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Unified State Exam Social Studies
Tasks 33 – 34
D.S. Mikhailov

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1 (33)
In modern society, the role and importance of civil institutions is increasing. Give three examples illustrating the partnership between civil non-political organizations and the state.

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– associations of teachers, trade unions of educators accept Active participation in discussing political decisions in the field of education, amendments to the law on education; – associations of residents, homeowners’ associations together with the mayor’s office and city leadership discuss issues of urban planning, improving the transport situation, and building new parking lots; – journalists, representatives of professional associations of workers involved in the media, oppose pressure on the media, in defense of freedom of speech; – organizations of veterans of local wars and conflicts are demanding the development of additional measures for social protection of military personnel; – environmental organizations and movements discuss decisions on the construction of large complexes, industrial enterprises, amendments to environmental legislation.
Answer

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2 (33)
Scientists believe that main value modern society, its guideline is innovation. Illustrate the innovative nature of modern society with three examples.

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Answer
Innovative nature of education. Multimedia technologies are being widely introduced at school; soon a tablet computer will be used instead of a paper textbook. 2) Innovative nature of the economy. Economic leaders are those industries that most actively apply and use new technologies and produce new products (high-tech industries, Microsoft, Google, etc.). 3) Innovative nature Everyday life of people. Every day our lives include technical innovations and improvements (iPhones, gadgets, e-books, digital television).

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3 (33)
List and illustrate with examples any three criteria for social progress.

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Answer
humanization public relations(for example, cancel death penalty, easing criminal laws, disseminating ideas of multiculturalism, etc.); 2) improvement of equipment and technology (for example, the introduction of new computer equipment, the distribution of iPhones, iPads, the development outer space etc.); 3) expanding the range of human rights and freedoms (for example, abolition of discrimination based on gender, race, nationality, expansion of voting rights, etc.).

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4 (33)
There are various social norms in society, including traditions, ceremonies, and corporate norms (business practices). Illustrate each of the types of social norms mentioned in the task. concrete example. (Indicate the type of norm first and then an example.)

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Answer
Traditions (for example, Moscow graduates celebrate the holiday last call, coming to Vorobyovy Gory every year; students and teachers of Moscow State University celebrate Tatyana's Day (January 25) with festivities and drinking hot mead); 2) Ceremonies (for example, the inauguration of the President of the Russian Federation; the tea ceremony in China and Japan, the ceremony of presenting credentials of ambassadors); 3) Corporate norms (for example, the procedure for concluding a contract in a company; conducting negotiations between entrepreneurs).

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5 (33)
Name the levels of socialization identified by scientists. Characterize each level of socialization, identifying the agents of socialization.

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Answer
1) level of primary socialization. Primary socialization occurs in the sphere of interpersonal relationships in small groups; 2) level of secondary socialization. Secondary socialization occurs at the level of large social groups and institutions. Scientists include the immediate environment of the individual as the primary agents of socialization: parents, close and distant relatives, family friends, peers, teachers, doctors, etc. Secondary agents are formal organizations, official institutions: representatives of the administration and school, army, state, etc. d.

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6 (33)
The information revolution of the last third of the 20th century led to large-scale qualitative changes in all spheres of society. Indicate any three areas of change, illustrating each with an example.

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Answer
a change in the nature of relationships between people in society (for example, instead of vertical connections, obligation and performance, there are horizontal connections based on partnership interaction); 2) a change in the nature of the economy, the economic foundations of society (for example, a new factor of production appears - information, its production, processing, transmission, the importance of the human factor of production - intellectual labor - increases); 3) changes in relations between states (for example, through electronic networks, boundaries between states, nations, people are erased, supranational decision-making centers emerge).

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7 (33)
One of the most important differences between a market economy is competition. Give two positive and two negative manifestations of competition, illustrating each with a specific example.

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8 (34)
The states of K. and N. border each other. Both states have a proportional electoral system. In K., a 9% electoral threshold for parties to enter parliament is legislatively approved, while in N. the electoral threshold is only 0.75%. In addition, in Kazakhstan, in order to be included in the election lists of parties, candidates must make a significant monetary contribution to the party treasury or collect 10 thousand signatures of supporters. Which country has more democratic electoral legislation? Give two reasons to explain your answer.

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Answer
The electoral system in the state of N. is more democratic. 2) - In K., only the most influential and largest parties can enter parliament, smaller ones will not receive representation, and also that part of the citizens who voted for parties that did not receive 9% of the votes will be left without their representatives in the legislative body. In N., almost all political forces, with the exception of the most insignificant parties, will be represented in parliament, and the atmosphere in it will be more competitive and controversial. – The obligation to make a large contribution to the party treasury contributes to the nomination of the wealthiest citizens to parliament, who will defend the interests of segments of the population with the same standard of living and income. In N., where there are no such restrictions, the composition of parliament itself will be more democratic. M

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9 (34)
In one of the North African countries, an armed conflict began between the government and the opposition. Many civilians, out of fear for their lives, left their homes and began to leave the country, joining refugee camps in neighboring countries, trying to get to Europe and find work in their specialty. Which social phenomenon does this example represent? Give the specific name of the social phenomenon described in the problem. Indicate two features (signs) that characterize it.

