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| Biography of Viti AK (Victor Gostyukhin). Victor Gostyukhin: creativity and assumptions about death Where was Vitya ak 47 born |
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Interview.
An excerpt characterizing the AK-47 (group)- Hey, Dron, it will be bad! Alpatych said, shaking his head.- The power is yours! Drone said sadly. - Hey, Dron, leave it! Alpatych repeated, taking his hand out of his bosom and solemnly pointing it to the floor under Dron's feet. “It’s not like I see right through you, I can see right through everything three arshins under you,” he said, peering at the floor under Dron’s feet. The drone was embarrassed, glanced briefly at Alpatych and lowered his eyes again. - You leave the nonsense and tell the people that they were going to go from their houses to Moscow and prepare the carts tomorrow morning under the princess's convoy, but don't go to the meeting yourself. Do you hear? The drone suddenly fell at its feet. - Yakov Alpatych, fire me! Take the keys from me, fire me for Christ's sake. - Leave it! Alpatych said sternly. “I can see right through you three arshins,” he repeated, knowing that his skill in walking for bees, knowing when to sow oats, and the fact that for twenty years he had been able to please the old prince, had long acquired the fame of a sorcerer and that his ability to see three arshins under a person is attributed to sorcerers. Dron got up and wanted to say something, but Alpatych interrupted him: - What did you think? Eh?.. What do you think? A? What should I do with the people? Dron said. - It blew up completely. I also tell them... “That’s what I say,” said Alpatych. – Do they drink? he asked shortly. - All perturbed, Yakov Alpatych: they brought another barrel. - So you listen. I'll go to the police officer, and you tell the people, and so that they leave it, and so that there are carts. “I am listening,” Dron replied. More Yakov Alpatych did not insist. He had ruled over the people for a long time, and he knew that the chief means of getting the people to obey was to show them no doubt that they might disobey. Having obtained from Dron a submissive “I am listening with”, Yakov Alpatych was satisfied with this, although he not only doubted, but was almost sure that the carts would not be delivered without the help of a military team. And indeed, by the evening the carts had not been collected. There was again a meeting in the village near the tavern, and at the meeting it was supposed to drive the horses into the forest and not give out the wagon. Without saying anything about this princess, Alpatych ordered to lay down his own luggage from those who came from the Bald Mountains and prepare these horses for the princess's carriages, and he himself went to the authorities. X | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Having heard the group Unfallen (which nevertheless, by coincidence, turned out to be “fallen”), I drew attention to their work and out of three people only Max interested me. I recorded several tracks with the Unfallen and realized that f*cking suffering is nothing! Weighed, appreciated, realized that people need a show, banter, kitsch, scandal, and not like f*cking suffering. I sat on my ass and began to think about how to characterize a group that would start to come up with rap not quite in a sober mind. What is the best name for my project, in which: - rap in Russian (accordingly, the name should be PURE Russian) - there is a mat (and without it, the Russian language is not Russian, especially since the mat has been present in my vocabulary for a long time) - as simple as 3 rubles and can hit the head and stay there forever (like a Kalashnikov assault rifle bullet)Vitya AK about the group |
Their style is very unique. This is street rap mixed with freestal and underground, accompanied by foul language, drug and political topics.
They became popular somehow imperceptibly and without much effort.
Later, the AK-47 group was spotted by Noggano. He called Vita on his mobile phone and said: "Hello hello, this is Vasya, do you know this one?" Noggano invites Vitya AK to the Hip-hop TV show. Where Vitya talks about the AK-47 group. Max and Vitya are recording a couple of tracks with Noggano: “ Inserts unrealistic” and “Final”. And so began a friendship with Noggano. In 2008, Vitya, together with Noggano, Guf "ohm and 5Plyukh, recorded the song "Let's make a wider circle."
In 2009, the group's first official album, Berezovsky, was released.
The album consists of tracks that were recorded at different times at the Yekaterinburg studio "Bustazz records". They were helped to record the album by such rap artists as OD White Rap and Mad Bustaz, and Noggano as a beatmaker. In 2010, the 2nd album of AK-47, MegaPolice, was released. In the same year, together with TIP, another album was released - Two in One.
Kalashnikov assault rifle AK-47, produced in 1947-1949, in the documents of those years had the designation "AK-47", later replaced by "AK"
Kalashnikov assault rifle AK, 1949-1954
Kalashnikov assault rifle AK, 1954-1959
Kalashnikov assault rifles AKS (assault rifle with folding butt)
Kalashnikov assault rifle AKS, 1954-1959
Before moving on to the history of the creation of the Kalashnikov assault rifle and a description of its design, one should decide on some points of terminology. With regard to AK, the most technically correct term would be "automatic carbine", that is, an automatic rifle with reduced weight and dimensions. Or the term "assault rifle" (German Sturmgewehr or English Assault rifle), introduced by Adolf Hitler as the name of the Henel automatic carbine designed by Hugo Schmeisser, which was subsequently given the designation Stg.44. The term "assault rifle" had a propaganda meaning, however, it has become widespread throughout the world in relation to all individual small arms automatic weapons chambered for an intermediate cartridge. The term "automatic", introduced in the USSR and used to refer to the Fedorov automatic rifle and even the PPSh-41 submachine gun, is in circulation only in the Russian Federation and in the so-called "post-Soviet space". At the same time, along with the designation of weapons, in colloquial speech, this term is applied to such electronic-mechanical devices as a coffee machine and a gaming machine, while the term "automatic carbine" corresponds much more accurately and describes a certain class of automatic weapons.
