Why English grammar so confusing? Some modal and auxiliary verbs are the same in form, but different in meaning. Was it really impossible to come up with a new word for modal verb? But then you would say that you have to learn and remember a lot. How can we clearly draw a line of demarcation between these two grammatical phenomena?

If you have already become acquainted with all tenses, then you know perfectly well what shall and should represent. Thus, the first of them, in combination with the infinitive, conveys actions in the future, and the second acts as an assistant in subjunctive mood or Future in the Past. But as a modal verb, shall and should have their own meaning and add “spice” to the sentence. How to distinguish a modal verb from an auxiliary verb? Let's look at each of them separately.

Uses of the modal verb shall

One way or another, in every sentence with this verb there is a connotation of the future. As an auxiliary, it gradually fades into oblivion, because the British tend to use will with all persons, which is good news. (Let me remind you that according to the rule of forming the future tense, shall has been used with the subjects I and we for many centuries). That is why we can increasingly see shall with a modal meaning.

1.Interrogative sentences with I and We + shall pass the value instructions, orders, sometimes even instructions. In other words, we can roughly express it like this: should we do this or not? should or shouldn't? With this meaning the first meaning of modality is conveyed.

Shall I pay for the dinner? - Should I pay for lunch?

Shall we open our books? — Open the books?

2. In affirmative and negative sentences with the 2nd and 3rd person conveys shade Opromises, threats, orders, warnings: shall and shan’t.

You shall be punished for the broken vase. - You will be punished for breaking the vase.

They shall fail in their exams. - They will fail their exams.

3. B business correspondence with meaning "must", "must be".

One of the Party of this Contract shall notify the other Party on its intention to cancel. — One of the parties to this agreement is obliged to notify the other of its intention to terminate.

Uses of the modal verb should

How the auxiliary verb should does not carry lexical meaning, which means it is not translated. As a modal it has several situations in which it must be used.

The local government should do something with the rubbish. — The local government should definitely do something about the garbage. (should + do + smth - absolutely necessary)

You shouldn't smoke so much. -You shouldn't smoke so much.

2. Disapproval, reproach used should or shouldn't with such a meaning as - it should, it would be necessary, it would be necessary. Often used with the perfect infinitive to convey a past action that was not performed. In turn, the negative form indicates an unwanted action has been performed.

I am feeling sick. I shouldn't have eaten much ice-cream. - I feel bad. (I feel sick). I shouldn't have eaten so much ice cream.

You should have visit him. “You should have visited him.”

3. Like emotional coloring should is used in interrogative sentences with special words how/why. The translation of such questions gives a nuance surprise, indignation: for what, why, how they are, and what they are about - it all depends on the situation, on the semantic verb.

How should he know? - How would he know?

Why should we leave? - Why do we have to leave? (Why on earth would we leave?)

Sometimes it is necessary to transfer past, current or future actions using should. How to do this if there is no second form. Using the infinitive.

should + Continuous Infinitive (action at the time of conversation)

should + Perfect Infinitive (past action)

should + Indefinite Infinitive (present and future tense)

These children shouldn’t be swimming now. They should be at school. “These children shouldn’t be swimming now.” They should be at school.

The wedding was great. You should have come. — The wedding was great. You should have come.

I shouldn't eat so much chocolate. — I shouldn't eat so much chocolate.

Comparison

• The verb should is often confused with must. The main difference in emotional advice is should or must.
• ought to is very close in meaning to should, but the difference is that the first is more used with the concept of “moral duty”, whether you want it or not, it must be done, so you can benefit society. And should acts more as a wish, advice.

You should clean your car. — You must wash the car.

You must take your driving license with when you are driving a car. — You must (have to) take your license with you when you drive a car.

He ought to be more careful at the lessons. — He should (He should) be more attentive in class.

He shouldn't go out so often. “He shouldn’t go out for walks so often.”

The modal verb shall (should) is not difficult to remember. Remember that the first in most cases conveys instructions or a threat, and the second conveys a wish, advice or reproach. All the rules and features of use will fit tightly and reliably into your head with the help of exercises, tests, and various tasks.