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Answer
The phenomenon described in the assignment is social mobility, one of its forms is migration. 2) The given form social mobility can be described as: - group (encompasses many people); - territorial (geographical) (people change their place of residence); - horizontal (people do not change their status, trying to get a job in their profession in a new place).

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10 (34)
T. Parsons believed that culture plays a major regulatory role in the development of society, the individual and the human body. Based on your knowledge of history, social science courses, and your own experience, give three possible examples that support this point of view.

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Answer
– Culture, including norms, customs, rituals, traditions, language, etc., determines the environment in which each social community, for example, ethnonational (Belarusian, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Azerbaijani, etc.) - The culture of a national community or social layer dictates differences in value judgments and standards of individual behavior. – Culture influences the human body, instilling hygiene standards, etc.

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11 (33)
Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states: “Russia is a social state.” Illustrate with three examples the social rights of citizens of the Russian Federation.

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Answer
1. The right to a minimum wage. When employed, an employee cannot be paid less than the established minimum wage. 2. Right to a state pension. Women who have reached the age of 55 are entitled to a pension. 3. Right to social protection in case of job loss, disability, etc. In case of job loss, you must register with the labor exchange, which will allow you to receive unemployment benefits.

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12 (34)
What trend in the development of interethnic relations can be attributed to international festival youth? Give any two other examples of this trend in the development of interethnic relations.

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Answer
The given example reflects the trend of rapprochement between nations and interethnic integration; 2) - examples of economic and political unions: European Free Trade Association (EFTA), European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), etc.; - examples of international cultural centers: (Center for International Education, Center for Latin American Culture, etc.).

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13 (34)
What form of culture can ballet be classified as? Name any three distinctive feature ballet by which you determined this.

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Answer
Ballet is an elite form of culture; 2) - created by professionals, people with special training - is not perceived by everyone, but by connoisseurs - for the majority of people it is incomprehensible and boring

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14 (34)
Population growth in developing countries has made the food problem more acute. To solve it, an extensive development path is used Agriculture- development of ever new lands. This leads to the deforestation of large areas of tropical forests. Intensive development of agricultural production associated with the use modern technology, is often inaccessible to these states due to their economic backwardness. The relationship of which global problems can be traced here? List three problems.

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Answer
- demographic; - environmental; - gap in levels economic development countries of the North and South.

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15 (34)
The ability to act effectively in a non-standard situation, to find the optimal solution to a problem, is not inherent in a person, like an animal, in the genetic program, in instincts, but is acquired in ontogenesis, in the process of activity. Name any two activities that contribute to the development of this skill. Explain how to use it in unusual situations.

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Answer
1) game (promotes the development of fantasy, creative imagination, which affects the ability to make non-standard decisions); 2) educational and cognitive activity (involves searching for ways and options for solving educational problems, transferring acquired knowledge from familiar situations to unfamiliar ones).

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16 (34)
The family, which arose in ancient times, initially concentrated in itself all the basic functions of ensuring human life. Gradually it began to share its individual functions with other institutions of society. List three such functions. Name the social institutions that began to implement them.

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Answer
1. Functions of the family, which were shared with other institutions of society: a) Socializing b) Economic c) Social-status. 2. Institutions that began to perform. 1. Education, religion. Participate in the socialization of the individual. 2. The state protects the rights of children. Army. 3. Mass media. They present opportunities for organizing leisure time and opportunities for entertaining family members.

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17 (34)
Many states have introduced an age limit for a citizen to exercise the right to elect and be elected to government bodies. Is this qualification consistent with the values ​​of a democratic society? Give three reasons for your opinion.

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Answer
1) The age limit does not contradict the values ​​of a democratic society; 2) - the age limit applies to all citizens of the appropriate age, i.e. the principle of equality is not violated; - the age limit does not exclude other opportunities for teenagers and young people to participate in political life society; - the age limit does not violate the principle of periodic election of public authorities; - the age limit is appropriate due to the timing of the political socialization of adolescents and youth.

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18 (34)
In one of the textbooks, this phenomenon is revealed as follows: “A set of means and techniques by which society guarantees that the behavior of its members, individual subjects of management, and social groups will be carried out in accordance with established social norms and values.” Name the social phenomenon mentioned in the text. Using the knowledge of the social science course, give two of its elements and illustrate with an example one (any) of them.

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Answer
1) social phenomenon: social control; 2) two elements: – social norms; – social sanctions; 3) example: incentive sanctions - praise, applause, prize, certificate, etc.

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19 (34)
Firm "Ivanov and K." is owned by a group of persons. The owners of an enterprise are responsible for the obligations of their enterprise in full with the property belonging to them, and have equal rights in managing their enterprise. What legal form does this enterprise represent? Give two reasons for your answer. Provide an additional feature that distinguishes enterprises of this organizational and legal form that is not specified in the problem.

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Answer
1. The enterprise is a general partnership 2. - the owners are liable with all their property for the obligations of the enterprise - the owners have equal rights in management 3. - each of the participants in the partnership has the right of “veto” when making decisions; - founders of enterprises can be both individual entrepreneurs and legal entities.

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20 (34)
In the country of N., after the socialist government came to power, a large-scale tax reform took place. Instead of a single flat scale for calculating income tax individuals(NDFL) a progressive-regressive scale was introduced. What is the essence of this personal income tax calculation scale? Give two reasons for its introduction to society.

