For residents of the Irbit region, the process of forming surnames, as elsewhere in the Urals, dragged on for many decades. Already in the first documents recording the population of the Irbit settlement (1630s), peasants are found not only with first names and patronymics or first names and nicknames, but also with last names. Some of them are known among residents of Irbit and the Irbit region in our time.
Throughout the 17th century, nicknames and surnames of Irbitsk residents were not stable, like the population of the region itself: many names known from documents of this century are not found later. Therefore, as the basis for the dictionary of Irbit surnames published below, which was compiled by Mosin Alexey, materials from the census of the population of the Irbit settlement of 1719 were taken. Many of the 83 indigenous Irbit surnames included in the dictionary are widespread in the region to this day.
You can learn more about the oldest Irbit surnames by referring to specialized literature. The list of literature used by the author is indicated after the alphabetical list of Irbit surnames.

Berdyukin
Berdyuka (variant Berdyuga) - an independent nickname or a derivative form of another name starting with Berd-: Berdysh (except for weapons, in different dialects - sabrefish fish and a device for weaving wool, and among the Udmurots - a name translated as “howler” or “last child” , the last one"), Berdyay (in Novgorod dialects - a nickname for a cowardly person). A connection with berdit is possible - “leaning forward, backing away, rolling back like a reed”; “to back away from a word or deed” or with the Turkic name Berdi, translated as “gift of God”, “God gave”. The surname has been known in the Urals since the beginning of the 17th century: “Peasant of the village of Berdyukinskaya on the spring of Vakhromeyko Leontiev, son of Berdyukin, 1623.” The Berdyukins, who lived since the 1630s, also came from Solikamsk district. in Nitsynskaya Sloboda, one of them was the son of V.L. Berdyukin; Probably, the peasants Grishka and Ignashka Berdyukin, who lived in the Irbit settlement since 1635/36, also came from there.

Bersenev
Bersen is a plant of the currant family, “rejected gooseberry,” but it is possible that the name was directly borrowed from the Tatar language. The ancestor of the Ural Bersenevs is already mentioned in the population census of Perm the Great, conducted during the time of Ivan the Terrible: “Peasant of the Pyanteg churchyard on the river. Kame Ivanko Bersen, 1579.” From the beginning of the 17th century. The Bersenevs came from the Cherdyn district to the Middle Urals, where the surname became widespread.

Boboshin
Bobosha - “a person who talks a lot, speaks to no avail,” or one of the diminutive forms (Boba, Bobochka, etc.) of the name Boris. The name Bobosh has been known from documents since the 15th century. The population census of the Great Perm of 1579 included the Cherdyn resident Ivanko Boboshin; his descendants could have been the peasants of the Irbit settlement Isachko, Timoshka and Maximko Semyonov Boboshin, who came in 1640 from the village of Boboshina in the Pokchinsky volost of the Cherdyn district.

Borodin
Beard is a nickname that could have both a direct and derivative meaning, cf.: “Before marrying a bride for a son, his parents must first ask about the beard, that is, ask the grandfather’s consent”; empty beard - “stupid person”; among the peasants of the Russian North, a beard is “a general aid during harvesting.” The naming is known from documents from the 15th century. In the Middle Urals in the 17th century. Borodino peasants lived in the villages of Nevyansk, Irbit and Krasiopol settlements.

Boyarinkov
Boyarinko is a diminutive of the word boyar, which, in addition to the well-known direct meaning (representative of the old family nobility, nobleman), also had others - for example, this was the name of the wedding participants on the groom’s side. The ancestor of the Boyarinkovs in the Urals was a quitrent peasant of the Irbit settlement, Yakunka Alekseev Boyarinko - apparently a native of the river. Pinega, since in the census of 1666 it was recorded with the additional name Pinyazhenin.

Bulanov
Dun is one of the horse colors: “rudo-yellow, yellowish, yellow, different shades, but the tail and mane are black or dark brown, and usually a belt along the ridge”; “damn and savras suits are characteristic of a wild horse, kulan or tarpan; The elk is also called dun, based on its color. The nickname is most often associated with the color of the horse, sometimes specifying that it could be given to a fair-haired person. The surname is known from documents of the 15th-16th centuries.

Bunkov
Bunko (Bunko) - a nickname that could have different meanings; cf.: to buzz - “to hum, make a dull sound, hum, roar; roar, moo"; bunya - “an arrogant, arrogant person”; bunka - “any insect that buzzes, hums, or makes a sound in flight”; bunkalo - “grumpy”; “one who talks to himself”; grow - “moo (about a person)”; bunka - “bad, old clothes.” The original name and surname are found in documents from the 15th century. The Bunkovs have been recorded in the Urals since 1624, some of them are known to have been natives of the Ustyug district.

Chipmunks
Chipmunk is a small animal that lives in the forests of the Urals and Siberia; this is also the name given to various parts of the rigging of river and sea vessels, and among the Kazakhs - a camel rein. According to one of these meanings of the word, a nickname could arise, but among the Finno-Ugric peoples this naming was also found as a personal name: Burunduk (Burunduchko) Avin, centurion of the Vishera yasak Voguls (Mansi), is known from documents of 1605-1616, in 1611/ 12, he temporarily moved to Verkhoturye district. In Cherdyn and Cherdyn district, the Burundukovs have been known since the 1623 census.

Bykov
Bull is a nickname, in Ancient Rus' also a personal name (Bull, Bychko), which could be based on the naming of an animal, not only a male bull, but also a deer, elk and even a bear. Such a nickname could be received by a strong, or a stubborn, touchy, capricious person. In the 17th century The Bykov peasants settled in several villages of the Nevyansk settlement; later the surname spread widely throughout the Middle Urals.

Vaganov
Vagan - the name of a native of Vazhsky district, from the river. Vagi, but in different dialects there were also local meanings of the word: “man, vakhlak; a nickname for a rude and lazy person"; “naughty; mischievous, merry fellow"; "careless person"; Wed also: Vagans-Nyavguns - “the nickname of the inhabitants of Povazhye for the characteristic melodious intonation of their speech”; water-drinking vagan, cross-bellied vagan - abusive nicknames. In the 1917 census, the Vaganova peasants were counted in the village of Vaganova in the Kirginskaya Sloboda and in other Ural settlements.

Venediktov
Benedict is a Christian canonical name, from the Latin benedictus - “blessed”. In the past, surnames formed from various derivative forms of this name (Vedenin, Vedeneyev, Vedenyapin, Vedischev, etc.) were more common; the full form of the surname was formed mainly among the clergy.

Vrunov
Liar - “a liar, a deceiver, who lies, lies, deceives, tells a lie” or “a talker, a storyteller, an amusing idle talker, a joker, a joker.” The surname is rare not only in the Urals, but throughout Russia.

Gavrilov
Gavrilo is the everyday form of the Christian canonical name Gabriel, translated from Hebrew as “my power is God.” The surname is found everywhere, in Russia as a whole it ranks 71st in frequency, but in certain regions it can occur more often - for example, in Yekaterinburg it ranks 55-56.

Gaev
Guy is the everyday form of the Christian canonical name Gaius, translated from Greek as “born of the earth.” The Perm linguist, citing information about the ancestor of the Ural Gaevs (“Peasant of the village of Vil(b)gort on the Kolva River, Gai Danilov, 1579”), admits that the surname could also be based on the nickname of a noisy person, a screamer, from the colloquial guy - “ scream, noise, din." Having moved at the beginning of the 17th century. in Verkhoturye district, the Cherdyn Gaevs laid the foundation for one of the oldest families in the Middle Urals, and the surname became one of the most common indigenous Ural surnames.

Glatkov
Gladkoy (variant Glatkoy, Gladkiy) - a nickname that could be fixed as a surname without changes or in the variants Gladkov, Gladkikh. The word smooth had many meanings: “fat, corpulent, plump, healthy, full”; “well-groomed, kept in order”; “sociable, courteous”; “friendly, affectionate”; "dexterous"; “having a full, beautiful, clean face”; “about a healthy-looking, well-fed couch potato, a lazy person.” In the Middle Urals, the ancestor of the surname in different spellings was the peasant of the Nevyansk settlement Sofonko Fedorov, son of Gladkaya, transferred from the Kazan district, about whom the 1624 census says: “a hundred years old.”

Drobinin
Spent grain - “one grain of shotgun shot”, in different dialects also: “leaven or beer grounds”, “wooden, ladder”, “a simple horse-drawn cart, with bars, ladders on the sides.” Perhaps the nickname reflected the unrepresentative build of the person, but the semantic connection of sdrob - “a thin, ugly, decrepit person”, or drobet - “to become indecisive, timid” is also possible. According to the census of 1624, the Nizhny Novgorod peasant Ivan Drobinin is known, but in general the surname is one of the rare ones.

Dymshakov
Dymshak is possibly a derived form of the Christian canonical name Dimitri, although the surname could also be based on a nickname derived from the word smoke, with a meaning that is still unclear. In the Urals, the surname has been known since the beginning of the 17th century: in 1623, in the Pokcha churchyard in Cherdyn district, the peasant Grishka Dymshakov was registered. From these places the peasant Panko Yakovlev Dymshakov came to the Irbitskaya settlement in 1673/74 and settled in the village of Zaikova; later the name was known in other settlements of the Middle Urals.

Ezhev
Hedgehog is a word that not only denotes a well-known animal, but also has a number of colloquial meanings: “a person who shudders from the cold or for another reason”; “miser, miser, inaccessible rich man”; “angry, touchy person”; "gloomy person"; "a wrangler, a slanderer." The nickname and the surname derived from it are known from documents from the 16th century, including in Cherdyn. In the Middle Urals, Pashko Timofeev Yezhov, a white-local Cossack of the Ayat settlement, registered in the 1680 census, came from Vyatka, from the village of Deryusheva near Malmyzh.

Zhilin
Vein is a word that has many biological, geological and other meanings in relation to a person: “an unrighteous money-grubber, a hunter to appropriate someone else’s property for himself”; “stubborn, argumentative”; "slander"; “one who cheats in a game”; "unjust person"; Wed also: to live - “to appropriate for oneself what is wrong, to live out, to call someone else’s one’s own”; “to be stingy, to be sorry.” The personal name and nickname Zhila and the surname derived from them are found in documents of the 15th-16th centuries. In the Urals, the census of 1623 included the peasant of the Orel-town Yakushko Kirilov son Zhilin; in the Middle Urals, the Zhilins have been known since the census of 1680, among them the peasant of the Irbit settlement Fedka Antonov Zhilin.

Zyryanov
Zyryan (Zyryanin) is an ethnonym denoting a person’s belonging to the Komi people. The word apparently came into the Russian language from the Mansi and Khanty languages. Under the influence of the ethnonym, the well-known colloquial word zyryan, in particular in Vyatka, could have appeared in the meaning of “lazy person”, “a person loitering idle, lazy person”. In the Urals, the nickname and the surname derived from it became widespread since the 17th century, which reflected the activity of the Komi-Zyryans in settling and economically developing the region. It is significant that these days the Zyryanovs occupy 42nd place in the frequency list of surnames of residents of Yekaterinburg, while in a similar all-Russian list they are not among the first five hundred surnames.

Kalganov
Kalgan is the name of a herbal plant, the origin of which is derived by linguists from the Chinese language, but the nickname could also reflect other, colloquial meanings of this word: “wooden bowl”, “thick stump of wood, block of wood” and its derivative - “fool, fool”. The family name has been traced in Cherdyn district since 1623.

Kalmakov
Kalmak (Kolmak) is the same as Kalmyk, a representative of the Western Mongolian people who settled in the areas from the Lower Volga to Central Asia. The Kalmak form retains the features of the local pronunciation of the ethnonym, as well as, possibly, Kazakh linguistic influence. In Ancient Rus', the name Kalmak (Kolmak) was also used as a personal name, which is recorded in documents of the 16th century. In the Urals, the original name and the surname derived from it in different spellings have been known since the 17th century.

Kapiyarnosov
Kapiyarnos is a distorted rendering of the word kaptenarmus, “non-commissioned officer, head of a company or regimental arsenal”; borrowed from French(capitaine des armes) and in the 17th century. it was written captain dec armes, in the Peter the Great era - kaptenarmes. The founder of the Irbit Kapiyarnosovs, Grishka Kapiyarnas, known according to documents from 1679/80 as the bobyl of the Irbit settlement, was a native of Surgut, so the nickname “servant” in origin, hardly understandable among peasants, should not be surprising.

Cyprin
Cyprus is a diminutive form of the Christian canonical name Cyprian (see Kipriyanov). In this form, the name was widely used in everyday life, passed into the surname of descendants, and sometimes into toponymy: in particular, the village of Kiprino is in the Nevyansk region.

Kipriyanov
Cyprian is the common form of the Christian canonical name Cyprian, derived from the Greek name for the island of Cyprus. In the Urals and Middle Urals, the surname has been known from documents since the 17th century.

Klyuev
Klyuy - in some dialects means “beak”; this could be a nickname for a person with a long, aquiline nose or a hunchbacked person; Wed also: klyuem sit - “sit and doze, nod off”, in Arkhangelsk dialects klyuy - “drowsy, nodding.” But the nickname could also reflect a completely different meaning of the verb to peck, cf.: peck a stone - “to cut, to cut.” The nickname and the surname derived from it are known from documents of the 17th century; in the Irbitskaya settlement, the Klyuev peasants have been recorded since the census of 1680.

Kolotygin
Komtyga is a word coined by V.I. Dahl in the meaning of kolotnik - “a brawler, brawler, quarrelsome, grumpy person” and kotyritit - “to interrupt, to overcome in need; knock down, make a penny somehow, drive; to engage in profiteering, to knuckle, to overtrade; gossip, tolerate and quarrel people; quarrel, scold, grumble; do or say everything contrary"; in different dialects: “an annoying, intrusive person”; "bothersome, beggar." In 1905, the nickname Kolotyga was recorded from a resident of Kungur. The peasant of the Irbitskaya settlement, Tikhonko Maksimov Kolotygin, who lived in the village of Koksharovoy from 1673/74, was a native of the Strelenskaya volost in the Ustyug district.

Komornikov
Komornik - in Ancient Rus': “watchman, stoker, worker in the house, in the yard”: “close person (of the prince, sovereign), courtier”; "key holder"; in different dialects: “a watchman at a secular, incoming, volost hut”; "worker; miller"; "surveyor"; "carrier". In the Urals, the nickname Komornik was recorded in 1623 in the estates of the Stroganovs; in 1640, the arable peasant of the Tagil settlement, the Komornik Family, was registered. In the Irbitskaya settlement by 1680, the Komornikov peasants lived in several villages, including Komornikova.

Konev
Horse is a word that, in addition to the animal, denoted parts of a ship, the roof of a house, etc. The surname is usually considered among “horses,” sometimes specifying that this “could be used to call a tall, strong, strong person.” However, the nickname could have appeared in consonance with some canonical name starting with Con-: Conon, Concordius, Constantine and even Kodrat - through the colloquial variant Kondrat. The nickname and surname are known from documents of the 15th-16th centuries, in the Urals - from the first half of the 17th century, in the Middle Urals - from the middle of this century; The Konev peasants, who came to the village of Erzovka in the Irbitskaya settlement around 1650, were natives of the Yanidor volost of Cherdshsky district.

Konovalov
Konoval - “a simple, unlearned horse doctor.” The origin of the word is explained in one of the popular dictionaries of surnames: “Konoval is a person who treats horses. To do this, they often need to be knocked to the ground.” In the 17th century the nickname was common in the Urals, which is why the surname is widespread throughout the region: if in Russia as a whole the Konovalovs are in 92nd place, then in the frequency list of Yekaterinburg they occupy 62-64th place. The ancestor of the Irbit Konovalovs was the peasant of the village of Erzovka, Ivashko Nikiforov Konoval, known from the census of 1680, a native of the Strelenskaya volost of the Ustyug district.

Short
Short - “short, short, short; short-range, short-lived; small, small in length, small in size; close; fast, hasty"; most likely a nickname for a short person. The names Korotkaya, Korotkovo, Korotkoe, Korotkikh are known from documents of the 17th century, including in the Urals and the Middle Urals.

Kostrikin
Kostrika is the same as koster, kostra: “the hard bark of plants suitable for yarn of flax and hemp; they are crushed with a hammer, the bark is crushed and beaten out with a beating and a scratch”; Wed also: kostryka - “nettle”; kostrit - “to lie, lie, brag, brag”; bonfire - “ruff fish”. A document from 1562 mentions Ivan Matveevich Kostrika Khlopov, and a document from 1655 mentions the Korotoyak son of the boyar Boris Kostrikin. The naming Kostrik is also known in the Urals as a personal name: Kostrik Kildishev, Bashkir of the Duvai volost, 1737.

Krasilnikov
Dyer - “who dyes yarn, fabric, leather.” The nickname Krasilnik was repeatedly recorded among Ural peasants in the 17th century; the surname has been known from documents in the Urals since 1623.

Krotov
Mole is the name of a forest animal known to everyone, and in dialects also of other animals, mainly rodents; in addition, this was what they said about a short person or a hardworking person; cf.: “The stingy, thrifty peasant was called by his fellow villagers “kret-muzhik”.” The surname has been known from documents since the 15th century, in the Urals - since 1623, in the Middle Urals - from the middle of the 15th century; registered in the 1680 census, a peasant from the village of Zaikova in the Irbitskaya settlement, Vaska Mokeev Krotov, came from the river. Pinega, from Kevrol district.

