05/04/2012 | Russian folk instruments

Gusli- a stringed musical instrument, the most common in Russia. It is the most ancient Russian stringed musical instrument. There are wing-shaped and helmet-shaped harps. The first, in later samples, have a triangular shape and from 5 to 14 strings, tuned according to the steps of the diatonic scale, helmet-shaped - 10-30 strings of the same tuning. The wing-shaped harp (they are also called ringed harp) is played, as a rule, by rattling all the strings and muffling unnecessary sounds with the fingers of the left hand; on the helmet-shaped or psalt-shaped harp, the strings are plucked with both hands.

Gusli in the form described above is essentially a purely Russian phenomenon. Many Slavic peoples have musical instruments with similar names: gusle - among Serbs and Bulgarians, gusle, guzla, gusli - among Croats, gosle - among Slovenes, guslic - among Poles, housle ("violin") among Czechs. However, these instruments are quite diverse, and many of them are bowed (for example, guzla, which has only one horsehair string).

Researchers of the early 20th century. noted the striking similarity of the contemporary Chuvash and Cheremis gusli with images of this instrument in medieval Russian manuscripts (for example, in the Service Book of the 14th century, where in capital letter D is represented by a man playing the harp, and in the Makaryevskaya Chetye-Minea of ​​1542). In these images, the performers hold the harp on their knees and pluck the strings with their fingers. In exactly the same way, at the beginning of the 20th century, the Chuvash and Cheremis played the gusli. The strings of their harp were intestinal; their number was not always the same. Psalter-shaped harps are believed to have been brought to Russia by the Greeks, and the Chuvash and Cheremis borrowed this instrument from the Russians.

The clavier-shaped gusli, which was also found at the beginning of the 20th century, mainly among the Russian clergy, was an improved type of psalter-shaped gusli. This instrument consisted of a rectangular resonance box with a lid, which rested on a table. Several round cutouts (voices) were made on the resonance board, and two concave wooden blocks were attached to it. One of them had iron pegs screwed in, onto which metal strings were wound; the other beam played the role of a stringer, that is, it served to attach the strings. The keyboard-shaped harp had a piano tuning, with the strings corresponding to the black keys being placed below those corresponding to the white keys.

For clavier-shaped gusli there were notes and a school compiled in early XIX V. Fedor Kushenov-Dmitrevsky.

In addition to the psaltery-shaped gusli, there were kantele, similar to the Finnish instrument. Probably, this type of gusli was borrowed by the Russians from the Finns. By the beginning of the 20th century it had almost completely disappeared.

Balalaika- Russian folk three-stringed plucked musical instrument, from 600-700 mm (prima balalaika) to 1.7 meters (double bass balalaika) in length, with a triangular, slightly curved (in the 18th-19th centuries also oval) wooden body. The balalaika is one of the instruments that has become (along with the accordion and, to a lesser extent, the pity) a musical symbol of the Russian people.

The body is glued together from separate (6-7) segments, the head of the long neck is slightly bent back. The strings are metal (in the 18th century, two of them were gut strings; modern balalaikas have nylon or carbon). On the neck of a modern balalaika there are 16-31 metal frets (up to late XIX centuries - 5-7 imposed frets).

The sound is clear but soft. The most common techniques for producing sound: rattling, pizzicato, double pizzicato, single pizzicato, vibrato, tremolo, rolls, guitar techniques.

Balalaika-double bass

Before the transformation of the balalaika into a concert instrument at the end of the 19th century by Vasily Andreev, it did not have a constant, widespread system. Each performer tuned the instrument in accordance with his manner of performance, the general mood of the pieces being played, and local traditions.

The system introduced by Andreev (two strings in unison - the note "E", one - a quart higher - the note "A" (both "E" and "A" of the first octave) became widespread among concert balalaika players and began to be called "academic". There is also a “folk” tuning - the first string is “G”, the second is “E”, the third is “C”. In this tuning, triads are easier to take, but its disadvantage is the difficulty of playing on open strings. In addition to the above, there are also regional traditions of tuning the instrument The number of rare local settings reaches two dozen.

The balalaika is a fairly common musical instrument that is studied in academic music schools in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

The duration of training on the balalaika in a children's music school is 5 - 7 years (depending on the age of the student), and on average educational institution— 4 years, in a higher educational institution 4-5 years. Repertoire: arrangements of folk songs, transcriptions classical works, original music.

There is no unambiguous point of view on the origin of the balalaika. It is believed that the balalaika has become widespread since the end of the 17th century. Possibly comes from Asian dombra. It was “a long two-stringed instrument, had a body about one and a half spans in length (about 27 cm) and one span in width (about 18 cm) and a neck (neck) at least four times longer” (M. Guthrie, “ Dissertation on Russian antiquities").

The balalaika acquired its modern appearance thanks to the musician-educator Vasily Andreev and masters V. Ivanov, F. Paserbsky, S. Nalimov and others. Andreev suggested making the soundboard from spruce, and making the back of the balalaika from beech, and also shortening it (to 600-700 mm). The family of balalaikas made by F. Paserbsky (piccolo, primu, alto, tenor, bass, double bass) became the basis of the Russian folk orchestra. Later, F. Paserbsky received a patent in Germany for the invention of the balalaika.

The balalaika is used as a solo concert, ensemble and orchestral instrument.

Accordion (accordion)

- reed keyboard-pneumatic musical instrument. All hand-held harmonicas that do not belong to the button accordion and various accordions are called harmonicas.