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Answer
The progressive-regressive scale for calculating personal income tax assumes an increase tax rate for persons with high incomes, and, conversely, a reduction in the tax rate for persons with the lowest incomes. 2) – a progressive scale allows you to receive additional funds into the budget from wealthy citizens and use them to finance social programs in the field of healthcare, education, and support for the poor; – a progressive-regressive scale makes it possible to strengthen the social function of taxes and help overcome excess social inequality, reducing social discontent in society; – the progressive scale promotes the growth of social responsibility of wealthy citizens, their understanding of the need to help the society that provided them with the opportunity to receive high incomes, etc.

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21 (33)
Explain the theoretical position about the essence using three examples creative activity.

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Answer
1) qualitatively new goals of activity (for example, the creation of an artificial Earth satellite); 2) qualitatively new means of activity, ways of achieving goals (for example, new ways of solving a problem in physics); 3) qualitatively new performance results (for example, computer presentation using new software features).

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22 (33)
Give three types of political relations in modern society and illustrate them with examples.

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Answer
- relations between political parties. For example, relations of cooperation or competition for power, which can be observed between the parties "United Russia", LDPR, Communist Party of the Russian Federation and other political parties in modern Russia; - relations between the state and social groups. For example, currently the state actively supports the institution of motherhood and childhood in the country, paying benefits (“maternity capital”), and also provides support to small businesses; - relations between the state and the media. The state makes statements through the media about the directions and results of the work of the state apparatus (implementation of the national project “Education”).

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23 (33)
Use three examples to illustrate the characteristics of Conservative Party rule.

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Answer
- the conservative government seeks to maintain the existing situation in the political sphere (form of government, administrative apparatus, judicial system, existing political parties); - conservative authorities often limit the freedom of action of reformist politicians; - the freedom of grassroots structures is narrowed by transferring some of their functions to higher authorities.

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24 (33)
Illustrate with three examples the differences in the governance systems of parliamentary and presidential republics.

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Answer
- in a presidential republic, the president receives powers directly from the voters; in a parliamentary republic, the president is usually elected by the legislative assembly; - in a presidential republic, members of the government are appointed by the president, in a parliamentary republic - by the leader of the party of the parliamentary majority; - in presidential republics, the president is free to choose candidates for government posts; in parliamentary republics, only deputies of the party with the majority of seats in the legislative assembly receive appointments to the government.

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25 (33)
Using three examples, illustrate the interrelationship of global problems of our time.

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Answer
1) the economic backwardness of developing countries gives rise to the use of technologies that cause great damage to nature; 2) rapid population growth in developing countries aggravates economic problems and increases the gap with developed countries; 3) the low socio-economic level of a number of developing countries, the lack of developed healthcare systems and education leads to the growth of dangerous diseases such as AIDS.

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26 (33)
Use three examples to show the close connection between society and nature.

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Answer
1) natural conditions determine people’s occupations (for example, fishing among residents of coastal areas); 2) minerals, their presence or absence, their development largely determine the state of economic development (for example, the position of oil exporting countries); 3) natural disasters can cause enormous damage to society (for example, destruction due to earthquakes, tsunamis).

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27 (33)
Using three examples, illustrate the mutual influence of folk, mass and elite culture.

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28 (33)
Using three examples, show the variety of criteria for identifying social groups. In each case, state the criterion and give a specific example of it.

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Answer
- age (youth); - profession (deputies); - amount of income ( middle class);

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29 (33)
Give three manifestations of the role of funds mass communication in modern society and reveal each of them with an example.

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Answer
1) presentation to a mass audience of up-to-date information about various aspects of life in modern society (newspapers, television cover major events domestic and foreign policy, economic, social, cultural processes and phenomena); 2) participation in the formation of public consciousness of individuals and social groups, public opinion and social stereotypes (mass media contribute to the formation of negative public opinion regarding international terrorism); 3) the possibility of using mass communication in manipulation and control public consciousness(newspapers and television are often used as channels for manipulating the opinions of citizens during election campaigns); 4) participation of the media in the socialization of the individual (through the media of mass communication the individual accepts the social norms that exist in society); 5) familiarizing society and the individual with the achievements of culture and art, the characteristics of various cultures (mass media constantly report on cinematic and book releases, theatrical premieres, etc.).

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30 (33)
Show with specific examples how the relationship between social statuses and roles is expressed. Give at least three examples.

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Answer
1. The student is expected to master the academic subjects provided for in the program and attend school; 2. From the head of the enterprise - responsible decisions, care for team members; 3. From a parent - raising your child

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31 (33)
Name the three main characteristics of teaching as a type of activity.

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Answer
- presence of subjects of activity (students and teachers); - presence of an object of activity (subject being studied); - focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills; - use of teaching aids (textbook, atlas, workbook).

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32 (33)
Name any three functions of the state and explain each of them with an example.

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Answer
1) economic function (adoption by the State Duma of the state budget); 2) social function (adopting a law on reform of the pension system); 3) legal function (adoption of the Criminal Code); 4) cultural and educational function ( governmental support folk museums); 5) the country’s defense function (definition of military-political doctrine); 6) function of protecting the interests of the country in the international arena (participation in UN activities)

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33 (33)
Political parties play an important role in public life democratic society. Name any three functions of a political party in the political system of society and illustrate each of them with a specific example.