Modal verb shall used to express the future tense with pronouns I And we. It is also often used in questions with an action sentence (for example: Shall are we going? - Let's go to?). Shall often used to express a categorical promise. In formal English usage verb shall to express the future tense often has a connotation of inevitability or predestination. Shall much more commonly used in British English. In American English other forms are preferred, although sometimes shall is still used in action sentences or in formal speech.

For example:
Shall I help you?
Help to you? ( Expresses an action proposal.)

I shall never forget where I came from.
I I will never forget where I'm from. ( Expresses a categorical promise.)

He shall become our next king.
He will become our next king. ( Expresses predestination.)

I'm afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new director.
I'm afraid Mr. Smith will become our new director. ( Expresses inevitability.)

Other examples of the use of the modal verb shall

Unlike most modal verbs, shall and will combine not only the connotation of modality, but also the function of auxiliaries that indicate the future tense.

In the process of language development, the original meanings of verbs were supplemented with a hint of the future tense. Yes, once upon a time shall was used to mean “should”, and will- "want". An echo of this continues today. So, there is an abstract noun will - “will, desire.” Much later, these verbs began to be used as future tense markers. As an auxiliary, shall was used with the first person, and will with all the others, although today it is used in all persons.

This is important to know:

Short formshan'tcharacteristic of British English. In American they usewon'tin all faces. Taking into account that American English is more widespread due to the influence of the mass media, it is not recommended to use this form to avoid mixing two competing variants.

Modal verb shall: use and meaning

Language is constantly transforming and developing. As a result, the modal verb shall is almost never used in everyday conversation. The exception is the situation when the speaker makes a proposal. For example:

• Shall we help you? - Let us help you.
• It’s too smoky, shall we go outside? “It’s very smoky in here, maybe it’s better to go out?”

It is interesting that in old texts shall occurs in the sense of a warning, threat or promise. The most striking example is Gandalf’s phrase from the Lord of the Rings trilogy:

• You shall not pass! - You shall not pass!

Compared to the translation, the meaning of the phrase in the original is much richer precisely because of the modality of the verb. Note that it is used here in second person. In this meaning shall is found in song lyrics and literary works:

• You shall never be afraid again! - Nobody will scare you anymore.
• It is too dangerous. They shall loose there. - It's too dangerous. They will fail there.

The form shall indicates a strong probability and a strict obligation. It is easy to determine whether there is really modal knowledge here, or just an indication of the future tense. If shall is not in the first person, then you need to translate the phrase only from the position of modality. In other cases, it is determined by context. For example:

• I shall go and see what can be done - I’ll go and see what can be done.
• You shall apologize for your behavior - You must apologize for your behavior.

In the first case, there is a simple use of shall as a marker of the Future Simple, and in the second, there is a rigid obligation, which stands out intonationally in speech.

Unlike Russian, the word “should” in English has more than one equivalent. The verbs must, have to, to be to, should, shall can be used in this meaning. They differ in shades of meaning. For example, to be to is used to carry out a planned action or when executing an order, should o ought to - as a soft form, which is translated as “should” and has the meaning of advice.

Will as modal: features of use

As mentioned above, will initially had a clear modal meaning, which gradually became associated with the function of a future tense marker. They do not contradict each other, since the main meaning of will is intention. An example will help to clearly understand why the modality was so easily combined with the function of the future tense:

• Don’t worry, I will be back as soon as I can - Don’t worry, I’ll be back as soon as I can.
• I will do it whatever you say. - I will do it, no matter what you say.

Thus, in both cases, the speaker’s intention to perform some action can be traced.

Another meaning is direct instruction and persistent imperative, that is, a command to do something. In this case, in addition to the emphasized use of the full form, the intonational emphasis of the modal verb is used for an emphatic effect.

• They will help us even if to explain everything again. “They will have to help us, even if I have to explain everything again.”
• You will go home and apologize - You will have to go home and apologize.

In addition, will can be used in formal orders when the orderer has a higher status than the interlocutor. Often used by teachers in relation to students, for example:

• Will you two go out! - You two, get out of the audience!

Finally, will is used to describe a repeated action that the speaker does not approve of. The use of the verb in this case is also emphasized intonationally to enhance the meaningful part of the sentence. For example:

• I am not surprised that you are bitten. You will pat all the dogs you see. “I’m not surprised you were bitten.” You constantly mess with all the dogs in the area.