Development and production (official version)
The decision to start design work on the creation of a new weapon-cartridge complex, which resulted in the adoption of the Kalashnikov automatic carbine into service by the USSR, was made on July 15, 1943 at a meeting of the Technical Council under the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense, based on the results of studying the captured German automatic carbine MKb.42 ( H), which was the prototype of the future Stg.44, under the world's first mass intermediate cartridge 7.92x33 and the American self-loading carbine M1 Carbine under 7.62x33.
The new model was supposed to conduct effective fire at ranges of the order of 400 meters and shoot an intermediate, between a rifle and a pistol in terms of power, a cartridge, which exceeded the corresponding indicator of submachine guns and was not much inferior to weapons for excessively heavy, powerful and expensive rifle and machine gun ammunition. This allowed him to successfully replace the entire arsenal of individual small arms in service with the Red Army, which used pistol and rifle cartridges and included Shpagin and Sudaev submachine guns, a Mosin magazine non-automatic rifle and several models of magazine carbines based on it, a Tokarev self-loading rifle, and also machine guns of various systems.
The first samples of the new cartridge were created by OKB-44 already one month after the meeting, and its pilot production began in March 1944. It is noteworthy that neither domestic nor Western researchers found any real confirmation of the version that had been in circulation at one time, which said, that this cartridge was completely or partially copied from earlier German experimental developments (in particular, they called the Geco cartridge of 7.62 × 38.5 mm caliber).
In November 1943, drawings and specifications for a new 7.62 mm intermediate cartridge designed by N.M. Elizarova and B.V. Semin were sent to all organizations involved in the development of a new weapon complex. At this stage, it had a caliber of 7.62x41 mm, but was subsequently redesigned, and quite significantly, during which the caliber was changed to 7.62x39 mm.
A new set of weapons under a single intermediate cartridge was supposed to include an automatic rifle (automatic carbine), as well as self-loading (non-automatic) magazine carbines and a light machine gun. Subsequently, the development of a magazine carbine was discontinued due to the obvious obsolescence of the concept. However, the SKS self-loading carbine was not produced for long (until the beginning of the 1950s) due to the relatively low manufacturability with lower combat qualities than the machine gun, and the Degtyarev RPD machine gun was subsequently (1961) replaced by a different model, widely unified with a machine gun - RPK.
As for the development of the automatic carbine itself, it went through several stages and included a number of competitions in which a large number of systems of various designers participated. In 1944, according to the test results, the AC-44 designed by A.I. was selected for further development. Sudayev. It was finalized and released in a small series, military tests of which were carried out in the spring and summer of next year at the GSVG, as well as in a number of units on the territory of the USSR. Despite positive reviews, the army leadership demanded a reduction in the mass of weapons.
The sudden death of Sudayev interrupted the further progress of work on this model, so in 1946 another round of tests was carried out, which, among others, included Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov, who by that time had already created several rather interesting weapon designs - in particular, two pistols - machine gun, one of which had a very original semi-free shutter braking system, a light machine gun and a self-loading carbine powered by cartridge packs, which lost the Simonov carbine in the competition. In November of the same year, his project was approved for the manufacture of a prototype, and a month later, the first version of the Kalashnikov experimental automatic carbine, now sometimes conventionally referred to as the AK-46, was manufactured at an arms factory in the city of Kovrov, along with the samples of Bulkin and Dementiev, was submitted for testing. .
It is curious that this model, developed in 1946, did not have many of the features of the future Kalashnikov assault rifle, which are often criticized in our time. His cocking handle was located on the left, not on the right, instead of the fuse-translator located on the right, there were separate flag fuses and a translator of types of fire, and the body of the firing mechanism was made folding down and forward on a hairpin. However, the military from the selection committee demanded that the cocking handle be placed on the right, since it (the AK cocking handle), located on the left, with some methods of carrying weapons or moving around the battlefield, crawled against the body of the shooter, and also to combine the fuse with the translator of types of fire into a single knot and place it on the right to completely rid the left side of the receiver of any perceptible protrusions.
According to the results of the second round of the competition, the first Kalashnikov automatic carbine was declared unsuitable for further development. However, Kalashnikov managed to challenge this decision, obtaining permission to further refine the AK-46, in which he was helped by acquaintance with a number of commission members with whom he had served together since 1943, and received permission to refine the machine gun. For this purpose, he returned to Kovrov, where, together with the designer of the Kovrov Plant No. 2, A. Zaitsev, he developed in the shortest possible time a virtually new automatic carbine, and for a number of reasons it can be concluded that elements were widely used in its design (including the arrangement of key nodes), borrowed from other submitted for the competition or simply pre-existing samples.
So, the design of the bolt frame with a rigidly attached gas piston, the general layout of the receiver and the placement of the return spring with the guide, the protrusion of which was used to lock the receiver cover, were copied from Bulkin's experimental machine gun that also participated in the competition; USM (with minor improvements), judging by the design, could be “peeped” from the Holek rifle (according to another version, it goes back to the development of John Browning, which was also used in the M1 Garand rifle; these versions, however, are not mutually exclusive), the fuse-mode selector lever fire, which also acts as a dust cover for the shutter window, was very reminiscent of that of the Remington 8 rifle, and a similar “hanging out” of the bolt group inside the receiver with minimal friction areas and large gaps was typical for the Sudaev assault rifle.