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Answer
1) expression of powerfully significant interests of individual social groups (the parliamentary faction of a political party represents the interests of the middle class, seeking the adoption of legislation regulating the activities of medium and small businesses, and tax benefits for these types of businesses); 2) development of political programs (the political party presented its program for the development of civil society institutions); 3) political socialization of citizens and attracting them to participate in political life (the political party held a series of mass rallies in support of democratic reforms, attracting young people to participate in them by inviting famous pop performers).

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34 (33)
Illustrate with three examples the relationship between the problems associated with the widening gap between developed countries and third world countries and the problem of preventing a new world war.

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Answer
1) a significant number of local armed conflicts falls on third world countries, some of which have nuclear weapons (for example, the Indo-Pakistani conflict); 2) due to the aggravation of the problem of providing raw materials and energy resources, the most developed countries of the world provoke, and sometimes themselves participate in, wars for control over sources of raw materials (for example, the war in the Persian Gulf or the American-Iraq war); 3) the poverty of certain regions of the planet contributes to the spread in them of the most radical, militant ideologies, whose adherents fight against developed countries(for example, Islamic terrorist organizations).

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35 (33)
Name any three features of a limited partnership (limited partnership) as an organizational and legal form entrepreneurial activity.

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Answer
1) the founders of the partnership along with individual entrepreneurs there may also be commercial organizations; 2) division of capital in the organization into shares (contributions) of the founders; 3) along with the participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership with their property, there are several participant-investors who bear the risk of losses only within the limits of the contributions they made and do not take part in entrepreneurial activities).

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36 (33)
Inflation complicates the activities of producers and consumers in market economy. Illustrate with three examples rational consumer behavior in conditions of significant inflation.

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Answer
1) borrowing money, since in conditions of inflation the debtor always wins, he will have to return cheaper money compared to what he borrowed; 2) investing savings in works of art, something that is less susceptible to depreciation; 3) acquisition of a plot of land, real estate; 4) investing money in your own recreation, health, etc.

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37 (33)
What economic concept What characterizes the situation when state budget expenditures exceed its revenues? Give three examples of government actions to overcome the consequences of this situation.

Answer
1) The impact of the state on the individual: – adoption of laws defining the rights and freedoms of the individual; – presence of state educational institutions, implementing government educational programs; – activities of state media; 2) The influence of the individual on the state: – participation in elections; – putting forward political demands, the activities of political leaders.

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39 (33)
Confirm with three examples the presence of a democratic state in modern Russia.

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Answer
- in Russia, democracy is manifested through the principle of majority in elections of the State Duma, president or referendum; - in Russia there is political pluralism, parties with different political ideologies compete in elections, for example, “United Russia”, “KPRF”, “A Just Russia”; - in Russia there is glasnost, the media widely discuss issues of state and public life, the population has a reliable idea of ​​the intentions, actions, and decisions of government authorities.

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40 (33)
Name any three institutions of civil society in modern Russia and give examples of their activities.

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Answer
- local government bodies; deal with such issues of local importance as landscaping, cleaning of territories, landscaping. - joint-stock, cooperative enterprises; commercial organizations whose main activity is aimed at making a profit, engaged in trade, production of goods and services; - public associations; bring together groups of people to protect professional interests, spend free time together, and jointly solve certain problems. Other institutions and examples of their activities can be given.

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43 (33)
Art is a significant part of spiritual culture for society and its development and influences all spheres of public life. List any three functions performed by art and illustrate each with a specific example.

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Answer
1) ideological: art is a way and form of understanding the world aesthetic means(for example, the paintings of I. Levitan help to understand the beauty of Russian nature, the mentality of Russian people); 2) compensatory (comforting): people through art find consolation, psychological comfort, support (for example, the poetry of I. Brodsky helped a woman gain self-confidence and find answers to life’s questions); 3) communicative: works of art help people communicate, find common interests (for example, visiting an exhibition modern painting, the young man found new friends and like-minded people); 4) educational: art instills aesthetic feelings, forms a culture of behavior (for example, by reading books, visiting art galleries, music concerts, a young man acquired a sense of beauty, mastered ways of behavior in society).
1) Federal Assembly Russian Federation (adopting laws, calling elections for the President of the Russian Federation, approving changes in borders between constituent entities of the Russian Federation); 2) Government of the Russian Federation (budget development, management of federal property); 3) The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (supervision over the activities of courts of general jurisdiction; within its competence, consideration of cases as a court of second (cassation) instance).

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47 (34)
After graduating from technical college, the young man got a job as a consultant at a computer manufacturing company. After some time, he entered advanced training courses. Changes have also occurred in his personal life: He married the daughter of the co-owner of the company. The completion of his studies coincided with his appointment as the chief manager of the enterprise. An illustration of what social process Can this plot serve? What factors played here? decisive role? What are they called in sociology?

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Answer
Vertical upward social mobility. Factors: education, marriage to a person of higher status. 3. The general sociological name of these factors: channels (“elevators”) of social mobility.

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Exercise
Compose at least 14 tasks for type 33 and at least 14 tasks for type 34 (2 tasks each from social studies blocks) 1. Society. Human. Nature. 2. Cognition. The science. True. 3. Political sphere. 4. Economic sphere. 5. Social sphere. 6. Spiritual brimstone. 7. Right. 8. Activity.

