Ghazaryan S.S. History of the origin and development of the button accordion and accordion

In the history of inventions one can find many examples when long-known things, suddenly connected by someone in a special way, acquired a completely new quality. This happened with the manual harmonica.

For almost five thousand years, people have been familiar with the sounding tongue - a thin metal plate that vibrates under the pressure of air. Bellows have also been known since time immemorial - first forge bellows, and then for organ bellows. And the keyboard was invented even before our era. And the age of the hand-held harmonica, which combines both, and the third, against the background of this antiquity can be considered infantile - a little more than one hundred and sixty years.

Do you see what different destinies musical instruments have! We just talked about how we can’t determine the age of a guitar even to within a century, but here we immediately name the year of birth. We can also name the inventor of the manual harmonica - Friedrich Buschmann.

Friedrich's father was a musician and music maker. Therefore, it is not surprising that Friedrich himself began playing some instruments at the age of eight, and at eleven he was already touring with his father and helping him in the music workshop.

In 1822, Friedrich lived in Berlin and worked as an organ and piano tuner. To make it easier for himself to tune organ pipes, he designed a special device - a small box into which a metal reed was inserted. When Friedrich blew air into the box with his mouth, the tongue sounded, emitting a tone of a certain pitch. The pipe was adjusted according to it. Several of these boxes, which produced sounds of different pitches, simplified tuning. However, the master did not like the fact that one hand was occupied with this device, and only the other was left for work. Then Friedrich inserted each tongue into fur. Now, during adjustment, the master placed the device next to him, stretched the fur upward and released it. Compressing under the pressure of its own weight, the fur supplied air to the tongue, and it sounded. Both hands of the master remained free, and in addition, there was no need to blow with his mouth, which also made the work easier.

Then Friedrich realized that there was no need to make each tongue its own fur. You can build all the reeds into one bellows, and so that they do not sound at the same time, equip them with valves. Now, to obtain the desired tone, it was necessary to open one valve above the corresponding tongue, and leave the rest closed.

And a little later, Friedrich realized that the design he had invented could be turned into an independent musical instrument. So the master, making his work easier (now we would call it rationalization), came to a new form of musical instrument. At that time, Friedrich was only seventeen years old...However, admiring the ingenuity of the young master, Let's not exaggerate his merits in creating harmonics. Friedrich invented new uniform musical instrument, but not yet the instrument itself, because it was not yet possible to play it: after all, the valve mechanism was intended only for tuning. Friedrich tried to complete his plan and make a hand-held harmonica, but he had very little time for this. The main work took up everything, and he had to work on the harmonica only in fits and starts, so in the end he ended up with something like a children's toy.

In technology, it’s not uncommon for one person to come up with an idea and another to develop it. For example, the electric light bulb first lit up in the laboratory of the Russian electrical engineer Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin, but Edison brought it to an efficient and industrial form. This happened in musical technology, and this happened with the hand harmonica. One of the children's toys fell into the hands of a Viennese organ maker Kirill Demian . He improved it and on May 6, 1829, submitted an application for an instrument he named accordion . One can marvel at the efficiency with which this application was reviewed and approved: within nineteen days Demian received the privilege for his instrument. One can also marvel at the efficiency of Demian himself: after a few days, he and his sons began producing accordions for sale. And soon, in the year of his birth, accordion Demiana became a famous instrument.

It was already possible to play the accordion - however, very simple melodies and only in one key, because it had only five buttons on the right side and five on the left. But it was music, and not children's fun that is annoying to adults.

Here we need to stop and understand history more precisely. We are accustomed to consider the accordion to be a much more modern instrument than the harmonica, and suddenly it turns out that this is where it all began. And besides, the accordion piano keyboard For right hand, and Demian's instrument only had buttons.

However, let’s wait to clarify these questions - they require a separate discussion, and we will return to it soon. In the meantime, let's see how the harmonica got to Russia.