Without context, it is almost impossible to determine whether will should be translated modal or not. Offer “I will go and see what happened” translated in two ways:

“I’ll go see what happened” and “I want to go see what happened”.

Modal verbs act as auxiliary verbs and carry a number of different semantic loads. All these rules have their own logical thread, remembering which, you will forever remember the features of shall, will, must, have to, should, ought to, would and others.

Basic concept of modality

Modal verbs perform the function of helping one word to another, filling a bunch of words with meaning.

I should go to work.- I have to go to work.

What happens if you remove should?

I go to work.- I go to work.

The meaning has changed. It is for the correct presentation of thoughts that modal verbs serve.

There are 8 main verbs that follow a number of rules, and 5 words that are not modal, but fit part of these rules.

It's easy to remember basic modal verbs:

MMM – must, may, might;

WW – will, would;

CC – can, could;

SS – shall, should.

Side effects:

• ought to, need, have to, be able to(for use in the past tense of verbs of possibility);
• used to(denoting an action that was performed before, but is not being performed now).

Basic rules of modal verbs:

• You can't put s on them. Never. Forget about it. We are used to: She speaks English well. - She talks to him. With a modal verb of possibility: She might speak English well. - She could speak English well.
• In questions they behave in the same way as a regular auxiliary verb: Is he leaving now? – Is he leaving now? And now the verb of possibility: Could I leave now? – Can I go out now?
• We use the modal verb first, and then the particle not and then the infinitive. In general, the same principle as in the second rule.

Shall and will then and now

The English language is very plastic or flexible. Every day it changes and adapts to people. This is exactly how the Future Simple or Future Indefinite tense rule changed.

Previously, shall + infinitive without the particle to were added to the pronouns I and We. Most famous example from the movie The Lord of the Rings, when the hero shouts on the bridge: “You shall not pass!”

Examples:

• I shall go to the park tomorrow.- I'll go to the park tomorrow.
• We shall cook dinner together.- We'll cook lunch together.
• Shall I go to the zoo tomorrow?– Will I go to the zoo tomorrow?
• Shall we clean those windows?– Shall we wash those windows?
• I shall not do that. - I will not do it.
• We shall not go anywhere.- We're not going anywhere.
• I shall not drink that.- I won't drink this.

Over time, shall has lost its function as an auxiliary verb of the Future Simple. Now we only know will + infinitive without the particle to. Will is now used as an auxiliary verb in combination with an infinitive. The Lord of the Rings would now sound like: “You will not pass.”

Examples:

• I will go to the park tomorrow.- I'll go to the park tomorrow.
• We will cook dinner together.- We'll cook lunch together.
• He will drive his car slowly.– He will drive the car slowly.
• She will bake a cake.- She will bake a cake.
• It will sleep here.- It (meaning the animal) will sleep here.
• They will study English.– They will learn English.
• You will pass the exam.- You will pass the exam.

Short forms of verbs in all forms

There are the following short forms both verbs:

Shall

Shall today has become a modal verb and serves as a connecting link. From a word that denoted the future tense, it began to be translated as “should.” Being the initial form of the well-known should – should.

Shall is used as a request for advice:

• Shall I change my clothes?– Should I change my clothes?
• I shall change my clothes.– I have to change my clothes.
• Shall we do that?– Should we do this?
• I shall not do that.– I shouldn’t do this (I shouldn’t do this).

Or as a suggestion for something:

• Shall I do it for you?– Should I do this for you?
• Shall we dance?- Shall we dance?
• Shall I ask him?- Should I ask him?

In this case shall continues to be used only with I and We.

Will

Of course, much more responsibilities fell on the verb will. I and We are now used with will in the future tense. In this case, the verb is either translated as “I will, you will be,” etc., or gives the accompanying action the color of the future tense.

Examples:

What happens to other pronouns? When we use the 2nd person, we mean an offer, a request, or invite the interlocutor somewhere.

Examples:

• Will you come to our wedding?– Will you (or you) come to our wedding?
• Will you join us tomorrow?– Will you (or you) join us tomorrow?
• Will you clean the dishes?- Will you wash the dishes?
• Will you tidy this room?-Will you clean this room?
• Will you have some tea?- Do you want some tea?
• Will you take my pen?-Will you take my pen?