The design of the harmonica, like most other types of hand-held harmonicas, consists of a right and left half-body, on each of them there is a keyboard with buttons and (or) keys. The left keyboard is intended for accompaniment - pressing one button will sound a bass or an entire chord (note: the turtle accordion does not have a left keyboard); the melody is played on the right. Between the half-cases there is a bellows chamber to allow air to be pumped to the sound bars of the instrument.

The distinctive features of accordions, in comparison with a button accordion or an accordion, are:

• As a rule, the harmonium can only produce sounds of the diatonic scale, or with a certain number of chromatic sounds. For example, in a harmonica with 25 keys in the right and left keyboard (25/25) with the key “C”, these are the sounds: “G-sharp” of the first octave, E-flat and F-sharp of the second octave. For a harmonica with 27 keys in the right keyboard, in addition to the indicated sounds, C-sharp and B-flat are also added.
• Reduced range of sounds (number of octaves).
• Smaller dimensions (dimensions).

It is impossible to say with certainty where exactly the hand accordion was first invented. It is widely believed that the accordion was invented in Germany, at the beginning of the 19th century, by Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann, a native of the city of Friedrichrod. However, there is other data. The Germans themselves consider the accordion to be a Russian invention, and according to the research of Academician Mirek, the first accordion appeared in St. Petersburg in 1783 through the efforts of the Czech organ master Frantisek Kirshnik (he invented new way sound extraction - using a metal reed that vibrates under the influence of air flow). It is considered a folk instrument of the Tatars since the second half of the 19th century. There are other views on this problem.

Russian harmonicas are divided into two types according to the type of sound production: firstly, harmonicas, in which, when the bellows are stretched and compressed, each button when pressed produces a sound of the same pitch, and, secondly, harmonicas, in which the pitch of the sound changes in depending on the direction of movement of the bellows. The first type includes such harmonicas as “livenka”, “Russian venka”, “khromka” (the most common in our time). The second type includes “talyanka”, “cherepanka”, “Tula”, “Vyatskaya”. You can divide the harmonies according to the type of right keyboard, depending on the number of rows of buttons. The most common accordion in our time is the two-row “lame”, but there are also three-row instruments and instruments with one row of buttons.

• Single-row accordions: Tula, Livenskaya, Vyatka, Talyanka (short for “Italian”, there are 12/15 buttons on the right keyboard, and three on the left).
• Double-row accordions: Russian wreath (first double-row), lame.
• Automatic accordion.

Wooden spoons used in the Slavic tradition as a musical instrument. The game set ranges from 3 to 5 spoons, sometimes of different sizes. The sound is produced by striking the back sides of the scoops against each other. The timbre of the sound depends on the method of sound production.

Typically, one performer uses three spoons, two of which are placed between the fingers of the left hand, and the third is taken in the right. The blows are made with the third spoon, two at a time in the left hand. Usually, for convenience, blows are made on the hand or knee. Sometimes bells are hung from the spoons.

In Belarus, only two spoons are traditionally used when playing.

In addition, spoons are widely used in American folk music and minstrel shows. British art-rock band Caravan use electric spoons (spoons equipped with an electrical amplification device) in their performances, played by Jeff Richardson.

The first Russian folk musical instruments arose a long time ago, back in time immemorial. You can learn about what our ancestors played from paintings, handwritten brochures and popular prints.

A certain number of tools were found during excavations, and now no one can doubt that they were indeed widespread in Rus'. Our ancestors could not live without music. Many of them knew how to independently make the simplest instruments, which were then passed on by inheritance. In the evenings, people gathered and played, resting from a hard day.

Let's take a closer look at musical instruments. At least general idea Every resident of our country should know about them.

Gusli

This is an instrument with strings. It first appeared in Rus'.

The gusli is the oldest of all that have come down to us. They are helmet-shaped and wing-shaped. The latter were made in the shape of a triangle, the minimum number of strings was 5, and the maximum was 14. On wing-shaped (ringed) harp, such a thing is that a person touches all the strings with his right hand at once. And at this time, the left one neutralizes unnecessary sounds. As for the helmet-shaped ones (they are also called psalter-shaped ones), a person plays them with both hands at once. These folk instruments are quite difficult to master, but they are worth it.

Clavier-shaped harp

Let's consider them too. They were common not only in antiquity, but also in the twentieth century, often played by representatives of the clergy.

These harps were similar to psalter-shaped ones, but an order of magnitude better. The basis of this tool was a rectangular box equipped with a lid. Several voice boxes (special oval holes) were cut out on one side of it, then a pair of wooden chips were attached to it. Metal pegs were screwed into one of them, and strings of the same material were wound on them. Another sliver served as a snare. No special explanation is required here, the name speaks for itself. The strings were fixed on it. This instrument had a piano tuning. It is interesting that the strings similar to the dark keys were located lower than the corresponding white ones. To play the keyboard-shaped harp, you had to know the notes. Otherwise, a normal melody would not have turned out. The folk instruments, pictures of which you see in front of you, captivate everyone who hears them.

Kantele's relative

It is impossible not to mention the harp, which in appearance resembled a kantele - an instrument originally from Finland. Most likely, the Russians were inspired to create them by the traditions of this country. Unfortunately, in the twentieth century such harps were completely forgotten.

Now you know the most famous ancient folk stringed instruments.

Balalaika

Many folk musicians still play it today. The balalaika is a plucked instrument with three strings.