About the same thing happened as is happening now with our balalaikas. Foreign tourists buy them and take them home as an exotic souvenir. This is how hand-held harmonicas were brought to Russia - not by tourists, of course, but by merchants, sailors, and artists. However, here it was not destined to remain just a souvenir - very soon the harmonica turned from an exotic instrument into a folk instrument.

And we owe this, oddly enough, not to musical masters, but to Tula gunsmiths. In the summer of 1830, one of them, Ivan Sizov, went to a fair in Nizhny Novgorod and there I heard a harmonica. Sizov bargained for it, which was still quite expensive at that time, and brought it home. Like any inquisitive craftsman, the first thing he did was disassemble the tool and study its structure. Having made sure that there was nothing particularly complicated in it, especially for a Tula gunsmith, he took it and made the same one with his own hands. Of course, Ivan Sizov’s relatives and acquaintances immediately found out about this, and through them others. Among those who could get acquainted with the instrument, there were many craftsmen - Tula in general has always been famous for its craftsmen. Very soon, making harmonicas became a craze in Tula. Now we would call it a mass hobby. Very quickly the production of harmonicas was put on an industrial basis. First, handicraft workshops opened, and then factories. Ivan Sizov himself also did not limit himself to his first harmonica, but established their factory production. His outlandish Nizhny Novgorod purchase was still fresh in his memory, and Tula was already producing more than ten thousand instruments a year.

Production spread to other cities, here and there new trades were opened, and varieties of harmonica multiplied, because in each region it was altered and adjusted to its own tunes. Saratovskaya, Livenskaya, Cherepovetskaya, Kasimovskaya, Yeletskaya, Vyatskaya - it’s impossible to list them all.

But only two decades have passed since the invention Kirill Demian and less than thirty since Friedrich Buschmann adapted a reed with fur for tuning the organ. How can one explain such a rapid spread of harmonics?

Firstly, because this instrument seems to accompany itself, having buttons for bass accompaniment.
Secondly, even the first, largely imperfect instruments already had a valuable feature: they made it possible to produce sounds from barely audible to very loud, because the air pressure could be regulated by hand bellows.
Thirdly, I was attracted by the unpretentiousness of the instrument. The harmonica does not require adjustment for years, decades, even if it is stored in not entirely suitable conditions. Any manual stringed instrument, as you know, you have to adjust each time before the game.
And, fourthly, it was possible to play not only sitting and not only standing, but even on the move, also dancing.

Many other instruments have some of these qualities. But the combination of all the features in one instrument makes the harmonica unique.

True, not everyone welcomed the spread of the harmonica. Many spoke of it not too flatteringly, even calling it a “terrible instrument of torture.” It must be said that there were reasons for such an opinion. The instrument remained imperfect for some time, sometimes with an overly harsh sound, the playing technique was not as thoroughly developed as for ancient instruments, and most amateurs were so inept with the harmonica that musicians with sophisticated hearing could only plug their ears.
But gradually the instrument improved, acquired euphony, and found its outstanding performers. The voices of the opponents gradually died down and became completely silent when the button accordion appeared.

Source of information: Gazaryan S.S. In the world of musical instruments: Book. for students of Art. classes. – M.: Education, 1985. – P. 33 – 37.

Note. Some researchers argue that there is absolutely no evidence that the first accordion was invented by Friedrich Buschmann. Therefore, they give the palm of invention of this musical instrument to the brilliant master - Kirill Demian.

Purpose of the event:

• Introduce students to the history of the origin and development of the button accordion and accordion.
• Development of creative initiative and performing skills, as well as popularization of the folk instrument bayan.
• Fostering a sense of patriotism and love for one’s Motherland, and a caring attitude toward the musical heritage of one’s native land.

Event decoration:

• Illustrations of musical instruments of a folk orchestra.
• Portraits of famous masters and performing musicians.
• Instruments: accordion, button accordion, accordion.

The phonogram of the Russian folk song “Valenki” sounds, arranged by A. Shirokov, performed by a Russian orchestra folk instruments“Russian patterns”.

Leading: Each musical instrument has its own voice, its own bright timbre “individuality,” that is, its own special coloring of sound. In fact, is it possible to confuse the sound of a violin and a piano, a flute and an organ? Of course not.

