Final essay in the direction of “Goals and Means”

64 words

Goals and means...What is it? These are two concepts that are interconnected. They allow a person to think about life aspirations. Without a goal there is no real life, the goal is a beacon that lights our way. How to live life honestly and with dignity, using permitted means that are inseparable from moral requirements? What is the relationship between ends and means? There are many examples in the literature that highlight this problem.

2-a

Main part.

The first thesis and the first literary argument. Means are good when they comply with moral standards.

Thus, in the comedy “Woe from Wit” by Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov, the author shows how Molchalin persistently and persistently achieves his goal, using unpleasant means for this. The hero, striving to achieve a goal, begins to take actions. But which ones?! To do this, he cleverly uses Famusov’s daughter Sophia, pretending to be in love with her. In order to ensure that Famusov, who invited Molchalin from Tver to his service, does not fire him from his office, so that Molchalin stays in Moscow, the hero deceives Sophia in every possible way. He acts out scenes of love, and at the same time he sympathizes with the maid Lisa. INIn one of the actions, Molchalin falls from a horse to cause a certainSophia's reaction. The scene of falling from a horse is direct evidence of moral failureMolchalina. A fall is outright baseness.There's no way does not correspond to moral standards . But this is how the hero achieves his goal!

2-b

Main part.

The second thesis and the second literary argument.

In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” we see several heroes and characters who also achieve their goals by means that are incompatible with moral requirements.

Helene, wanting to take possession of Pierre's inheritance, marries him not at all out of love, but in order to achieve her own selfish goal.Nothing can justify cruel indifference to the fate of another person!

And the father of a large family, Vasil Kuragin, and his nieces also act very vilely and disgustingly - for the sake of their own selfish goal, they are ready to steal the briefcase with the will of Count Bezukhov. How disgusting and disgusting they all are! And we are convinced that L.N. Tolstoy draws readers' attention to the fact thatthat to achieve the goal, not all means are good. Reading “War and Peace” we once again think about something very important in life: is it possible forachieve the goal go to any lengths ? We must not forget that human actions are related to the norms of morality and morality.

Conclusion

(conclusion).

Thus, the most important thing in life is setting high and noble goals. Only here the means differ. Therefore, I would like each of us to think seriously before finally deciding on the ways and means to achieve the goal.

And then determination will definitely be a positive start in life.

The volume of the essay is 300-350 words.

An essay of less than 250 words will not be counted!

Dear graduates!

Learn to ask interesting and meaningful questions about your essay topic!

Let's evaluate what you reveal in your essay!

Use interrogative and exclamatory sentences in your work!

Learn to check other people's essays using five criteria, and then you will have a very clear idea of ​​what is required of you when writing the final essay!

Good luck to everyone!

September 13th, 2017 risusan7

Friends, when looking at examples of essays, remember that their author is a person who also tends to make mistakes. Do not write off these works, as you will receive a “failure” due to failure to comply with requirement No. 2:

“Independence in writing the final essay (presentation)”
The final essay is completed independently. Copying an essay (fragments of an essay) from any source is not allowed. or reproduction from memory of someone else’s text (the work of another participant, text published in paper and (or) electronic form, etc.).”

Throughout life, a person sets goals for himself, small and large, high and mundane, feasible and impossible... Behind each of our meaningful actions there is an intention, and the road to it is paved with the means to achieve a result. What is the relationship between ends and means?

I think Aldous Huxley was right. The fact that “the means determine the nature of the end” has been proven more than once by history. World wars, genocide, bloody revolutions have always been hidden behind good intentions. The epiphany comes later, when the means become obvious: ruined destinies and massive loss of life.

Literature has given us many examples of how an immoral goal is revealed by the means to achieve it. So, in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky convincingly shows how cruelly mistaken the main character was, who believed that great individuals who move progress are allowed to commit monstrous crimes for the good. Raskolnikov tests the theory by committing the murder of a greedy old money-lender. The bloody massacre, the victim of which is not only the “insignificant, evil, sick old woman,” but also the quiet and kind Lizaveta, does not make the world a better place. Rodion did not benefit humanity, but only multiplied the evil of this world.

The true nature of the goal is determined through the means and in the story of A.P. Chekhov. Nikolai Ivanovich long dreamed of his own estate with gooseberry bushes. Not the most lofty goal, but, at first glance, there is nothing bad in it. The Chimsha-Himalayan persistently achieved his goal, using all available means. He “didn’t eat enough, didn’t drink enough, dressed God knows how, like a beggar, and saved everything and put it in the bank.” Nikolai Ivanovich did not even spare his wife; he “kept her from hand to mouth,” which is why she died. Yes, a person has found happiness, but how can a goal be good, for the sake of which a human life was ruined?

Approximate topics for the final essay 2017-2018 (list). Direction "Goals and means".

Is it possible to say that in war all means are good?

Does the end justify the means?

How do you understand the saying: “The game is not worth the candle”?

Why is it important to have a purpose in life?

What is the purpose for?

Do you agree with the statement: “A person who certainly wants something forces fate to give up”?

How do you understand the saying: “When the goal is achieved, the path is forgotten”?

Achieving what goal brings satisfaction?