Kuznetsov
Blacksmith was in the past one of the most necessary and widespread professions. Descendants of blacksmiths often received a surname based on the occupation of their ancestor, hence its high frequency these days: in the all-Russian list of surnames it is in third place (after the Ivanovs and Smirnovs), and in certain regions and cities (for example, in Yekaterinburg) it even heads such frequency lists. However, there are many known cases when peasants, townspeople and service people bore the nickname Kuznets, from which the surname could also be formed.

Kultyshev
Kultysh is the same as stump, kultyga: “a hand or foot without fingers”; "fingerless"; “lame, lame, lame, hobbled.” In the Urals, the surname has been known since the 17th century: “Peasant of the Ochersky fort Luchka Emelyanov son Kultyshev, 1678.” The appearance of the surname in the Middle Urals dates back, apparently, to a later time.

Kuchkov
Kuchko - “an annoying, unobtrusive person, a beggar”; “dog, male”; cf.: crowd - “to ask relentlessly, humiliatingly, to bow, to beg, to push, to harass, to pester”; kuchkatsya, kuchat - “to hesitate, hesitate, dig.” The naming has been known since ancient times: “The legendary first settler of Moscow was called Stepan Kuchko.” The surname Kuchkov appears in documents from the end of the 15th century. In 1640, the Verkhoturye suburban arable peasant Ivashko Kuchko was known, but it is unlikely that he was the ancestor of the Irbit Kuchkovs, since the peasant Levka Fedorov Kuchkov was already known among the first settlers of the Irbit settlement in 1631/32.

Lavelin
Lavela is the nickname of a native of the Lavela volost on Pinega. The ancestor of the Irbit Lavelins was a quitrent peasant of the Irbit settlement, Senka (Semyon) Selivanov Lavela, recorded in the 1666 census materials with the additional nickname Pinyazhenin.

Lapotkov
Lapotok is a diminutive of bast shoe (see Laptev). The nickname is known from documents of the 17th century: “Ivan Lapotok, townsman, 1646, Kazan.” The original nickname could also have the form Lapotko with the same meaning.

Laptev
Lapot - “short wicker footwear, ankle-length, made from bast (lychniki), bast (mochalyzhniki), less often from the bark of willow, willow (verzni, ivnyaki), tala (shelyuzhniki), elm (vyazoviki), birch (birch bark) , oak (oak trees), from thin roots (korenniki), from young oak shreds (dubachi), from hemp combs, broken old ropes (kurpa, krutsy, chuni, sheptuny), from horse manes and tails (volosyaniki), and finally from straw (strawmen)"; in different dialects this was the name given to a person who was either rude, or quiet and slow, or simple-minded and ingenuous. The names Lapot and Laptev are known from documents from the 15th century. In the Urals, the nickname Lapot was recorded in 1579, the surname can be traced back to 1623. In Verkhoturye district, by the time of the 1680 census, there were three villages with the name Laptev, in two of them lived peasants and the Laptev streltsy children.

Likhanov
Likhan - in the book language of Ancient Rus' - “index finger”; in addition, the nickname could be related in meaning to a number of words and concepts in different dialects: dashing - “evil spirit, Satan”; “skin diseases, especially boils”; "careater"; “enemy, enemy, ill-wisher”; "poor, needy person"; “a person well-versed in various issues”; “unpleasant in taste, smell; nauseous"; dashingly - “evil”; “briskly, bravely, wildly”; “evilly, slyly”; dashingly, dashingly - “action out of spite, in defiance”; dashing - “malice, envy, gloating”; likhovat - “to be sick, to be ill”; “to reproach, revile, disapprove, especially during general searches, asking about behavior”; “to do evil, to rage”; dashingly - “too lazy, I don’t want to”; likh - “evil, misfortune, misfortune.” Peasants Mishka and Tereshka Likhanov were among the first settlers of the Irbit settlement in 1631/32. By 1680, in the Middle Urals, the Likhanov peasants lived in several villages with the name Likhanov, including in Irbitskaya Sloboda.

Lobarinsky
Lobar - “browed man, brute”; "large sterlet" The nickname and the surname into which it passed without any changes were formed from the naming of a resident of some area - it could be the village of Lobari, Lobarino, Lobarinskaya volost, etc.

Malygin
Malyga is one of the many derivative forms of the non-canonical Old Russian name Malaya, given in the family, or a nickname with one of the meanings of the common noun Malyga: “child, child, boy and girl”; “short man, short man”; “smaller, youngest in the family, last son or daughter, brother, sister.” The nickname was recorded in the Urals: “Peasant of the village of Dolda on the lake. Dolde Ivashka Afanasyev son Malyga, 1623.” In the middle of the 17th century. in the Middle Urals, the Malygins lived in the Nevyanskaya settlement (the ancestor was from the Chakol volost on Pinega) and in the Irbitskaya settlement.

Melnikov
Miller - “the flour miller who actually runs the mill”; In Siberian dialects, a waterman who supposedly lived under the wheels of a mill was called a miller; they also said this “about a person who speaks nonsense, nonsense.” The ancestors of the Melnikovs could be not only the owners of the mills, but also the owners of the nickname Melnik, known in the 17th century. among the Ural peasants; one of them, the peasant of the Irbit settlement Zakharko Stepanov, son of Melnik, by the time of the 1680 census. paid fishing rent, at the same time the Melnikov peasants lived in the Irbit villages of Komornikova and Melnikova. In the all-Russian frequency list of surnames, the Melnikovs are in 69th place, in a similar list for Yekaterinburg in 46-47th place.

Mordenkin
Mordenka is a diminutive form of the word muzzle, which had several meanings: “snout, animal mug, protruding part of the head with a mouth, upper and lower cheekbones”; (expletive) “a person’s face, mug; snout, mug”, as well as a fishing muzzle and the names of several plants, and in Ancient Rus' - marten muzzle (the name of the monetary unit).

Mokhnashin
Mokhnasha - obviously the same as mokhnach, mokhnashka: “shaggy person or animal, cosmach”; cf.: dove mokhnach; forest mokhnach - “bear”.

Murzin
Murza is a personal name of Turkic origin or nickname with possible meanings: “lord”; “generous, hospitable, charitable”; “dignitary of the Kalmyk Khan”; “Tatar princeling, hereditary elder”; translated from Arabic-Persian - “princely son.” The colloquial meanings of the common noun murza are also known: “messy, chumichka”; “Whoever is stubborn, makes a fool”; “a dirty, unkempt person; Wed also: to get dirty - “to get dirty”; murz - “grumble”. Examples of the name Murza are known from documents from the 15th century. The peasants of Murzin moved to the village of Zaikova in the Irbitskaya Sloboda in the middle of the 17th century. from the Vilgort volost of the Cherdyn district.

Nechkin
Nechka is a derivative form of the name Nechai, widespread in Ancient Rus', in the 17th century. it was recorded in the Urals. Yu. A. Fedosyuk considers the form Nechka to be a derivative of the canonical name Nektary, but E.N. Polyakova, based on materials from the Urals, convincingly refutes such an explanation. In various publications, the name Nechay is interpreted as “unexpected child”; “an unexpectedly, unexpectedly born child” and even as a nickname for “a person who appeared unexpectedly.” In fact, the name is clearly protective in meaning: it was given in order to “avert the eyes” of evil spirits, to protect the person who wore it from troubles and troubles in life.

Nikitin
Nikita is a Christian canonical name, from the Greek "to conquer", but it could also be a truncated form of another name of Greek origin - Anikita, or "invincible". In Ryazan dialects, the name became a common noun, as they said “about a stupid, stupid person.” Nowadays, the surname is widespread; it occupies 24th place in the all-Russian frequency list, and 30-31st place in a similar list in Yekaterinburg.

Ovchinnikov
Sheepskin maker - “one who makes sheepskins, a furrier”; in Kostroma dialects this was the name given to the inhabitants of the city of Galich. The nickname has been known from documents since the 15th century. in the Urals since 1579 in Verkhoturye district - since 1624. In the 17th century. The Ovchinnikovs are registered in several settlements of the Middle Urals, the surname is widespread in the Urals even today: if in the all-Russian frequency list it is in 104-105 place, then in a similar list for Yekaterinburg it occupies 26-27 position.

Pinyagin
Pinyaga is a nickname for a person from the Pinega River, a native of these places, found in the Urals and in other variants: Pinega, Piniga, Pinezhanin, Pinzhak, etc. In the Pinyagin and Penyagin variants, the surname in the second half of the 17th century. was recorded in the Urals.

Podkorytov
The surname belongs to a small group of Russian surnames (Pri-dorogin, Podberezin, etc.), for which it is difficult to identify the basis in its pure form. There is an obvious connection with one of the meanings of the word trough: “half of a split log, trimmed and hollowed out on the flat side”; “an ice hole into which a seine is pulled”; "fishing trap"; Also known are the proverb “Everything in the world is covered with a trough (covered with a trough)” and the riddle “They carry a trough, is it covered by others? (coffin)". Initially, the surname was written slightly differently: in the name book of the peasants of the Irbit settlement in 1632, Oleshka Potkorytnikov is mentioned, in 1640 his sons were also recorded as Podkorytnikovs. One can only guess about the meaning of the nickname Podkorytnik. By the time of the census of 1680, the Podkorytov peasants lived in three villages of the Nevyansk and Irbit settlements, and in the latter both villages were called Podkorytovs; by the beginning of the 18th century. D. Podkorytova was also in Shadrinskaya Sloboda.

Poduraev
Poduruy - “half-crazy person.” In earlier times, a nickname could have had other meanings, which can be guessed by getting acquainted with well-known words of the same root that are close in meaning: fool around - “fool around and play pranks”, “get weird”; foolishness - “stupidity, shawl”; "stubbornness"; foolish - “eccentric”, “wayward”. In the 17th century the surname is recorded in the Urals: “Peasant honorable. Ugolnikov Vlasko Petrov son of Poduruev, 1678.” The ancestor of the Irbit Poduruevs could be the Turin arable peasant Fedka Poduruy; his “drained lands” are mentioned in the census materials of 1624. In the Irbit settlement in 1640, the peasants Osipko and Makarko Pavlov Poduruyevs were taken into account.

Polezhanin
Polezhana is a variant of the nickname (or a diminutive form of a non-canonical name) Polezhay: “one who likes to lie down, a couch potato.” The nickname Polezhay has been known from documents since the 15th century, including from 1579 in the Urals. However, the form Polezhanin (by analogy with Pinezhanin, Ustyuzhanin, etc.) could be a toponymic nickname given to a native of some area - for example, the village of Poleg, Polega, Polezhskaya volost, etc.

Ponomarev
Sexton - “a cleric, a clergyman who lights candles in the church, prepares the censer, generally serves in the church and rings the bells”; the word is borrowed from Greek. The surname was received mainly by the descendants of sextons, but in the 17th century. In the Urals, peasants and townspeople also know the nickname Sexton. The surname is widespread in the Urals, so it is not surprising that in Yekaterinburg it is now in the top ten in terms of frequency, although it ranks only 97th in the all-Russian frequency list of surnames.

Popov
Pop - “priest, priest, presbyter; a person ordained, ordained, ordained spiritual rank or the rank of shepherd of souls." In the vast majority of cases, the descendants of priests received the surname, but in the Urals at the beginning of the 18th century. The peasant's nickname Pop was also recorded, although more often such nicknames took the form Popko. The surname has been widespread in the Urals since the 17th century. In the modern all-Russian frequency list of surnames, the Popovs occupy 4th place, in a similar list for Yekaterinburg they occupy an even higher 3rd place.

Potanin
Potanya is a diminutive form of the Christian canonical name Patapius (usually Potap in everyday life), the origin of which does not have a satisfactory explanation, or more rare name Potamium, translated from Greek, means “river”. The ancestor of the Irbit Potanins was a peasant from the village of Likhanova in the Irbit settlement, Efim Davydov Potanin, known from the 1680 census.

Rechkalov
Rechkalo - nickname probably from rechkat - “to speak loudly and indistinctly; beat, knock"; Wed also: rechko - “a person who loves to talk, pronounces words clearly”; river - “manner of speaking.” The ancestor of the Irbit Rechkalovs was the peasant Ofonka Rechkalov, who settled in the Irbit settlement in 1639. By the time of the 1680 census, the Rechkalovs had founded two villages in the Irbit settlement with the name Rechkalova. A native of the village belonged to this family. Zaykovo G.A. Rechkalov, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.

Rodionov
Rodion is a Christian canonical name (presumably from the Greek “rose” or from the naming of a resident of the island of Rhodes), as well as a truncated form of the name Herodion, translated from Greek as “hero, hero.” The surname is widespread; it occupies 91st place in the frequency list of Russian surnames.

Rudakov
Rudak is a non-canonical name (possibly a nickname in some cases), from rudoi - “red and red-brown”, “dark and hot red”; Wed in different dialects: ore - “blood”; “stained stain, dirt, blackness, especially on the body, clothing, underwear”; "soot"; “roda, gun; appearance, face." In the dictionaries of surnames, different versions of the explanation of the basis of the surname are given: “dirty, soiled” or “red-haired”, “reddish-red”, in some cases - both at once. In the frequency list of modern surnames, the Rudakovs occupy only 331-333 places.

Rusinov
Rusin is a non-canonical name common in Ancient Rus' and a nickname was recorded in the Urals and Tyumen. In dictionaries of surnames, various explanations for this naming are given: an ethnonym in different meanings, “fair-haired,” a nickname for a person with light brown hair. In Verkhoturye district the surname was registered in 1680, and the village of Rusinova was also known at that time.

Sivkov
Sivko is a derivative form of the non-canonical name Sivoy, from sivy - “dark gray, gray and gray, dark with gray hair, with an admixture of whitish or ashy”; Wed: sivka, sivko - “nickname of a gray horse.” The names Sivko and Sivkov have been known in the Urals since 1579, in the Middle Urals - in the 17th century.

Simanov
Siman is a colloquial form of the Christian canonical name Simon, translated from Hebrew - “noble name, glory” or “(God) hearing.” Nowadays, the usual form of a surname derived from this name is Simonov, in the all-Russian frequency list it is in 138th place, but in the past the surname Simanov was not uncommon. In the second half of the 19th century. The mayor of Yekaterinburg was the merchant of the 1st guild I.I. Simanov.

Strizhev
Swift - “a bird similar to a swallow, a land swallow, builds a nest in burrows on coastal cliffs”; “rogue, pickpocket, mazurik”; in Perm dialects - “a worker at a salt pan.” In 1647, the census of the population of the Stroganov estates in the Urals included a peasant from the village of Strizhovaya, Andryushka Ontonov, son of Strizhov. The ancestor of the Irbit Strizhovs was a quitrent peasant of the Irbit settlement, Evsyuchko Ivanov Strizh, mentioned in the materials of the 1666 census.

Subbotin
Subota (Saturday) is a common Old Russian non-canonical name and nickname; in both capacities, naming was found among the Ural peasants: in 1579 in the village of Krivaya Navoloka on the river. Obve in the Urals was recorded as Subotka Khudyakov, in 1640 in the Tagil settlement - Subotka Ivanov, in 1647 in the village. Top - Mullinsky in the estates of the Stroganovs - Larka Andreev's son Saturday. In the all-Russian frequency list of modern surnames, the Subbotins are in 302-304 place.

Cockroaches
The cockroach is “a crunchy insect that is found in huts.” In dictionaries of surnames and research literature, the origin of the surname is often associated with the name of the insect. However, known from documents of the XV-XVII centuries. the nickname Cockroach / Torokan could go back to the Turkic tarkhan - “privileged class”, “san” (Radlov; Vasmer; for more information about this, see: Baskakov): “Tarkhan in the old days among the Tatars, and then among the Russians - a person exempted for special merits from taxes and having a number of other privileges.” In the spellings Tarakanov and Torokanov, the surname is known from documents of the 15th-17th centuries. The first census of the population of Verkhoturye district in 1621 was conducted by F.I. Tarakanov. In 1647, Aleshka Evsevyev, son of Tarakanov, was registered as a peasant of the Ochersky fort in the Stroganovs' possessions; in 1682, Kirilko Torokanov lived in Cherdyn.

Tomilov
Tomilo (Tomila) is one of the most common non-canonical names in Ancient Rus', often recorded in the 17th century. in the Urals. In dictionaries of surnames one can find various explanations of its origin and meaning: protective name “a suitable name for a capricious child”; associated with torment - “to exhaust, exhaust”; given to a newborn during a difficult birth. In the Middle Urals, the surname has been known since the 17th century, in particular, it was borne by representatives of an influential family of Verkhoturye boyar children. The ancestors of the Irbit Tomilovs could have been Tomilko Semenov Pinyazhenin, the brother of the quitrent peasant of the Irbitskaya settlement, mentioned in the 1666 census, or the quitrent peasant Tomilko Fomin son of Tetyukov, a native of the Ilyinsky churchyard in Solikamsk district, who came to the Irbitskaya settlement in 1675/76 and settled in the village of Zaikova .

Trapeznikov
Trapeznik - “church warden, ktitor”; “a church watchman who in old times lived in the gatehouse, in the church itself”; “a diner, someone who sits at a meal, a feast-eater”; from meal - “a table with food, with dishes, lunch, dinner”; “dining room, table in monasteries, peace, room where they dine”; the word refector could have other meanings, for example: “trader, money changer,” “collector of food for the clergy.” In documents of the 17th century. Peasants who bore the surname are mentioned. The nickname was recorded in the Urals: “Cherdynets Aleshka Stepanov son Trapeznik, 1623”; however, more often, apparently, the surname was formed according to the occupation of the ancestor.

Tupitsyn
Dutup - “a dull axe, used for wood splitting, ice axing, or for chopping bones”; "dull knife"; "stupid, stupid man." The nickname and the surname derived from it are found in documents of the 16th-17th centuries. In the Urals, the surname has been documented since 1623. The ancestor of the Irbit Tupitsyns could be the Turin coachman Petrushka Vasilyev, son of Tupits, known from the 1624 census.

