Inna Nikitina

In his kindergarten we devote great attention patriotic education. We introduce the children to the work and life of people of different nationalities and nationalities. We teach children to understand that all people should live in peace and harmony. We cultivate love and respect for work, interest in folk fine arts. We cultivate an aesthetic attitude and instill interest in various types folk crafts, to a variety of materials from which craftsmen made various products. Explained how it was born painting by Bashkir masters. We examined product samples, elements murals. Children learned what colors Bashkir craftsmen use in murals.

Abstract

organized educational activities

educational field "Artistic and aesthetic development"

"Painting towels

Bashkir ornament»

preparatory group

Integration of educational regions: « Cognitive development» , "Music", "Artistic and aesthetic creativity", « Speech development» .

Integrated Tasks:

Educational: Continue to teach children to introduce Bashkir folk craft. Teach children to recognize objects from Bashkir painting.

Developmental: To develop in children the ability to create compositions and harmoniously place a drawing on a sheet. Introduce children to the art of beauty. Improve your drawing skills Bashkir painting using characteristic elements and colors.

Educational: Cultivate interest in Bashkir decorative applied arts.

Material: Drawing sheets, gouache or paint, brushes, Bashkir products(spoons, bowls, tray, etc.) Towel, embroidered Bashkir painting, sample elements Bashkir painting.

Organizing time:

Guys, what republic do we live in?

(In the Republic Bashkortostan)

What national instrument is made in Bashkortostan from reed?

(Kurai)

Listen Bashkir melody, which is played on the kurai, and I will read it to you poem:

Bashkiria is mine! Earth and sky!

My love, my nightingale land,

I feel sorry for the one who has never been here,

I feel sorry for the one who didn’t sing kurai!

Today we will go to the museum « Decorative arts Bashkir people » , where we will see a lot of interesting things. Close your eyes, let's count 1,2,3 - open your eyes, here we are in the museum.

(In a separate place there is a table with products Bashkir masters is a museum, the teacher tells and shows, the children look)

Look how many different products there are here. Who do you think made them?

(Bashkir masters)

Look these things

Today they came to visit us,

To tell us the secrets of ancient beauty.

To bring us into the world Bashkiria,

Into the world of legends and goodness,

To say what is in Bashkiria

Miracle people-masters!

-Bashkir people have long decorated with bright decorate your homes, wooden dishes, clothes, shoes. While decorating their products, people talked about themselves. Why did he do this?

(To make it beautiful)

-Bashkir art varied: this includes weaving, embroidery, and woodworking, tableware painting. The main occupation in the old days was cattle breeding: women wove and embroidered felts, carpets, rugs. Now in modern times We have a lot of folk arts and crafts in Bashkiria where the products are made. This is the Birsk factory artistic products, souvenir shops of Gafuriy, Burzyan timber industry enterprises, stone-cutting shops in the cities of Sibay and Uchaly. The largest is Bashkir artistic association "Agidel" in Ufa. The main products of this association are painted wood products. Look how beautiful the spoons and cups are. What do they remind you of? painting, Guys?

(Russian Khokhloma painting)

Right. A few years ago, masters of Khokhloma paintings arrived in Bashkiria. A new association was opened here "Agidel", but only the technology was taken, but the composition, color Bashkir the artists developed it themselves. Russians and Bashkirs lived in friendship. As you already know, more of your products Bashkir craftsmen decorate with ornaments. Bashkirs closely connected with nature, in ornament there are natural forms, This: waves, mountains, sun, kurai flower. Masters also depict animals using characters: ram horns, crow's feet, eyes, etc.

Did you enjoy your tour of the museum?

Do you want to become a master yourself for a while?

Let's close our eyes and find ourselves back in our group. Sit down at the tables.

Let's remember the elements again Bashkir ornament.

(The teacher shows samples ornaments, children call)

(Flocks of sheep, mountains, sun, ram's head, pasture, comb, ram's horns)

Now tell me how it is located Bashkir pattern on a sheet?

(Symmetrical)

Name the primary colors in ornament.

(Red, yellow, green, less often blue)

What background is the pattern shown on?

(On black, red, yellow, less often white)

Let's remember that Bashkir The masters associated each color of paint with nature.