Plan 1) 2) 3) 4) The concept of “social conflict” Typology of social conflicts Stages of conflict and its causes Consequences and methods of resolving social conflicts

Conflict – (from Latin “conflictus” - clash) – a dispute, a clash between two people or social groups over the possession of something that is equally highly valued by both parties. Social conflict is an explicit or hidden state of confrontation between objectively divergent interests, goals and development trends of social subjects; - direct or indirect clash of social forces based on opposition to the existing social order; - special shape historical movement towards a new social unity.

Typology of social conflicts 1. 2. 3. 4. Intrapersonal; Interpersonal; Conflicts between the individual and the group; Intergroup conflicts.

Types of social conflicts: Duration - long-term; short-term; one-time; protracted; repetitive. By volume - global; national; local; regional; group; personal. According to the source of occurrence - objective; subjective; false. According to the means used - violent; non-violent. In shape - internal; external. In terms of influence on the course of development of society - progressive; regressive. By the nature of development - deliberate; spontaneous. In spheres of public life - economic (production); political; ethnic; family and household. By type of relationship - intra- and intersystem (individual psychological) levels; intra- and intergroup (socio-psychological) levels; intranational and international (social) levels. According to the degree of openness - hidden and open According to the positions of opponents - vertical and horizontal

The life cycle of a social conflict includes four stages: 1. Pre-conflict situation. Its sign is the growth of tension in relations between subjects. 2. Conflict. 3. Attempts to resolve the conflict. 4. The end of the confrontation and the post-conflict stage.

Causes of conflicts 1. Focusing attention not on information, but on emotions. 2. High internal tension, which is released through conflict situations. 3. Emotional burnout. 4. Gossip as a veiled form of aggression. 5. Use of conflict agents

Conflict triggers are words, actions (or inaction) that can lead to conflict. “Women do not attach any importance to their words, but they attach great importance to what they hear themselves.”

Striving for superiority Condescending attitude; Boasting; Categorical; Imposing your advice; Interrupting the interlocutor; Withholding information; Violations of ethics, intentional or unintentional Banter; Deception or attempted deception; Reminder…

Manifestation of aggressiveness: a person with increased aggressiveness is a “walking conflictogen”, since he splashes out accumulated irritation on others. a person with below average aggressiveness risks achieving much less in life than he deserves. A complete lack of aggressiveness borders on apathy or spinelessness, for it means a refusal to fight.

Manifestation of egoism Egoism is value orientation human, characterized by the predominance of selfish needs, regardless of the interests of other people. The manifestation of egoism lies in the attitude towards another person as an object and a means of achieving selfish goals.

The role of social conflict is positive Informing about the presence common problems Stimulating social change Relieving psychological tension of conflict participants: awareness of one’s interests and the interests of others negative Creation stressful situations Disruption of the order of social life Destruction of the balance of power, a stable position

CONFLICT RESOLUTION TECHNOLOGY Resolving a conflict means: eliminating a conflict situation; end the incident. The second conflict formula: the sum of two (or more) conflict situations leads to conflict. Each of the conflict situations, in its manifestation, plays the role of an incident for the other. Resolving a conflict means eliminating each of the conflict situations.

The correct formulation of the conflict situation plays a key role in conflict resolution. Rule 1. Remember that a conflict situation is something that needs to be eliminated. Rule 2. Conflict situation always occurs before the conflict Rule 3. The wording should tell you what to do. Rule 4. Ask yourself questions “why?” ” until you get to the root cause from which others flow. Rule 5. Formulate the conflict situation in your own words, if possible without repeating words from the description of the conflict. Rule 6. Use a minimum of words in your formulation. "brevity is the soul of wit". A conflict situation is a diagnosis of a disease called “conflict”. Only a correct diagnosis gives hope for healing.

Choose the correct judgments about social conflicts and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) Objective contradictions of social conflicts are caused by phenomena and processes that depend on the will and consciousness of people. 2) If all conflicting parties show a tendency to compromise, then this does not resolve, but drives the social conflict inside. 3) One of the conditions for the emergence of social conflict may be differences in the values ​​of the warring parties. 4) Social conflict is the highest stage of development of contradictions in the system of relations between people, social groups, social institutions, society as a whole. 5) Social conflict prevents ossification social system, opens the way to new forms - innovation. 3 4 5

Choose the correct judgments about social conflicts and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) Social conflicts can only occur in the form civil wars. 2) Conflicts can have a positive impact on society. 3) One of the ways to resolve social conflict is mutual concessions of the warring parties. 4) All social conflicts are caused by economic reasons. 5) The cause of social conflict is always objective circumstances. 2 3

Choose the correct judgments about social conflicts and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) The consequences of social conflicts can only be negative. 2) Social conflicts began to arise in society only with the advent of the state. 3) The basis for classifying social conflicts can be their duration. 4) Social conflicts always arise due to economic reasons. 5) Social conflict is a way of interaction between individuals, communities, and social institutions. 6) The first stage of social conflict is the hidden stage, at which the contradictions between the parties to the conflict are not yet realized. 3 5 6