Tustin
The nickname Tysta or Tyustya could be connected in meaning with the word tyus, known in Cherdyn dialects - “large egg grains, shingles.”

Fomin
Thomas is a Christian canonical name translated from Hebrew as “twin.” The surname is widespread, in the all-Russian frequency list of surnames it is in 78th place, in a similar list for Yekaterinburg - in 81st place.

Khudorozhkov
Khudoroshko (Khudorozhko, -ka) - a compound nickname, from thin - “who is thin in body, thin, lean and pale, hshply, sickly in appearance, disgraced,” and mug - “face (abusive or reproachful); mug"; “Ugly, ugly face”; “mask, mask”; "skin inflammation" E. N. Polyakova, recording the surname in the Urals since 1647, sees at its basis the complex nickname Khudoy Rog or Thin Horns. The ancestor of the Khudorozhkovs in the Middle Urals was the peasant Vaska Khudorozhka, who came to Verkhoturye district in 1607, also called Khudoroshka and Khudoroshko in various documents; by 1624 the Khudoroshkovs lived in the village of Khudoroshkova on the river. Tura and in the village of Rychkova on the river. Mugay, later they settled in other settlements, including living in several villages of the Irbit settlement.

Khudyakov
Khudyak - an ancient Russian non-canonical name, apparently protective, could have semantic connections with a number of words and concepts: thin - “wrong, worthless, bad, bad, bad; what or who has shortcomings, vices, damage”; one “who is thin in body, lean, lean and pale, frail, sickly in appearance, disgraced”; “evil spirit, devil, Satan, devil”; khudak - “poor man”; khudak, khudyak - “poor person; Posad people were divided into the best, the average and the worst.” In the Urals, the name has been known from documents since 1579, and was recorded several times; in 1652/53, the peasant Omelka Alekseev, son Khudyak, a native of Vazhsky district, settled in the Ust-Irbitskaya settlement.

Black
Black is a common nickname in Ancient Rus' (documented since 1216), according to one of the meanings of the word black: “black in color, suit, the darkest, the color of soot”; "dark"; “dirty, unclean, soiled”; “tax, tax, from the common people, the mob”; "black-growing"; "unclean, devil, devil." Cherney could also be a personal name with a protective meaning. Naming with -ого and -ago, as a rule, did not exist for long, turning into the surnames Chernov or Chernykh. The names Chernaya and Chernago were recorded in large numbers in the Urals in documents from the end of the 16th century, including the famous peasant of the Irbit settlement Ivashko Petrov, son of Cherny, a native of the Oryol camp of the Ustyug district, who lived from 1664/65 in the village of Berezovka on the river of the same titles.

Chusovitin
Chusovitin (Chyusovitin) - the name of a person who came from the river. Chusovoy in general or from the Chusovsky towns located on the lands of the Stroganovs. Thanks to the final - in, the nickname passed into the surname without any external changes, although this did not happen often: of the many dozens of residents of the Middle Urals who bore this name in the 17th - early 18th centuries, including in the Irbitskaya settlement from the late 1630s gg., only a few managed to pass it on to their descendants in the form of a surname.

Shelepin
Shelepa is a nickname derived from shelep: “lash, whip”; “mountain whip, whip”; “long shepherd’s whip, arapnik, flapper”; “stick, twig”; “a chip of wood, a birch log chipped into a splinter”; “blow, slap”; possibly derived from onomatopoeia: “slap.” According to Yu. A. Fedosyuk, the surname Shelepov is derived from the nickname of a tall, thin man. The surname Shelepin was registered in Solikamsk in 1623. In the Middle Urals during the 17th century. in different settlements the surname Shelepov was repeatedly recorded, including in 1640 in the Irbitskaya settlement - the peasant Pronka Stepanov Shelepov.

Shelomentsov
Shelomenets is a native of the Shelomenskaya volost in Ustyug district, named after the river. Sheloma (now in the south of the Arkhangelsk region). The Irbit quitrent peasants Shelomentsovs, recorded in the 1680 census, are also recorded as natives of the Shelomentskaya volost.

Sherikov
Sherik - perhaps a distorted sherekh - “fat, fine ice on the river, slush”, or is connected in meaning with the word sherohiy, known in Arkhangelsk dialects - “dug, uneven, unsmooth, rough”; cf.: rough-heeled face - “generous, pockmarked”; rough, like a hedgehog - “angry”. However, it is more likely that this is how the surname Sherykalov (Shirykalov, as well as in other spellings), known since the 17th century, is written in a distorted form. in different places of the Urals and Middle Urals, including in the village of Kochovka, Irbitskaya Sloboda, and has several explanations.

Shmakov
Shmak - a nickname, possibly from the Komi-Permyak shmak - “rounded bump”, in the Komi language - “thickening (in the form of a lump, knot)”, or the same as smak - “taste”; “essence, meaning; good, useful." Other meanings of the word, usually given in dictionaries of surnames, appear in the Russian language relatively late, mainly in the Petrine era, and therefore their influence on the formation of surnames in the Urals is unlikely. The nickname and surname have been known from documents since the 16th century; in the Urals, the Shmakovs were registered in 1623. In 1624, among the Nevyansk and Turin peasants, three bore the nickname Shmak (Shmachko); by 1680, three villages with the name Shmakova were in the Tagil settlement ( coachman, now in the Alapaevsky district), in the Nevyanskaya Sloboda (now the village of Shmakovskoye in the Irbitsky district) and in the Irbitskaya Sloboda (now in the Irbitsky district), the Shmakovs lived in all three.

Shchelkanov
Shchelkan - “turnip”; perhaps the same as clicker: “brisk, talker”; “who or what is clicking”; “nutcracker, impudent bully, brawler”; "wasteland"; “class of beetles; jumpers, horses"; cf.: shchelkan - “sharp and impudent in words, impudent, impudent, rude, brawler, bully.” Shchelkan Dudentievich, Tatar hero - a character in Russian folklore. In the Urals, the surname has been known since 1647. The Irbit peasants Shchelkanovs (Shcholkanovs), who lived in the village of Koksharova, came here in 1652/53 from the Pokshenskaya volost on Pinega, immigrants from the river. There were Pokshengas and other Shchelkanovs who moved to the Urals in the 17th century.

Yuriev
Yuri is a common variant of the Christian canonical name George, translated from Greek as “farmer”. In the past, the most common variant of the name Georgiy in everyday life was Egor; it is no coincidence that the surname Egorov derived from it occupies 16th place in the all-Russian frequency list of surnames, while the surnames Georgiev and Yuryev are not even among the first five hundred surnames.

Yapanchintsov
Yapanchinets is a colloquial (yak) version of the nickname Epanchinets, which reflected the name of Epanchin Yurt (town) on the river. Tura, which belonged to the Tatar prince Epanche; on the site of this town in 1600 the Turin fort was erected, which laid the foundation for the city of Turinsk. Turin Mansi were called “Epanchinsky Vogulichs”, but people from the Turin region could obviously be called Epanchinsky. At the same time, the formation of nicknames from other toponyms is not excluded. In the XVT1st century. the nickname Yapanchinets (Epanchinets) was recorded among residents of the Chusovsky town, Belyakovskaya, Pyshminskaya and Kamyshlovskaya settlements on the river. Pyshme, later the surname took mainly the form Epanchintsov.

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Surnames in Russia are a relatively late phenomenon. It is not for nothing that among the Urals there is a surname “Besfamilnykh”, reflecting a time without surnames. One of the first phenomena in the formation of surnames was the consolidation of former nicknames, and then the use of patronymics, thanks to which we have so many Petrovs and Ivanovs from the common names Peter and Ivan. The names of professions were also fixed: Plotnikovs, Kamenshchikovs, Myasnikovs, Pushkins and Pushkarevs, etc.

The old-time Russian population in the Urals is characterized by the use of geographical names of the north old Russia, where the first inhabitants of the Urals came from: Vagins, Kevroletins, Pecherkins, etc. Subsequently, when the region was relatively populated, by their last names we see the intra-Ural movement of the population: Osintsevs - from the mountains. Wasps, Cherdyntsevs and Cherdakovs - from the mountains. Cherdyn, Kungurtsevy - from the mountains. Kungur, Usoltsev - from the mountains. Usolya. On the other hand, on the eastern slope, the eastern Ural movement in turn takes place: the Verkhoturtsevs - from the mountains. Verkhoturye, Tagiltsev - from the mountains. Tagil, Nevyantsev - from the mountains. Nevyansk, Kolchedantsevy - from the village of Kolchedan, Tamakultsevy - from the village of Tamakul, etc.

The Russians, having come to the Urals, met here a number of nationalities with whom they began to intensively become related. That is why the following surnames appeared among Russians: Tatarintsevs, Bashkirovs, Bukharovs, Vogulkins, Permyakovs, Zyryanovs, Cheremisins, Chuvashevs, Votyakovs and Votinovs, Udintsevs, etc.

For the Urals and Siberia, surnames with “theirs” and “s” are typical. This is evidence of a time when the local population lived in large families or even clans. Having met a stranger, especially a young one, they asked him: “Whose are you?” He answered: “Ivanovs”, “Petrovs”, “Blacks”, if the head of the family had the nickname “Black”, etc.

In order to satisfy, at least partially, the needs of the reader seeking to understand the history of his family, we provide an explanation of some of the surnames of the old-timer Ural population.

Abyzov- in the Kurgan region. Abyz - (Udmurt) sorcerer, healer, shaman. But the Bashkirs also have abyz - literate people with a religious orientation.

Anchugov- Uksyansky, Mekhonsky and other regions of the Trans-Urals. Onchuk means grandfather in Mansi.

Atyasov- village of Kolchedanskoye, Kamensky district. Bashkir atya - rooster.

Bessuramilykh- Cis-Urals.

Vaganov- from the Vaga River, the inhabitants of which are called Vagans. (Vaga is a left tributary of the Northern Dvina River).

Vakorin- surname of residents of the village of Gubdor, Cherdynsky district. Komi-Permyak words: va - water and kor - city.

Vatrasov- in the village of Krutikhinsky, Dalmatovsky district of Vatras - a village in the former Nizhny Novgorod province, in which the Vatras lived - the same as cat breeders, or cat lovers, since the residents of the village of Vatras before the revolution were engaged in traveling around Vasilsursky and neighboring counties, buying skins, removing them from dead animals, buying cats to skin them.

Votintsev- that is, originally from Votyak-Udmurts. The surname is common throughout the Middle Trans-Urals.

Vtorushin-Tolstopyatovo village, Kargapol district. Vtorusha is an old, non-Christian Russian name, like Pervusha.

Dozmurov- Middle Trans-Urals, including west of Nevyansk. Komi-Permyak dozmer - wood grouse, black grouse.

Zaonegin- Middle Urals. From the name of the Onega River, which flows into Lake Onega.

Zlygostev- antique merchant name in the mountains Verkhoturye. When among the Novgorod newcomers, many arrived in the lands of the Urals and the Urals, who, under the guise of guests, that is, merchants, came to rob and conquer civilians by force. “Evil guests” - hence Zlygostev.

Domennov- undoubtedly, from the mining term “blast furnace”, that is, an iron smelting furnace.

Izmodenov- widely along the eastern slope of the Urals and Trans-Urals. Exhausted (“emaciated”) - a weak, sickly person.

Kargopolov- an extremely common surname in the Trans-Urals, in particular in the Kargopol region. Kargopol comes from the mountains. Kargopol, Vologda region.

Koynov- in Talitsky district. Komi-Permyak - koin - wolf.

Kolmogorov- the surname, like Kargopolov, is extremely common in the Middle Urals and Trans-Urals. Derived from the name of the city of Kholmogory.

Koryukov- in the village of Koryuki, Kataysky district. Koryuks, or gazers, are outside spectators at a bachelorette party, begging gifts from the bride and guests (Voznesensky Posad, former Vladimir province).

Kosvintsev- Northern and Middle Urals. Kosva is a left tributary of the upper reaches of the Kama, which is why the surname is mostly common in the Molotov region. Komi-Permyak kes - small, va - water.

Kukaretin- a widespread surname in the Urals. From the pre-revolutionary name of Kukarskaya Sloboda (now the city of Sovetsk, Kirov region).

Mezentsev- is also very common. From the name of the river and the city of Mezen, Arkhangelsk region.

Mozhevitin- to the mountains Troitsk. From the name of the river and the city of Mozhga in the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Moshchevitin- in the cities of Zlatoust, Shadrinsk and other places. It is clear that it does not come from the word “power”, but from the same word Mozhga.

Moryaninov- to the mountains Shadrinsk. From the word sea: the ancestors came from the White Sea at a time when the Trans-Urals were just being populated.

Nepomnyashchikh- right there. The surname recalls the old times, when tramps “without remembering kinship” fled from Siberia in droves.

Osintsev- right there. From the mountains Osy, Molotov region, on the middle Kama.

Ostanin- in the cities of Shadrinsk, Serov, etc. Ostana is an ancient Russian, non-Christian name.

Oshvintsev, Oshintsev, Oshev- in the middle Kama region. From the name of the Oshva River in the Kama system. Komi-Permyak osh - bear willow - water.

Pervushin- very common throughout the Middle Urals and Trans-Urals. Pervusha is an ancient, non-Christian name in Rus'.

Pinzhakov- in the cities of Sverdlovsk, Shadrinsk, etc. Pinzhak comes from the Pinega River, the right tributary of the Northern Dvina. This means that it does not come from the word “jacket” (the name of men’s clothing).

Potkin(Podkin also writes, although this is incorrect) - mountains. Sysert and other places of the Middle Urals. From the Old Russian word potka - patka, that is, bird (compare partridge). “The Nizovsky princes from the Vazhsky upper reaches... sent “bands” of their falconers across the Dvina land to the Pinega, Kuloi, Mezen and Pechora rivers for falconers and at the same time, with special letters, provided the falconers with freedom of movement through the Dvina land, “as they come from the sea with trays (“potka” - bird)...” Excerpt from the letter of the Vladimir Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich (at the turn of the XIII and XIV centuries, p. 25).

Pustozyorov- from the town of Pustozersk near the mouth of the Pechora.

Sartakov- to the mountains Kungur, and from there to the mountains. Shadrinsk.

Sartak in the dialect of the Tatars of the former Tobolsk province means carrots.

Sobyanin- Middle Urals and Trans-Urals. From the Sob River - the right tributary of the Ob River.

Tolshmyakov- to the mountains Kamensk. Tolshma is a river of the Northern Dvina system, where the ancestors of the Ural Tolshmyaks came from.

Toporkov- a widespread surname in the Middle Urals, and hence the village of Toporkova, Makhnevsky district. Toporko is the Komi-Permyak folk pronunciation of the name Christopher.

Ustselemov- a surname that is not uncommon in the Urals. Ust-Tsylma is a village at the confluence of the Tsylma River with the Pechora. Often the surname is distorted into Istselemov, and then it is derived from the word heal - cure.

Tsyrenshchikov- surname in the city. Shadrinsk and other places. Tsyren - from chren, that is, a large iron pan on which table salt is evaporated from natural brine in saltworks.

Cheverev- Udmurt cheber and cheber, as well as cheberek - dandy, dandy (Dal, vol. IV, p. 1925). Cherepanov is a very common surname in the Urals. Skull - potter, potter.

Cheskidov- in the village of Novo-Troitskoye, under the mountains. Shadrinsky. The Komi-Permyak word is cheskyt - sweet, pleasant, tasty.

Chupin- a very common surname in the Urals, especially in the Sverdlovsk region. The bearer of this surname was the famous Ural local historian N.K. Chupin. a) In the Arkhangelsk dialect, chupan is the lower part of a small top called ryushka; b) Tatar chup - rubbish, hence our Ural adjective - stocked, that is, polluted, filthy.

Shadskikh- a Cossack surname in the village of Kateninsky, Varna district, Chelyabinsk region. Its origin is either from the mountains. Shadov near the mountains. Siauliai (Lithuania), from where ancestors could have moved or been evicted by force, or from the mountains. Shatsk, Tambov region.

Sharnin- in the Kamensky district and in the mountains. Sverdlovsk. The Mari word sharne is willow, hence sharnik is willow tree.

Yurganov- in years Cherdyn and Satka. Khantei Yeranku - Nenets, hence Erganegan - the name of the right tributary of the Ob, that is, the Nenets river; but also yurgan - stallion (in Kazakh).

Yarushnikov- in the village of Pershinsky, Dalmatovsky district. Yarushnik - bread made from barley flour.

URAL GENEALOGY BOOK. PEASANT FAMILIES

LLP "Genealogical Center"
research""

Ural Historical and Genealogical Society

Regional Scientific Library named after. Belinsky

Nizhny Tagil
museum-reserve

mining industry of the Middle Urals

URAL
GENEALOGY BOOK

PEASANT FAMILIES

Ekaterinburg, 1999

Shakhovskoy D. M. ....3

INTRODUCTORY PART

Mosin A. G.

Formation of the peasant population of the Middle Urals.5

Rodin F.V.
Genealogical societies of the Middle Urals.11

Elkin M. Yu.
The “Ural Genealogy” program: from idea to implementation. 15

Mosin A. G.
“Ancestral memory”: four years of work under the program. 19

GENEALOGY
Bessonov M. S.

And life lasts longer than a century... (Bessonov family).
27

Pedigree list of the Bessonovs.
32

Konovalov Yu. V., Konev S. V., Mosin A. G., Bessonov M.
WITH.

The Varaksins are an ancient Russian peasant family in the Urals.
67

Genealogical paintings of the Varaksins.
92

Vorobiev V.I.