Although formally the conditions of the competition did not allow the authors of the systems to familiarize themselves with the designs of competitors participating in it and make significant changes to the design of the submitted samples (that is, theoretically, the commission could not allow the new prototype of the Kalashnikov assault rifle to further participate in the competition), it still cannot be considered something something that goes beyond the norms - firstly, when creating new weapon systems, “quotes” from other samples are not at all uncommon, and secondly, such borrowings in the USSR at that time were not only generally not forbidden, but even encouraged , which is explained not only by the presence of specific ("socialist") patent legislation, but also by quite pragmatic considerations of adopting the best model in the face of constant lack of time with a very real military threat.
There is even an opinion that most of the changes and design decisions made by the Kalashnikov assault rifle were almost directly due to the TTT (tactical and technical requirements) put forward by the commission based on the results of earlier stages of the TTT competition (tactical and technical requirements) for new weapons, that is, in fact - imposed as the most acceptable with their point of view of the military, which partly confirms the fact that the systems of Kalashnikov's competitors in their final versions used very similar design solutions.
It is also worth noting that, in itself, borrowing successful solutions cannot guarantee the success of the design as a whole, however, Kalashnikov and Zaitsev managed to create such a design, and in the shortest possible time, which in principle cannot be achieved by any compilation of ready-made units and design solutions. Moreover, there is an opinion that copying successful and well-proven technical solutions is one of the conditions for creating any successful weapon model, in particular, allowing the designer not to “reinvent the wheel”.
According to some sources, V.F. Lyuty, who later became the head of the field tests in 1947.
One way or another, in the winter of 1946-1947, for the next round of the competition, along with also quite significantly improved, but not undergoing such radical changes, the samples of Dementiev (KBP-520) and Bulkin (TKB-415) Kalashnikov presented an actually new design (KBP-580 ), which had little in common with the previous version.
As a result of the tests, it was found that not a single sample meets the tactical and technical requirements in full: the Kalashnikov assault rifle turned out to be the most reliable, but at the same time it had unsatisfactory accuracy of fire, and the TKB-415, on the contrary, met the requirements for accuracy, but had problems with reliability. Ultimately, the choice of the commission was made in favor of the Kalashnikov sample, and it was decided to postpone bringing its accuracy to the required values for the future. Given the current situation in the world at that time, such a decision looks quite justified, since it allowed the army to re-equip itself with modern and reliable, although not the most accurate, weapons in real time, which was preferable to a reliable and accurate model, but when is not known. At the end of 1947, Mikhail Timofeevich was seconded to Izhevsk, where it was decided to begin production of the AK-47 Kalashnikov assault rifle.
According to the results of military tests of the first batches released in the middle of 1948, in the middle of 1949, two versions of the Kalashnikov design were adopted under the designations "7.62-mm Kalashnikov assault rifle" and "7.62-mm Kalashnikov assault rifle with a folding butt" (abbreviated designations - AK-47 and AKS-47, respectively). Thus, the year of manufacture of the AK-47 can be considered 1948. AKS (GRAU Index - 56-A-212M) - a version of the Kalashnikov assault rifle with a folding metal butt, intended for airborne troops. It was originally produced with a stamped receiver, and since 1951 - milled due to the high percentage of marriage during stamping.
One of the main problems faced by the developers during the deployment of mass production of the Kalashnikov assault rifle was the stamping technology used to manufacture the receiver. The first releases of the AK-47 had a receiver made of a fairly large number of sheet forgings and parts milled from forgings.
In 1953, a high rejection rate forced a switch to milling technology. At the same time, a number of measures made it possible not only to prevent an increase in the mass of weapons, but also to reduce it relative to samples with a stamped receiver, so the new AK-47 model was designated as "Lightweight 7.62-mm Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK)". In addition to the modified design of the receiver, it was also distinguished by the presence of stiffening ribs on the magazines (early magazines had smooth walls), the possibility of adjoining a bayonet (an early version of the weapon was adopted without a bayonet) and a number of other, smaller details.
In subsequent years, the design of the Kalashnikov assault rifle was also continuously improved. The development team noted "low reliability, weapon failures when used in extreme climatic and extreme conditions, low accuracy of fire, insufficiently high operational characteristics" of serial samples of early models.
The appearance in the early 1950s of the TKB-517 assault rifle designed by German Korobov, which had a lower mass, better accuracy, and also cheaper, led to the development of tactical and technical requirements for a new machine gun (automatic carbine) and a light machine gun as unified as possible with it. The corresponding competitive tests, for which Mikhail Timofeevich presented a modernized model of an automatic carbine and a machine gun based on it, took place in 1957-1958. As a result, the commission gave its preference to the Kalashnikov models, as they had greater reliability, and were also sufficiently familiar to the arms industry and the troops, and in 1959 the "7.62-mm modernized Kalashnikov assault rifle" (abbreviated as AKM) was put into service.
AKM (Kalashnikov Modernized, Index GRAU - 6P1) - modernization of the AK-47, adopted in 1959. In AKM, the aiming range has been increased to 1000 m, changes have been made to improve reliability and ease of use.
The AKM receiver is made of stamped, due to which the weight of the weapon is reduced. The butt is raised up to bring the point of emphasis of the machine to the line of fire. Changes have been made to the trigger mechanism - a trigger retarder has been added, due to which the trigger is released a few milliseconds later during automatic firing. This delay has practically no effect on the rate of fire, it only allows the bolt carrier to stabilize in the extreme forward position before the next shot. The improvements had a positive effect on accuracy, especially (almost by a third) the vertical dispersion decreased compared to the AK-47 assault rifle.
The muzzle of the AKM barrel has a thread on which a removable muzzle compensator in the form of a petal (the so-called "tray compensator") is installed, designed to compensate for the "withdrawal" of the aiming point up and to the right when firing bursts due to the use of pressure from the powder gases escaping from the barrel to the lower compensator protrusion. Silencers PBS or PBS-1 can be installed on the same thread instead of a compensator, for the use of which it is necessary to use 7.62US cartridges with a subsonic muzzle velocity. Also on the AKM, it became possible to install the GP-25 “Koster” underbarrel grenade launcher.