However, in the diverse world of musical instruments, there is one that seems to have absorbed the “voices” of many instruments into its sound palette, such as the bassoon, flute, clarinet, and organ. What instrument has such a rare ability to imitate different timbres? He is the only one of the many musical “brothers” who is figuratively and lovingly called by people “the soul of the Russian people.” What instrument are we talking about?

Yes! This is a button accordion - a national Russian folk instrument.

Any nation or nationality has its own musical culture, and therefore its favorite folk musical instruments. The Ukrainians have the bandura, the Belarusians have the dulcimer, the Moldovans have the violin, and the Russians have the balalaika, domra and, of course, the button accordion.

According to its design, the button accordion belongs to the family of reed - pneumatic (pneumatic - from the Greek - “air”). Reed ones include: labial and other types of harmonics, accordion, organ.

A long time ago, two to three millennia BC, wooden structures became widespread in China. musical instrument, made from a series of bamboo sticks, each of which had a miniature oscillating tongue - this is a sheng - a wind musical instrument. The method of sound production inherited from sheng laid the foundation for the birth of future harmonics. From Asia, sheng came to Europe via trade routes. At first, harmonicas were made of glass, and later they began to be made of wood. The musical instrument did not immediately become the way we are used to seeing it. The great-great-grandmother of the modern button accordion is a small harmonica. Russian merchants brought a German single-row accordion from abroad, and talented craftsmen dismantled it and remade it in their own way. There were many varieties of harmonica. There were “Saratov”, “Eletsk”, “Livensky”, “Vyatsky”, “Khromki” and many other harmonics. The “name” of the instrument, as a rule, was assigned to the name of the locality where it was made. They differed from each other in size, location of keys and buttons, number of rows (hence the name - single-row, double-row, three-row).

The improvement of harmonicas and the art of making musical instruments achieved significant progress in the 19th century. In addition to the right one, a left keyboard also appeared, the range expanded, the sound quality improved, and the shape of the harmonica itself changed. The harmonica appealed to the taste of the broad masses of the population so much that it could be found everywhere: at fairs, in farce performances, in the home circle, at rural and city festivals. By the middle of the twentieth century, harmonicas were already widespread - each village had its own harmonica player, its “first guy” in the village, many musicians were self-taught, but what miracles of playing music they performed, despite the fact that the instrument was very primitive (5 – 7 buttons on the right side and 2 on the left). Any master considered it a matter of honor to make improvements to the existing design, improving the instrument and its performing techniques.

The accordionist performs “Dance Tunes” in the ar. V. Morozova.

At the end of the 90s of the last century, there was a further search for more progressive harmonic designs. Famous master in Russia Sterligov P.E. made a significantly improved instrument, to which the musician gave the name Bayan (after the legendary singer and storyteller Bayan). From then on, it was forever attached to the instrument and became familiar to it. Bayan is the name of the instrument accepted only in our country. In a short period of time, the harmonica went from an instrument - a toy that had only a few keys, to a button accordion, which allows you to perform complex works of classical and folk music.

Performed by an accordion player, the sound sounds r.n.p. “Like ours at the gate” in image A. Surkov.

Abroad, chromatic harmonics with various types of right-hand keyboards (keys, buttons) are called accordions. Accordion – keyboard, push-button accordion. After the war, the accordion became more widespread. A modern accordion is a musical instrument that has up to 45 keys on the right keyboard, and 140 or more buttons on the left. The number of registers reaches up to 36, that is, the sound can have a wide variety of timbre colors. Since ancient times in Rus', the highest quality of a musician’s playing, the most valuable property of his musical instrument, has been the ability to “pronounce” a song. The sincerity, melodiousness, and breadth of breathing of the instrument have become a kind of sound ideal of Russian national culture. Thanks to its portability, simple arrangement of keys, multi-timbre and other musical and technical qualities, the button accordion has become one of the favorite and most common instruments in everyday life.