Vorobyovs from the village of Pokrovskoye.
117

Pedigree list of the Vorobievs.
121

Zhdanov V. P.
The Zhdanovs are state peasants of the Krutikhinskaya settlement. 129

Pedigree list of the Zhdanovs.
135

Konovalov Yu. V., Konev S. V.
The Kozitsyns are a family of peasants and sailors, artisans and merchants. 143

Pedigree paintings of the Kozitsyns.
176

Korovin A.F.
The phenomenon of the Belanosovites.
199

Painting 1. Belonosovs.
206

Painting 2. Davydovs.
208

Painting 3. Cows. First branch.
208

Painting 4. Cows. Second branch.
210

Mosin A. G.

A family of Mosin peasants from the village of Mosina.
211

Pedigree list of the Mosins.
216

Elkin M. Yu.
Notes about the Sosnovsky family and surname.
221

Pedigree list of the Sosnovskys.
231

Khudoyarova N. P.
Genealogy of the Khudoyarov serf artists from Nizhny
255

Tagila.
Painting of the Khudoyarov family.
264

Podgorbunskaya S. E.
Nevyansk icon painters Chernobrovins.
295

Pedigree list of the Chernobrovins.
297

Trofimov S. V.
Four centuries of the Ural peasant family (Trofimovs,

Vedernikovs, Fomins, Lyadovs...).
299

Ascending pedigree of S.V. Trofimov.
305

SOURCES

Mosin A. G., Konovalov Yu. V.
Sources of genealogies of the Ural peasants.
313

Konovalov Yu. V.

Verkhoturye name book of 1632.
317

Book of tithe arable land of Verkhoturye district, 1632.
(text).
319

Elkin M. Yu., Trofimov S. V.
Tax books of 1704 as a source of peasants'

genealogies.
331

Census and donation books for Ayat and Krasnopolskaya settlements,
Pokrovsky and Bogoyavlensky villages and Pyshminskaya

Monastery Zaimka 1704 (text).
334

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
352

GENEALOGICAL TABLES
353

From its inception to the present day, Russian genealogy has developed primarily as a discipline that studies the narrow ruling stratum of the Russian state - the nobility.

The ratio of works on noble and non-noble genealogy is inversely proportional to the ratio of the number of the privileged class of the Russian Empire to the unprivileged. This ratio gives the general reader the impression that it is impossible to create genealogies of “ordinary people.” One of the purposes of this book is to clearly demonstrate the opposite.

The genealogies of Russia's largest social stratum - the peasantry - are extremely rare. In the pre-revolutionary period they simply did not exist. During the period of the “class approach” in historical science, the few works on the genealogy of the peasantry were devoted, rather, to merchants and entrepreneurs who were officially listed as peasants. And in post-Soviet period There were no fundamental changes in the direction of development of Russian genealogy. If in the last decade numerous noble associations and genealogical societies have arisen in Russia, then peasant theme still remains the domain of local historians.

Meanwhile, the peasantry is precisely the social stratum that constantly promoted members from its midst to join other social groups when the need arose. Discoverers of new lands (E.P. Khabarov), serf rulers and serf artists at Demidov factories, scientists (M.V. Lomonosov), inventors (I.I. Polzunov), etc. The peasantry supplied soldiers for the army and workers for industry. IN Soviet time It was precisely people from the peasantry who managed to replace the former elite of society, knocked out by the Civil War. Cultural figures, prominent military leaders, industrial leaders...

Precisely because such a monographic publication of peasant genealogies is being undertaken for the first time in Russia, among the authors of this book you will find both world-famous scientists and amateur genealogists representing Ural local history public associations.

The concept of “Ural peasantry” included not only rural inhabitants engaged in agriculture. Almost all artisans at factories (both state-owned and private) belonged to the peasant class.

The book presents genealogies of varying degrees of completeness, both in depth of material and in the period of study of a particular family. Our publication includes studies of known and unknown Ural surnames. Famous ones include those from peasant backgrounds who created the world fame of the Urals in art (Khudoyarovs, Chernobrovins, Mosins) and in industry (Kozitsyns, Korovins). Not every noble family can boast of Old Russian origins, and the roots of some Ural peasant families, as we found out, go back to the 15th and even, possibly, the 14th century (Varaksin).

The editors of the collection tried to avoid stereotypes in the design of genealogical research. Various forms of presentation of material are used - from short lists of male offspring to detailed coverage of all lines of divergent kinship. Alternative numbering systems were used in genealogies.

The most complete and detailed genealogy can never be considered final - over time, new characters will necessarily be identified and their family ties(including those with other names), their biographies will be enriched with new ones interesting facts. The description of the history of life is as endless as life itself. Therefore, research into the best materials contained in this book will be continued, and their results will be published in new editions in the international scientific bilingual (Russian/English) journal “Historical Genealogy” and posted on the Internet site created jointly by the Center for Genealogical Research and the Ural Historical and Genealogical Society. And the history of almost each of the Ural families, the genealogies of which the reader will find here, generally deserves a separate book.

-- [ Page 1 ] --

As a manuscript

MOSIN Alexey Gennadievich HISTORICAL ROOTS OF URAL FAMILIES" EXPERIENCE OF HISTORICAL AND ANTHROPONYMIC RESEARCH Specialty 07.00.09 - "Historiography, source study and methods of historical research"

dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences

SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY of the Ural State University, Ekaterinburg Ekaterinburg 2002

The work was carried out at the Department of History of Russia, Ural State University. A.MRorkogo - Doctor of Historical Sciences,

Official opponents:

Professor Schmidt S.O.

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Minenko NA.

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Doctor of Art History, Professor 11arfentyev N.P.

Leading institution: - Institute of History of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2002

The defense of the dissertation will take place at a meeting of the dissertation council D 212.286.04 for the defense of dissertations for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences at the Ural State University. A.M. Gorky (620083, Yekaterinburg, K-83, Lenin Ave., 51, room 248).

The dissertation can be found in the Scientific Library of the Ural State University. A.M. Gorky.

Scientific secretary of the dissertation council, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor V.A. Kuzmin

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

Relevance research topics. IN last years People's interest in ancestral roots and the history of their family has noticeably increased. Before our eyes, the movement known as “folk genealogy” is gaining strength: more and more new genealogical and historical genealogy societies are being created in different regions, a large number of periodical and ongoing publications are being published, the authors of which are not only professional genealogists, but also numerous amateur genealogists, taking the first steps in understanding family history. The opportunities that have opened up for studying the genealogy of almost every person, regardless of what class his ancestors belonged to, on the one hand, create a fundamentally new situation in the country in which interest in history among a huge number of people can arise at a qualitatively new level thanks to interest in history their families, on the other hand, require professional historians to actively participate in the development of scientific research methods and the creation of source research1.

bases for large-scale genealogies. The development of a historical approach to the study of surnames - a kind of “labeled atoms” of our family history - is becoming extremely important. Linguistic researchers today have already done a lot to study Russian names and surnames as phenomena of language.

A comprehensive study of the phenomenon of the surname as a historical phenomenon will make it possible to trace family roots several centuries deep into history, will allow you to take a fresh look at many events in Russian and world history, to feel your blood connection with the history of the Fatherland and “ small homeland" - the homelands of our ancestors.

The object of study is the surname as a historical phenomenon, reflecting the objective need of society to establish ancestral ties between representatives of different generations of the same clan." Two recently conducted dissertation studies are devoted to solving this problem in the genealogical and source study aspects: Antonov D.N., Restoring the history of families: method, sources , analysis. Dis.... cand.

ist. Sci. M, 2000;

Panov D.A. Genealogical research in modern historical science. Dis.... cand. ist. Sci. M., 2001.

and representing a family name passed on from generation to generation.

Subject of research serve as the processes of formation of surnames among the population of the Middle Urals during the late 16th - early 18th centuries. and the specifics of their occurrence in different social environments, under the influence of various factors (direction and intensity of migration processes, conditions of economic and administrative development of the region, linguistic and ethnocultural environment, etc.).

Purpose The research is a reconstruction of the historical core of the fund of Ural surnames, carried out on materials from the Middle Urals.

At the same time, Uralic refers to all surnames that are historically rooted in the local anthroponymic tradition.

In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following main problems are expected to be solved.

1) To establish the degree of knowledge of anthroponymy on the scale of Russia and the Ural region and the availability of regional research with sources.

2) Develop a methodology for studying regional anthroponymy (using Ural materials) and organizing regional anthroponymic material 3) Based on the developed methodology:

Determine the historical background for the appearance of surnames among the population of the Middle Urals;

Identify the historical core of the region’s anthroponymic fund;

To establish the degree of dependence of local anthroponymy on the direction and intensity of migration processes;

To identify territorial, social and ethnocultural specifics in the process of formation of a regional anthroponymic fund;

Determine the chronological framework for the formation of surnames among the main categories of the population of the region;

To outline the circle of surnames formed from the names of the local non-Russian population and foreign words, to identify their ethnocultural roots.

Territorial scope of the study. The processes of formation and existence of Ural surnames are considered mainly within the Verkhshura district, as well as the Central Ural settlements and forts of the Tobolsk district, which in relation to the administrative-territorial division of the late 16th - early 20th centuries. corresponds to the territory of Verkhoturye, Ekaterinbzfg, Irbit and Kamyshlovsky districts of the Perm province.

The chronological framework of the work covers the period from the end of the 16th century, the time of the formation of the first Russian settlements in the Middle Urals, to the 20s. XVIII century, when, on the one hand, due to the transformations of the Peter the Great era, significant changes occurred in migration processes, and on the other hand, the process of forming surnames among the Russian population living by that time in the Middle Urals was basically completed. The use of materials from a later period, including confessional paintings and registry books of the first quarter of the 19th century, is caused primarily by the need to trace the destinies of those who arose at the beginning of the 18th century. surnames and the trends that emerged at the same time in the anthroponymy of layers of the population with a relatively late appearance of surnames (mining population, clergy).

Scientific novelty and the theoretical significance of the dissertation are determined primarily by the fact that this work is the first comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the surname as a historical phenomenon, conducted on materials from a separate region and based on a wide range of sources and literature. The study is based on the methodology for studying regional anthroponymy developed by the author. The study involved a large number of sources that were not previously used in works on Ural anthroponymy, while the surname itself is also considered as one of the most important sources. For the first time, the problem of studying the historical core of the regional anthroponymic fund is posed and solved; we are developing and applying a methodology for studying and organizing regional anthroponymic material in the form of historical onomasticons and dictionaries of surnames. The influence of migration processes on the rate of formation of the regional fund of surnames and its composition has been established, the specifics of the process of formation of surnames in different social environments and under the influence of various factors (economic, ethnocultural, etc.) have been identified. For the first time, the composition of the local anthropogenic fund is presented as an important sociocultural characteristic of the region, and this fund itself is presented as a unique phenomenon that naturally developed during centuries of economic, social and cultural development of the region.

Methodology and research methods. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of objectivity, scientificity and historicism. The complex, multifaceted nature of such a historical and cultural phenomenon as a surname requires the use of an integrated approach to the object of research, which is manifested, in particular, in the variety of research methods used. Among the general scientific methods, descriptive and comparative methods were widely used in the study. The use of historical (tracing the development of the processes of formation of surnames over time) and logical (establishing connections between processes) methods made it possible to consider the formation of the historical core of the anthroponymy of the Middle Urals as a natural historical process. The use of the comparative historical method made it possible to compare the course of the same processes in different regions (for example, in the Middle Urals and in the Urals), to identify the general and special in the Ural anthroponymy in comparison with the all-Russian picture. Tracing the destinies of individual surnames over a long period of time would have been impossible without the use of the historical and genealogical method. To a lesser extent, linguistic research methods, structural and etymological, were used in the work.

Practical significance research. The main practical result of the work on the dissertation was the development and implementation of the “Ancestral Memory” program. As part of the program, the creation of a computer database on the population of the Urals at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 20th centuries began, 17 popular scientific publications were published about the history of surnames in the Urals and the problems of studying the ancestral past of the Urals.

The dissertation materials can be used in the development of special courses on the history of Ural anthroponymy, for the preparation of teaching aids for school teachers and textbooks for schoolchildren on genealogy and historical onomastics using Ural materials. All this is intended to make the ancestral memory part of the general culture of the inhabitants of the Ural region, to actively promote the formation historical consciousness starting from school age, which, in turn, will inevitably cause an increase in civic consciousness in society.

Approbation of the obtained results. The dissertation was discussed, approved and recommended for defense at a meeting of the Department of Russian History, Faculty of History, Ural State University. On the topic of the dissertation, the author published 49 printed works with a total volume of about 102 copies. l. Basic provisions dissertations were presented at meetings of the Academic Council of the Central scientific library Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as at 17 international, all-Russian and regional scientific and scientific-practical conferences in Yekaterinburg (1995", 1997, 1998, "l999, 2000, 2001), Penza (1995), Moscow (1997, 1998), Cherdyn ( 1999), St. Petersburg (2000), Tobolsk (2UOU) and 1 yumen ^2001).

Dissertation structure. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and literature, a list of abbreviations and an appendix.

Chapter one “Historiographic, source study and methodological problems of research” consists of three paragraphs.

The first paragraph traces the history of the study of anthroponymy in Russia and Russian surnames since the 19th century. to the present day. Already in publications of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. (A.Balov, E.P.Karnozich, N.Plikhachev, M.Ya.Moroshkin, A.I.Sobolevsky, A.Sokolov, NIKharuzin, NDchechulin) a significant amount of anthroponymic material has been accumulated and organized, mainly related to the history of princely, boyar and noble families and the existence of non-canonical (“Russian”) names, however, no criteria for the use of terminology have yet been developed, and the concept of “surname” itself has not been defined;

V. L. Nikonov’s remark addressed to A. I. Sobolevsky is fair that he “in vain recognized the family names of the boyars from the XTV century as surnames. Like the princely titles (Shuisky, Kurbsky, etc.), they were not yet surnames, although both served as models for subsequent surnames, and some of them actually became surnames."

The result of this period in the study of Russian historical anthroponymy is summed up in the fundamental work of N.M. Tupikov “Dictionary of Old Russian personal proper names.” In the introduction to the dictionary “Historical sketch of the use of Old Russian personal names” N.M. Tupikov, noting that “in the history of Russian names we, one might say, are not yet HMeeM”J, justified the task of creating historical-anthropo-immetic dictionaries and summed up the results of his study of Old Russian anthroponymy. The author made valuable observations about the existence of non-canonical names, and outlined ways for further study of Russian anthroponymy. The great merit of N.M. Tupikov is that he raised the question (which has not yet received final resolution) about the criteria for classifying certain names as non-canonical names or nicknames.

The first monograph devoted to the surnames of one of the classes in Russia was V.V. Sheremetevsky’s book on the surnames of the clergy, which remains to this day the most complete set of data on the surnames of clergy and clergy, although a number of the author’s conclusions (in particular, about the absolute predominance in this environment of surnames of artificial origin) can be significantly clarified by introducing regional materials into circulation.

A more than thirty-year break in the study of Russian anthroponymy ended in 1948 with the publication of A.M. Selishchev’s article “The Origin of Russian Surnames, Personal Names and Nicknames.” The author attributes the formation of Russian surnames mainly to the XVI-XV1I ^ Nikonov V. A. Geography of surnames. M., 1988. P.20.

Tupikov N.M. Dictionary of Old Russian personal proper names. St. Petersburg, 1903.

Sheremetevsky V.V. Family nicknames of the Great Russian clergy in the 15th century!!! and XIX centuries. M., 1908.

centuries, stipulating that “some surnames were of earlier origin, others arose only in the 19th century”5. Surnames are grouped by the author according to semantic characteristics" (an approach that has been established in anthroponymics for many decades). In general, this work by A.M. Selishchev was of great importance for all subsequent studies of Russian surnames.

Many provisions of A.M. Selishchev’s article were developed in the monograph by V.K. Chichagovay. The author defines the concepts of “personal name” and “nickname”, but in practice this does not lead to a clear distinction between them (in particular, the latter include the names of Pervaya, Zhdan, etc.). Trying to find a way out of this contradiction, V.K. Chichagov proposed to distinguish between two types of names - names in the proper sense (personal names) and names-nicknames, from which it follows that “the sources of surnames were patronymics proper and nicknamed patronymics.” Later A more logical scheme was proposed by A.N. Miroslavskaya, who clearly identified two groups of names: primary (given to a person at birth) and secondary (received in adulthood)8. It seems to us that V.K. Chichagov’s conclusion about the completion of the process of formation of surnames in the Russian literary language by the beginning of the 18th century is far from indisputable. “along with the cessation of being called by nicknames”9.

The only historian of the first half of the 20th century who seriously paid attention to Russian anthroponymy was Academician S.B. Veselovsky: “Onomastics”10, published 22 years after the author’s death, had a great influence on the subsequent development of methods of anthroponymic research in Russia, A. Selishchsv. M. Origin of Russian surnames, personal names and nicknames / Uch. zap. Moscow. un-ta. T. 128. M, 1948. P. 128.

Chichagov V.K. From the history of Russian names, patronymics and surnames (issues of Russian historical onomastics of the XV-XV1J centuries). M., 1959.

Right there. P.67.

See: Miroslavskaya A.N. About Old Russian names, nicknames and nicknames // Prospects for the development of Slavic onomastics. M., 1980. P.212.

"Chichagov V.K. From the history of Russian names... P. 124.

Veselovsky S.B. Onomastics: Old Russian names, nicknames and surnames.