Formulate three possible positive consequences of a conflict political situation and provide relevant examples. -the emergence of a conflict political situation makes it possible to detect problems that were initially invisible and try to resolve them (public protests after the parliamentary and presidential elections of 2011/2012 led to the resumption of direct elections of governors and changes in electoral legislation); - strengthening internal cohesion in the event of an emergency external conflicts(after the outbreak of the First World War, most political parties expressed support for the government, uniting under the banner of patriotism); - developing among the participants in the conflict the skills and abilities necessary to protect their interests (attempts to introduce juvenile justice in Russia led to the formation public organizations who opposed it, using different methods of struggle; collection of signatures, appeals to the authorities, reaction of the authorities). - identification of political groups and their leaders (in Russia, the so-called non-systemic opposition is gradually taking shape, its leaders are being identified,

Negative consequences of conflict

In the literature, two directions have emerged in assessing the consequences of conflicts: integration And dialectical. First from them, which is represented, for example, by the famous American experimental scientist E. Mayo, considers conflict as a dysfunctional phenomenon that disrupts the normal existence of an organization, reducing the efficiency of its activities. The functionalist direction focuses on the negative consequences of conflict. Summarizing the work various representatives in this direction, we can highlight the following Negative consequences conflicts:

♦ destabilization of the organization, generation of chaotic and anarchic processes, decrease in controllability;

♦ distracting personnel from the real problems and goals of the organization, shifting these goals towards group selfish interests and ensuring victory over the enemy;

♦ dissatisfaction of the conflict participants with their stay in the organization, increase in frustration, depression, stress, etc. and, as a consequence, a decrease in labor productivity, an increase in staff turnover;

♦ increasing emotionality and irrationality, hostility and aggressive behavior, distrust of management and others;

♦ weakening of opportunities for communication and cooperation with opponents in the future;

♦ distracting the conflict participants from solving the organization’s problems and fruitlessly wasting their strength, energy, resources and time fighting each other.

In contrast to functionalism, supporters of the sociological approach to conflicts (they are represented, for example, by the largest modern German conflictologist R. Dahrendorf) consider them as an integral source of social change and development. Under certain conditions, conflicts have functional, positive results for the organization:

♦ initiating changes, renewal, progress. The new is always a negation of the old, and since behind both new and old ideas and forms of organization there are always certain people, any renewal is impossible without conflicts;

♦ articulation, clear formulation and expression of interests, making public the real positions of the parties on a particular issue. This allows you to see the pressing problem more clearly and creates favorable conditions for solving it;

♦ mobilization of attention, interest and resources to solve problems and, as a result, saving the organization’s working time and money. Very often, pressing issues, especially those that concern the entire organization, are not resolved until a conflict arises, because in a conflict-free, “normal” functioning, out of respect for organizational norms and traditions, as well as out of a sense of politeness, managers and employees often avoid sensitive issues;

♦ forming among the participants in the conflict a sense of belonging to the decision made as a result, which facilitates its implementation;

♦ stimulating more thoughtful and reasonable actions in order to prove one’s case;

♦ encouraging participants to interact and develop new, more effective solutions, eliminating the problem itself or its significance. This usually happens when the parties show understanding of each other’s interests and realize the disadvantages of deepening the conflict;

♦ development of the ability of the parties to the conflict to cooperate in the future, when the conflict is resolved as a result of the interaction of both parties. Fair competition that leads to consensus increases the mutual respect and trust necessary for further cooperation;

♦ defusing psychological tension in relations between people, clearer clarification of their interests and positions;

♦ overcoming the traditions of groupthink, conformism, “submissiveness syndrome” and developing free-thinking and individuality of the employee. As a result, the staff's ability to develop original ideas, finding optimal ways to solve organizational problems;

♦ involvement of the usually passive part of employees in solving organizational problems. This contributes to the personal development of employees and serves the goals of the organization;

♦ identification of informal groups, their leaders and smaller groups, which can be used by the manager to improve management efficiency;

♦ development of skills and abilities among conflict participants in relatively painless solutions to problems that arise in the future;

♦ strengthening group cohesion in the event of intergroup conflicts. As is known from social psychology, the most easy way cohesion of the group and muffling or even overcoming internal discord is

finding a common enemy, competitor. External conflict is capable of extinguishing internal strife, the causes of which often disappear over time, lose relevance, severity and are forgotten.

Of course, both negative and positive consequences of conflicts cannot be absolutized and considered outside of a specific situation. The real ratio of functional and dysfunctional consequences of a conflict directly depends on their nature, the causes that give rise to them, as well as on skillful conflict management.

Political conflicts are procedural in nature; the following stages of conflict can be distinguished:

1. Conflict situation or potential conflict. This stage is characterized by the presence of opposing objective interests between the parties, which is already fraught with an open clash between them.

2. Increasing social tension, which presupposes an increasingly clear awareness by the parties of the incompatibility of their interests and goals and the consolidation of the parties to the conflict. The peak of social tension is a crisis (A. Melnik, in fact, equates the concepts of “political crisis” and “conflict situation.” He gives the following definition of a political crisis - this is a failure in the functioning of the political system, a breakdown in relations between the ruling group and subordinate social strata. V. A. Melnik identifies such types of political crises as: governmental, parliamentary, constitutional, foreign policy (international) and national).