Its sizes vary greatly: there are models whose size reaches 600 mm, but there are also types with a length of 1.7 meters. In the first case we're talking about about the so-called prima, and in the second - about the balalaika-double bass. This instrument has a slightly curved wooden body, but in the XVIII— XIX century x there were also oval ones. If you ask any foreigner what Russia is associated with, he will certainly think of the balalaika. The accordion and the pity are also symbols of our country, but less popular.

Sound features

The sound of the balalaika is loud, but gentle. The most common playing techniques are single and double pizzicato. Not least important are rattling, rolls, vibrato, and tremolo. Folk instruments, including the balalaika, sound quite soft, although loud. The melodies are very soulful and often sad.

Balalaika-double bass

Previously, this instrument did not have an established, universally used tuning.

Each musician tuned it according to his preferences, the mood of the melodies played and local customs. However, in the 19th century he radically changed this situation, after which the balalaika became an indispensable attribute of many concerts. The folk instruments, photos of which you see, are still used by many musicians today in their performances.

Academic and popular system

The system created by Andreev has gained enormous popularity among performers traveling around the country. It began to be called academic. In addition to it, there is also the so-called popular system. In this case, it is easier to play triads, but the difficulty lies in the fact that it is quite difficult to use open strings. In addition to all of the above, there are also local ways to tune the balalaika. There are twenty of them.

We can say that the balalaika is a fairly popular folk instrument. Many people learn to play it in music schools in our country, as well as in Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Belarus. Folk instruments today attract many young people, and this is encouraging.

Ancient balalaika

There is no clear answer to the question of when the balalaika appeared - there are many versions. And she gained popularity in XVII century. It is possible that its ancestor is the Kazakh dombra. The ancient balalaika was a fairly long instrument, the body length of which was approximately 27 cm. And its width reached 18 cm. The instrument was also notable for its very elongated neck.

Modification of the instrument

The balalaikas played today differ in appearance from the ancient ones. The instrument was modified by musician V. Andreev together with S. Nalimov, F. Paserbsky, and also V. Ivanov. These people decided that the soundboard should be made from spruce and the back from beech. In addition, Andreev proposed making the tool a little shorter, up to 700 mm. Wonderful man F. Paserbsky invented a whole group of balalaikas: primu, tenor, double bass, piccolo, alto, bass. Today it is impossible to imagine a traditional Russian orchestra without them. After some time, this man, who made many Russian folk instruments, received a patent for them.

The balalaika can be used not only in orchestras, it is also often played solo.

Harmonic

This is a reed instrument belonging to the keyboard-pneumatic family.

The accordion should not be confused with the accordion and button accordion.

This instrument consists of two semi-cases on which panels with keys and buttons are located. The left side is necessary for accompaniment: if you hold down one key, you will hear a bass or an entire chord, and the right side is intended for playing. In the middle there is a fur compartment for pumping oxygen to the sound bars of the accordion.

How does this instrument differ from an accordion or accordion:

On a standard harmonica, the musician usually produces exclusively diatonic sounds, in some cases chromatic ones are also added;

Fewer octaves;

Compactness.

Who invented this instrument?

There is no exact information about where the first accordion was made. According to one version, it was created in Germany in the 19th century. Its inventor is considered to be F.K. Bushman. But there are other versions. In Germany, there is an opinion that the accordion was created in Russia, and if you believe the scientist Mirek, then the first such instrument was made in northern capital in 1783, it was created by Frantisek Kirshnik, an organ master originally from the Czech Republic. This man came up with an original way of producing sound - through an iron tongue set in motion by exposure to oxygen. Since the end of the 19th century, the accordion has been considered a Tatar folk instrument. There are other, no less interesting versions.

Classification of accordions

These folk instruments, common in Russia, are divided into two types according to the method of producing sound. The first category includes harmonicas in which, when the bellows move, all keys, when pressed, produce sounds of the same pitch. Such tools are quite popular. And the second category includes harmonicas, in which the pitch of the sound depends on which direction the bellows move. The first type includes the instruments “khromka” (the most popular today), “Russian wreath”, and also “livenka”. And “talyanka”, “Tula”, “cherepanka” and “Vyatskaya” belong to the second category. You can classify harmonicas by the type of right keyboard, and more specifically, by the number of keys. Today, the “khromka”, which has two rows of buttons, has become widely known, but there are tools with three, and some even have only one row. Now you understand that there are many accordions and they are all different.

• Tools with one row of buttons: “Tula”, “Vyatka”, “Livenskaya”, “Talyanka”. The last name is derived from “Italian”, there are 12/15 keys on the right, and 3 on the left.
• Tools with two rows of buttons: “chrome”, “Russian wreath”.
• The accordion is automatic.

Spoons

Our ancestors played them too. The minimum number of spoons per musician is three, the maximum is five.

These Russian folk instruments can come in different sizes. When the spoons hit each other with the convex part, a characteristic sound is produced. Its height may vary depending on the method of its production.

Playing technique

A musician, as a rule, plays on three spoons: he holds one in right hand, and places the remaining two between the phalanges of the left. It's not hard to imagine. Most performers hit the leg or arm. This is explained by the fact that it is much more convenient. The blows are made with one spoon against two spoons held in the left hand. In some cases, the scoops are supplemented with small bells.

Belarusian musicians prefer to play with only two spoons.

It should be noted that scoops are widespread among folk performers from the USA and Britain. Jeff Richardson, a member of the English art-rock band Caravan, plays electric spoons during concerts.