AKMS (Index GRAU - 6P4) - AKM variant with a folding stock. The butt mounting system was changed relative to the AKS (it folded down and forward, under the receiver). The modification is designed specifically for paratroopers. AKMN (6P1N) - variant with night sight. AKMSN (6P4N) - modification of AKMN with a folding metal butt.
In the 1970s, following the NATO countries, the USSR followed the path of transferring small arms to low-pulse cartridges with reduced caliber bullets to facilitate portable ammunition (for 8 magazines, a 5.45 mm caliber cartridge saves 1.4 kg in weight) and reduce , as it was believed, "excessive" power of the 7.62-mm cartridge. In 1974, a weapon complex chambered for 5.45 × 39 mm was adopted, consisting of an AK-74 and an RPK-74 light machine gun, and later (1979) supplemented by a small-sized AKS-74U, created for use in a niche, which in Western armies were occupied by submachine guns, and in recent years - by the so-called PDW. The production of AKM in the USSR was curtailed, but this model remains in service to this day.
First combat use of the AK-47
The first case of mass combat use of the Kalashnikov assault rifle on the world stage occurred on November 1, 1956, during the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Until that moment, the AK-47 assault rifle was hidden from prying eyes in every possible way: the soldiers wore it in special covers that concealed the outlines, and after firing, all the shells were carefully collected. AK-47 has proven itself well in urban combat.
The design and principle of operation of the AK-47
AK-47 consists of the following main parts and mechanisms: barrel with receiver, sights and stock; detachable receiver cover; bolt carrier with gas piston; gate; return mechanism; gas tube with handguard; trigger mechanism; handguard; score; bayonet. There are approximately 95 parts in the AK.
The principle of operation of the AK-47 automation is based on the use of the energy of powder gases discharged through the upper hole in the barrel wall, with a long stroke of the gas piston. The barrel bore is locked by turning the bolt around the longitudinal axis clockwise by two radial lugs included in the special cutouts of the receiver, which achieves the locking of the bore before firing. The rotation of the shutter is ensured by the interaction of the protrusion on its body with a curly groove on the inner surface of the shutter frame.
Barrel and receiver
The AK-47 barrel bore has 4 grooves, winding from left-up-right, the barrel was made of gun-grade steel.
In the wall of the barrel, closer to its muzzle, there is a gas outlet. Near the muzzle, the base of the front sight is fixed on the barrel, and on the side of the breech it has a chamber with smooth walls, designed to accommodate the cartridge when fired. The muzzle of the barrel has a left-hand thread for screwing the sleeve when firing blanks.
The barrel is attached to the receiver motionlessly, without the possibility of a quick change in the field.
The receiver is used to connect the parts and mechanisms of the AK-47 into a single structure, to place the bolt group and set the nature of its movement, to ensure that the barrel is closed by the bolt and the bolt is locked; also inside it is placed the trigger mechanism.
The receiver consists of two parts: the receiver itself and a detachable cover located on top, which protects the mechanism from damage and contamination.
Inside the receiver has four guides that set the movement of the bolt group - two upper and two lower. The lower left guide also carries a reflective protrusion.
In front of the receiver there are cutouts for which the bolt is locked, the rear walls of which are, therefore, lugs. The right combat stop also serves to guide the movement of the cartridge fed from the right row of the AK-47 magazine. On the left is a part similar in purpose, which is not a combat stop.
The first batches of AK-47s had, in accordance with the assignment, a stamped receiver with a forged barrel liner. However, the available technology did not allow then to achieve the required rigidity, and the rejection rate was unacceptably high. As a result, in the mass production of the AK-47, cold stamping was initially replaced by milling a box from a solid forging, which caused an increase in the cost of production of weapons. Subsequently, during the transition to AKM, technological issues were resolved, and the receiver again acquired a mixed design.
The massive all-steel receiver gives the weapon high (especially in the early milled version) strength and reliability, especially in comparison with the fragile light-alloy receivers of weapons like the American M16 rifle, but at the same time makes it heavier, making it difficult to upgrade.
bolt group
It consists mainly of a bolt carrier with a gas piston, the bolt itself, an ejector and a striker.
The AK-47 bolt group is located in the receiver "hung", moving along the guides in its upper part as if on rails. Such a “hung” position of moving parts in the receiver with relatively large gaps ensures reliable operation of the system even with heavy contamination.
The bolt frame serves to actuate the bolt and trigger mechanism. It is fixedly connected to the gas piston rod, which is directly affected by the pressure of the powder gases removed from the barrel, which ensures the operation of the weapon's automation. The reloading handle of the weapon is located on the right and is made as a single unit with the bolt carrier.
The shutter has a close to cylindrical shape and two massive lugs, which, when the shutter is turned, enter into special cutouts in the receiver, which locks the barrel bore for firing. In addition, the shutter, with its longitudinal movement, feeds the next cartridge from the magazine before firing, for which there is a protrusion of the rammer in its lower part.
Also, an ejector mechanism is attached to the bolt, designed to remove a spent cartridge case or cartridge from the chamber in the event of a misfire. It consists of an ejector, its axis, a spring and a limiter pin.
To return the bolt group to the extreme forward position, a return mechanism is used, consisting of a return spring and a guide, which in turn consists of a guide tube, a guide rod included in it and a coupling. The rear stop of the guide rod of the return spring enters the groove of the receiver and serves as a latch for the stamped receiver cover.
