “Man and the Biosphere” program. The results of observations become the property of all countries participating in the program and international organizations. In addition to observations of biological objects of ecosystems, the main indicators of the state of the atmosphere, water, soils and other objects are also constantly recorded. Currently, there are more than three hundred biosphere reserves in the world, of which 38 are in Russia (Astrakhan, Baikal, Barguzin, Lapland, Caucasus, etc.). On the territory of the Tver region there is the Central Forest Biosphere State Reserve, in which work is underway to study and protect the ecosystems of the southern taiga.

National parks are vast territories (from several thousand to several million hectares), which include both completely protected areas and those intended for certain types of economic activities. The goals of creating national parks are environmental (preservation of natural ecosystems, development and implementation of methods for protecting the natural complex in conditions of mass admission of visitors) and recreational (regulated tourism and recreation of people).

There are more than 2,300 national parks in the world. In Russia, the system of national parks began to take shape only in the 80s of the last century. Currently there are 38 national parks in Russia. All of them are federal property.

State nature reserves are territories intended to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain ecological balance. Within their boundaries, economic activity is limited in order to protect one or many species of organisms, less often - ecosystems and landscapes. They can be complex, biological, hydrological, geological, etc. There are nature reserves of federal and regional significance. Material from the site

Natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of artificial or natural origin. These can be centuries-old trees, waterfalls, caves, places where rare and valuable plant species grow, etc. They can be of federal, regional and local significance. In the territories where natural monuments are located and within the boundaries of their protected zones, any activity that entails a violation of the preservation of the natural monument is prohibited.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose tasks include creating a collection of plants, preserving diversity and enriching the flora, as well as scientific, educational and educational activities. On their territories, any activity that is not related to the fulfillment of their tasks and entails a violation of the safety of floristic objects is prohibited. In dendrological parks and botanical gardens, work is also carried out on the introduction and acclimatization of plant species new to the region. Currently in Russia there are 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks of various departmental affiliations.