Ukrainian folk instruments

A few words should be said about them.

In ancient times, cymbals, bagpipes, torban, violins, harp and other wind, percussion, and string instruments were common in Ukraine. In most cases, they were made from various available materials (animal bones, leather, wood).

The most popular is the kobza-bandura, without which it is impossible to imagine the Ukrainian epic.

The harp also gained wide popularity. This is with strings, there could be many of them, up to thirty or forty. In addition to Ukrainians and Russians, they were played by Czechs, Belarusians and many other nationalities. This suggests that the harp is truly magnificent, and even today it should not be forgotten.

Be sure to listen to folk instruments whose names you now know. Beautiful melodies will definitely not leave you indifferent.

Introduction

Due to the lack of a structured state policy in the field of culture and the disinterest of commercial media in promoting spiritual values ​​in modern Russia The problem of reducing public interest in culture, and, in particular, in one of its basic components - folk music, became acute.

But the traditions of our country are inextricably linked with performing folk musical instruments. Currently, even children studying in music schools often have no idea about folk instruments; their knowledge is limited only brief information about the instrument they are learning to play.

And knowledge about the history of the creation of folk instruments is very important for broadening one’s horizons and educating cognitive activity students to maintain interest in learning.

Entering the world of folk music, the child begins to feel that he is an integral part of his society, his culture, and becomes the spiritual heir of its traditions.

Every person and every nation, in order to live meaningfully and with dignity, in order to enjoy the respect of others, needs to know themselves, understand their place in the natural world, other people, other nations. Such knowledge and understanding are possible only when organically mastered folk culture, when the past is understood and meaningful. Then you can independently and successfully plan your future, building its foundation in the present.

The past, present and future are connected in the personality of each person, in creative activity every people. If these connections are broken, then the efficiency and pace of natural development of each person and society as a whole decrease.

One of the most important tasks facing our society at the present time is the spiritual, moral and patriotic education of the younger generation, which cannot be achieved without assimilating the cultural and historical experience of the people. Nothing contributes more to the formation and development of personality, its creative activity, than turning to folk origins, traditions, rituals, oral and song folk art.

In this regard, during music lessons I great attention I devote myself to the topic of studying Russian folk art.

Summary of a music lesson in 5th grade on the topic

"Russian folk musical instruments"

Lesson type: deepening and expanding knowledge.

Lesson format: traditional with game elements.

Lesson structure:

• Organizational stage:creates psychological attitude students.
• Testing students' knowledge:(crossword, assignments) helps to identify the level of students’ knowledge on this topic and activate their creative and mental activity.
• Learning new material:acquaintance with new instruments, with V.V. Andreev, creator of the first folk orchestra.
• Practical stage:reveals the rhythmic abilities of students, the ability to perform a piece of music in an ensemble on instruments, the level of abilities, creative thinking and skill.

The purpose of the lesson: expanding and consolidating students’ knowledge about Russian folk instruments, showing the originality and place of Russian folk instruments in the life of a Russian person..

Tasks:

Educational

1. To develop students' understanding of the variety of musical instruments.To introduce the creator of the first folk instrument orchestra, to show the role of the folk instrument orchestra in preserving folk art.

2. Teach children to distinguish the timbres of musical instruments, remember their names.

3. Teach children the skills of performing music using musical instruments (wooden spoons, rattle, tambourine, bells, triangles)

Developmental

Develop in children:

Timbre and rhythmic hearing, performing skills,

Awareness of the importance of collective music performance, without diminishing the importance of the personal contribution of each performer,

Logical thinking, memory, ability to work in a group and individually,

- interest in listening to music,musical perception, vocal-choral and rhythmic skills, attention, memory, creativity.

Educational

1. To develop children’s interest in Russian musical culture.

2. To cultivate in students love and respect for the traditions and history of their country.

3. Develop in the minds of students moral qualities, a sense of patriotism.

4. Involve students in joint creativity.

Pedagogical technology: ICT (The lesson is accompanied by a presentation made in the format Power Point)

Equipment needed for the lesson:

Musical instruments – piano, button accordion, accordion, balalaika, balalaika-bass, domra, accordion, tambourine, bells, pipe, rattle, spoons,

Cards with inscriptions of tools,

Computer, screen, slides with images of musical instruments.

Musical repertoire:

Fragments of recordings of the sound of Russian folk instruments,

Fragments of recordings of the sound of Russian folk tunes and melodies.

Visual and didactic aids.

1. Illustrations with images of Russian folk instruments.
2. Portrait of Andreev V.V.
3. Musical and noise instruments.

Methods: verbal, visual, practical.

Planned results:

The student will learn:

- respond emotionally and aesthetically to art, expressing their attitude towards it in various types of musical and creative activities,

Appreciate domestic folk musical traditions,

Communicate and interact in the process of collective embodiment of various artistic images,

Perform as an accompaniment musical works on musical instruments.

The student will have the opportunity to learn:

- implement creative potential, implementing their own musical and performing plans in various types of activities.

1. Children enter the classroom to the Russian folk music “The Moon is Shining.”

Introductory and motivational moment. Performing a musical greeting song.

1. Introduction to the topic of the lesson.

Meeting Russians folk instruments, demonstration of instruments, familiarization with their sound.

- Working with cards:Determining by ear the names of instruments by their sound.

1. Introduction to the concept of “Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments. The history of the creation of the first Russian folk orchestra by Vasily Andreev.”