The accordionist plays r.n.p. “Like under an apple tree” in the image of V. Belyavsky.

In the 30s of the last century, the art of playing the accordion/bayan took the path of professional development. Performing musicians brought their skills to the professional stage, concerts, competitions, festivals - all this helps to identify talented artistic youth and serves as propaganda for instrumental folk art.

The button accordion played a major role during the Great Patriotic War. The accordion sounded everywhere: at rest stops, in dugouts and even on the battlefield. Bayan is a fighter, as the poets accurately and figuratively called him, brightened up the harsh times, inspired him to military exploits for the glory of our Motherland.

Contemporary accordion performing art is in its heyday. His authority is also high abroad. Russian musicians occupy leading positions at the most prestigious international competitions and festivals. The names of I. Panitsky, Y. Kazakov, A. Sklyarov, V. Romanenko, Y. Tkachev, G. Zaitsev and others are known in the musical world for their inspired, unfading performing art. The Russian school of button accordion is known throughout the world: our button accordion players, including children, are winners International competitions. The life of the harmonica continues to this day. It can be heard on stage, in everyday life, in amateur ensembles and in folk orchestras. A famous song says:

Buttons, buttons,
I won't get tired of listening.
All Russia loves you -
Accordion buttons!

After conducting research, we found out what the predecessor of the button accordion/accordion looked like, where and by whom it was created, and why it was called that. In our city there are also many well-known musicians who perform these instruments. These musicians include you, our young button accordion and accordion players. We'd love to hear from you.

Children read poems about music.

Listen, the music is all around -
You won't live a day without it!
The sound of different melodies is heard,
They are in you, they are around you.

A musician is good wizard:
Of the seven only notes, slowly,
He can create a hundred melodies,
He will be able to create miracles.

He will tell us about spring without words,
How the drops ring outside the window,
He will show us with bright music,
How April sounds like birdsong.

You will learn the secrets of melodies
And you'll learn to play soon.
If you work hard
You can become a great musician.

And today I want to say boldly
I'm not afraid of work at all
Of course, I'm not a wizard yet,
After all, I’m just learning music!

A small concert where students and teachers perform folk pieces on the button accordion and accordion.

List of materials used.

1. And Mirek “Harmonica. Past and present” Moscow, 1994
2. G. Krylova “The ABC of a little accordion player” part 2, Moscow, 2010
3. Magazine “Music at School” No. 6, Moscow, 2012.
4. Magazine “Music at School” No. 3, Moscow, 2013.
5. Magazine “Music and You”, No. 6, Moscow, 1987.
6. A. Mirek “From the history of the accordion and button accordion”, Moscow, 1967

One of the first in popularity and love of the Russian people is the folk instrument harmonica. In a short period of time, the harmonica went from an instrument - a toy that had only a few keys, to a button accordion that allows you to play complex works classical and folk music.

Undoubtedly, the button accordion is the only one of its many “brothers” that people figuratively and lovingly call “the soul of the Russian people.” It enjoys great interest and recognition among lovers of Russian music, and in terms of its popularity it has no “competitors” among other folk instruments. The beauty, coloristic and dynamic diversity of the instrument’s sound is what attracts performers and listeners so much to the accordion.

Musical instrument: Accordion

Traveling through the world of musical instruments, you never cease to be amazed at its diversity. But among this wealth there is one representative that attracts attention with a beautiful and euphonious name - the accordion. When you listen to its sound, you immediately associatively imagine Paris, Montmartre, the Champs Elysees - France and the accordion are inseparable. The accordion has won love all over the world, some cities even recognized it as an official instrument. But not everything is so smooth in the history of the accordion - in other countries it was banned, recognizing it as an accomplice of a hostile culture, but it returned victoriously and gave listeners true pleasure and creative inspiration. The accordion, with its beauty, democracy, mobility and relevance, is capable of conveying the entire palette of human emotions: both deep sadness and unbridled joy.

The instrument is one of the most advanced types of harmonica, having a chromatic scale.

History of the accordion and many interesting facts Read about this musical instrument on our page.