If we talk about will as a modal verb, then we use it when we are 100% sure of what was said. Moreover, this applies to both the generally accepted fact (Water will boil in a minute. - Water will boil in a minute), and our prediction, that is, prediction. We are absolutely sure that our friend will come on time - he has never been late. – Our friend will come in time. He has never been late.

Spontaneous decision - expressing your will

Will be used in moments of spontaneous decision. You wanted to stay at home, but you found out that a new film was released - and so you decided to go to the cinema. I'll go to the cinema. - I will go to the cinema.

Examples:

• We'll pay for you.- We'll pay for you.
• I'll do my homework later.- I'll do mine homework later - perhaps the context of this sentence implies that you have been called somewhere. And you decide to do your homework later.
• I'll watch this video with you.- I'll watch this video with you.
• I'll cook the dinner.- I'll cook dinner.
• We'll bake this cake tonight.– We will bake this cake tonight.

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Modal verbs of duty

There is a certain list of words denoting the obligation to do something. They can be conditionally distributed in a table from “can be fulfilled, can not be fulfilled” to “the requirement is fulfilled 100%”. All these words are translated into Russian as “must” or “obliged”.

Must and have to – must or obliged?

The difference between must and have to is who the obligation comes from. In the case of must, these are laws or our own wishes. That is, we ourselves indicate what we must do.

Examples:

• I mustn't steal other things.- I shouldn't steal other people's things. Law.
• I must go on a diet.– I have to go on a diet. This is not a law, but our will to put a certain prohibition or “law” within the framework of our own life.
• I mustn't kill people.- I shouldn't kill people.
• I must study English.– I have to learn English. For failure to comply with this rule, only you can determine the punishment.

There is one more nuance - the translation of the expression “must be”, where must is not necessarily a requirement:

Have to has a different nature - we are told what we should do better. At the same time, they cannot punish us for this within the state.

• You have to go on a diet.– You must go on a diet. For health reasons this is a necessity.
• You have to go for a walk every day.– You should walk every day.

Or the insistence of parents/friends:

• You have to calm down.– You need to calm down.
• You have to eat three times a day.– You must eat three times a day.

Should as expressing your opinion

The verb should has several uses:

• opportunity;
• advice;
• criticism.

The difference between should and must, have to is in the scope of application. Should is translated as “must”, but does not mean obligation, unlike must and have to.

Comparison:

Should and opportunity

It is important to note that it is the impossibility of doing something, but the assumption that it is quite possible to do it.

Examples:

• Mother should win you.– Mom should defeat you (this is most likely).
• Father should come for you after work.– Dad will pick you up after work (if he has time, if he finishes work, etc., indicated – 90% possibility).
• Brother should be a great student.- There must be a brother good student(a guess, but not a fact).

You can use the verb of obligation as advice - you should do this, it would be better if you did the following. This may be generally known advice or from a specific person.

Examples:

• You shouldn't be there.– You shouldn’t be here (it would be better if you weren’t here at the moment).
• You should drink 1.5 l per day.– You should drink 1.5 liters a day (you should drink 1.5 liters a day, a generally accepted fact).

Should and criticism

If you criticize, you are arguing that someone should do something better. A modal verb is used for this should.

Examples:

• You should try harder.– You should try harder.
• You should study hard to pass the exam.– You have to study a lot to pass the exam.
• You should go to bed earlier before important days.– You should go to bed earlier before important days.

Difference between could, should and would

Could and would are united by the Russian particle BY. That is, when using these two words, “would” will definitely be present in the sentence.

For example:

• He COULD do it.- He couldn't do that.
• She COULD work as a salesperson.– She could work as a shopkeeper.
• He WOULD do it.- He would do that.
• She WOULD have worked as a salesperson.– She would work as a shopkeeper.

At the same time, these modal verbs also have separate semantic loads.

Could plays two roles:

• Second column of the verb can (Past Indefinite form);
• Polite question.

Examples:

• He could run for hours.– He could run for hours (precisely in the past).
• Could I close the window?– Can I close the window? (In this case, the LI particle plays the role of BU).

Should is very often confused with could in expressing probability. When we say: The working day ends at 18.00, he must be stuck in a traffic jam right now. – Work day finishes at 6 p.m., he should be in traffic jam now., we mean probability with a certain degree of success. We insist that the scenario develops in a similar way. Unlike could.