(Color of life)

(Color of the earth)

(Grass color)

(Color of the sun)

(The color of purity)

Well done! Guys, look, I embroidered towel with Bashkir pattern.

And you will draw for me Bashkir pattern on paper towels. Look again at the elements of the patterns, think about the sketch and get to work.

(Children look at the samples and begin to draw)

(While drawing, the melody of the kurai sounds quietly.)

(During the drawing process, the teacher monitors the drawing technique, reminds how to draw, gives advice)

Let's finish. Now we will look at all our towels. How beautiful they turned out. Today we learned a lot about Bashkir crafts Well done, you showed your knowledge! Our Motherland is rich in talents. I want you to grow into good masters of your craft. The main thing is that you put your soul, all your efforts and skills into your work! Thank you.

Publications on the topic:

Summary of direct educational activities using ICT in the “Butterflies” preparatory group Educational areas: “Cognitive development”, “Speech development”, “Social - communication development", "Artistic and aesthetic.

Abstract directly - educational activities preparatory group (The number of children present at the lesson is 8 people).

Summary of direct educational activities in the preparatory group “Listopad” Program content: 1. Clarify and consolidate children’s knowledge about seasonal changes in nature - the change of seasons: 2. Form a generalized one.

Summary of direct educational activities in the preparatory group “We are astronauts” Goal: To consolidate the acquired knowledge about space, planets, and the Sun. Introduce children to the history of the development of astronautics. Tasks directly.

Summary of direct educational activities in the preparatory group "Cosmos" Objectives: Educational: 1. Expand children’s understanding of Space and planets solar system. 2. Give an idea of ​​how craters are formed.

Any national creativity quite interesting to study. After all, it was formed by absorbing the traditions of the people, its important features, attitude towards life, nature, and each other. Through folk arts and crafts one learns national history. In this context, we will consider the Bashkir ornament. Let's get acquainted with its distinctive features, history, pattern complexes and much more.

What is this?

Let's start the conversation with a definition.

Bashkir ornament is a pattern that is based on the harmonious repetition of plant, geometric or zoomorphic elements. This is creativity that belongs to applied art. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated dishes, weapons, and clothing - festive and everyday - with similar patterns.

Story

Having examined the photo of the Bashkir ornament, the reader, of course, will ask the question: why are these particular patterns used? The fact is that in the ornament, folk craftsmen expressed their idea of ​​the threefold structure of the world. If you are familiar with the samples applied creativity other nations, you will find noticeable similarities. And this is no coincidence: the triple rhythm of existence is characteristic of many ethnic groups.

Ornament itself is one of the most ancient forms of creativity and artistic activity of man. As a component of fine art, the composition of such patterns among the Bashkirs was formed gradually. The first images were quite simple and naive: a twig or flower, a plant stem, a shell fragment or seeds pressed into damp clay.

Over time, the images became more complex. The artist thought through their composition and harmonious relationship. Then the authors began to attach a certain symbolic meaning to the Bashkir ornament.

The Bashkirs have the following variants of images:

• Geometric patterns.
• Plant patterns.
• Curvilinear patterns.

We can find ancient examples of Bashkir ornaments and patterns on various materials: leather, linen, wood or metal.

Features of the Bashkir pattern

Let's introduce the main distinctive features Bashkir ornament:

• Bright, multicolored, with various elements.
• Symmetric.
• The patterns are arranged as borders, rosettes, and mesh. Sometimes all of these are used together.
• The compositional zone is determined by the size, purpose, and shape of the product.
• The elements are arranged in 2-4 rows, the outline is made up of rhythmically repeating elements.
• The central field is decorated with larger elements, and the upper zones with smaller ones, the design on them is mirrored.

Color preferences

Let's consider the shades characteristic of the Bashkir ornament:

• Polychrome: Multi-colored and vibrant.
• Coloristic image - contrast of bright pure colors.
• Red, yellow, black, green predominate. Less common are blue and blue, scarlet, orange.
• The background of the product is black or red. White and yellow are much less common.

Central symbolic meaning

We indicated above that ancient masters applied patterns for a reason. The ornament carried a certain meaning.

If we look at the stencils of the Bashkir ornament, we will be amazed at their geometric correctness and symmetry. The pattern reflects the people's perception of the world. In this reality, everything is opposed: day - night, life - death, light - darkness, male - female, left - right. Such pairs determine the symmetry of the pattern.