Sound

The accordion, which has a variety of artistic musical expressions, has a characteristic, silvery and pleasantly vibrating sound. His voice is colorful, melodious and majestic and can sound like an organ or even an entire orchestra. The presence of registers that change timbre gives the accordion the ability to imitate the sound of various instruments.

The sound on an accordion occurs due to the free vibration of metal reeds under the influence of an air stream generated by the movement of the bellows chamber.

The presence of fur is the most valuable quality of an accordion; with its help you can control and influence the color of the timbre, make the sound soft, transparent or, conversely, hard and rough. The instrument has extraordinary dynamic flexibility - from the most delicate piano to the piercing forte.

Photo:

Interesting Facts:

• The accordion is a popular instrument in many countries of the world: Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, USA, Canada, France, Holland, England, Scotland, Germany, Sweden, Japan, Finland and others.
• In the American cities of St. Paul, Skokie, Detroit and San Francisco, the accordion has been declared an official instrument. There are approximately 75,000 people in the United States who can play this instrument.
• In the United States, the first performer to make a significant contribution to the popularization of the instrument was Count Piedro Deiro, who was called the “father of the accordion.”
• Gene von Halberg, Abe Goldman and Joe Biviano were the first accordionists to perform in 1939 at the famed Carnegie Hall in New York.
• Accordions today are made in different countries world, but the best concert instruments are made in Italy, Russia and Germany. These are German brands: Horch, Hohner, Weltmeister, Barcarole, Firotti; Italian brands: Scandalli, Pigini, Victoria, Bugari, ZeroSette, Borsini; in Russia these are instruments from the following companies: Jupiter, Tula Harmon and AKKO.

• The cost of a professional concert accordion is quite high and ranges from 5 to 15 thousand euros.
• In different countries of the world, the accordion has different names: “Sun-Fin-Chin” in China, “bayan” in Russia, “trekspill” in Norway and “Fisarmonica” in Italy.
• The instrument's peak of popularity, from the 1900s to the 1960s, is considered the "Golden Age of the Accordion."
• A copy of the "shen" - an ancient Chinese instrument, the progenitor of the accordion, is kept in the USA in the Castelfidardo Museum.
• Very famous performers such as Billy Joel, Neil Diamond, Jimmy Webb, Bob Dylan, and music bands The Beatles, Rolling Stones, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, and Beach Boys often used the accordion in their musical compositions.
• The first electronic accordions were constructed in the "States" in the forties of the last century.
• In the American city of Catati, California, there is a monument to the accordion and accordionist J. Boggio.
• Some people think that pianists, due to the similarity of keyboards, can easily master the accordion, but in reality it is quite the opposite; accordionists learn to play the piano faster.
• In the United States, the accordion was first called a "strap piano."

• In the cities of Castelfidardo (Italy), Klingenthal (Germany), Super Ior Delusi (USA) and Moscow (Russia) there are harmonica museums, of which the accordion is a representative.
• In the Soviet Union, the accordion, being a very popular instrument in the 30s of the last century and very in demand in jazz bands A. Tsfasman, L. Utesov, V. Knushevitsky, in the 50s he was repressed along with the word jazz and saxophone.
• The world-famous German company "Weltmeister" is located in Klingenthal, where a third of the inhabitants are engaged in the production of musical instruments. Many of the workers know how to play the accordion and are members of an orchestra that successfully tours Europe.

Design

An accordion is a keyboard wind musical instrument with a complex design that has more than a hundred parts. It consists of two sections - left and right, connected by fur.

1.Right side The instrument includes a box and a neck with a piano-like keyboard. The box contains the right soundboard, resonators, valves and registers.

• The right deck has sound holes that completely match the holes of the resonators.
• Voice strips are installed on the resonators.
• The valves open the sound holes.
• The registers change the timbre of the sound.

Large straps are attached to the right box, holding the instrument on the performer's shoulders, as well as a grille. The number of keys on the fingerboard varies depending on the size of the instrument, with the largest having 41.