The mass of moving parts of the AK-47 is about 520 grams. Thanks to a powerful gas engine, they come to the extreme rear position at a high speed of the order of 3.5-4 m / s, which in many respects ensures the high reliability of the weapon, but reduces the accuracy of the battle due to the strong shaking of the weapon and powerful impacts of moving parts in the extreme provisions. The moving parts of the AK-74 are lighter - the bolt carrier and bolt assembly weighs 477 grams, of which 405 grams are for the bolt carrier and 72 grams for the bolt. The lightest moving parts in the AK family are in the shortened AKS-74U: its bolt carrier weighs about 370 grams (due to the shortening of the gas piston), and their combined mass with the bolt is about 440 grams.
trigger mechanism
Hammer type, with a hammer rotating on the axis and a U-shaped mainspring made of triple twisted wire.
The trigger mechanism of the AK-47 Kalashnikov assault rifle allows continuous and single fire. A single rotary part performs the functions of a fire mode switch (translator) and a double-acting safety lever: in the safety position, it locks the trigger, the sear of single and continuous fire and prevents the bolt frame from moving backward, partially blocking the longitudinal groove between the receiver and its cover. In this case, the moving parts can be pulled back to check the chamber, but their movement is not enough to send the next cartridge into the chamber.
All parts of the automation and trigger mechanism are compactly assembled inside the receiver, thus playing the role of both the receiver and the trigger housing.
The "classic" USM AK-shaped weapon has three axes - for the self-timer, for the trigger and for the trigger. Civilian variants that do not fire bursts usually do not have a self-timer axis.
Score
Shop AK - box-shaped, sector type, two-row, 30 rounds. It consists of a body, a locking plate, a cover, a spring and a feeder.
The AK-47 and AKM had magazines with stamped steel cases. There were also plastic ones. Large taper of the 7.62 mm cartridge case mod. 1943 of the year led to their unusually large bend, which became a characteristic feature of the appearance of the weapon. For the AK-74 family, a plastic magazine was introduced (originally polycarbonate, then glass-filled polyamide), only the folds ("sponges") in its upper part remained metal.
Shops of Kalashnikov assault rifles are distinguished by high reliability of feeding cartridges, even when they are filled to the maximum. Thick metal "sponges" at the top of even plastic magazines provide a reliable supply and are very tenacious with rough handling - a design subsequently copied by a number of foreign firms for their products.
In addition to the regular 30-round magazines for an assault rifle, there are also machine-gun magazines, which, if necessary, can also be used for firing from a machine gun: for 40 (sector) or 75 (drum-type) rounds of 7.62 mm caliber and for 45 rounds of 5.45 caliber mm. If we also take into account foreign-made stores created for various variants of the Kalashnikov system (including for the civilian arms market), then the number of different options will be at least several dozen, with a capacity of 10 to 100 rounds.
The magazine attachment point is characterized by the absence of a developed neck - the magazine is simply inserted into the receiver window, catching on the protrusion on its front edge, and fixed with a latch.
sighting device
The AK-47 sighting device consists of a sight and a front sight. Sight - sector type, with the location of the aiming block in the middle of the weapon. The sight is calibrated up to 800 m (starting with AKM - up to 1000 m) in increments of 100 m, in addition, it has a division marked with the letter "P", indicating a direct shot and corresponding to a range of 350 m. The rear sight is located on the neck of the sight and has a rectangular slot forms.
The front sight is located at the muzzle of the barrel, on a massive triangular base, with “wings” of which it is covered from the sides. While bringing the machine to normal combat, the front sight can be screwed in / unscrewed to raise / lower the mid point of impact, and also moved left / right to deviate the mid point of impact horizontally.
On some modifications of Kalashnikov assault rifles, if necessary, it is possible to install an optical or night sight on the side bracket.
Bayonet knife
The bayonet-knife is designed to defeat the enemy in close combat, for which it can be attached to the AK-47 assault rifle, or used as a knife. The bayonet-knife is put on with a ring on the barrel sleeve, fastened with protrusions on the gas chamber, and with a latch it engages with the ramrod stop. Being unlocked from the weapon, the bayonet-knife is worn in a sheath on a waist belt.
Initially, a relatively long (200 mm blade) detachable blade-type bayonet-knife with two blades and a fuller was adopted for the AK-47.
When the AKM was adopted, a short (150 mm blade) detachable bayonet-knife (type 1) was introduced, which had expanded functionality in terms of household use. Instead of a second blade, he received a saw, and in combination with a scabbard, he could be used to cut barbed wire obstacles, including those under tension. Also, the upper part of the handle is made of metal. The bayonet can be inserted into the sheath and used as a hammer. There are two variants of this bayonet that differ mainly in the device.
A late version of the same bayonet (type 2) is also used on weapons of the AK-74 family. The quality of the metal used in the bayonet is somewhat inferior to foreign analogues of such well-known American companies as SOG, Cold Steel, Gerber.
Of the foreign variants, the Chinese clone of the AK-47, the Type 56, is notable for the use of a non-removable folding needle bayonet.
Belonging to AK-47
Designed for disassembly, assembly, cleaning and lubrication of the machine. Consists of a ramrod, wiping, a brush, a screwdriver with a punch, a storage case and an oil can. The body and cover of the case are used as auxiliary tools for cleaning and lubricating the weapon. It is stored in a special cavity inside the butt, with the exception of models with a folding frame shoulder rest, in which it is worn in a bag for magazines.