The figures depicted here seem to oppose each other. But in order to determine their integrity and connection with each other, the master must introduce a central object into the ornament. It acts as a connecting element between oppositions.

Let us turn again to the stencils of Bashkir ornaments and patterns. The central figures here are:

• Woman. Symbolizes the goddess, the mother of all things on earth.
• Tree image. Here, too, everything is clear - the plant signifies the tree of life.
• Rhombus. And this geometric figure is difficult to understand to modern man. The ancients believed that the rhombus was a symbol of the earth and arable land.

Curious pattern elements

The ornament of the Bashkir people also includes the following elements that are interesting to study:

• ¥. This symbol is called "kuskar". It figuratively depicts a curl of ram's horns. In addition, among ancient peoples, kuskar often acted as a symbol of both herbs and plants in general.
• ֔֕. One of the solar signs that were characteristic of almost all peoples of the world. The ancients revered the sun and worshiped it. The star, as today, was considered the source of life. This solar sign resembles a circle with rays diverging from it.
• . The symbolic image of the heart, so familiar and modern people. However, among the Bashkirs this symbol did not mean tenderness, passion and love, but hospitality.

It is important to note that Bashkir folk ornament reflects the very first stages of development national culture. This is the period when the Bashkirs had not yet converted to Islam.

Application in applied arts

Bashkir national ornaments were widely used in the following:

• Decoration of collars, fasteners, cutouts, hems of clothes, edges of sleeves. However, aesthetics were not in the first place here. If the edge of a garment was decorated with an ornament, this supposedly made the person protected from damage and the evil eye.
• Decoration of elements of houses and residential buildings. This was also done not only for external attractiveness. This is how the ancient Bashkirs sought to protect their home from evil spirits. Shutters, gates, window frames, and roofs were covered with ornaments.
• Many household items were made into amulets for their owners, with a symbolic image of an eye painted on them. In this case, the rhombus was drawn from the front, and the triangle from the profile. By the way, the last one geometric figure the Bashkirs paid great importance. They revered the triangle as a symbol that could protect them from enemies, dark forces, evil spirits and other negative influences.

Ornamental complexes

If you purchase a coloring book with a Bashkir ornament, you will find in it one of six (or a collection of several at once) main ornamental complexes characteristic of the arts and crafts of this people.

Let's list them:

• Simple geometric patterns. Masters depicted triangles, rectangles, squares, crosses, rhombuses, circles, and geometric swirl rosettes. All these figures intricately formed into an overall complex picture. Such an ornamental pattern, for example, could be a border or a rosette.
• Spirals, horn-shaped and heart-shaped figures, palmettes, running waves and constant triangles. All kinds of amulets were decorated with such patterns.
• Plant patterns. The ornament, copying the natural patterns of nature, was most characteristic of the design of the national clothing of the Bashkirs and the tambour embroidery on it.
• Eight-pointed stars of complex design, polygons, horn-shaped paired curls, multi-step rhombuses, fancy polygons with “shoots”. These elements of the pattern were combined, according to the master’s plan, into a more complex ornament. Most often - in grids, complex sockets.
• Heraldic compositions. The family coats of arms contained symbolic images of animals, birds, and plants. There were also eight-pointed stars. Another common option is nail-shaped, fork-shaped figures.
• Diamonds, squares, images of eight-pointed rosettes, X-shaped figures and even stylized sketches of a person. All this was typical for weaving, line and counted embroidery.

Features of Bashkir embroidery

And today the embroideries of Bashkir craftswomen still amaze admiring spectators. These works are characterized by the following:

• Most often it is the floral pattern that is used.
• The preferred color scheme for drawing is yellow, green and red. Moreover, the shades do not flow smoothly, but always contrast with each other.
• Fabric appliqué and the bias mesh embroidery technique are characterized by the frequent use of spiral patterns.
• Non-contour satin embroidery and weaving is a choice of X-shaped and diamond-shaped patterns.
• The following distinctive techniques are often used: ornamental elements are arranged as a border, a solid mesh or rosettes.