3. Conflict actions - actions aimed at blocking the enemy’s actions or eliminating him.

4. Decay of conflict. It is possible either as a result of the victory of one side, or by reaching an agreement or consensus as a result of a compromise solution.

Types of conflicts. Strictly speaking, there are no two absolutely identical conflicts. However, in any of them one can detect certain typological features.

According to the composition of the conflicting parties: interpersonal, intergroup. interclass, interethnic, international;

According to the dynamics of development: acute, sluggish, expanding, chronic, etc.;

According to the form of action of the parties - with the use of violence and without the use of violence:

From the point of view of the possibility of reconciliation of the parties: antagonistic and non-antagonistic:

From the point of view of normative regulation: institutionalized, carried out within the framework of the law and accepted procedures, and non-institutionalized, occurring outside the established rules;

According to social goals and consequences: not affecting the foundations of the socio-political system and implying the transformation of the social system.

There are other classifications of conflicts.

So, the negative consequences of conflicts:

Destabilization of society, state or any other political organization, generating chaotic and anarchic processes;

Increase (mainly among losers) of frustration, depression, stress, etc. and, as a consequence, an increase in their political apathy and absenteeism, a decrease in their political activity;

Increasing emotionality and irrationality, aggressiveness and distrust of rivals and others during a long conflict;

Weakening opportunities for communication and cooperation with opponents in the future;

Distracting the parties to the conflict from solving constructive, creative problems. Armed conflicts (revolutions, wars) have especially destructive consequences.

Positive results of conflicts for society and the political system (they can also be considered as functions of conflicts):

Initiating social and political change, renewal, progress;

Clear formulation and expression of interests, making public the real positions of the parties on a particular issue;

Mobilizing society's attention and resources to solve problems;

Stimulating the activity of the parties to the conflict, their more thoughtful and coordinated actions. Often during a conflict, in order to prove they are right and avoid defeat, the parties quickly find optimal solutions and prepare projects that require great effort and a long time;

Developing among the participants in the conflict the ability to protect their interests, overcoming the traditions of conformism, the “submission syndrome”;

Identification of political groups and their leaders;

Developing the ability of the parties to the conflict to cooperate in the future in the event of a conflict resolution as a result of the interaction of both parties. Consensual, fair competition increases mutual trust and respect;

Relieving psychological tension in relationships between people;

Strengthening internal political cohesion in the event of external (international, interethnic, etc.) conflicts. As is known from social psychology, the easiest way to unite a group or society is to find a common enemy.

Of course, both negative and positive consequences of conflicts cannot be absolutized and considered outside of a specific situation.

How to get out of the conflict, since it was not possible to prevent it, or, as political scientists say, manage it?

Conflict management is control over its process and forms of occurrence in order to minimize its costs and maximize positive results. It is often said that in conflict management there are two possible strategies - resolution and settlement. When they talk about resolution, they mean that the subject of the dispute itself has been eliminated. In this case, the parties no longer need to conflict, since the situation has changed decisively and they are no longer adversaries. Settlement involves removing the severity of the conflict, achieving one or another degree of agreement, when the parties agree not to enter into open confrontation anymore. At first glance, it seems that conflict resolution is preferable to its settlement, since it provides firmer guarantees of its non-renewal. However, in politics, true conflict resolution is only possible in rare cases. Politics is woven from contradictions. They are based, as we have already noted, on the difference in position, and therefore in the interests of the political characters. Often they can only be eliminated if the political character himself is eliminated. However, a policy pursued according to the principle “no person, no problem” is not only morally unacceptable, but also practically hopeless. The violent elimination of the causes of conflict leads to the emergence of new, more acute ones. That is why in politics they often talk about conflict resolution, understanding this expression in the broadest sense of the word.

Here are some general rules for conflict resolution:

1. If a conflict has already arisen, it is necessary to openly acknowledge it and not hush it up.

2. It is necessary to find an intermediary with the help of which the parties could express their demands to each other. After all, communication between them is broken.

3. Suspend the conflict with the help of a mediator, separate the conflicting parties in different directions, like a judge in a boxing ring. Political scientists talk about the institutionalization of the conflict, i.e. establishing certain norms (organizational, ethical), recognized by the conflicting parties, which allow them to conduct dialogue more calmly. First of all, this is a ban on the use of violent means.

4. Diagnose the conflict: determine the cause, type of conflict, its severity, find out the intentions of the parties, offer solutions and calculate their “price”. When determining the cause of the conflict, it is important not to confuse it with the immediate cause.

5. After preparation, begin the negotiations themselves. This is the longest and most difficult stage. After all, here non-conflicting parties come into contact, which means psychological tension is inevitable. However, if such psychological barriers are overcome, there are real chances to resolve the conflict. During the negotiation process, it is important to soften extreme positions, focus attention on the main issues, provide the opportunity for each participant to express their opinion, avoid threats to the partner, do not “get personal,” do not insist on unilateral concessions, do not drive the enemy into a corner, respect the dignity of the loser sides.

6. At the stage of exiting the conflict, methods of monitoring the implementation must be found decision taken. Otherwise, the conflict will break out with renewed vigor, and the whole journey will have to start all over again.