The accuracy of the battle and the effectiveness of fire
The accuracy of the battle was not originally a strong point of the AK-47. Already during the military tests of its prototypes, it was noted that with the greatest of the reliability systems submitted for the competition, required by the conditions of accuracy, the design of the Kalashnikov assault rifle did not provide (like all the designs presented to one degree or another). Thus, according to this parameter, even by the standards of the mid-1940s, the AK-47 was clearly not an outstanding model. Nevertheless, reliability (in general, reliability here is a set of operational characteristics: failure-free operation, shot to failure, guaranteed resource, actual resource, resource of individual parts and assemblies, persistence, mechanical strength, etc., according to which the AK-47 assault rifle, to word, the best even now) was recognized at that time as paramount, and it was decided to postpone the fine-tuning of accuracy to the required parameters for the future.
Further weapon upgrades, such as the introduction of various muzzle compensators and the transition to a low-impulse cartridge, really had a positive effect on the accuracy (and accuracy) of firing from a machine gun. So, for AKM, the total median deviation at a distance of 800 m is already 64 cm (vertical) and 90 cm (in width), and for AK74 - 48 cm (vertical) and 64 cm (in width). The range of a direct shot at the chest figure is 350 m.
AK-47 allows you to hit the following targets with one bullet (for the best shooters, lying down with a single fire):
head figure - 100 m;
waist figure and running figure - 300 m;
To hit a target of the “running figure” type at a distance of 800 m under the same conditions, 4 rounds are required when firing with a single fire, and 9 rounds when firing in short bursts.
Naturally, these results were obtained during firing at the range, under conditions very different from real combat (however, the test methodology was created by professional military people, which implies confidence in their conclusions).
Assembly and disassembly
Partial disassembly of the AK-47 Kalashnikov assault rifle is carried out for cleaning, lubrication and inspection in the following order:
- magazine separation and checking the absence of a cartridge in the chamber;
- removal of a pencil case with accessories (for AK-47 - from the butt, for AKS - from the pocket of a shopping bag);
- ramrod compartment;
- separation of the receiver cover;
- extraction of the return mechanism;
- separation of the shutter frame with the shutter;
- separation of the bolt from the bolt carrier;
- branch of the gas tube with a handguard.
Assembly after partial disassembly is carried out in the reverse order.
Patent Status
Izhmash calls all AK-like models produced outside of Russia counterfeit, however, there is no evidence that Kalashnikov registered copyright certificates for his machine gun: some certificates are exhibited at the M. T. Kalashnikov Museum and Exhibition Complex of Small Arms (Izhevsk) issued to him in different years with the wording "for an invention in the field of military equipment" without any accompanying documents to establish the presence or absence of their connection with the AK-47. Even if the author's certificate for the AK-47 assault rifle was issued to Kalashnikov, it is worth noting that the terms of patent protection for the original design developed in the forties have long expired.
Some of the improvements introduced in the AK-74 and AK "hundredth series" are protected by a Eurasian patent from 1997, owned by Izhmash.
Differences from the basic AK described in the patent include:
- folding butt with locks for combat and traveling position;
- a gas piston rod mounted in a hole in the bolt carrier with a threaded clearance;
- a pocket for a pencil case with accessories, formed by stiffening ribs inside the butt and closed with a spring-loaded swivel lid;
- a gas tube spring-loaded relative to the sight block in the direction of the muzzle;
- changed geometry of the transition from the field to the bottom of the rifling in the rifled part of the barrel.
Production and use of the AK-47 outside of Russia
The government of the USSR willingly supplied machine guns to everyone who, at least in words, declared their commitment to the "cause of socialism." As a result, in some Third World countries, the AK-47 is cheaper than live chicken. It can be seen in reports from almost any hot spot in the world. The AK-47 is in service with the regular armies of more than fifty countries of the world, as well as many informal groups, including terrorist ones. In addition, "fraternal countries" received licenses for the production of AK-47 free of charge, for example, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, China, Poland, North Korea and Yugoslavia.
In the 1950s, licenses for the production of AK-47s were transferred by the USSR to 18 countries (mainly the Warsaw Pact allies). At the same time, twelve more states launched the production of Kalashnikov assault rifles without a license. The number of countries in which the AK-47 was produced without a license in small batches, and even more so handicraft, cannot be counted. To date, according to Rosoboronexport, the licenses of all states that previously received them have already expired, however, production continues. Particularly active in producing clones of the Kalashnikov assault rifle are the Polish company Bumar and the Bulgarian company Arsenal, which has now opened a branch in the United States and launched the production of assault rifles there. The production of AK-47 clones is deployed in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. According to very rough estimates, there are from 70 to 105 million copies of various modifications of Kalashnikov assault rifles in the world. They are adopted by the armies of 55 countries of the world.
In some of the states that had previously received licenses for the production of the AK-47, it was manufactured in a slightly modified form. So, in the modification of the AK, produced in Yugoslavia, Romania and some other countries, there was an additional pistol-type grip under the forearm to hold the weapon. Other minor changes were also made - the bayonet mounts, the materials of the forearm and butt, and the finish were changed. There are cases when two machine guns were connected on a special home-made mount, and an installation similar to double-barreled air defense machine guns was obtained. In the GDR, a training modification of the AK chambered for .22LR was produced. In addition, many models of military weapons have been created on the basis of the AK-47 - from carbines to sniper rifles. Some of these designs are factory conversions of the original AK-47s.
Many of the AK-47 copies are in turn also copied (licensed or not) with some modifications by other manufacturers, resulting in quite different systems from the original sample, for example, the Vektor CR-21 - a South African automatic carbine with a bullpup layout, created on the basis of the Vektor R4, which is a copy of the Israeli Galil - a licensed copy of the Finnish Valmet Rk 62, which in turn is a licensed version of the AK-47.