1. Listening to the Russian folk dance song “The Moon is Shining”, arranged by V.V. Andreev, working on emotional terms.

1. Practical work:

Vocal and choral work on Russian folk song"The moon is shining"

1. Grading.

1. Homework: draw a musical instrument of a Russian folk orchestra.

During the classes:

1. Entrance of children to the class under Russian. adv. music "The Moon Is Shining"

Introductory and motivational moment. Performing a musical chant - greetings.

(a crossword is drawn on the board,

cards with the names of the instruments are also attached)

Hello guys! My name is Krupa Natalya Viktorovna. I am a music teacher at school No. 3 in Magdagachi. Today I will teach a music lesson in your class.

I'm glad to see you! And I invite you totravel around amazing world music!I think that in today's lesson you will be wonderful helpers for me!

Musical greeting:

Teacher: Hello, guys!

Children: Hello!(I seat the children at their desks)

Teacher: As already said, today, guys, I invite you to join me on another journey through the wonderful world of music to expand your knowledge. You are ready?

1. Introduction to the topic of the lesson.

Introduction to Russian folk instruments, demonstration of instruments, familiarization with their sound,

Working with cards: determining by ear the names of instruments by their sound.

Guys, imagine a world without music. What would it be like?

Do people really need music?

At what age is music needed?

So why is music important to us regardless of age? (In it we express our thoughts and feelings unusually strongly and vividly)

Music is one of the most ancient arts.

What gives birth to music?(musical instrument).

We are already on the way to revealing the topic of the lesson, and in order to fully determine it, I ask you to solve the crossword puzzle.

Do you like riddles?

Listen carefully to the riddles, name the answers together, and -_________ will open them. Guessing is tools.

(I point to the instruments with my hand)

1. Loud. Clean, naughty!

He brings joy with him!

And he will be at the holiday!

Play along nicely TAMBOURINE!

2. Three strings, plays loudly.
That instrument is the “cocked hat”.
Find out quickly
What is this? BALALAIKA

3.This nice tool

You'll guess in no time!

The sound is loud and clear!

And her name is RATCHETKA!

1. 
   But she only needs three strings for music.
   The strings sing until the morning! That's it, guys DOMRA!

6.He has a pleated shirt

He loves to dance in a squat position.

Merry fellow and brawler

7. An instrument starts playing - everyone hears it at once!

Well done guys! Daredevils BELLS!

8. Know that they are neighbors with the drum.
They are made of copper.
That tool is not a trinket,
In music there are also...(DISHES)

What word came out vertically? (folk)

What were the clues? (tools)

So, guys, announce the topic of the lesson.

The topic of the lesson is “Journey to the country of Russian folk instruments”

(SLIDE “Journey into Musical Instruments”)

Today in the lesson you will get to know folk instruments better, reveal the secrets of their sound, get acquainted with the concept of “Orchestra of Folk Instruments”, find out when and by whom the first orchestra of Russian folk instruments was created, and also practice playing musical instruments

Therefore, I ask you to be attentive listeners, spectators and participants!

From ancient times to the present day, musical instruments have lived alongside humans.

Why do you think instruments are called “folk”? That's right, because for the most part they were created by Russian masters, whose names have not reached us, and ordinary people played them.

1. One of the most ancient instruments known in Rus' back in the 6th century is the gusli.

(card with the name on the board)

Show tool(Slide “GUSLI”)

What is the instrument? - a board that looks like a wing with strings stretched across it - an ancient wing-shaped harp.

Musicians - storytellers - walked around Rus' and, to the sound of the gusli, they talked about the campaigns of the princely squads, about historical events, about heroes.

(Slide “Storytellers”)

The gusli was placed on the knees and the strings were plucked with the fingers or a pick (a special small plate, like a leaf).

Folk tales brought to us the name of the legendary Russian singer - guslar Bayan.

(slide “Boyan”)

In ancient times there were no orchestras. Cheerful jokers and musicians walked around the cities and villages and amused everyone: both at the princely feast and at the village wedding. They sang, tumbled, acted out skits, played folk instruments, and staged funny performances.

Who knows what these artists were called? - That's right, buffoons.

(slide “Buffoons”)

The buffoon will set up the domra,

The buffoon will take out the pipe,

And honest and kind people

Make you laugh with a funny joke!

1. Buffoons played various instruments. One of them was domra. Domra (card on the board) is a plucked string instrument with an oval body, a long neck and three to four strings. This instrument is the basis of the folk orchestra.

(Slide “DOMRA”).

The buffoons played on the domra with a bone or a feather.

Not everyone liked their performances, because they could make fun of greed, stupidity, anger, or portray someone. This angered the authorities. The persecution of buffoons began. They were severely punished, exiled, and sometimes executed. The domra was also pursued along with them. The royal decree ordered the buffoons not to perform, their instruments to be taken away and destroyed. And it was simply a miracle that this instrument was preserved in distant villages and reached us.

(Listening to “Domra sounds”)

1. There are instruments that are considered a musical symbol of a nation.

Everyone knows in Rus',

At least ask someone about her!

Vanya will go beyond the fence,

“Train-di-string!” will play.

(card on the board)

(Slide “BALALAYKA”)

(instrument display)

The balalaika has been known in Rus' for hundreds of years. In the 18th and 19th centuries it was perhaps the most widespread folk instrument. They danced to it and sang songs. Fairy tales were told about her.