Knitting shawls

It is impossible to imagine Bashkir decorative and applied art without down shawls. The fishery was developed in several areas at once:

• Baymaksky.
• Abzelilovsky.
• Khaibullinsky.
• Beloretsky.
• Zianchurinsky.
• Kugarchinsky.

Orenburg down scarves are also known throughout the country. The natural and climatic conditions of these regions made it possible to maintain a certain breed goats, whose down was both thin and strong, elastic. Its spinning qualities were recognized as the highest. It was from this kind of fluff that the yarn for the amazing Bashkir shawls was made.

They belong to a unique type of weaving. After all, these shawls were woven on looms. Patterned openwork shawls are closer to our theme. They were knitted only by hand on just two long knitting needles. The middle and border of the product were distinguished, and teeth were made on the sides. The pattern is a Bashkir geometric ornament. Family down-knitting craft is still popular in the republic.

Applied creativity can tell a lot about yourself early history people. Each element of the ornament here is not accidental - it performs a specific task. This is what we saw in the example of Bashkir patterns.

Bashkir ornaments and patterns are an important component material culture and at the same time one of the forms of spiritual creativity of the people of Bashkortostan. In this sense, folk art is the result of centuries of development: in ornamentation, in individual patterns, in colors, in their combination, folk craftsmen figuratively reflected the life of people and their understanding of the surrounding reality at different stages of history.

Ornament as a relationship between cultures

Major events in the history of the Bashkirs, certain turns in their fate have always or almost always found artistic reflection in art, including decorative art: in ornamentation, in execution techniques, in the development of new or extinction existing species creativity.

Bashkir ornament, technique ornamentation, color scheme, and pattern terminology are a concentrated reflection of the interweaving of the ethnic history of the Bashkir people. This concerns its origin, ethnic processes during the Middle Ages, ancient and modern cultural and historical interactions with neighboring peoples. art for a number of reasons, primarily due to the great stability of the ornament, it bears traces more fully and prominently than many other types of material culture different eras and interactions between different ethnic groups.

National ornaments and patterns can be found on almost all types of products made by the caring hands of folk craftsmen:

Carpet weaving

The ornament is especially clearly visible in carpet weaving. Patterned carpets were an obligatory part of a girl's dowry. Palas with striped patterns were distributed throughout southern Bashkiria and among the Bashkir population of the Kurgan region. In southwestern, western and partly central Bashkiria, in the basins and Ik, as well as in the middle and lower reaches of the Belaya River, mainly carpets with geometric patterns were woven.

Since the middle of the 20th century, in the southwest of the republic, carpet ornaments have become widespread. plant motifs in the form of curls and branches with flowers, leaves, berries, apples, etc. In fact, this is a new, modern stage evolution of ornaments and patterns on the territory of Bashkiria.

Striped carpets

Carpets with a striped pattern are woven in panels 20-22 cm wide. The longitudinally striped pattern is created with a base of dyed threads of sheep or goat wool. The pattern of the carpet is simple - it is longitudinal, jagged or smooth multi-color stripes. A very simple striped Bashkir ornament suggests that this is the most ancient type carpets

Carpets with geometric and floral patterns

They are sewn from two, sometimes three woven panels 40-60 cm wide and enclosed in a narrow border. The border is usually woven as a separate panel and with a pattern slightly different from the pattern of the central field. Sometimes such a carpet has no border at all.

The Bashkir carpet ornament is predominantly rectilinear, with clear figures. Its main elements are stepped multi-colored rhombuses, squares, eight-pointed stars and other figures that fill the ornamented field of the carpet in regular rows. They, in turn, are designed internally with the same, but smaller figures. Elements of ornament, if considered separately, are found in the ornamentation of many other peoples. However, in combination, in the overall composition, especially with well-chosen colors, they form that unique colorful pattern that gives the ornament a unique Bashkir national flavor.

In the case of a plant interpretation of a geometric pattern, the branches of a traditional rhombus take the shape of branches with leaves, and the eight-pointed star is interpreted as an eight-petaled flower.

Color spectrum

Bashkir national ornament regarding color range diverse. The colors of the stripes are red, yellow, green, blue, light blue, violet and others in the deepest tones with the absolute predominance of madder color. In an effort not to repeat each other, weavers achieve significant variety in color. With the simplest composition and skillful selection and combination of colors, they achieve a very colorful ornament.