In countries with liberal gun laws (first of all, in the USA), various versions of the Kalashnikov system are very popular as civilian weapons.
In the United States, all AK-like weapons are collectively known as "AK-47" ("hey-kei-foti-sevn"). The first copies of the Kalashnikov assault rifle came to the United States along with soldiers returning from Vietnam. Since in those years the possession of automatic (firing bursts) weapons in the United States was allowed to civilians, subsequently many of them were officially registered with all the necessary formalities.
The Gun Control Act adopted in 1968 prohibited the import of civilian automatic weapons, but thanks to a number of loopholes in the legislation, the sale of automatic weapons assembled in the United States remained possible. In addition, the import of self-loading variants based on AK was not limited to anything.
In 1986, an amendment to the same decree (the so-called Firearm Owners Protection Act) banned not only the import, but also the sale of automatic weapons to civilians, as well as their production for the purpose of such sale; this regulation, however, does not apply to weapons registered before 1986, which can be legally acquired with an appropriate license, and with an appropriate level dealer license (Class III Dealer) - and sold. Thus, in the United States in the hands of civilians and at the present time there is a certain number of military-style Kalashnikov assault rifles capable of firing bursts.
Subsequently, a number of regulations were also adopted (1989 Semi-Automatic Rifle Import Ban, 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban), which specifically prohibited the import of any AK-like weapon, with the exception of specifically modified options, such as the Russian "Saiga" of some modifications, with a rifle butt instead of a pistol handles and other design changes. These additional restrictions have now been lifted due to the expiration of these regulations.
In other countries, in the vast majority of cases, civilian possession of automatic weapons, if allowed by law, is only as an exception by special permission, or for the purpose of collecting.
AK-47 at the moment
As the weapon became obsolete, its shortcomings began to appear more and more, both characteristic of it initially and identified over time due to changes in the requirements for small arms and the nature of hostilities. At the present time, even the latest modifications of the AK-47 are generally obsolete weapons, with practically no reserves for significant modernization. The general obsolescence of weapons also determines many of its specific significant shortcomings.
First of all, there is a significant mass of weapons by modern standards, due to the widespread use of steel parts in its design. At the same time, the Kalashnikov assault rifle itself cannot be called unnecessarily heavy, however, any attempts to significantly modernize it - for example, lengthening and weighting the barrel to increase shooting accuracy, not to mention the installation of additional sights - inevitably take its mass beyond the limits acceptable for army weapons , which is well shown by the experience of creating and operating the Saiga and Vepr hunting carbines, as well as RPK machine guns. Attempts to lighten the weapon while maintaining an all-steel structure (that is, the existing production technology) also lead to an unacceptable decrease in its service life, which partly proves the negative experience of operating early batches of AK-74, the rigidity of the receivers of which turned out to be insufficient and required strengthening of the structure - that is , here the limit has already been reached and there are no reserves for modernization. In addition, in the AK-47, the shutter is locked through the cutouts of the receiver liner, and not the barrel process, as in more modern models, which does not allow the receiver to be made of lighter and more technologically advanced, although less durable materials. Two lugs are also a simple, but not optimal solution - even the SVD rifle bolt has three lugs, which provide more uniform locking and a smaller angle of rotation of the bolt, not to mention modern Western designs, for which we are usually talking about at least six bolt lugs.
A significant drawback in modern conditions is a collapsible receiver with a detachable lid. This design makes it impossible to mount modern types of sights (collimator, optical, night) using Weaver or Picatinny rails: placing a heavy sight on a removable receiver cover is useless due to its significant structural play. As a result, AK-like weapons for the most part allow the installation of only a limited number of models of sights that use a dovetail-type side bracket, which also shifts the center of gravity of the weapon to the left and does not allow the stock to be folded on those models where this is provided for by the design. The only exceptions are rare variants such as the Polish Beryl assault rifle, which has a separate pedestal for the aiming bar, which is fixedly attached to the bottom of the receiver, or the South African assault rifle Vektor CR21, which has a collimator sight located on a bar attached to the base of the sight, standard for the AK-47 - with this arrangement, it turns out to be just in the area of \u200b\u200bthe shooter's eyes. The first solution is rather palliative, significantly complicates the assembly and disassembly of weapons, and also increases their bulkiness and weight; the second is only suitable for weapons made according to the bullpup scheme. On the other hand, it is precisely due to the presence of a removable receiver cover that the assembly and disassembly of the AK is carried out quickly and conveniently, and this also provides excellent access to the details of the weapon when cleaning it.
At present, there are other, more successful solutions to this problem. So, on the AK-12, as well as on the Saiga hunting carbines, the receiver cover is hinged up and down, which allows the installation of modern sighting bars (on the AK-12 and "tactical" versions of the Saiga, this solution is already applied) without compromising access to weapon mechanisms.
All parts of the trigger mechanism are compactly assembled inside the receiver, thus playing the role of both the bolt box and the body of the trigger mechanism (trigger box). By modern standards, this is a drawback of the weapon, since in more modern systems (and even in the relatively old Soviet SVD and the American M16), the USM is usually performed in the form of a separate easily removable unit that can be quickly replaced to obtain various modifications (self-loading, with the ability to fire in bursts fixed length, and so on), and in the case of the M16 platform, and upgrading weapons by installing a new receiver unit on the existing USM unit (for example, to switch to a new caliber of ammunition), which is a very economical solution.