Psychologists believe that imperative communication is effective in emergency situations. Explain why. Using the text, social science knowledge and personal social experience, name any two areas of interpersonal relationships in which imperative communication is in principle unacceptable, and in each case briefly explain your opinion

National relations, i.e. the relations of people in a community called a nation, or other ethno-national relations, do not exist separately from the state or in parallel with it. National and ethno-national relations are one way or another mediated by the state and form a single political whole.

There are three main approaches to understanding a nation: political-legal, sociocultural and biological. In the political-legal approach, a nation is understood as co-citizenship, i.e. community of citizens of a particular state. In international law, when they talk about nations, they mean political nations, nations that act as “national” states in the international arena.

With the sociocultural approach, the emphasis is on the commonality of language, culture, religion, traditions, and customs of a large group of people who form a nation. This allows us to consider a nation as a community of people who are characterized by a common spiritual culture, historical development, behavioral stereotypes, everyday lifestyle. It should be borne in mind that a nation is also a subjective phenomenon of consciousness and self-awareness.<…>

E. Gellner, a famous researcher of the phenomenon of nation, noted: “Two people belong to the same nation if and only if they recognize each other’s belonging to this nation. In other words, nations are created by man; Nations are the product of human beliefs, passions and inclinations.”

Most countries in the world base their understanding of the nation on the first two approaches. Despite all their differences, they have one thing in common - the denial of consanguinity as a defining nation-forming principle.

The third approach to understanding a nation, biological, is precisely based on the recognition of the blood community as the main dominant of the nation. (Yu.V. Irkhin, V.D. Zotov, L.V. Zotova)

The author notes that a nation is also a phenomenon of consciousness and self-awareness. Based on social science and historical knowledge, give three examples that can serve as manifestations of national identity.

What approaches to understanding a nation do most countries of the world follow? What, according to the author, unites these approaches? Point out any one difference between them.

Expand the meaning of the concept “nation” within the framework of each of the three approaches discussed in the text: political-legal, sociocultural, biological.

The text talks about the influence of the state on ethnonational relations. Give any three directions of policy of a democratic state in interethnic relations.

DEFINITION

What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “social conflict”? Using knowledge from the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of social conflict, and one sentence about the causes of social conflict.

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) the meaning of the concept, for example: this is a confrontation, a collision of two or more subjects (parties) of social interaction, the reasons for which are incompatible needs, interests and values; (Another definition similar in meaning may be given.)

2) one sentence with information about the types of social conflict, based on knowledge of the course, for example: social conflict can be hidden and overt; (Any other sentence can be made containing information about the types of social conflicts.)

3) one sentence, based on course knowledge, revealing the causes of social conflict, for example: the cause of social conflict can be a clash of interests in any area of ​​human relationships, for example, personality differences. (Any other sentence can be made that reveals the causes of the social conflict.)

What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “national policy”? Using knowledge from your social studies course, write two sentences containing information about national politics.

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) meaning of the concept, for example: national policy is a set of political and organizational measures applied by the authorities to the nationalities living on its territory.

2) two sentences with information about national policies based on course knowledge, for example:

The basis of the principle of Russia's national policy is the equality of the peoples inhabiting it;

National policy in a number of states can take on the character of national terror (pogroms, ethnic cleansing, genocide)

What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “social conflict”? Write two sentences containing information about social conflict.

Explanation.

The correct answer may include:

the meaning of the concept, for example: “Social conflict is a conflict caused by disagreements among social groups or individuals with differences in opinions and views, the desire to take a leading position; the manifestation of social connections of people.”

The following suggestions may be given:

1) Social conflict is a special interaction between individuals, groups and associations when their incompatible views, positions and interests collide.

2) Social conflicts are divided into: interpersonal; conflicts between the individual and the group; conflicts between social groups (small and medium groups); conflicts between large social groups; international.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Name any three types of social conflicts, and illustrate each of them with an example.

Formulate three possible positive consequences of a conflict political situation and provide relevant examples.

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1. Three positive consequences of a conflict political situation are formulated and corresponding examples are given.

The emergence of a conflicting political situation makes it possible to detect problems that were initially invisible and try to resolve them (public protests after the parliamentary and presidential elections of 2011/2012 led to the resumption of direct elections of governors and changes in electoral legislation);

Strengthening internal cohesion in the event of external conflicts (after the outbreak of the First World War, most political parties expressed support for the government, uniting under the banner of patriotism);

Developing among the participants in the conflict the skills and abilities necessary to protect their interests (attempts to introduce juvenile justice in Russia led to the formation of public organizations opposing it, using different methods of struggle; collecting signatures, appeals to the authorities, government reactions).

Identification of political groups and their leaders (in Russia, the so-called non-systemic opposition is gradually taking shape, its leaders are being identified,

Name two trends in the development of modern interethnic relations and illustrate each of them with an example.

Explanation.

The correct answer can name and illustrate with examples the following trends in the development of interethnic relations:

1) integration: economic, cultural and political rapprochement of nations, destruction of national barriers (for example, the formation of the Council of Europe);

3) opposition to the economic, political and cultural expansion of superpowers (anti-globalization movement).

Name three characteristics that determine an individual's ethnicity, and illustrate each with an example.

Explanation.

The correct answer may include the following characteristics and examples:

General territory (Russians in their majority live in the Russian Federation.),

Community of language (Every state has a state language. This is how usually - language dominant ethnic group),

Community of culture. (In the USA, most people celebrate Thanksgiving Day)