2. Left side The instrument consists of a box in which the left soundboard, resonators, all mechanics and a left-hand keyboard with 120 buttons are mounted. The left keyboard contains five and sometimes six rows: two rows are basses, and the rest are ready-made chords (major, minor, seventh and diminished seventh chords). On the left case there are registers, as well as a small belt with which left hand drives the bellows chamber.

3. Fur The accordion is made of special cardboard, glued with fabric and reinforced with leather and steel overlays.

The weight of a ready-made concert accordion reaches 15 kg.

Varieties

There are two types of accordions: keyboard and push-button.

• Keyboard - shaped like a piano keyboard.
• A keypad has three, four, or five rows of buttons arranged in a chromatic pattern.

In addition, accordions of any type can have various systems accompaniment in the left hand: ready and ready - elective.

• A ready-made accompaniment system consists of basses and ready-made chords.
• Ready - elective has two systems, ready and elective, which can be changed using a special register.

Accordions, which is very important, come in different sizes: from the smallest student accordions to large concert accordions.

• The smallest accordion is -1/2 - a range of slightly more than two octaves, mainly used for educational purposes.
• Medium-sized accordion - 3/4 - two and a half octaves range, used for educational purposes and amateur music-making.
• The accordion is slightly larger than average - 7/8 - a range of three octaves, used for amateur music playing.
• The full accordion has a range of three and a half octaves, used as a concert instrument.

Application and repertoire

Initially, the use of the accordion was limited to the leisure area. It was used everywhere where people wanted to have fun and have fun - primarily at folk festivals, as well as variety shows, dance halls, cabarets, street restaurants, music halls, picnics. The accordion later became an indispensable instrument in dance-pop, jazz and zydeco, and then entered the stage as a solo instrument. The accordion sounds very impressive with a symphony orchestra.

Unusually spectacular works for the accordion in full harmonic splendor were best achieved by composer-performers, including: R. Galliano, J. Tiersen, P. Frossini, A. Piazzolla, C. Magnante, A. Fossen, P. Deiro, C. Nunzio and others. However, due to the constant improvement of the design, works for piano, celesta, harpsichord, harmonium and organ can now be performed on the instrument without transcriptions. Sounds great on accordion musical masterpieces greatest classics: I.S. Bach , V.A. Mozart, N. Paganini , L.V. Beethoven, J. Brahms, F. Liszt, C. Debussy , D. Verdi, J. Bizet , D. Gershwin, G. Mahler, M. Mussorgsky, M. Ravel, N. Rimsky-Korsakov , A. Scriabin, D. Shostakovich, P. Tchaikovsky .

Works:

A. Piazzolla “Libertango” - listen

Z. Abrau “Tico-Tico” - listen

Prominent Performers

The rich history of accordion performance has highlighted a number of talented musicians who, with their creativity, made a great contribution to the development of the instrument. Particularly noteworthy are the pop accordionists: J. Tiersen, R. Würtner, S. Hussong, G. Deiro, D. Fossen, T. Ancelotti, K. Harada, K. Tweed, V. Kovtun, Y. Drang, P. Drang, R. Bazhilin, Y. Tabachnik, S. Shchurakov.

The jazz accordion also has bright performing stars: M. Matthews, T. Gumino L. Sash, E. Felice, A. di Pippo and D. Amble.

Of the entire galaxy of talented performers, I would like to especially highlight P. Deiro, P. Frossini, Art Van Damme and A. Piazzolla.

• Pietro Deiro- American accordion virtuoso of Italian origin, who made a significant contribution to the popularization of the instrument. In New York, he created the headquarters of accordion art, and then founded the Association of Accordionists, the purpose of which was to actively promote the instrument.
• Pietro Frossini with his creativity, spectacular and elegant compositions, he significantly enriched the repertoire of the pop accordion. He was the first to record an accordion performance on a recording device. P. Frossini's works for accordion are very popular today and are often included in the programs of musicians around the world.
• Art Van Damme, recognized as the best jazz accordionist, was a true master of his craft. For my creative life Art Van Damme has completed almost forty world tours.
• Astor Piazzolla- famous Argentine musician and composer. His compositions, which absorbed components of jazz and classical music, presented tango to listeners in a completely different way. He gave the Argentine folk dance the form of a concert piece and brought it to the stage. More than a thousand musical works left by A. Piazzolla as his own creative heritage, and, being an excellent musician, he himself performed his compositions with different groups.