From the second half of the 60s. XX century a new, most fruitful stage in the theoretical and practical study of anthroponymy begins, both on all-Russian and regional material. In the collections of materials of the First All-Union Anthroponymic Conference11, the Volga Region Conferences on Onomastics12 and other publications13 numerous articles by different authors were published on the etymology, semantics and historical existence of the names of many peoples of the Urals and adjacent regions: Bashkirs (T.M.Garipov, K.3.3akiryanov, F. F.Ilimbetov, R.G.Kuzeev, T.Khusimova, G.Sirazetdinova, Z.G.Uraksin, R.H.Khalikova, Z.Kharisova). Besermyans (T.I. Tegshyashina), Bulgars (A.B. Bulatov, I.G. Dobrodomov, G.E. Kornilov, G.V. Yusupov), Kalmyks (M.U. Monraev, G.Ts. Pyurbeev) , Komi-Permyaks (A.S. Krivoshchekova Gantman), Mansi and Khanty (B.M. Kuanyshev, Z.L. Sokolova), Mari D.T. Nadyshn), Tatars (I.V. Bolshakov, G.F. Sattarov) , Udmurts (GAArkhipov, S.K.Bushmakin, R.ShDzharylgasinova, V.K.Kelmakov, DLLukyanov, V.V.Pimenov, S.V.Sokolov, T-I.Teplyashina, G.I.Yakovleva). The result of a series of articles by N.A. Baskakov on surnames of Turkic origin was a monophafia14, which remains to this day, despite certain shortcomings (an uncritical attitude to information from genealogies of the 17th century, involvement in the study of surnames.

“whose bearers are of Turkic origin,” etc.), the most authoritative study in this area. These disadvantages to an even greater extent are inherent in the book of A.Kh. Khalikov, who considers among the surnames of Bulgaro-Tatar origin "Anthroponymics. M, 1970;

Personal names in the past, present, future:

Problems of anthroponymy. M., 1970.

Onomastics of the Volga region: Materials of the I Volga Conf. according to onomatics.

Ulyanovsk, 1969;

Onomastics of the Volga region: Materials of the II Volga Conf. ononomastics. Gorky, 1971;

Onomastics. M., 1969;

Prospects for the development of Slavic onomastics. M., 1980;

Baskakov N.A. Russian surnames of Turkic origin. M., (republished in 1993).

Khalikov A.Kh. 500 Russian surnames of Bulgaro-Tatar origin.

Kazan. 1992.

such surnames as Arsenyev, Bogdanov, Davydov. Leontyev. Pavlov and DR.

The article by I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada is devoted to the general problems of the formation and development of anthroponymic systems. The principles for preparing an etymological dictionary of Russian surnames were developed by O.N. Trubachev.

For the establishment of anthroponymy as a scientific discipline, the works of VANikonov were of great theoretical and practical importance, in which the need for an integrated approach to the study of surnames was substantiated and the foundations of the future “Dictionary of Russian Surnames” were laid."8. The definition of surname proposed by VA Nikonov seems to be the most comprehensive and productive today:

“Last name is the common name of family members, inherited beyond two generations”""9. Of particular importance for our research are the works of the All-Russian Fund of Surnames20.

The works of SI. Zinin are devoted to the study of the history of Russian personal names and the problems of registration of surnames. The conclusions made by the author based on materials from European Russia are that until the end of the XVTQ century. the bulk of the peasants did not have surnames21, are of great importance for Bestuzhev-Lada I.V. Historical trends in the development of anthroponyms // Personal names in the past... P.24-33, Trubachev O.N. From materials for the etymological dictionary of Russian surnames (Russian surnames and surnames existing in Russia) // Etymology. 1966. M., 1968. P.3-53.

Nikonov V.A. Tasks and methods of anthroponymy // Personal names in the past...

It's him. Experience of a dictionary of Russian surnames // Etymology. 1970. M., 1972.

Etymology. 1971. M., 1973. P.208-280;

Etymology. 1973. M., 1975.

Etymology. 1974. M., 1976. P.129-157;

It's him. Name and society. M., 1974;

It's him. Dictionary of Russian surnames / Comp. E.L. Krushelnitsky. M., 1993.

Nikonov V.A. Before surnames // Anthroponymics. M., 1970. P.92.

His numerous publications on this subject are combined in a consolidated monograph - the first experience in the comparative study of anthroponymy of various regions of Russia: Nikonov V.A. Geography of surnames.

See: Zinin S.I. Russian anthroponymy X V I! XV11I centuries (based on the material of historical books of Russian cities). Author's abstract. dis.... cand. Philol. Sci.

comparative study of the processes of formation of surnames in various regions. S.I. Zinin also developed principles for compiling dictionaries of Russian personal names and surnames22.

The major works of M. Benson, who collected about 23 thousand surnames23, and B.-O. Unbegaun, who handled about 10 thousand surnames^4, are devoted to systematizing the fund of Russian surnames as a whole, and studying their morphology and semantics. In Russia, a generalizing work in this area of ​​research was published by A.V. Superanskaya and A.V. Suslova25. Articles and monographs by V.F. Barashkov, T.V. Bakhvalova, N.N. Brazhnikova, V.T. Vanyushechkin, L.P. Kalakutskaya, V.V. Koshelev, A. are devoted to various aspects of the study of names, nicknames and surnames. N.Miroslavskaya, L.I.Molodykh, E.N.Polyakova, Yu.Kredko. A.A.Reformatsky, M.E.Rut, 1.Ya.Simina, V.P.Timofeev, A.A.Ugryumov, B.A.Uspensky, VLLTSrnitsyn and other authors. Several dictionaries of names have been published1, as well as popular dictionaries of surnames by different authors, including those prepared on regional materials27. Various research problems Tashkent, 1969. P.6, 15;

It's him. The structure of Russian anthroponyms of the 18th century (based on materials from the register books of Moscow) // Onomastics. M., 1969. P.80.

Zinin S.I. Dictionaries of Russian personal names // Proceedings of graduate students of the Tashkent State University. University: Literature and Linguistics. Tashkent, 1970. P. 158-175;

Principles of construction of the “Dictionary of Russian family nicknames of the 17th century” // Prospects for the development of Slavic onomastics. M., 1980. pp. 188-194.

Benson M. Dictionary of Russian Personal Names, with a Guide to Stress and Morthology. Philadelphia, .

Unbegaun B.O. Russian Surnames. L., 1972. The book was published twice in Russian translation, in 1989 and 1995.

2: Superanskaya A.V., Suslova A.V. Modern Russian surnames. M., 1981.

Directory of personal names of the peoples of the RSFSR. M, 1965;

Tikhonov A.N., Boyarinova L.Z., Ryzhkova A.G. Dictionary of Russian personal names. M., 1995;

Petrovsky N.A. Dictionary of Russian personal names. Ed. 5th, additional M., 1996;

Vedina T.F. Dictionary of personal names. M., 1999;

Torop F. Popular encyclopedia of Russian Orthodox names. M., 1999.

First inheritance: Russian surnames. Name day calendar. Ivanovo, 1992;

Nikonov V.A. Dictionary of Russian surnames...;

Fedosyuk Yu.A. Russian surnames:

Popular etymological dictionary. Ed. 3rd, corrected, and corrected. M., 1996;

Grushko E.L., Medvedev Yu.M. Dictionary of surnames. Nizhny Novgorod, 1997;

Surnames of the Tambov region: Dictionary-reference book / Comp. L.I. Dmitrieva and others.

M.N. Anikina’s dissertation research is also devoted to Russian anthroponymy. T.V. Bredikhina, T.L. Zakazchikova, I.Yu. Kartasheva, V.A. Mitrofanova, R.D. Selvina, M.B Serebrennikova, T.L. Sidorova;

The study of Ottoponomic surnames is also facilitated by the studies of A. ALbdullaev and LG-Pavlova29.

Perhaps the only work in recent decades by a historian in the field of anthroponymy, devoted to its close connection with the genealogy of princely, boyar and noble families of Rus' in the 15th-16th centuries, an article by V.B. Kobrin30. The author made a detailed series of valuable observations about the relationship between the concepts of “non-calendar (non-canonical) name” and “nickname”, the methods of formation and the nature of the existence of both, and the mechanisms of formation of surnames in the upper 1 DC1 1W Tambov, 1998;

Vedina T.F. Dictionary of surnames. M., 1999;

Ganzhina I.M. Dictionary of modern Russian surnames. M., 2001.

Anikina M.N. Linguistic and regional analysis of Russian anthroponyms (personal name, patronymic, surname). Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. M., 1988;

Bredikhina T.V.

Names of persons in the Russian language of the 18th century. Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci.

Alma-Ata. 1990;

Kazachikova T.A. Russian anthroponymy of the XVI-XVII centuries. (based on monuments of business writing). Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. M., 1979;

Kartasheva I.Yu. Nicknames as a phenomenon of Russian oral folk art. Dis.... cand. Philol. Sciences, M., S9S5;

Mitrofanov V.A. Modern Russian surnames as an object of linguistics, onomastics and lexicography. Dis....

Ph.D. Philol. Sci. M., 1995;

Selvina R.D. Personal names in Novgorod scribe books of the XV-XVJ centuries. Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. M., 1976;

Serebrennikova M.B. Surnames as a source for studying the evolution and existence of calendar names in the Russian language. Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. Tomsk 1978;

Sidorova T.A. Word formation activity of Russian personal names. Dis....

Ph.D. Philol. Sci. Kyiv, 1986.

Abdullaev A, A, Names of persons formed from geographical names and terms in the Russian language of the 15th-16th centuries. Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. M., 1968;

Pavlova L.G. Formation of names of persons at the place of residence (based on the names of residents of the Rostov region). Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci.

Rostov-on-Don, 1972.

Kobrin V.B. Geneshugia and anthroponymy (based on Russian materials of the 15th - 15th centuries) // History and genealogy: S.B. Veselovsky and problems of historical and genetic research. M, 1977. P.80-115.

Of great importance for this study is the experience accumulated over the past decades in studying the anthroponymy of individual regions of Russia, including the Urals and Trans-Urals. The general patterns of the local existence of Russian anthroponyms are considered in the article by V.V. Palagina^". In addition to the above-mentioned V.A. Nikonov, issues of anthroponymy using materials from different regions were dealt with by: Vologda Territory - E.N. Baklanova, T.V. Bakhvalova, P.A. .Kolesnikov, I.Popova, Y.I.Chaikina, Pinega G.L.Simina, Don - L.M.Shchetinin, Komi - I.L. and L.N. Zherebtsov, other places of European Russia - S.Belousov, V. D. Bondaletov, N.V. Danilina, I.P. Kokareva, IA. Koroleva, G.A. Silaeva and V.A. Lshatov, T.B. Solovyova, V.I. Tagunova, V.V. Tarsukov. E-F. Teilov, N.K. Frolov, different regions of Siberia - V.V. Papagina, O. N. Zhilyak, V. P. Klyueva. From the monographic studies it is necessary to highlight the work of L. Shchetinin, published under different titles, which is interesting not only for its specific material , but also by posing theoretical problems (determining the essence of the approach to the study of regional anthroponymy and the range of problems that can be solved with its help, introducing the concepts of “anthroponymic panorama”, “nuclear achroponymy”, etc.), as well as the dictionary of Vologda surnames Yu.I. .Chaikina33 outlining the work methodology. Written on Siberian materials, the book by D.Ya. Rezun34 is not actually a study of surnames; it is fascinatingly written popular essays about bearers of various surnames in Siberia at the end of the 16th-15th centuries.

The anthroponymy of the Urals is actively researched by E.N. Polyakova, who dedicated separate publications to the names of the residents of Kungur and "" Palagin V.V. On the question of the locality of Russian anthroponyms of the late 16th and 17th centuries. // Questions of the Russian language and its dialects, Tomsk, ! 968. P.83-92.

l Shchetinin L.M. Names and titles. Rostov-on-Don, 1968;

It's him. Russian names: Essays on Don anthroponymy. Ed. 3rd. corr. and additional Rostov-on-Don, 1978.

l Chaikina Yu.I. History of Vologda surnames: Tutorial. Vologda, 1989;

It's her. Vologda surnames: Dictionary. Vologda, 1995.

l Rezun D.Ya. Pedigree of Siberian surnames: History of Siberia in biographies and genealogies. Novosibirsk, 1993.

35 Cherdshsky districts and published a dictionary of Perm surnames, as well as young Perm linguists who prepared.!! a number of dissertations based on materials from the Urals.

The works of V.P. Biryukova, N.N. Brazhnikova, E.A. Bubnova, V.A. Nikonov, N.N. Parfenova, N.G. Ryabkov38 are devoted to the study of anthroponyms of Trans-Urals. Interregional connections of the Trans-Urals with the Urals and the Russian North on the basis of nickname surnames ~"5 Polyakova E.N. Surnames of Russians in the Kungur district in the 17th - early 16th centuries // Language and onomastics of the Kama region. Perm, 1973. P. 87-94;

It's her. Cherdyn surnames in the period of their formation (late XVI-XVI1 R.) // Cher.lyn and the Urals in the historical and cultural heritage of Russia: Scientific materials. conf. Perm, 1999.

"Polyakova E.N. To the origins of Perm surnames: Dictionary. Perm, 1997.

"Medvedeva N.V. Landscape of the Kama region of the first half of the 15th century in a dynamic aspect (based on materials from census documents on the estates of the Stroganovs). Diss.... candidate of philological sciences. Perm, 1999;

Sirotkina T.A.

Anthroponyms in the lexical system of one dialect and their lexicography in a non-differential dialect dictionary (based on the dialect of the village of Akchim, Krasnovishersky district, Perm region). Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci.

Perm, 1999;

Semykin D.V. Anthroponymy of the Cherdyn revision tale of 1 7 1 years (to the problem of the formation of the official Russian anthroponym). Dis....

Ph.D. Philol. Sci. Perm, 2000.

The Ural in its living word: Pre-revolutionary folklore / Collection. and comp.

V.P.Biryukov. Sverdlovsk, 1953. P.199-207;

Brazhnikova N.N. Russian anthroponymy of Trans-Urals at the turn of the 17th-17th centuries Ch Onomastics. P.93-95;

It's her. Pre-Christian names at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 18th centuries. //" Onomastics of the Volga region: Materials of the I Volga Conference... P.38-42;

It's her. Proper names in the writing of the Southern Trans-Urals in the 17th-18th centuries. // Personal names in the past... P.315-324;

It's her. History of dialects of the Southern Trans-Urals according to surnames //" Anthroponymy. P. 103-110;

Bubnova E.A. Surnames of residents of the Belozersk volost of the Kurgan district for 1796 (according to the Kurgan regional archive) // Kurgan Land: past and present: Collection of local history. Issue 4. Kurgan, 1992. pp. 135-143;

Nikonov V.A. Nikonov V.A. Russian settlement of the Trans-Urals according to onomastic data // Problems of historical demography of the USSR. Tomsk, 1980. P.170-175;

It's him. Geography of surnames. P.5-6, 98-106;

Parfenova N.N. Source study aspect of the study of Russian surnames of the Trans-Ural region (article I) // Northern region: Science. Education. Culture.

2000, No. 2. P.13-24;

Ryabkov N.G. About unofficial (street) surnames in the Ural village // Chronicle of the Ural villages: Abstracts. report regional scientific practical conf. Ekaterinburg. 1995. pp. 189-192.

1s were studied in the monograph by V.F. Zhitnikov." Rather, the southern part of the Talitsky district of the Sverdlovsk region can be classified as the Trans-Urals rather than the Middle Urals, on the materials of which the dissertation research of P.T. Porotnikov^0 was carried out, which is of great interest as an experience of complex studies of anthroponymy of a small territory.

For studying the origin of Ural surnames, the work of Ural genealogists, primarily performed on materials from the Middle Urals 4, is of great importance.

Thus, in the entire extensive historiography of Russian anthroponymy, there is still no historical research devoted to the origin of surnames in a particular region, no methodology for such research has been developed, and the surname itself is practically not considered as a historical source. Within the vast Ural region, the aptroponymy of the Middle Urals remains the least studied.

In the second paragraph, the source base of the study is identified and analyzed.

The first group of sources used in the work consists of unpublished materials of civil and church records of the population of the Urals, identified by the author in the archives, libraries and museums of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and Tobolsk. First of all, these are population censuses (census, scribe, sentinel books) "" Zhitnikov V.F. Surnames of the Urals and Northerners: Experience in comparing anthroponyms formed from nicknames based on dialectal appellatives. Chelyabinsk, !997.

Porotnikov P.T. Aptroponymy of a closed territory (based on the dialects of the Talitsky district of the Sverdlovsk region). Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci.

Sverdlovsk, 1972.

See: Panov D.A. Experience of generational painting of the Yeltsin family. Perm, J992;

Ural genealogist. Issue 1-5. Ekaterinburg, 1996-200S;

Times intertwined, countries intertwined... Vol. 1-7. Ekaterinburg, 1997-2001;

INFO. No. 4 (“Wind of Time”: Materials for generational paintings of Russian clans. Ural).

Chelyabinsk, 1999;

Trans-Ural genealogy. Kurgan, 2000;

Ural genealogy book: Peasant surnames. Ekaterinburg, 2000;

Man and society in the information dimension: Regional materials. scientific-practical conf.