To speak of a deeper degree of modularity characteristic of many modern small arms systems - for example, the use of quick-change barrels of various lengths - in relation to the AK-47, including even its most recent modifications, all the more so.
The high reliability of the family of Kalashnikov assault rifles, or rather, the methods used in its design to achieve it, is at the same time the cause of its significant drawbacks. The increased momentum of the gas exhaust mechanism, coupled with the gas piston fixed to the bolt frame and large gaps between all parts, on the one hand, leads to the fact that the automatic weapons work flawlessly even with heavy pollution (contamination is literally "blown" out of the receiver when fired), - on the other hand, large gaps during the movement of the bolt group lead to the appearance of multidirectional lateral impulses that displace the weapon from the aiming line, while the bolt carrier, which comes to the extreme rear position at a speed of the order of 5 m / s (for comparison, for systems with more " soft operation of the automation, even at the initial stage of the shutter retraction, this speed usually does not exceed 4 m / s), guarantees a strong shaking of the weapon during firing, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of automatic fire. According to some of the available estimates, the weapons of the AK family are generally not suitable for effective aimed fire in bursts. This is also the reason for the relatively large slide overrun, and, consequently, the greater length of the receiver, to the detriment of the length of the barrel while maintaining the overall dimensions of the weapon. On the other hand, the AK bolt run-out occurs completely inside the receiver, without using the butt cavity, which allows the latter to be folded, reducing the dimensions of the weapon when carried.
Other shortcomings are less radical, and can be characterized more as individual features of the sample.
As one of the shortcomings of the AK-47 associated with the design of its trigger, the inconvenient location of the translator-fuse is often called (on the right side of the receiver, under the cutout for the cocking handle) and a clear click when the weapon is removed from the protection, unmasking the shooter before opening fire. On many foreign versions (Tantalum, Valmet, Galil) and on the AEK-971 assault rifle, an additional translator-fuse has been introduced, conveniently located on the left, which can significantly improve the ergonomics of the weapon. The AK release is considered to be quite tight, but it is noted that this is completely corrected by a simple skill.
The cocking handle located on the right is often attributed to the shortcomings of the AK family. Such an arrangement of it was at one time adopted on the basis of quite practical considerations: the handle located on the left, when carrying the weapon “on the chest” and crawling, would rest against the body of the shooter, giving him significant discomfort. This was just typical, for example, for the German MP.40 submachine gun. The experimental Kalashnikov assault rifle of 1946 also had a handle located on the left, but the military commission considered it necessary to move it, like the fuse-translator of types of fire, to the right. For example, on the foreign version of "Galil", for the convenience of cocking with the left hand, the handle is bent up.
The AK-47 magazine receiver without a developed neck was also often criticized as not ergonomic - sometimes there are claims that it increases the magazine change time by almost 2-3 times compared to a system with a neck.
Ergonomics of all variants of Kalashnikov assault rifles has often been criticized. The stock of the AK-47 is considered to be too short, and the fore-end is considered to be too "elegant". However, this weapon was created for the relatively undersized military personnel of the 1940s, as well as taking into account its use in winter clothes and gloves. The situation could be partially corrected by a removable rubber butt pad, variants of which are widely offered on the civilian market. In Russian special forces and on the civilian market, it is very common to use non-serial variants of butts, pistol grips, and so on on various AKs, which increases the usability of weapons, although it does not solve the problem in itself and leads to a significant increase in its cost.
From a modern point of view, AK factory sights should be recognized as rather rough, and a short sighting line (the distance between the front sight and the rear sight slot) does not contribute to high accuracy. Most of the significantly revised foreign variants based on the AK-47 in the first place received just more advanced sights, and in most cases - with an entirely diopter-type shooter located close to the eye. On the other hand, compared to the diopter, which has real advantages only when firing at medium-long ranges, the “open” AK sight provides a faster transfer of fire from one target to another and is more convenient when conducting automatic fire, as it covers the target less. It is worth noting that the first versions of the Kalashnikov assault rifle did not have rails for mounting optical sights. The ability to install a bar for mounting optical sights appeared only on the AK-74M modification.
Accuracy of weapon fire was not its strong point from the very moment it was put into service, and, despite the constant increase in this characteristic during upgrades, remained at a lower level than that of similar foreign models. Nevertheless, in general and in general, it can be considered acceptable for military weapons chambered for such a cartridge. For example, according to data obtained abroad, AKs with a milled receiver (that is, an early modification of 7.62 mm) with single shots regularly showed groups of hits with a diameter of 2-3-3.5 inches (~ 5-9 cm) at 100 yards ( 90 m). The effective range in the hands of an experienced shooter at the same time was up to 400 yards (about 350 m), and at this distance the dispersion diameter was about 7 inches (about 18 cm), that is, a value quite acceptable for hitting a single person. Weapons for low-impulse cartridges have even better characteristics.
In general and in general, although the AK certainly has numerous positive qualities and will be suitable for arming the armed forces of countries in which they are accustomed to it for a long time, there is an obvious need to replace it with more modern models, moreover, having radical differences in design that would allow not to repeat the described above are the fundamental shortcomings of the outdated system.
Specifications AK-47
- Caliber: 7.62×39
- Weapon length: 870 mm
- Barrel length: 414 mm
- Weight without cartridges: 3.8 kg.
- Rate of fire: 600 rds / min
- Magazine capacity: 30 rounds
- Main characteristics of AKS
- Caliber: 7.62×39
- Weapon length: 880/645 mm
- Barrel length: 414 mm
- Weight without cartridges: 3.8 kg.
- Rate of fire: 600 rds / min
- Magazine capacity: 30 rounds
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