Work day finishes at 6 p.m., he could be in traffic jam or in a supermarket. – The working day ends at 18.00, he could be in a traffic jam or a supermarket. We do not claim that this is so, we do not even insist. We make a guess. That is, should shows a probability, and could shows a guess.

Would is also known for two roles similar to could:

• second column verb will(form for different tenses, including Conditionals);
• manifestation of desire.

In the first case, the same scheme applies as with could:

• If I knew him, I wouldn’t come.“If I had known him, I wouldn’t have come.”
• If we hadn't been there, we wouldn't have had trouble.“If we weren’t here, we wouldn’t be in trouble.”

At the same time, would retains the translation with the particle “would”.

If you express your desire, the particle can be omitted:

• Would you like a drink?– Would you like something to drink?
• I’d like a cup of tea, thanks.- I'd like a cup of tea, thank you.

Would – modal verb and form of the verb will

Would itself is used to express the will of a person:

• If we refuse something: He wouldn't do it anyway. – He wouldn’t do it (he wouldn’t want to do it, he refused it).
• We insist: I said, he would wait. “I said he’ll be waiting.” (We emphasize the semantic would).
• Let's talk about intention: I would go to Africa. – I will go to Africa.
• As a question: Would you like to go on a walk? – Would you like to go for a walk? Would you like to have a nap? – You would like to take a nap.
• As a request: Would you close the window, please? – Could you close the window, please?

Ought to and should – how to distinguish?

At its core ought to and should- These are synonymous words interchangeable with each other.

They have only two significant differences:

• We use ought with the particle “to”, while should does not.
  • We ought to help our mum. – We should help our mother.
  • They should come out in time. “They should have left on time.”
• Ought to used less often and more in a moral sense - as a voice of conscience or an indicator of a moral ideal.
  • We ought to trust each other. “We should trust each other.”
  • We ought to help poor people more often. “We should help poor people more often.”
• Should can also be used in ordinary advice that does not affect the moral side of the issue.
  • You should eat more soups. – You should eat more soups.

In other cases, ought to and should can be replaced with each other, for example:

• He ought to help his sister with a homework. He should help his sister with her homework.
• He should help his sister with a homework.– He should (or he should) help his sister with her homework. The meaning has not changed.

May and should - asking permission

May is used in similar cases to should:

• May I come in?– Can I come in?
• Should I come in?– Should I come in?

Even in the example, the difference in translation is clearly visible. In the first case, we ask permission, in the second, we clarify the details. In case of may– the desire comes from us, we ask whether it is possible to perform this or that action.

In the case of should, the call to action comes from another person:

• Here's your assignment. – Here is your job.
• Should I do it now? – Should Do I do it now?

May itself is used for:

1. Expressions of possibility. He may be upstairs.- He might be upstairs. (We don’t know this for sure, we make a very vague guess - 50/50). The similar form might is translated in the same way, but has a lower probability - 40 to 60. The assumption is even more vague. It might want some food.- It (meaning the animal) probably wants food. We don't know this for sure, so we're making a guess.
2. Permissions. You may play computer games.- You can (I allow you) to play computer games. And, accordingly, I do not allow: You may not play in the garden.– You are not allowed (you cannot) play in the garden. This form is very formal and is often used as a written statement of rules. Another formal permission question with a verb might. Might I come in?- Can I come in?
3. Questions, requests. When we need something. May I have a cup of coffee, please?– Can I have a cup of coffee, please? Might here has the same meaning in a more formal equivalent (rarely used). Might I close the door?—Can I close the door? In terms of formality, it can be compared with the Russian “dare”. Dare I close the door. Quite formal, isn’t it?
4. Ban. You may not smoke here.– You cannot smoke here (it is prohibited). A more formal phrase than must.

Might can also act as a past tense form of the verb may.

How to remember all this?

The main task is to correctly translate into Russian. Examples of education and use are the key to successful memorization of any rule. Various exercises and tests will help you learn the rule.

Modal (and auxiliary) verbs are divided into three types: by obligation, by opportunity, by permission. Moreover, the permission clause can include almost every verb. Therefore, the third type includes those that are used only for permission.

Remember:

• Duty. Must, should, ought to, have to. – You must, must or should.
• Opportunity. May, can, could, may, might.- You can.
• Other. Shall, will, need.– We ask, clarify, talk about the absence of necessity (there is no permission or permission not to do something).