Ekaterinburg, 2001. pp. 157-225.

settlements and forts of Verkhoturye and Tobolsk counties in 1621, 1624, 1666, 1680, 1695, 1710 and 1719, as well as registered, wheel-drive, yasak and other books for different years HUL c. from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA, Sibirsky Prikaz and Verkhotursk Prikaznaya Izba), the State Archives of the Sverdlovsk Region (GASO) and the Tobolsk State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve (TGIAMZ). Tracking historical roots Ural surnames required the use of materials registering the population of other regions (the Urals, the Russian North) from the collections of the RGADA and the Russian State Library (RSL, Department of Manuscripts). Actual material (mandatory records for peasants, petitions, etc.) was also brought in from the funds of the Vsrkhotursk administrative hut of the RGADA and the Verkhotursk voivodskaya hut of the Archive of the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPb FIRM RAS). From materials of church records of the first quarter of the 19th century. (Foundation of the Ekaterinburg Spiritual Administration of the State Social Society) registries were used, as well as confessional paintings, which provide unique information about the distribution of surnames in different layers of individual counties42. The work also used published historical sources on the research topic:

materials of some censuses and registration of certain categories of the population (mainly in the Urals and the Russian North), letters of governor, deposit books of monasteries, etc.

h "About information opportunities For this source, see: Mosin A.G.

Confessional paintings as historical source/7 Chronicle of Ural villages... P. 195-197.

Let's name just some of the most important publications of Ural materials: Historical Acts. T. 1-5. St. Petersburg, 1841-1842;

Shishonko V. Perm Chronicle from 1263-1881 T. 1-5. Permian. 1881-1889;

Kaysarov's scribe book 1623/4. but to the Great Perm estates of the Stroganovs II Dmitriev A, Perm antiquity: A collection of historical articles and materials mainly about the Perm region. Issue 4, Perm, 1992- P.110-194;

Verkhoturye charters of the late 16th - early 17th centuries. Issue! / Compiled by E.N. Oshanina. M., 1982;

Lobby books of the Dalmatovsky Assumption Monastery (last quarter of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century) / Comp. I.L. Mankova. Sverdlovsk, 1992;

Elkin M.Yu., Konovalov Yu.V.

Source on the genealogy of the Verkhoturye townspeople of the late 17th century // Ural genealogist. Issue 2. Ekaterinburg, 1997. P.79-86: Konovalov Yu.V. Verkhoturskaya The second group of sources consists of publications of anthroponymic material itself: dictionaries of names, nicknames and surnames (including the dictionary by N.M. Tupikov, “Onomastics” by SBBeselovsky, mentioned in the historiographical essay, regional dictionaries by E.N. Polyakova, Yu.I. Chaikina and etc.), telephone directories, the book “Memory”, etc. Data from this group of sources are valuable, in particular, for quantitative characteristics.

The third group includes sources created by genealogists, primarily generational paintings of Ural clans.

The use of data from these sources allows, in particular, to classify specific Ural surnames as monocentric (all bearers of which in a given area belong to the same clan) or polycentric (whose bearers within the region are descendants of several ancestors).

This group of sources, generally defined as linguistic, consists of various dictionaries: explanatory Russian language (V.I. Dalya), historical (language of the 11th-15th centuries), etymological (M. Vasmer), dialectal (Russian folk dialects, Russian dialects of the Middle Urals), toponymic (A.K. Matveeva, O.V. Smirnova), etc., as well as foreign languages ​​- Turkic (primarily V.V. Radlov), Finno-Ugric and other languages ​​of the peoples who lived both in Russia and abroad.

A specific and very important source of research is the surnames themselves, which in many cases carry information not only about the ancestor (his name or nickname, place of residence or ethnicity, occupation, appearance, character, etc.), but also about changes that occurred over time in their writing and pronunciation as a result of living in a particular environment. The source study value of surnames and their foundations is especially high if it is possible to study them in a specific cultural and historical context (ethnocultural and social environment, name book of 1632 // Ural Genealogical Book... P.3i7-330;

Elkin M.Yu., Trofimov S.V. Tax books of 1704 as a source of peasant genealogies // Ibid. P.331-351;

Trofimov S.V. Source on the genealogy of artisans and workers at metallurgical plants in the Urals at the beginning of the 10th century.

//Ural rodeater. Issue 5 Ekaterinburg, 2001. P.93-97.

existence, the nature of migration processes, the local way of life of the population, dialectic features of the language, etc.)44.

In terms of criticism of sources, working with anthroponymic material requires taking into account many factors, primarily of a subjective nature: possible errors of scribes when recording anthroponyms from hearing or copying documents, distortion of surnames as a result of rethinking the meaning of their foundations (“folk etymology”), fixation of one person in different sources under different names (which could reflect the real situation or occur as a result of an error by the census compilers), “correction” of the surname in order to give it greater euphony, “ennoble” it, etc. There was also a conscious concealment of its former name, which was not uncommon in the conditions of spontaneous colonization of Urat at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 18th centuries. Both internal analysis of the content of a specific document and the involvement of the widest possible range of sources, including those of more recent origin, help fill emerging information gaps and correct source data.

In general, the state of the source base allows us to conduct a study of the anthroponymy of the Middle Urals at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 18th centuries. and solve the problems, and a critical approach to the information contained in them - to make the research conclusions more reasonable.

The third paragraph discusses the methodology for studying the anthroponymy of a particular region (using materials from the Urals) and the organization of regional anthroponymy in the forms of a historical onomasticon and a dictionary of surnames.

The purpose of compiling a regional onomasticon is to create the most complete ancient Russian non-canonical and non-Russian (foreign language) names and nicknames that existed and were recorded in sources within a given region and served as the basis for surnames. In the course of the work, the following tasks are solved: 1) identification in On the source study potential of surnames, see in more detail: Mosin A.G., Surname as a historical source // Problems of the history of Russian literature, culture and public consciousness. Novosibirsk, 2000. P.349-353.

2) processing the collected material, compiling dictionary entries with the most accurate information possible about the time and place of recording of each anthroponym, the social affiliation of its bearer (as well as other essential biographical details: place of birth, father’s occupation, change of place of residence, etc.). d.), as well as indicating sources of information;

3) periodic publication of the entire set of anthroponyms that make up regional onomastics;

Moreover, each subsequent edition must differ from the previous one both in quantitative terms (the appearance of new articles, new articles) and in qualitative terms (clarification of information, correction of mistakes).

When determining the structure of the article of the regional osnomasticon, the dictionary of N.M. Tupikov was taken as a basis, but the experience of compiling the “Onomasticon” by S.B. Veselovsky was also taken into account. The fundamental difference between the regional onomasticon and both publications is the inclusion in it, along with Russian non-canonical names and nicknames, of the names of representatives of other peoples, primarily indigenous to the region (Tatars, Bashkirs, Komi-Permyaks, Mansi, etc.).

Data from the regional onomasticon make it possible in many cases to trace the roots of local surnames, to more clearly imagine historically the appearance of regional anthroponymy, to identify the unique features of this specific sphere of the historical and cultural heritage of this region. The preparation and publication of similar onomasticons based on materials from a number of regions of Russia (Russian North, Volga region, North-West, Center and South of Russia, Urals, Siberia) will eventually make it possible to publish an all-Russian onomasticon.

The first step on this path was the release of a rap-historical onomasticon based on Ural materials45, containing more articles.

The publication of a regional historical dictionary of surnames is preceded by the preparation and publication of materials for this dictionary.

In relation to the Urals, as part of the preparation of the “Dictionary of Ural surnames”, it is planned to publish materials on the districts of the Perm province, the dictionary of which is compiled according to the confessional lists of the first quarter of the 19th century. In addition to these regular volumes, it is planned to publish separate volumes based on other structural features:

territorial-temporal (population of the Ural settlements of the Tobolsk district of the 19th century), social (servicemen, mining population, clergy), ethnocultural (yasak population), etc. Over time, it is planned to also cover individual Ural districts of other provinces (Vyatka, Orenburg, Tobolsk, Ufa).

The structure of regular volumes of materials for the dictionary and their constituent articles can be presented using the example of the first volume that was published46.

The preface to the entire multi-volume publication defines the purpose and objectives of the publication, presents the structure of the entire series and individual volumes, specifies the principles of transferring names and surnames, etc.;

The preface to this volume contains a brief outline of the history of settlement of the territory of Kamyshlovsky district, the patterns of intra- and interregional population migrations, features of local anthroponymy are noted, the choice of confessional paintings of 1822 as the main source is justified, and characteristics of other sources are given.

The basis of the book is made up of articles devoted to individual surnames (about two thousand full articles, not counting references to Mosin A.G. Ural historical onomastics. Yekaterinburg, 2001. For the prospects for preparing such a publication based on Siberian materials, see:

Mosin A.G. Regional historical onomasticons: problems of preparation and publication (based on materials from the Urals and Siberia) // Russian old-timers: Materials of the 111th Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 11-13, 2000, Tobolsk). Tobolsk;

Omsk, 2000. P.282-284.

Mosin A.G. Ural surnames: Materials for the dictionary. G.1: Surnames of residents of the Kamyshlovsky district of the Perm province (according to the confessional lists of 1822). Yeatherinburg, 2000.

variants of spelling of surnames) and arranged in alphabetical order.

Structurally, each complete article consists of three parts: the title, the text of the article and a toponymic key. In the text of the article, three semantic blocks can be distinguished, conditionally defined as linguistic, historical and geographical: in the first, the basis of the surname is determined (canonical/non-canonical name, Russian/foreign language, in full/derived form or nickname), its semantics is clarified with the widest possible range meanings, traditions of interpretation are traced in dictionaries of surnames and literature;

the second provides information about the existence of the surname and its basis in Russia as a whole (“historical examples”), in the Urals and within this district;

in the third, possible connections with toponymy - local, Ural or Russian (“toponymic parallels”) are identified, and toponymic names are characterized.

Surnames are recorded in three main chronological layers: lower (based on census materials from the 17th and early 19th centuries), middle (according to confessional paintings of 1822) and upper (according to the book “Memory”, which provides data for the 30-40s XX century).

This makes it possible to identify the historical roots of the surnames of the Kamyshlovites, to trace the fate of the surnames on Ural soil throughout the three upn.irv»Y_ nrtspp, pYanyatgzh"Y"tt, irausRffHHfl and their NYAGSPYANI ^^.

The toponymic key refers to Appendix 1, which is a list of the composition of the parishes of the Kamyshlovsky district as of 1822, and at the same time is associated with that part of the dictionary entry, which sets out in detail in which parishes and settlements of the district this year bearers of this surname were recorded and to what categories of the population they belonged to.

The income-by-arrival tables of Appendix 1 contain information about changes in the names of settlements and their modern administrative affiliation.

Appendix 2 contains frequency lists of male and female names given by residents of the district to children born in 1822. For comparison, relevant statistical data for Sverdlovsk for 1966 and for the Smolensk region for 1992 are provided. Other appendices provide lists of literature, sources, abbreviations.

The materials in the appendices give reason to consider the volumes of materials for the regional dictionary of surnames as comprehensive studies of the onomastics of individual counties of the Perm province, moreover. that the main object of research remains surnames.

A comparison of the composition of the surname funds (as of 1822) of Kamyshlovsky and Yekaterinburg districts reveals significant differences: the total number of surnames is about 2000 and 4200, respectively;

surnames recorded in 10 or more parishes of counties - 19 and 117 (including those formed from the full forms of canonical names - 1 and 26). Obviously, this revealed the specificity of the Yekaterinburg district, expressed in a very significant proportion of the urban and mining population, in comparison with the Kamyshlovsky district, the absolute majority of the population of which were peasants. Chapter two, “Historical background for the appearance of surnames among the population of the Urals,” consists of two paragraphs.

The first paragraph defines the place and role of non-canonical names in the system of Russian personal proper names.

One of the unresolved issues in historical onomastics today is the development of reliable criteria for classifying Old Russian names as non-canonical names or nicknames.

An analysis of the materials available to the dissertation author showed that the confusion with definitions is largely due to the unfounded understanding found in the literature of the 15th-16th centuries. the concept of “nickname” in its modern meaning, whereas at that time it only meant that this is not the name given to a person at baptism, but is what he is called (“nicknamed”) in the family or other environment of communication. Therefore, in the future, all names followed by patronymics are considered in the dissertation as personal names, even if in the sources they are defined as “nicknames”. Ural materials provide a lot of examples of the fact that under “nicknames” in the 16th-15th centuries.

family names (surnames) were also understood.

As shown in the dissertation, the degree of distribution in the Middle Urals of surnames formed from those that existed here at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 16th centuries. non-canonical names, the following data allow judging;

Of the 61 names, 29 were derived from surnames recorded in the first quarter of the 19th century. in all four districts of the Middle Urals (Zerhogursky, Yekaterinburg, Irbitsky and Kamyshlovsky), its 20 names are reflected in surnames found in three of the four districts, and from only five names surnames known only in one of the four districts were formed. Moreover, two names (Neklyud and Ushak) are known in the Urals only from documents of the 16th century, six names - within the first quarter of the 17th century, and another 11 - until the middle of the 17th century. and 15 until the end of the 1660s. Only five names (Vazhen, Bogdan, Warrior, Nason and Ryshko) are known from documents from the early 16th century. All this indirectly indicates early education surnames in the Urals.

If in Kungur district by the beginning of the 15th century. surnames formed from non-canonical names accounted for 2% of the total47, then in the Middle Urals at the beginning of the 19th century. this share is even higher - in different counties up to 3-3.5%.

The dissertation author established that the use of non-canonical names in the Urals has regional specifics. From the top five of the frequency list of non-canonical names in the Urals, only two are included in the all-Russian top five (according to N.M. Tupikov’s dictionary) - Bogdan and Tretyak; two names of the Ural ten (Vazhen and Shesgak) are not included in the all-Russian top ten;

the names Zhdan and Tomilo are less common in the Urals than in Russia as a whole, and the name Istoma, which was common among N.M. Tupikov, was generally recorded rarely in the Urals and no later than the first quarter of the 17th century. Also noteworthy is the generally higher frequency of numerical names in the Urals, which could reflect the specifics of family development in the conditions of colonization of the region, both among the peasantry (land relations) and among service people (the practice of moving “to a retired place” after the father ). An analysis of the Ural materials allowed the dissertation author to suggest that the name Druzhina (as a derivative of another) was given to the second sshu in the family and should also be classified as numerical."

See: Polyakova E.N. Surnames of Russians in Kungur district... P.89.

See: Mosin A.G. Pervusha - Druzhina - Tretyak: On the question of the forms of the non-canonical name of the second son in the family of pre-Petrine Rus' // Problems of the history of Russia. Issue 4: Eurasian borderland. Ekaterinburg, 2001. P.247 256.

In general, Ural materials indicate that canonical and non-canonical names until the end of the 15th century.

constituted a unified naming system, with a gradual reduction in the share of the latter, up to the prohibition of their use at the end of the century.

The second paragraph traces the establishment of a three-member naming structure.

The absence of a unified naming norm allowed the drafters of documents, depending on the situation, to name a person in more or less detail. The need to trace family succession (in land and other economic relations, service, etc.) helped to accelerate the process of establishing the family name, which was fixed in generations of descendants as a surname.

Among the population of Verkhoturye district, family names (or already surnames) are recorded in large numbers already in the first census - the sentinel book of F. Tarakanov in 1621. The structure of names (with a few exceptions) is two-membered, but the second part is heterogeneous, in it four main ones can be distinguished groups of anthroponyms: 1) patronymic (Romashko Petrov, Eliseiko Fedorov);

2) nicknames from which the surnames of descendants could be formed (Fedka Guba, Oleshka Zyryan, Pronka Khromoy);

3) names that could become surnames, thanks to the final -ov and -in, without any changes (Vaska Zhernokov, Danilko Permshin);

4) names that, by all indications, are surnames and can be traced from this time to the present day (Oksenko Babin. Trenka Taskin, Vaska Chapurin, etc., in total, according to far from complete data - 54 names). The last observation allows us to conclude that in the Middle Urals the processes of establishing a three-member structure of naming and the formation of surnames developed in parallel, and the consolidation of generic names in the form of surnames actively occurred within the framework of the dominance in practice of a two-member structure.

In the materials of the 1624 census, as established by the author, the proportion of three-degree names is already very significant;

among the Streltsy - 13%, among the townspeople - 50%, among the suburban and Tagil coachmen - 21%, among the suburban, arable peasants - 29%, among the Tagil - 52%, among the Nevyansk - 51%, among the ladles and bobyls - 65%. The predominance of three-term names in settlements remote from Verkhoturye, as well as among ladles and bobyls, is noteworthy. Subsequently, the share of three-term names in general (as a trend) increased, although the amplitude of fluctuations for different territories and categories of population for individual censuses could be very significant: for example, in the city - from 3-5% among suburban and Tagil peasants to 82-89 % among the Irbit and Nitsynskys, which could be a consequence of the lack of a unified attitude among the census takers. It is no coincidence that in the census of 1680, when it was prescribed to list names “from fathers and nicknames,” in the same Tagil settlement the share of three-term names increased from 3 to 95%.

The movement from a two-membered to a three-membered naming structure, which took place over a hundred years, developed spasmodically, sometimes “rollbacks” occurred without any logical explanation. Thus, in the name book of 1640, 10% of the Verkhoturye archers are recorded with three-member names, in 1666 - not a single one, and in 1680.

among Tagil coachmen the same figures were respectively in 1666 - 7% and 1680 - 97%;

in 1679, all Verkhoturye townspeople were rewritten with two-member names, and just a year later, 15 out of 17 (88%) were named according to a three-member structure.

Two-term names were widely used after 1680, and in some cases they prevailed absolutely (1690/91 in Ugetskaya Sloboda - for all 28 peasants, but by 1719 the picture here was exactly the opposite).

The transition to a three-member naming structure in the Middle Urals was basically completed (although not without exceptions) by the time of the census according to the decree of 1719: in particular, in settlements, two-member naming is found mainly among courtyard workers and conscript workers, as well as among widows and clergy. and clergy.

Chapter three “Colonization processes in the Middle Urals at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 18th centuries. and their connections with local anthroponymy" consists of four paragraphs.