Patterned fabrics

Bashkir ornaments and patterns are still found on ceremonial national clothing. Fabrics made from plant fibers among the Bashkirs are distinguished by rich and rich patterns and a variety of decoration techniques. For sewing everyday clothes and everyday items, the so-called motley was made - colored canvas in a checkered or striped pattern. Festive and ritual clothing, objects decorating the home, were decorated with patterns of embedded or scoured textiles (woven fabric).

Women's shirts, aprons, women's and men's trousers were made from colorful fabric. Tablecloths, towels, napkins, curtains, various bags, etc. were also made from it. The checkered motley pattern is formed by the intersection of colored stripes. In the southern regions of Bashkiria and in the Trans-Urals, the motley is woven in large cells. The colors predominate in red, white and black. The national pattern of variegated fabrics in the northern regions is distinguished by small pattern cells and more variegated colors. Often checkered motley, intended for aprons, tablecloths and curtains, was and is decorated with braided patterns like medallion rosettes.

Types of ornament

Only objects were decorated with embedded weaving patterns decorative decoration for the home: curtains, towels and tablecloths. The embedding technique was not used in clothing ornamentation. Most simple elements The ornament made with bookmarks are massive stepped lines - this is a typical Bashkir ornament. The pattern of these lines becomes more complex; they, connecting with each other, form X-shaped, 3-shaped, diamond-shaped, 8-shaped figures and other more complex patterns. An eight-pointed star, a cross, a swastika, a rhombus with extended sides or with paired curls at the corners, and horn-shaped figures are very characteristic.

Embroidery

Traditionally, in Bashkiria, embroidery was even more important than patterned fabrics. This is explained by a simpler work technique, while more creative efforts can be made. Weaving required raw materials, and with the spread of ready-made fabrics, making your own became an anachronism. But embroidery is still in demand today. Bashkir patterns and ornaments are very diverse. The designs depend on the embroidery technique and the method of applying the rough image to the embroidered surface.

The main elements of the ornament are figures in the form of paired ram horns, S-shaped lines, which in various combinations give patterns in the form of the letter X, swastikas, or form highly stylized plant motifs. The Bashkir ornament is performed by embroidery on cloth, velvet, and less often on cotton fabric using silk, wool or cotton threads. Patterns on saddle cloths are usually embroidered on a red or green background, and on pouches and decorative ribbons there is also a black background, which gives the pattern greater brightness and ensures a clear sound of each color in the pattern. For the patterns themselves, colors are usually chosen in warm tones, but, as a rule, contrasting with the background. Red, yellow, green and very rarely blue and light blue are used most often. The favorite color red is often found on patterns with a red background.

Wood carving

Carving, ornaments on dishes and painting on wood were not as widespread among the Bashkirs as, for example, embroidery or weaving. The exception is architectural carving, from the second half of the 19th century centuries appeared everywhere in Bashkiria. Artistic wood carving became most widespread in the mountainous part of south-eastern Bashkiria, where the vast taiga forests of the Southern Urals are concentrated, providing a variety of raw materials for “wood production”.

The needs of subsistence farming and the presence of forests have long made it necessary and possible to manufacture various utensils and household items from wood. At the same time, among the Bashkirs, practicality and expediency were connected and closely intertwined with aesthetic tastes. By making household items, the Bashkirs sought to make them not only durable and easy to use, but also beautiful. It is no coincidence that the most striking and interesting ornament was on dishes and objects that were constantly used in everyday life. At the same time, in the manufacture of ladles for kumys, in the ornamentation of utensils, in the painting of wooden stands for chests, along with national flavor, developed over centuries, preserved elements of patterns characteristic of ancient tribes that once participated in the ethnic formation of the Bashkir people.

Conclusion

The ornament of the Bashkir people is the same folklore. It is a product of the collective creativity of successive generations. Each pattern is the result of collective creativity, at the same time it is a product of the artistic imagination of an individual. Many masters not only make changes to the patterns they know, but also create new ones. In turn, the newly created patterns do not remain unchanged. Other artists polish them or, based on traditional patterns, create their own. Hence the variety and richness of forms that we observe in the folk ornamentation of Bashkiria.