Story

The history of the instrument begins with the invention of the harmonica, the ancestor of which is the Chinese sacred instrument sheng. It used freely vibrating reeds inserted into bamboo tubes that were attached to a resonator body to create sound. Sheng came to Europe along trade routes and there, at the end of the 18th century, began its radical transformation.

At first, organ builder F. Kirshnik in 1777, as a result of an experiment, invented reed strips, which later found application in hand harmonicas.

In the twenties of the 19th century, the Berlin music master F. Buschmann designed reed tuning forks to facilitate the tuning of musical instruments. Each of the tuning forks was tuned to a specific tone; they began to sound under the influence of air flow. By combining tuning forks in an oblong box, the master eventually received a new musical instrument - the harmonica, its improved descendants later became widespread.

However, the master did not stop there and continued to develop his tuning fork, attaching bellows to it. But in order to obtain the sound of one specific sound, the master closed the reeds with valves that opened above the corresponding voices. Thus, F. Bushman gradually developed a hitherto unprecedented form of musical instrument, called aeolina. It had two lids and fur that opened like a fan. On one cover there were keys, on the other there was a device for unclenching the bellows. It was already a hand-held harmonica, though more like a children's toy.

F. Bushman's toy invention attracted attention music masters, one of them was K. Domian. He was very active in transforming the hand harmonica, giving it a different look. On two cases, connected by a bellows chamber, there are 5 keys for the right and 5 keys for the left hand. Each key of the right hand when compressed and unclenched produced different sounds, each key in the left hand when compressed and unclenched - two different complete chords - this was an innovation, which K. Domian subsequently hastened to patent in 1929. Thus a completely new instrument with chord accompaniment appeared, called the accordion.

The master, who had the exclusive right to manufacture new instruments, together with his sons, established their production and sale not only in Austria, but also in other countries of Western and of Eastern Europe. The accordion is quickly becoming famous.

Next, the history of the accordion takes us to Italy, to a small place near Castelfidardo. The wandering monk stopped to rest in the house of villager Antonio Soprani, took out a strange musical instrument and began to play music on it. The villager's son Paulo became very interested in the unprecedented wonder and purchased it from a pilgrim - the instrument was Domian's accordion. Intuition told me young man that this tool is worth pursuing. He gathered several craftsmen and in 1864 opened a workshop for the production of accordions, which were then sold in nearby cities. Then P. Soprani moved to Castelfidardo and opened a factory there, which not only produced instruments, but also modernized them. So in 1897, he patented his invention - extracting ready-made major, minor triads and dominant seventh chords on the left-hand keyboard.

The accordion quickly became a favorite among the Italians, where everyone loved to sing and dance. people's love. The popularity of the instrument grew rapidly not only in Italy, but also in other European countries, accordion factories were rapidly opening there. Subsequently, the instrument, together with emigrants, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and firmly settled on the American continent.

Today, the accordion is a relatively young instrument that continues its development and is actively fighting for popular recognition. Its beautiful, powerful and varied sounding voice gives listeners great pleasure. Quite often on television screens we can see wonderful performers who, with their creativity, prove that this instrument is unique.

Video: listen to the accordion

Accordion- Russian, traditional instrument, this is a hand-held harmonica of the chromatic type, sometimes it is also called a mini organ - because of its powerful, slightly similar sound. A musical instrument has several rows of round buttons on the right (usually 3 or 5 rows) - for playing individual notes, and there is also a keyboard on the left. The instrument is made according to the type, so on the left you can most often see the so-called “ready chords” with bass, although in some cases there is a switch to play lower notes than on the right.

• ready (bass and chords are already prepared) - usually this perfect option for beginners and often start with this in music schools - usually this 3-row;
• ready-selectable (there are already complex switches here) - often this 5-row.