In 1887 Vasily Vasilievich Andreev(Slide “ANDREEV”)organized a “Circle of Balalaika Lovers” in St. Petersburg, and now it is called the “Orchestra of Folk Instruments named after Vasily Vasilyevich Andreev”

(Listen to "Balalaika Sounds")

1. This is also a balalaika, but it has a low, bass sound. And it's called Balalaika-bass.(card on the board)

Slide “BALALAIKA-BASS”)

(Sound of balalaika bass)

(very heavy instrument, requires male strength)

1. Guys, you have already solved the riddle about this instrument today!

This is a tambourine! The tambourine is simply shaken(card on the board)

(Slide “Tambourine”)

(I invite the child to play the tambourine)

Game "Rhythmic Echo"

1. They eat soup at lunch,
   By evening they will “talk”
   Wooden girls
   Musical sisters!
   Play a little too
   On beautiful bright (SPOONS)(card on the board)

SPOONS arose first.

(Slide “Spoons”)

Spoons. Russian folk instrument, consists of two ordinary wooden spoons. They are struck against each other with their convex sides and a clear, ringing sound is obtained. Previously, small bells were tied to the handles of spoons.

(showing a game on spoons,

I invite the child to play on the spoons)

Describe the sound of the instrument.

Sometimes independent ensembles and even entire spoon orchestras are organized.

(Slide “SPOONS”)

Game "Rhythmic Echo"

1. Ratchet. (card on the board)

The instrument is made of nothing but thin planks, which are strung on a cord and separated from one another by narrow strips. The player who plays the rattle holds it by the ends and, shaking it in different ways, produces ringing and dry sounds in different rhythms.(I invite the child to play on the rattle)

Describe the sound of the instrument.

Horn, pipe

(I invite the child to play the pipe)

Describe the sound of the instrument.

Musical and rhythmic exercises

1. Harmonic (card on the board)

It was invented in Germany. At first they were brought to Russia as souvenirs. Once upon a time at a fair in Nizhny Novgorod Tula gunsmith Sizov heard unusual instrument, bought it, took it apart at home and made a similar one myself. Later they began to make accordions in other cities.

(Slide “Accordion”)

Each region made its own harmonicas, with its own distinctive sound. There are Tula, Smolensk, Saratov, Talyanka, etc. The instrument is very popular, especially in the villages.

(Tools show)

(Listening to "The Sound of Harmony")

Guys, the balalaika and accordion are symbols of Russia.

No wonder they say: “The balalaika and the accordion light a fire in us!”

(Slide “Balalaika and accordion”)

1. Bayan is an improved accordion, the sound is more powerful and interesting.

(card on the board)

(Tool show)

Sound is produced by blowing bellows.

(Listening to “The Sound of the Accordion”)

(listening to accordion and balalaika - bass)

1. He looks like a brother to the button accordion, where there is fun, there he is.
   I won’t give any hints, everyone is familiar with the ACCORDION!

(card on the board)

(Tool show)

(Listening to "The Sound of the Accordion")

4.Introduction to the concept of “Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments The history of the creation of the first Russian folk orchestra by Vasily Andreev”

Russian folk orchestra- a group of instrumentalists, an ensemble of folk instruments, including instruments from the familydomr And balalaikas , and harp , button accordions , pathetic and other Russian folk instruments.

(under the cards with the names of the instruments I paste a poster “Orchestra of Folk Instruments”)

(slide – photo of the orchestra)

Introduction to the concept of “Conductor”

Who is impolite?

Turned his back on us

Started waving his arms

Right in the hall in front of us.

He is not accustomed to order

Or doing exercises?

Who does the orchestra and choir sound with?

We know this is... CONDUCTOR

What does the conductor do? ---...

The first such group was created in 1888 in St. Petersburg by a balalaika playerV. V. Andreev as the “Circle of Balalaika Lovers”, after successful concerts in Russia and abroad, which received the name “Great Russian Orchestra”.

(Slide “ANDREEV”)

Later, orchestras of Russian folk instruments became widespread and exist almost everywhere. The repertoire of Russian folk orchestras usually includes arrangements of Russian folk works.

Guys, it’s very happy that we also have our own orchestra of Russian folk instruments in the village of Magdagachi. This is an ensemble of teachers music school. The photo is now shown on the slide.

(Slide)

(I invite children to enroll in a music school)

5. Listening to the sound of an orchestra of folk instruments.

Working on emotional terms.

5.Practical work:

Work on breathing, facial exercises, work on diction.

1. Flower."

Guys, today we found ourselves in a clearing! There are so many beautiful fragrant flowers here! Let's all "pick" a flower and smell them! / at the same time, a slow, silent breath is taken, without raising the shoulders. The teacher must pay attention to the shoulders of each child.

1. "Bumblebee".

Oh, look guys, a big furry bumblebee has flown into our clearing! He also smells the flowers and sings his song. Let us smell the flower / the children take a slow breath / and sing the bumblebee song: v-v-v-. R

1. "Dandelion".

Taras - bars

Rastabars!

At Varvara's

Chickens are old!

2. “Smile – tube” - on “one” - lips in a smile, on “two” - stretch your lips forward in a tube. We present the same exercise to children as “Happy and Sad”: a smile means a cheerful person, lips in the “Tube” position means a sad person. Musical accompaniment - “Clowns” music by D. Kabalevsky;

Chanting

1. Keep one sound(M__M_M_M_)
2. We perform three adjacent sounds from top to bottom (TR_TR_TR, Yu_YU_YU_)
3. We perform 5 adjacent sounds (TR_TR_TR, LY_LE_LYO, LYU_LYU_LYU, RO-DI-NA_MO_YA)
4. We perform the sounds of a major triad in the lower movement. (YU_YU_YU_, YA_I_DU, RO_DI_NA)

Do you want to sing beautifully?