The first paragraph examines surnames whose bearers came from the Russian North - a huge space from Olonets and the Belosh Sea coast in the west to the Vychegda and Pechora basins in the east. The overwhelming majority of the population of this region was the black-growing peasantry.

The role of settlers from the Russian North in the development of the Urals from the end of the 16th century. well known. The geography of the “donor” territories was directly reflected in the toponymic nicknames, which, in turn, served as the basis for many Ural surnames. In the first quarter of the HEK c. within the four districts of the Middle Urals, 78 toponymic surnames of Northern Russian origin have been recorded49, of which 10 are found in all four districts (Vaganov, Vagin, Kargapolov, Koksharov, Mezentsov, Pecherkin, Pinegin, Udimtsov, Ustyantsov and Ustyugov), another 12 - in three districts from four;

^emilias are known only in one ^§here out of four of them are unknown from Ural sources until the beginning of the 18th century. (including at the level of initial nicknames). Some widely used in the Urals in the 17th century. The names (Vilezhanin, Vychegzhanin, Luzenin, Pinezhanin) did not become as widespread in the form of surnames.

There are known cases when surnames with Northern Russian roots were formed outside the Middle Urals - in the Urapie region (Luzin), on Vyatka (Vagin), etc.

Among the toponymic surnames, of particular interest are those formed not by the names of counties and other large regions, but by the names of relatively small, definitely localized territories (volosts, rural communities, etc.). The local toponymy of the Russian North undoubtedly goes back to such Ural surnames as Verkholantsov, Entaltsov, Yerensky (Yarinsky - from the Yakhrenga volost), Zaostrovskaya, Zautinsky, Lavelin, Laletin, Papulovskaya (-), Permogortsov, Pinkzhovsky, Prilutsky, Rakultsov, Sosnovsky (- them), Udartsov, Udimtsov (Udintsov), Cheshchegorov, Shalamentsov (Shelomentsov), etc. For speakers of these and other 4v Some of them (Nizovkin, Nizovtsov, Pecherkin. Yugov, Yuzhakov) could go back to people from other regions;

on the contrary, the surname Pechersky(s), which was not included in this number, could in some cases belong to the descendants of a native of Pechora. Many surnames (Demyanovskaya, Duvsky, Zmanovsky, Lansky, Maletinskaya, etc.) do not have a reliable toponymic reference, but many of them are undoubtedly of Northern Russian origin.

Such surnames make the task of searching for the historical “small homeland” of ancestors significantly easier.

In XUL c. immigrants from different districts of the Russian North laid the foundation for many Ural surnames that do not directly reflect Northern Russian toponymy: from Vazhsky - Dubrovin, Karablev.

Pakhotinsky, Pryamikov, Ryavkin, Khoroshavin and others, from Vologda Borovsky, Zabelin, Toporkov and others, from Ustyug - Bunkov, Bushuev, Gorskin, Kraichikov. Menshenin, Trubin, Chebykin, etc., from Pinezhsky - Bukhryakov, Malygin, Mamin, Trusov, Shchepetkin, Yachmenev, etc., from Solvychegodsky - Abushkin, Bogatyrev, Vyborov, Tiunov, Tugolukov, Chashchin, etc. The bulk of the ancestors of Ural surnames of Northern Russian origin came from four districts: Vazhsky, Ustyugsky, Pinezhsky and Solvychegodsky (with Yarensk).

The study of surnames of Northern Russian origin using materials from the Middle Urals allows, in some cases, to revise the issues of the formation of surnames in other regions. In particular, widespread in the Urals in the 18th century. Pinega surname Shchelkanov questions the categorical statement of G.Simina that “Pinega surnames were formed no earlier than the 18th century.”50.

The second paragraph traces the Vyatka, Ural and Volga ancestral roots of the ancestors of the Srettneurap families.

According to the scale of migrations for the Middle Urals at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 18th centuries. second in importance after the Russian North (and for some southern and western settlements - the first) was a vast region that included the Vyatka land, the Urals and the Middle Volga region (the Volga basin in its middle reaches). Along with the black-sown peasantry, a significant proportion of the population of these places were privately owned (including Stroganov) peasants.

The dissertation established that in the first quarter of the twentieth century. in four districts of the Middle Urals there were 61 otgoponymic surnames of Volga-Vyatka-Ural origin, of which 9 were found in all districts (Vetlugin, Vyatkin, Kazantsov, Kaigorodov, Osintsov, Simbirtsov, Usoltsov, Ufintsov and Chusovitin), another 6 surnames - in three out of four Simina G.Ya. From the history of Russian surnames. Surnames of Pinega // Ethnography of names. M„ 1971.P.111.

counties, all of them (or their foundations) have been known here since the 17th - early 18th centuries.

More than half of the surnames (31 out of 61) are recorded in only one district, of which 23 were not recorded in the Middle Urals until the beginning of the 18th century. (including at the level of initial nicknames). This means that the region during the XVII century. remained the most important resource for replenishing the anthroponymy of the Middle Urals.

Such Ural surnames as Alatartsov, Balakhnin, Birintsov, Borchaninov, Gaintsov, Yenidortsov, Kukarskoy(s), Laishevsky, Menzelintsov, Mulintsov, Obvintsrv, Osintsov, Pecherskaya(s), Redakortsov, Uzhentsov, owe their origin to local toponyms of this region. Fokintsrv, Chigvintsov, Chukhlomin, Yadrintsov and others.

The ancestors of many of the oldest Ural families came from within this vast region (more precisely, a complex of regions): from Vyatka - Balakin, Kutkin, Korchemkin, Rublev, Chsrnoskutov, etc., from Perm the Great (Cherdynsky district) - Bersenev, Gaev, Golomolzin, Zhulimov , Kosikov, Mogilnikov, etc., from Solikamsk district - Volegov, Kabakov, Karfidov, Matafonov, Ryaposov, Taskin, etc., from the estates of the Stroganovs - Babinov, Dyldin, Guselnikov, Karabaev, etc., from Kazan district - Gladkikh, Golubchikov, Klevakin, Rozshcheptaev, from Unzhi - Zolotavin, Nokhrin, Troinin, etc. Among those who laid the foundation for other Ural surnames were also Kaygorodians. Kungur residents, Sarapul residents, Osin residents, Ufa residents, people from several districts of the Volga region.

In general, people from the Valptvyatka-Ural complex of regions contributed by the beginning of the 18th century. no less significant contribution to the formation of the anthroponymic fund of the Middle Urals than the Russian North, and much more often than for surnames with Northern Russian roots, it is possible to trace the formation of surnames before the arrival of their bearers in the Middle Urals.

The third paragraph establishes the contribution of other regions (Northwest, Center and South of European Russia, Siberia) in the formation of the historical core of the Ural anthroponymic fund.

Compared to the first two regions (complexes of regions), these territories did not contribute by the beginning of the 18th century. such a significant contribution to the anthroponymy of the Middle Urals. True, in the first quarter of the 19th century. in four Central Ural districts, an otoponymic surname is taken into account, reflecting the geography of these spaces, but in all districts only three surnames are recorded (Kolugin/Kalugin, Moskvin and Pugimtsov/Putintsov) and in three of the four districts - five more surnames. More than two-thirds of the surnames (35 out of 51) were found in only one county, of which 30 were found before the beginning of the 18th century. unknown in the Middle Urals. The list of toponyms reflected in the names noted here in documents before the 18th century is relatively small: Bug, Kaluga, Kozlov, Lithuania, Moscow, Novgorod, Putivl, Ryazan, Rogachev, Staraya Russa, Siberia, Terek5". On the contrary, a number of names, known from documents of the 16th - early 19th and 19th centuries (Kievskaya, Luchaninov, Orlovets, Podolskikh, Smolyanin, Toropchenin), have no correspondence in the surnames of the first quarter of the 19th century.

Cool surnames of nonstoponymic origin that appeared in gtrvnrrnpr;

ip ttih pegigun pr. Nya Spelnem U pale to the beginning of the XVIII in Ktmyne is insignificant, which, apparently, is explained by the absence of mass migrations from these places. It was precisely in conditions of isolated movements of people that toponymic nicknames had a greater chance not only of arising, but also of giving rise to corresponding surnames.

The fourth paragraph records and analyzes the reflection of intraregional population migrations in the anthroponymy of the Middle Urals.

Since the 17th century. Ural anthroponymy was enriched with names derived from local toponyms. In the first quarter of the 19th century. within four districts of the Middle Urals, surnames derived from them are recorded, but only a third of them are known here in the 15th - early 18th centuries: Glinskikh, Epanchintsov, Lyalinskiy (theirs), Mekhontsov, Mugaiskiy (theirs), Nevyantsov, Pelynskikh, Pyshmlntsov , Tagil(b)tsov. Not a single surname was recorded in all counties; only three (Glinsky, Epanchintsov and Tagil(y)tsov) were found in three out of four counties;

of 18 surnames known from one county. 14 to 18th century in the Middle Urals are not documented even at the level of original nicknames.

In order to receive the nickname Tagilets or Nevyanets, a native of the corresponding settlements had to go far enough from his family. It is also necessary to take into account that surnames like Kalugin (Kolugin) or Moskvin did not in all cases have an otoponymic origin.

places Surnames derived from the names of the Middle Ural settlements and forts are common mainly in the more southern regions of the region, however, taking into account the main direction of migration of the peasant population in the 161-18th centuries, it can be assumed that the full surname-forming potential of such names was already revealed in the spaces of Siberia.

Chapter four, “Foreign language components of Ural anthroponymy,” consists of three paragraphs.

The first paragraph defines the range of surnames with Finno-Ugric roots, as well as surnames indicating that the ancestors belonged to Finno-Ugric ethnic groups. Of the surnames of ethnonymic origin, the most common in the Middle Urals is Zyryanov, which reflected the role of the Komi people (and, possibly, other Finno-Ugric ethnic groups) in the settlement of 1 T,„ _„, T"*,. „ _..,.. ,„ * _..,” “U” -. -, -T "H T pCJ riOiiut A vyixw D4^ip*^4xliv^ivvi vuciivLrjj lml j. wpvj jj"ii I y_A \iipvj liiiy, i j-wp/vL/iivv/iJ, Cheremisin and Chudinov, other names , going back to ethnonyms (Vogulkin, Vagyakov, Otinov, Permin, etc.), became widespread locally. It must be taken into account that in some cases surnames such as Korelin, Chudinov or Yugrinov (Ugrimov) could be formed not directly from ethnonyms, but from corresponding non-canonical names. There have also been cases of the nickname Novokreschen belonging to, along with representatives of Turkic ethnic groups, the Udmurts (Votyaks) and the Mari (Cheremis).

Among surnames with Finno-Ugric roots in the Middle Urals, surnames with -egov and -ogov are distinguished, which in specific cases go back to the Udmurt or Komi-Permyak languages: Volegov, Irtegov, Kolegov, Kotegov. Lunegov, Puregov, Uzhegov, Chistogov, etc., as well as those starting with Ky- (Kyrnaev, Kifchikov, Kyskin, Kychanov, Kychev, etc.), which is typical for the Komi and Komi-Permyak languages. The question of the origin of some surnames of this series (for example, Kichigin or Kgaggymov) remains open.

Of the other surnames of Komi or Komi-Permyak origin, the surnames Koynov (from kbin “wolf”) and Pyankov (from pshn - “son”) were recorded earlier than others (from the 17th century) in the Middle Urals and were most widespread in the region;

the most common surnames go back to the naming of various animals in the Finno-Ugric languages, which could be associated with their veneration as totems or reflect individual nicknames (Dozmurov, from dozmdr - “grouse grouse”;

Zhunev, from zhun - “bullfinch”;

Kochov, from kdch - “hare”;

Oshev, atosh - “bear”;

Porsin, from pors - “pig”;

Rakin, youth “raven”, etc.), there are also numerals, probably, which, apparently, corresponded to the Russian tradition of numerical names (Kykin, from kyk - “two”;

Kuimov, from kuim - sgri"). In some places the surname Izyurov became widespread. Kachusov, Lyampin, Pel(b)menev, Purtov, Tupylev and others.

To a lesser extent, the formation of anthroponymy of the Middle Urals was influenced by other Finno-Ugric languages;

in particular, from the 17th century.

the surname Alemasov is known, formed from the Mordovian name Alemas, from remote places The Russian North could have been brought fr*fjrmtj ^yammlmi T^npbyasor. and Sogpmn. AND? gya^liyamy with shocks and.? In the language of the Khanty and Mansi, the surname Paivin (from the Mansi paiva - “basket”) is known earlier than others; the same origin may also have been known since the 17th century. surname Khozemov, but in general the formation and existence of surnames of Khanty-Mansi origin in the Middle Urals requires special research, and the need to highlight the Finno-Ugric or Turkic-speaking basis in this layer of Ural anthroponymy makes this research predominantly linguistic and ethnocutturnish.

The second paragraph examines surnames of Turkic-speaking origin, as well as surnames indicating that the ancestors belonged to Turkic ethnic groups.

Among the Ural surnames, dating back to the names of the Turkic peoples and ethnic groups, not a single one has become widespread within the region, although their total number is quite significant: Bashkirov, Kazarinov, Karataev, Kataev, Meshcheryakov, Nagaev, Tatarinov, Turchaninov, etc.;

Moreover, not in all cases the original naming necessarily indicates the ethnicity of the ancestor. On the contrary, the affiliation of the ancestors of a number of surnames with both Turkic-speaking (Murzin, Tolmachev) and Russian-speaking (Vykhodtsev, Novokreshchenov) roots is in many cases established through documentation.

The review presented in the dissertation was recorded in the Middle Urals from the beginning of the 15th century. surnames with Turkic roots (Abyzov, Albychev, Alyabyshev, Arapov, Askin, etc. - in total more than a hundred surnames documented in the region from the 17th - early 18th centuries), as well as a list of more than thirty surnames recorded in four Middle Urap counties in the first quarter of the 19th century, indicate a more than significant contribution of Turkic languages ​​to the formation of the anthroponymic fund of the region. At the same time, the origin of a number of surnames from Turkic roots (Kibirev, Chupin52, etc.) remains in question, and the etymology of Ural surnames of Turkic origin requires special linguistic research.

The third paragraph establishes the place of other (not discussed in the first and second paragraphs) languages, genders and cultures in the formation of the historical core of the anthroponymy of the Middle Urals, and also provides a general comparative assessment of the degree of prevalence of surnames of ethnonymic origin in the region.

Compared to the Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages, the contribution of all other languages ​​to the formation of the historical core of Ural anthroponymy, as established by the dissertation author, is not so significant. In this complex, two anthroponymic groups are distinguished: 1) surnames formed from words with foreign roots, the speakers of which were, as a rule, Russian;

2) non-Russian surnames (in some cases, Russified with the help of suffixes: Iberfeldov, Pashgenkov, Yakubovsky), whose bearers, on the contrary, were initially mainly foreigners.

Of the surnames of the first group, known since the 17th century, the surname Sapdatov was most widespread in the Middle Urals (the original nickname was recorded from 1659/60, as a surname - from 1680).

According to one version of interpretation, this category can also be included. For more details on the last name, see: Mosin A.G., Konovalov Yu.V. Chupins in the Urals: Materials for the genealogy of N.K. Chupin // First Chupin local history readings: Abstracts. report and message Ekaterinburg, February 7-8, 2001, Ekaterinburg, 2001. P.25-29.

the ubiquitous surname Panov (from the Polish pan), however this is only one possible explanation of its origin. Several surnames of Polish origin (Bernatsky, Ezhevsky, Yakubovsky) belonged to those who served in the Urals in the 17th century. boyar children. The surnames Tatourov (Mongolian), Shamanov (Evenki) and some others go back to other languages.

Found in different districts of the Middle Urals (primarily in Yekaterinburg) in the first quarter of the 19th century. German surnames (Helm, Hesse, Dreher, Irman, Richter, Felkner, Schumann, etc.), Swedish (Lungvist, Norstrem), Ukrainian (including Russified Anishchenko, Arefenko, Belokon, Doroschenkov, Nazarenkov, Polivod, Shevchenko) and others enriched Srsdnsural anthroponymy throughout the 15th century - early 19th centuries, and their detailed consideration is beyond the scope of this study.

A number of surnames known in the Middle Urals from the XVD * - early XVU centuries go back to ethnonyms: Kolmakov (Kalmakov), Lyakhov, Polyakov, Cherkasov;

At the same time, the nickname Nemchin was repeatedly recorded.

However, in general, surnames of ethnic origin of this group (with the exception of those mentioned above) appear relatively late in the Urals and are most often recorded only in one (usually Yekaterinburg) district: Armyaninov, Zhidovinov, Nemtsov, Nemchinov, Persiyaninov.

In the first quarter of the 19th century. of all the surnames of ethnic origin, only four (Zyryanov. Kalmakov, Korelin and Permyakov) are recorded in all four districts of the Middle Urals;

It is noteworthy that among them there are no Turkic ethnic groups derived from the names. Another five surnames (Kataev, Korotaev, Polyakov, Cherkasov and Chudinov) were found in three out of four districts, while some of them are considered “ethnic” by us. Of the surnames, 28 are counted in only one of the counties. 23 surnames are unknown in the region in the 15th - early 18th centuries. (including at the basic level).

The breakdown by district is also indicative: in Yekaterinburg - 38 surnames, in Verkhotursky - 16, in Kamyshlovsky - 14 and in Irbitsky -11. The special place of the Yekaterinburg district in this series is explained by the presence on its territory large quantity mining enterprises with a mixed ethnic composition of the population, as well as large administrative, production and cultural center- district city of Yekaterinburg.

Chapter five, “Features of the formation of surnames among various categories of the population of the Middle Urals,” consists of five paragraphs.