There are two modal verbs in English that are different from the others in their own way. We are talking about will and shall - two grammatical structures that can have the status of not only modals. The fact is that their use, as is known, is possible not only in modal meaning; they are often used as future auxiliary verbs. Therefore, it is worth determining in what meanings shall or will are used as modal, and what functions each modal verb carries.

Main characteristics of the modal verb shall

As already mentioned, this verb was never a pure modal. However, it does have a number of specific grammatical characteristics that are inherent to these words. So, this verb cannot be followed by full, but only bare (without to). In addition, the infinitive form itself can only be Indefinite, which in many ways distinguishes it from most modal verbs. Naturally, the ending –s is not used with it. There is also a structure for it in Past –, which, as you know, has developed into a separate modal.

The difference between the modal shall and the auxiliary is also that in tense the Future auxiliary verb, as is known, depends on the person. This means that shall or will must be used depending on what the subject is: in the first person – shall. But this rule does not work with a modal verb, and modal in certain functions is used with by different persons.

Interrogative sentences

Regardless of whether our verb is modal or auxiliary in the future tense, in questions it always comes first:

• Shall I help you? –To me help you?
• Shall we finish the work right now? – Should we finish work right now?

The negative form is formed in a very standard way. The particle not comes to the rescue, which is placed after the verb – shall not. In addition, abbreviated forms are often used in negations. The abbreviation looks like shan’t:

• I shall not participate in this affair –I Not I'll accept participation V this in fact

Functions in a sentence

Despite the fact that this verb can be used with different persons, the form of the subject still matters, which is especially true when we're talking about about possible values:

1. Will, desire.

This function is characteristic only of the first person and is usually used in a formal style of speech:

We shall support all the wishes of our people –We let's support All desires our people

2. Interrogative sentences.

Characteristic only for the first and third person:

Shall I open the attic? –To me open attic?

3. Coercion, strict order.

Only second and third person are possible in this function:

You shall leave this house right now! – You will leave this house right now!

4. Threat or warning (also second and third parties):

Johnny! You shall be punished if you don’t stop doing it! –Johnny! You will be punished if you don't stop doing this

5. Promise (second and third parties):

Don't worry; they shall take you with them too –Not worry, They And you will take With yourself

6. Legal claims against a third party

A very rare function, which is similar in meaning to must:

The sheriff shall maintain order in his town– The sheriff must maintain order in his city

Main characteristics of the modal verb will

The verb will can also act as either an auxiliary or a modal verb. It has the same features as the previous verb. Differences can be found only in functions and in the fact that, being an auxiliary verb, the second and third persons are used with it, but not the first. In addition, there is will form and for the past tense – would, which over time acquired the status of an independent verb.

Interrogative sentences

There is no complexity in questions with will: it comes first, then the subject and the rest of the structure:

Will Jack come in? –Jack will come in?

Negations and short forms

Will not is a typical negation with this modal. The abbreviated form won’t is also quite common:

• I will not take any measures –I Not Want accept no measures
• We won ’ t drink tea or coffee. – We don’t want to drink tea or coffee.

In the meanings of this verb, the person is not so important. However, there are possible optimal options here:

1.Will, desire.

And here, unlike its predecessor, we are not talking about something lofty and formal. A typical translation is “to want”; Any person is used here, but the first one is most common:

I will tell you the truth –I want to tell you the truth

Note: this function is very often found if the sentence has an if conjunction. This situation should not be confused with a conditional sentence; here will retains its meaning “to want”:

She may take any drink if she will – SheMaybetakeanydrink, Ifwants

2. Persistence

on something that relates to the present or future and often reflects habits:

Don’ t ask me about it. – But I will ! - Don't ask me about it. - But I will still be there!

3. Expressing a polite offer to someone for something:

Will do you take a piece of cake? –Not want to whether a piece cake?

4. A guess or some kind of prediction,

which refers to the future:

Did you hear the doorbell? – Yes, it will be Brian –You heard call V door? – Yes, This will Brian

All these nuances will help determine what the main difference between shall and will is, as well as what points should be taken into account when using one or another modal. Their separation into two separate structures is important point grammar in the Modal Verbs section and can help in expressing certain emotions and states.