Then try not to turn your head!

Stand up beautifully, pull yourself up

Smile widely for everyone!

Vocal and choral work on Russian. adv. song “There was a birch tree in the field”

Now let's create our own orchestra!

Playing folk instruments.

1. Reflection. Generalization of acquired knowledge. : what I knew about this topic, what I learned new, what I want to learn more.

Quiz.

Guys, you have sheets of paper on your tables. One group has a sheet of paper drawn and numbered, the other has Blank sheet indicating numbers and cards with images of tools. I ask you to answer my question:

The first group is in the form of recording the name of the instrument according to numbering,

The second group is in the form of a pasted image of the instrument.

1.- Which instrument is the most ancient? (harp)

2.- Which instrument is the leading one in a folk instrument orchestra? (domra)

3.- What instrument do they say “Tren-di-stren”? (balalaika)

4. - What is the name of a balalaika with a low bass sound? (balalaika – bass)

5.- What is the name of the instrument that I hold in my hand? (tambourine)

6.- Identify an instrument that produces a dry, crackling sound. (ratchet)

7.- What instrument do they say: “In the morning they eat porridge!” Will they talk by evening?” (spoons)

9. A close relative of the accordion, not a brawler, not a brawler, cheerful (accordion)

10. This instrument is similar to both a piano and a button accordion. (accordion)

(verification of quiz results - sheets are attached to the board)

Reflection: Guys, I want to know whether you liked our lesson or not, and in what mood you are going home.

To do this, two images have been prepared in advance on the board:

And according to the number of students, cards with a picture of a treble clef are distributed. If the students liked the lesson, then attach the treble clef to the image of the major; if not, then attach the treble clef to the minor. By the number of treble clefs in each image of minor and major, you can judge the quality of the lesson.

A Russian folk musical instrument is an object with the help of which musicians produce any sounds, including non-musical, unorganized sounds.

Existing ordinary musical instruments are divided into several groups: plucked strings, bowed strings, brass winds, reed winds, woodwinds, percussion. A separate group can be distinguished keyboard instruments, although the methods of sound production in them are often different.

The physical basis of a musical instrument that produces musical sounds (except for digital electrical devices) is a resonator. This could be a string, a column of air in a certain volume, an oscillatory circuit, or another object capable of storing supplied energy in the form of vibrations. The resonant frequency of the resonator determines the fundamental tone (first overtone) of the sound produced. The instrument can produce as many sounds simultaneously as there are resonators installed in it. The sound begins at the moment energy is introduced into the resonator. The resonant frequencies of some instruments' resonators can often be changed smoothly or discretely as the instrument is played.

In musical instruments that produce non-musical sounds, such as drums, the presence of a resonator is not essential.

Russian musical instruments

Balalaika

Balalaika is a Russian folk three-string plucked musical instrument with a triangular, slightly curved wooden body. This is one of the instruments that has become a musical symbol of the Russian people.

The very name of the instrument is typically folk, with the sound of syllable combinations conveying the nature of playing it. The root of the words “balalaika”, or, as it was also called, “balabaika”, has long attracted the attention of researchers due to its kinship with such Russian words as balakat, balabonit, balabolit, balagurit, which means to talk about something insignificant, chatter, razzle-dazzle, idle talk , scribble. All these concepts, complementing each other, convey the essence of the balalaika - a light, funny, “strumming”, not very serious instrument.

The body is glued together from separate (6-7) segments, the head of the long neck is slightly bent back. The strings are metal (In the 18th century, two of them were vein strings; modern balalaikas have nylon or carbon). On the neck of a modern balalaika there are 16-31 metal frets (until the end of the 19th century - 5-7 fixed frets).

In the modern orchestra of Russian folk instruments, five varieties of balalaikas are used: prima, second, viola, bass and double bass. Of these, only the prima (600-700 mm) is a solo, virtuoso instrument, while the rest are assigned purely orchestral functions: the second and viola implement chord accompaniment, and the bass and double bass (up to 1.7 meters long) perform the bass function.

The sound is clear but soft. The most common techniques for producing sound: rattling, pizzicato, double pizzicato, single pizzicato, vibrato, tremolo, rolls, guitar techniques.

It is believed that the balalaika has become widespread since the end of the 17th century. Possibly comes from Asian dombra. Improved thanks to V. Andreev together with masters Paserbsky and Nalimov. A family of modernized balalaikas has been created: piccolo, prima, second, viola, bass, double bass. The balalaika is used as a solo concert, ensemble and orchestral instrument.

Kugikly

Kugikly (kuvikly) or tsevnitsa is a wind musical instrument, a Russian type of multi-barrel flute. Kugikly are a set of hollow tubes (3-5 tubes) of various lengths (from 100 to 160 mm) and diameter. The pipes are made from the stems of kugi (marsh reeds), reeds, bamboo, tree branches and shrubs with a core. The tubes of the instrument are not fastened together, which allows them to be changed depending on the required tuning. The upper open ends are located at the same level, the lower one is closed by the barrel assembly. Modern kugikly can be metal, made of plastic or hard rubber.

Bringing the upper ends of the tubes to the mouth and moving them (or the head) from side to side, they blow on the edges of the slices, usually producing short, jerky sounds.