The first paragraph identifies the characteristic features of the process of formation of surnames among peasants who made up the 17th - early 18th centuries. the vast majority of the population of the Middle Urals.

From the first years of Russian settlement of the Middle Urals until the end of the 1920s. The peasantry made up the absolute majority of the region's population. In many respects, this determines the contribution of the Ural peasants to the formation of the historical core of regional asroponymy: already in the census of the population of the Verkhoturye district by M. Tyukhin (1624), only in the city itself and the suburban volost, 48 names of peasants were recorded, which without any changes became the surnames of their descendants or formed the basis of these surnames. By the beginning of the twentieth century. some of these surnames (Bersenev, Butakov, Glukhikh, etc.) were not found within the Verkhoturye district, but were common in other districts of the Middle Urals;

a number of surnames unknown in the suburban volost according to the 1680 census (Zholobov, Petukhov, Puregov, etc.) were reflected in local toponymy.

Comparison of data from different sources (censuses of 1621 and others, name books of 1632 and 1640, censuses of 1666 and 1680) allowed the dissertation author to trace changes in the composition of the fund of nicknames and surnames of Verkhoturye peasants: some nicknames and surnames disappear without a trace, others appear on based on a number of nicknames, surnames are formed, etc.;

however, in general, the process of expanding the local anthroponymic fund at the expense of peasant families progressively developed both at this time and in the future. The same processes are observed on materials from the Central Ural settlements of Verkhoturye and Tobolsk counties.

Among the surnames of peasants known since the 17th century, only a few are formed from the full forms of canonical names; the most widespread of them are the surnames Mironov. Prokopyev, For specific data for three hundred years, see the article: Mosin A.G. Formation of the peasant population of the Middle Urals //" Ural genealogical book... P.5 10.

Romanov and Sidorov. It is not easy to single out specifically peasant surnames, with the exception of those that are formed from the designations of various categories of the peasant population and types of work on the land (and not without reservations): Batrakov, Bobylev, Bornovolokov, Kabalnoe, Novopashennov, Polovnikov, etc. At the same time, the nicknames from which the surnames Krestyaninov, Smerdev, Selyankin, Slobodchikov and others were derived could arise not only (and not even so much) in the peasant environment.

The peasantry of the Middle Urals has at all times been the main source of the formation of other categories of the local population, thereby influencing the anthroponymy of different classes. But there were also reverse processes (the transfer of servicemen - white-local Cossacks and even the children of boyars - into peasants, the inclusion of individual families or parts of clergy families in the peasant class, the transfer of factory owners from peasants to part of factory workers), as a result of which in the Koestyanskaya sps.ls. plyapgt^ggtms surnames, seemingly uncharacteristic for this environment. The question of the overall appearance of peasant anthroponymy can be resolved by comparing the anthroponymic complexes of different counties (this is discussed in more detail in paragraph 3 of Chapter 1 of the dissertation), which can be done on materials from the 15th-19th centuries. and is beyond the scope of this study.

The second paragraph examines the names of various categories of the serving population of the region.

As shown in the dissertation, many surnames that arose in the service environment are among the oldest in the Middle Urals: in the name book of servicemen of the Verkhoturye district in 1640, 61 surnames and nicknames were recorded, which later gave rise to surnames, more than a third of them are known from the census i 624. Only seven surnames out of this number are unknown in the Middle Urals in the first quarter of the 19th century, another surname is found in a slightly modified form (Smokotin instead of Smokotnin);

15 surnames became widespread in all four counties of the region, another 10 - in three out of four counties.

Throughout the 17th century. the replenishment of the fund of surnames of servicemen was actively carried out through the recruitment into the service of peasants who already had surnames;

A reverse process also took place, which took on a wide scale at the beginning of the 18th century, when the transfer of white-local Cossacks to peasants took place en masse. Thus, over time, many surnames that developed among servicemen became peasant names, and in some cases, even before their bearers entered the service from the same peasants (Betev, Maslykov, Tabatchikov, etc.).

Among the surnames that owe their origin to the service environment, two large groups stand out: 1) formed from nicknames or designations of positions related to the circumstances of military and civil service (Atamanov, Barabanshchikov, Bronnikov (Bronshikov), Vorotnikov, Zasypkin, Kuznetsov, Melnikov, Pushkarev, Trubachev, as well as Vykhodtsov, Murzin, Tolmachev, etc.);

2) reflecting the names of the places of service of the ancestors or the mass residence of the Cossacks (Balagansky, Berezovsky, Guryevsky, Daursky, Don, Surgutsky, Tersk, etc.). The side occupations of the servicemen were reflected in the surnames they encountered such as Kozhevnikov Kotelnikov, Pryanishnikov, Sapozhnikov or Serebryanikov, a guide to the surnames of servicemen of the 17th century. reflects the characteristic details of their life and leisure: Heels (heels at that time were part of the shoes of the service classes), Kostarev, Tabatchikov.

The dissertation identified 27 surnames that belonged to boyar children in the Middle Urals, four of them (Buzheninov, Labutin, Perkhurov and Spitsyn) can be traced back to the 20s. XVII century, and one (Tyrkov) - from the end of the XVI century;

It is noteworthy that even in the first half, peasants who bore some of these surnames (Albychevs, Labutins) continued to call themselves boyar children in metric records.

This and some other surnames (Budakov/Butakov/Buldakov, Tomilov) had become widespread by that time in most districts of the Middle Urals.

A number of indigenous Ural surnames (Golomolzin, Komarov, Makhnev, Mukhlyshp, Rubtsov, etc.) were formed among coachmen, who constituted a special category of servicemen, and the surnames Zakryatin and Perevalov are considered by the author as specifically coachmen. Subsequently, as the coachmen moved to other categories of the population (primarily peasants), the surnames that arose in this environment also changed their environment and spread widely in different classes and in different territories: for example, of the 48 surnames and nicknames of Tagil coachmen, known by census of 1666 in the first quarter of the 19th century. 18 are found in all four districts of the Middle Urals, another 10 - in three of the four districts, only five surnames are completely unknown.

The third paragraph examines the names of representatives of urban classes. 85 surnames and original nicknames of Verkhoturye Posad residents, known from censuses from the early 20s to the end of the 70s, were identified. XVII century;

Most of them are known at the same time among other categories of the population of the Middle Urals, but some (Bezukladnikov, Voroshilov, Koposov/Kopasov, Laptev, Panov) can be traced all this time among the townspeople, and by the beginning of the 19th century. spread throughout all (or almost all) counties of the region. Of the 85 surnames by this time, they were known in all four districts of the Middle Urals, another 21 - in three of the four districts.

Few specifically posad surnames and nicknames have been identified; similar initial nicknames arose in other classes (for example, Kozhevnikov, Kotovshchik and Serebryanik - among servicemen);

S.V. Trofimov

Genealogical dictionary as a genealogical reference book. Dictionary of the Nevyansk plant of the 18th century: concept, structure, sources

Publ.: Man and society in the information dimension. Materials of the regional scientific conference dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the activities of the scientific departments of the Central Scientific Library of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (February 28 - March 1, 2001). Ekaterinburg, 2001. P.204-209.

P.204

The growing interest in genealogy in society, especially in the history of one’s own family, poses new challenges for professional researchers. Today it is not enough to study the circle of surnames only of famous figures whose contribution to history is obvious,

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An integrated approach to genealogy is needed that allows us to cover broad sections of the population in various regions of our country. To this end, the Ural Historical and Genealogical Society, within the framework of the “Ural Genealogy” program, is working to create genealogical directories designed to illuminate the history of the families and surnames of the most numerous groups of the population of our region in the past: peasants, townspeople, artisans and working people. In addition to compiling surname and name lists of individual settlements and volosts, one of the main activities of the UIRO is the development of genealogical dictionaries, which should be distinguished from dictionaries of surnames.

Until recently, philologists were engaged in publishing dictionaries of surnames. The first major work that confirmed the advantage of the historical approach to the subject under study was recently published by A.G. Mosin, the first volume of materials for the “Dictionary of Ural Surnames”. This work contains more than two thousand articles devoted to the names of residents of the Kamyshlovsky district of the Perm province. Paying great attention to the etymology of a particular surname, giving examples of its historical existence, the author often indicates the names of the ancestors (the first bearers of the surname in the Urals or in the territory of the future Kamyshlovsky district), and also provides a number of other genealogical data.

Despite the abundance of genealogical information, the historical dictionary of surnames is difficult to use for compiling specific genealogies; it only outlines possible search paths. Here the subject of study is the surname as a historically conditioned cultural phenomenon, and genealogy serves to clarify the origin of a particular family nickname. The task of a genealogical dictionary is different. Unlike the historical dictionary of surnames, here it is important to show the origin of individual clans, admitting that different clans could have the same surname, or vice versa - the same clan at different times and in different documents could be recorded under different nicknames. That is, before

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The method of considering the genealogical dictionary is the genus as a series of generations along the male line.

The purpose of the directory is to present as fully as possible the genealogical structure of the population of a given territory (to determine the number, composition, origin of the clans being studied). A genealogical approach to studying the population of large historically significant regions - which, undoubtedly, is the Urals - will make it possible to study issues of the social history of Russia in more detail, at the family-clan level. And for those who want to learn more about their ancestors, the dictionary will help trace their ancestral roots (in some cases until the beginning of the 17th century) and indicate the direction of further search. Thus, the compilation of genealogical dictionaries can be considered as a preparatory stage for the publication of genealogies of individual families - the final result of any genealogical research.

The history of Russian genealogy does not know examples of the publication of such dictionaries dedicated to unprivileged classes, and existing reference books on the genealogy of the nobility, naturally, do not reflect the specifics of work on peasant genealogies. Therefore, the Ural Historical and Genealogical Society sees itself as the task of developing general criteria for selecting information for the dictionary and is developing its structure, based on its own experience.

Currently, UIRO already has little experience in publishing genealogical dictionaries. Members of the UIRO created and published the first dictionary of peasant surnames of an entire volost in the Urals. Now the main work in this direction is focused on creating a genealogical dictionary of the Verkhoturye district of the 17th - early 18th century. The population of factories will be represented by separate dictionaries. One of the first in this series of reference books is expected to be published by the genealogical dictionary of the Nevyansk plant, work on which is being carried out by the author of these lines.

It is no coincidence that the Nevyansk plant is given priority attention. This oldest Demidov plant in the Urals played a significant role in the development of the domestic metallurgical industry in the 18th century. Nevyansk became the base for training qualified workers for other Demidov factories. The craftsmen of the Nevyansk plant also contributed to the work of state-owned enterprises: Alapaevsky, Uktussky and Yekaterinburg plants.

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Dov. The materials of the dictionary will help to assess the scale of this phenomenon, to clarify the role of specific individuals and entire working dynasties in the industrial development of the Ural region.

Another problem that can be solved by turning to a genealogical dictionary is the problem of forming a mining population. Nevyansk in this regard was a typical mining center, among whose residents there were all categories of the population. The process of formation of the population of the Nevyansk plant was reflected in the works of major historians of the Urals B.B. Kafengauza, who processed the 1717 census data, and A.S. Cherkasova, who gave an analysis of the artisans' tales collected during the first general audit. The dictionary, based on a wide range of unpublished sources, will significantly expand the modern understanding of this process, consider it in dynamics and illustrate dry statistics with the deeds and destinies of our ancestors.

Thus, the concept of the Dictionary is built on two main historical themes, implying the genealogical aspect of the study: 1) Nevyansk plant - a forge of personnel for factories in the Urals; 2) Population of Nevyansk. The process of personnel formation in the Ural manufactory.

The chronological framework of the Dictionary is the period from the beginning of the 18th century. and until the end of the 60s. this century. The deadlines are due to the sending of the first craftsmen to build the plant in March 1700 and the sale of the plant to P.A. Demidov to Savva Yakovlev in 1769. Most of this period falls on the years when the Nevyansk plant was in the possession of the Demidov dynasty (from 1702). It was during the Demidov period of its existence that the plant reached its greatest prosperity, at the same time, after the cessation of the massive influx of newcomers, the genealogical structure of the settlement was formed in basic terms, which underwent minor changes in subsequent periods. Finally, the systematization of material by dynasties of factory owners is consistent with the plan for publishing genealogical dictionaries (it is planned to publish a separate dictionary for the Yakovlev factories).

Let's move on to consider the structure of the Dictionary. The directory will include more than 1000 articles, arranged alphabetically by surnames of non-

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Vyana residents. Each article contains information about one genus. All variants of the generic nickname known in the time period being studied are given in one article, and the most common variant is chosen as the main one. In some cases, a variant of the spelling of the surname is given, which was assigned to members of the clan at a later time. The following semantic blocks are distinguished in the structure of a dictionary entry: 1) information about the ancestor; 2) information about his descendants; 3) legal status of the family; 4) comments and additions.

The information about the ancestor is most complete: options for its naming are indicated; years of life; date and reason of arrival at the plant; Place of Birth; social background; religion; specialty and nature of work at the plant; information about yard ownership; reason and date of possible disposal; subsequent place of residence.

Information about descendants is less detailed. This block provides information about the size of the clan at the time of a certain census, the names of the children and grandchildren of the ancestor are given (women are not taken into account), and all movements and resettlement of male representatives of the clan are necessarily recorded. Separately, the belonging of a family (clan) to one or another category of the mining population and changes in its legal status will be shown.

The comments are intended to provide justification for the author's preferences when resolving controversial issues when basic sources contradict each other. If necessary, references to individual documents that do not relate to the chronological period we have chosen are possible. As a supplement, a bibliography of the genus, if available, can be placed here. In general, the structure of the dictionary entry outlined above has not yet been finally approved; it will be adjusted in the process of preparing the reference book for publication.

The basis for the “Genealogical Dictionary of the Nevyansk Plant” being created is based on documentary sources identified in two archives of the country: RGADA (Moscow) and GASO (Ekaterinburg). Some documents were extracted from the funds of NIOR RSL (Moscow), OPI GIM (Moscow), GAPO (Perm). Mass sources were of primary importance for our work: materials from audits, Senate and household censuses, various factory records and lists. Let us list the main documents of this extensive complex.

1. Descriptive and return book of the Nevyansk iron factories, 1702.

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2. Census book of the Nevyansk iron factories of 1710

3. Landrat census of Nevyansk iron factories 1717

4. Census book of the Nevyansk plant 1721

5. Census of the Nevyansk plant of the Shadrinsky governor F. Tolbuzin 1732

6. Census of Old Believers at factories A.N. Demidov 1739

7. Materials from the “testimony of craftsmen” by N. Bakhorev. 1746

8. Book II of the audit of factories by A.N. Demidov 1747

9. Census of newcomers to P.A. factories. Demidov, conducted by Gordeev in 1759.

10. Book III of the audit of factories by P.A. Demidov 1763

Adjacent to this group of documents are mass sources that are not directly related to the Nevyansk plant, but include individual information about the origin of the Nevyansk residents, their future fate: population censuses of other Ural factories (state-owned and private), census and transfer books of assigned settlements and sat down, abandoned books on the estates purchased by the Demidovs in European Russia.

As a supplement to the censuses and audits, the records of the Siberian order were used (responses from the Verkhoturye governors, petitions of the Demidovs, their clerks and workers), materials from the Demidov farm (deeds of sale, receipts for peasants, orders, orders of factory owners sent to factory offices, reports and reports from factory offices, correspondence with clerks). These documents report on people who, for various reasons, were not included in the census, and provide other significant additions.

A thorough genealogical search, when data from different sources is compared, often leads the researcher to completely unexpected discoveries. Thus, the authors of the genealogy of the Korolev working dynasty, turning to the materials for the “Dictionary of the Nevyansk Plant”, among the direct ancestors of an ordinary Ural family, found Tula gunsmiths from the Batashev family, famous factory owners of the 18th century, some of whose representatives achieved hereditary nobility. We hope that the publication of a series of genealogical dictionaries of the Urals will help everyone who cares about the history of their family and their region to make equally interesting discoveries.

Notes:

1. Elkin M.Yu. Program “Ural Genealogy”: from idea to implementation // Ural genealogy book: Peasant surnames. Ekaterinburg, 2000. P.15-18.

2. See, for example: Nikonov V.A. Dictionary of Russian surnames / Comp. E.L. Krushelnitsky. M., 1993; Fedosyuk Yu.A. Russian surnames: Popular etymological dictionary. M., 1996; Grushko E.A., Medvedev Yu.M. Dictionary of surnames. Nizhny Novgorod, 1997; Polyakova E.N. To the origins of Perm surnames: Dictionary. Perm, 1997, etc.

3. Mosin A.G. Ural surnames: Materials for the dictionary. Volume 1: Surnames of residents of the Kamyshlovsky district of the Perm province (according to the confessional statements of 1822). Ekaterinburg, 2000.

4. Brylin A.I., Elkin M.Yu. Dictionary of surnames of peasants of the Pokrovsk volost of the 17th-20th centuries. // Ural genealogist. Ekaterinburg, 1997. Issue 2. P.3-36.

5. Kafengauz B.B. History of the Demidov household in the 18th-19th centuries. M.; L., 1949. T.1. P.352-359.

6. Cherkasova A.S. Revision tales as a source on the history of the formation of the mining population // Ural Archaeographic Yearbook for 1970. Perm, 1971. P.71-87.

7. Korolev G.I., Trofimov S.V. From the history of the labor dynasty of the Rezhelev Korolevs, descendants of the Tula gunsmiths Batashevs // Ural genealogist (in press).

List of abbreviations used:

GAPO - State Archive of the Perm Region.

GASO – State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region.

NIOR RSL - Scientific Research Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library.

OPI GIM – Department of Written Sources of the State Historical Museum.

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