The button accordion is actively used by various musicians and occupies an important place in the orchestra of Russian folk instruments. IN music school, college, conservatory have corresponding classes.

Design

Bayan is one of the most advanced keyboard pneumatic instruments, which has a 12-step system, is made in an evenly tempered key. The instrument consists of two parts, which are connected by bellows, which is the name of the chamber that serves to pump air. Celluloid pads are glued to the surface, and the fur chamber is covered with granite compound, cardboard, and reinforced with metal brackets and chrome steel corners. The number of keys on the right keyboard can vary from 51 to 61. Small buttons are located on the left case, there can be up to 120 of them. Shoulder straps allow you to hold the instrument in weight and at the same time control the movement of the bellows.

Metal reeds, called voices, are sound-producing elements and are tuned in unison. Frames with reeds are called slats, the entire device is called a resonator. The volume depends on the amplitude of the vibration of the tongue, and the intensity can also be controlled during performance musical composition: you need to press harder on the fur or more intensely. The size of resonator chambers, materials, voice profiles and many other nuances can also vary. As a result, it turns out that each instrument is unique; no two button accordions are alike.

Sound and tuning

Accordion has a fairly wide range and rich sound, therefore he can solo, that is, play without accompaniment. Probably thanks to this versatility, it has become popular not only in the domestic space and abroad. The instrument can only compete with the accordion, where there are keys instead of buttons on the right keyboard, some musicians find this more convenient, but there is no single vector here - and so far both instruments are in demand. Accordion It has Class: pneumatic reed tool; build: uniformly tempered.

Girls play as easily as boys:

Origin story

He was the first to patent an instrument similar to a modern button accordion - G. Mirwald, a German from Bavaria, he improved the design of the classic hand-held harmonica that came to Europe from the East; it was 1891. The debut did not interest his colleagues in Germany, but in Russia his modification was received with enthusiasm. The system was a three-row, push-button, right-hand keyboard, the range was expanded to 4 octaves. Ready-made major and minor harmonies were presented.

In Moscow, similar instruments began to be manufactured in the 20th century: F. Zakharov, P. Vatutin and others. The right keyboard was improved, a roller mechanism was used, bent levers were tried, which proved to be best side. The three-row modifications that were described above began to be manufactured at the factory in Tula - “Kiselev Brothers”.

Name "accordion"

The instrument received its name thanks to the ancient Russian storyteller, whose name was Boyan; he is mentioned in chronicles, for example in the “Tale of Bygone Years.” WITH late XIX century, diatonic harmonics began to appear, which began to be called accordions. The instrument is distinguished by the unison tuning of the reeds, because in analogues they are tuned “on tap”. The name "clarinet harmonies" was also used.

Bayan Sterligova

In St. Petersburg lived the famous master P. E. Sterligov, who was engaged in tuning and manufacturing various musical instruments, including wind instruments. One day he received an order to produce a harmony for the musician Y. Titarenko, who had already begun to use the name button accordion on his posters. They say that this is due to the fact that the cruiser of the same name was being manufactured at the shipyard at that time. The master came up with the idea of ​​​​using a duplicate bass line; this layout became known as the “St. Petersburg” or “Leningrad” layout. In 1913, the master made a button accordion with two rows of bass buttons, which was as similar as possible to the modern one. A more convenient layout began to be called “Moscow”. The masters, the Generalov brothers, took up the baton. Currently, it is very popular, which is distinguished not only by its excellent sound, but also by its high reliability and durability, as it is made with high quality.

Manufacturers and brands

Let's list the common types of domestic button accordions, most often you can find the classic "Jupiter", produced in Moscow, there is a modification for children, weighs 10 kg, has 5 rows and 2 voices, has no registers. You can also find instruments from the following factories: “Red Partisan” (St. Petersburg), Tula Harmony, “AKKO” (Voronezh), Kirov Factory, Rostov - they also produce button accordions of various brands.

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Video

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Folk songs to accordion

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