2.2. The meaning of the symbols of the Bashkir ornament

Kuskar – a symbol of curled ram horns and a symbol of herbs. The improvisation of this symbol through additional spiral curls led to the formation of various ornamental patterns and many other variations.

One of the elements of the Bashkir ornament is the solar sign - circle, a simplified image of the sun in the form of a circle with rays or a vortex rosette.

E The heart-shaped element denotes hospitality.

The origin of the ornament and its ancient meaning connected with religious worldview people who sought to appease evil spirits by decorating clothes and household items, to protect themselves from them, or to give themselves strength. Many of these elements are found among other peoples.

When decorating their products, the people talked about themselves, about their family, about the surrounding life, nature, so we can give another definition to ornament - it is the symbolic-graphic language of the people, expressing their feelings and concepts.

The ornament is characterized by geometric and floral elements, as well as curvilinear elements, patterns in the form of curls, spirals, and heart-shaped figures.

M It is possible to catch certain patterns in pattern creation and identify series of ornaments. The basis of the ornamental series is usually a composition of two, three, four curls. The root figure is placed on the “horizon line”, less often on the central vertical; it stands out in color. From it, the ornament is built up and to the sides, less often down. A couple of curls produced several traditional connections.

First of all, these are the options. horn-shaped motifs. Derived from one point, slightly spread to the sides, with curls facing downwards, the horns could be flat or steep. The horns with a wavy upper contour looked elegant. The horn-like image was overgrown with hooks and supplemented with leaves, finger-like projections, and petals.

«
Close to the described series patterns in which the horns touched with convex backs; the “legs” of the couscars spread to the sides gave balance to the figure.

The outlines of the peak definitely appeared in the “cuskar” compositions, the basis of which was lyre-like motifs - curls turned towards each other and lowered down from a point on the original line. The development of the pattern went upward - from a sharp protrusion and sloping side walls.

Integral figure, which S.I. Rudenko especially singled out medieval nomadic pastoralists for their pattern-making; it was divided into two parts and, essentially, consisted of two curls. Individual integrals and sockets were often placed on the frame covering of the saddle cloth.

Patterns were common, in the center of which was placed a shape similar to a capital letter "x". In some embroideries, intersecting integrals were visible in its outlines, while the background surface gave an image of opposing peaks.

A separate group includes vertically elongated rod-shaped figures with double-sided curls (elongated x). Overgrown with hooks, brackets, leaves, or bifurcating, the rod expanded, forming a rhombus in the middle. “Cuscar” ornaments, enriched with leaves and fan petals, approached plant ones. The drawing showed slender trees or lush bushes, garlands, and curved shoots.” 3

Common ornamental subjects were the sun, stars, and solar signs. Images of birds and animals in traditional patterns were rare. However, the names of many motifs were associated with a “zoological” theme: doe (camel neck), bure tabany (wolf footprint), karlugas kanata (swallow’s wings), kubelek (butterfly), teke mogozo (ram horns), kikrek (cockscomb) and other. The Bashkirs' belonging to the Muslim world is also reflected in the ornament. The embroidered pattern could be supplemented with texts of sayings and prayers in Arabic graphics. A star and a crescent were sometimes embroidered on prayer rugs (namazlik), and on a tablecloth (kumgan), which was used during readings of the Koran at ceremonies, funerals, etc. Images of the mosque were found on the ends of woven towels.

On the very special place of ornament in culture traditional society can be judged by the activity of its use. It was used to decorate clothes (everyday, festive, ritual), women's jewelry, various items (household utensils and religious objects), housing, its decoration, weapons and armor, and horse harnesses.

Bashkir ornament is characterized by both geometric and curvilinear floral patterns. The form depends on the technique of execution. Geometric motifs are made using the technique of counted embroidery and weaving. Curvilinear floral - using the technique of appliqué, embossing, silver notching, free embroidery technique (tambour, or “oblique mesh”). Usually patterns were applied to wood, leather, metal, and linen. There are a variety of ornamentation techniques: carving and painting on wood, embossing and carving on leather, metal processing, applique, braided and embedded weaving, knitting, embroidery.

Literature:
Essays on the culture of the peoples of Bashkortostan. Comp. Benin V.L. Ufa, publishing house: Kitap, 1994.