The sound of the kugikly is quiet, gentle, whistling. It goes well with other folk instruments - pipe, horn, penny, flute, folk violin. The kugikl players are played mainly by women, the ensemble of kugikl players consists of 3-4 performers, one or two play and at the same time make sounds similar to the sound of pipes with their voices, the rest play along with the same melodies in a syncopated rhythm.

Rubel

Percussion and noise instruments are among the most ancient musical instruments. Our ancestors made them from the material they had at hand - wood, leather, bone, clay, and later metal. They were credited with magical powers.

Percussion instruments that do not have a scale have large expressive possibilities and in folk music are widely used.

Rubel (rib, pralnik) - item home life, which in the old days Russian women used to iron clothes after washing. Hand-wrung linen was wound onto a roller or rolling pin and rolled out with a ruble, so much so that even poorly washed linen became snow-white, as if all the “juice” had been squeezed out of it. Hence the proverb: “Not by washing, but by rolling.”

The rubel was a wooden plate hard rocks with a handle at one end. On one side of the plate, transverse rounded scars were cut, the second remained smooth, and sometimes was decorated with intricate carvings. In different regions of our country, rubles could differ either in their shape or in their unique decoration. Thus, in the Vladimir province, rubles decorated with geometric carvings were distinguished by their extraordinary length; on the Mezen River, rubles were made wide, slightly expanding towards the end, and in the Yaroslavl province, in addition to geometric carvings, the ruble was sometimes decorated with a three-dimensional sculpture, which, protruding above the carved surface, served as a at the same time and a very convenient second handle. Sometimes the handle of the ruble was made hollow and peas or other small objects were placed inside so that they would rattle when rolled out.

For rubles, hardwood is used: oak, rowan, beech, maple, birch. In your work, you can use waste wood boards, processing them manually or on a machine. The ends of the rubles are smoothly filed, sharp corners on the edges are rounded with a file. A handle is also cut from the same blank. An additional operation is cutting rollers on the lower surface of the rubles. In the next stage of work, the resulting sharp edges are smoothed, giving them a round shape. The resonator slot in the housing is drilled and machined from one of the side ends, but not all the way through.

Literature:

1. Bezhkovich A.S. and others. Economy and life of Russian peasants. - M.: Soviet Russia, 1959.

2. Bychkov V. N. Musical instruments. - M.: AST-PRESS, 2000.

Slide 2

Goals and objectives:

Introduction to Russian folk instruments; - awakening interest in musical folk art.

Slide 3

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS,

Instruments designed to extract musical sounds The most ancient functions of musical instruments - magic, signaling, etc. Existed already in the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. In modern musical practice, musical instruments are divided into various classes and families according to the source of sound, material of manufacture, method of sound production, and other characteristics.

Slide 4

Balalaika

A three-string plucked musical instrument with a triangular soundboard. Play, balalaika, Balalaika - three strings Sing, don't yawn, Come out, dancers!

Slide 5

Spoons

Russian percussion musical instrument, consisting of two wooden spoons with elongated handles (in the old days - with bells tied to them).

Slide 6

Gusli

GUSLI, Russian plucked string musical instrument. Wing-shaped psalteries (“ringed”) have 4-14 or more strings, helmet-shaped ones - 11-36, rectangular (table-shaped) - 55-66 strings.

Slide 7

Harmonic

An accordion is a reed keyboard-pneumatic musical instrument with bellows and two push-button keyboards. The left keyboard is designed for accompaniment: pressing one button will sound a bass or an entire chord. A melody is played on the right keyboard. I loved the accordion player, I amused the accordion player, I hung the accordion on the accordion player’s shoulder!

Slide 8

Dudka

This is the name of the Russian folk wind instrument of the flute type, which belongs to the whistled wind instruments. IN different areas In Russia it has its own names, for example “dudka” - in the Kursk region, “pikla” - in the Bryansk region. “Dudka” is sometimes called a dudu (i.e., like a large pipe), but this is a different instrument - a bagpipe. Distinctive features of the instrument: an oblique cut with a “trough” in the upper part of the barrel, no whistle, five holes, one additional - on the back side - increases the range. The design of the instrument does not have a cork - “wad”, so the tongue plays the role of a whistle. When playing, you need to monitor the correct air flow, its flow rate, and the position of your lips and tongue.

Slide 9

Ratchet

RATCHET, the general name for self-sounding musical instruments. Usually a set of wooden or bamboo plates.

Slide 10

Bell

An ancient self-sounding musical instrument. There are 2 main types of bell: hanging bell (like a large bell) and bell on a handle (hand-held). Used in religious rituals (for example, Buddhist) and in everyday life. In Russia, Valdai (podduzh or yam) bells were famous. Troika the greyhound runs along the winter, boring road. The monophonic bell rattles tiresomely. A.S. Pushkin

Slide 11

Horn

Russian folk wind instrument. It is made from wood, animal horn, and now also from metal. Length 600-800 mm. It consists of a small conical barrel with 5-6 finger holes, with a small bell. The mouthpiece is cut out in the upper part of the barrel in the form of a small recess or made attached. Varieties: treble (“vizgunok”) and bass (“podbasok”), In the 18th century. performers on shepherd's horns appeared - horn players.

Slide 12

Tambourine

BUBEN, percussion membrane musical instrument, sometimes with metal pendants. Common among many peoples: Uzbek doira; Armenian, Azerbaijani, Tajik def; shamanic drums among the peoples of Siberia and the Far East.