Confirm or refute A. Einstein’s statement: “If you want to lead happy life, you should be attached to the goal, not to people or things"?

Is it possible to achieve a goal if the obstacles seem insurmountable?

What qualities should a person have to achieve great goals?

Is it true that Confucius said: “When it seems to you that a goal is unattainable, do not change the goal - change your plan of action”?

What does "great goal" mean?

Who or what helps a person achieve his goal in life?

How do you understand O. de Balzac’s statement: “To reach the goal, you must first of all go”?

Can a person live without a goal?

How do you understand the statement of E.A. According to “No transport will be favorable if you don’t know where to go”?

Is it possible to achieve a goal if everything is against you?

What does a lack of purpose in life lead to?

What's the difference between a true and a false target?

How is a dream different from a goal?

Why is aimless existence dangerous?

How do you understand M. Gandhi’s saying: “Find a goal, resources will be found.”

How to achieve the goal?

Do you agree with the statement: “He walks faster who walks alone”?

Can a person be judged by his goals?

Is it possible to justify great goals achieved through dishonest means?

How does society influence the formation of goals?

Do you agree with A. Einstein’s statement: “No goal is so high that it justifies unworthy means to achieve it”?

Are there unattainable goals?

How do you understand the words of J. Orwell: “I understand how; I do not understand why"?

Can a good goal serve as a cover for base plans?

Do you agree with A. Rand’s statement: “Only those in whom aspirations are extinguished are lost forever”?

In what life situations does achieving a goal not bring happiness?

What can a person who has lost his goal in life be capable of?

Does achieving a goal always make a person happy?

What is the purpose of human existence?

Should you set “unattainable” goals for yourself?

How do you understand the phrase “go over your head”?

What is the difference between a “momentary desire” and a “goal”?

How are a person's moral qualities related to the means he chooses to achieve his goals?

How do you understand L. da Vinci’s statement: “He who strives for the stars does not turn around”?

List of references for preparing for the final essay. "Goals and Means".

Jean-Baptiste Moliere "Tartuffe"
Jack London " "
William Thackeray "Vanity Fair"
Ayn Rand "Atlas Shrugged"
Theodore Dreiser "The Financier"
M. A. Bulgakov " And " , "Dog's heart"
I. Ilf, E. Petrov “Twelve Chairs”
V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
F. M. Dostoevsky"Crime and Punishment", "The Brothers Karamazov", "Idiot"
A. R. Belyaev “The Head of Professor Dowell”
B. L. Vasiliev“And the dawns here are quiet”
Winston Groom "Forrest Gump"
A.S. Pushkin« Captain's daughter» , "Mozart and Salieri"
J. Tolkien "The Lord of the Rings"
O. Wilde “The Picture of Dorian Gray”
I. Goncharov« »
I.S. Turgenev"Fathers and Sons"
L.N. Tolstoy"War and Peace"
M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
D.S. Likhachev “Letters about the good and the beautiful”
A.P. Chekhov ""
R. Gallego “White on black”
O. de Balzac “Shagreen skin”
I.A. Bunin"Mr. from San Francisco"
N.V. Gogol "Overcoat" , "Dead Souls"
M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of our time"
V.G. Korolenko “The Blind Musician”
E.I. Zamyatin "We"
V.P. Astafiev "Tsar Fish"
B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”
E. Schwartz "The Dragon"
A. Azimov “Positronic Man”
A. De Saint-Exupéry “The Little Prince”

The question of the goal and the means to achieve it has worried humanity since ancient times. Many writers, philosophers and public figures reflected on it and cited historical, life and literary arguments to prove your point. In the Russian classics, there were also many answers and examples that, as a rule, prove the statement that the paths of achievement must correspond in everything to what needs to be achieved, otherwise it loses all meaning. In this collection, we have listed the most striking and illustrative examples from Russian literature for the final essay in the direction of “Goals and Means.”

1. In Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter,” the main character always chose the right path to achieve goals, however, no less noble. Thanks to this, from an unintelligent nobleman, Grinev turns into a sincere officer, ready to sacrifice his life in the name of duty. Having sworn allegiance to the empress, he honestly serves, defending the fortress, and even death at the hands of rebel robbers does not frighten him. Just as honestly, he sought Masha’s favor, and achieved it. The opposite of Pyotr Grinev in the novel - Shvabrin - on the contrary, uses any means to achieve the goal, choosing the most vile of them. Having set out on the path of betrayal, he pursues personal gain, demands reciprocity from Masha, without hesitating to denigrate her in the eyes of Peter. In choosing goals and means, Alexey is driven by spiritual cowardice and self-interest, because he is devoid of ideas about honor and conscience. Mary rejects him for this reason, because a good goal cannot be achieved by deception.
2. What should it be final goal, if the means to achieve it are cruelty, deception and human lives? In the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" Grigory Pechorin's goals are momentary, encapsulated in the desire for momentary victories, to achieve which he chooses complex and sometimes cruel means. Hidden in his victories is a persistent search for meaning in life, which the hero is unable to find. In this search, he destroys not only himself, but also everyone who surrounds him - Princess Mary, Bela, Grushnitsky. To revive his own soul, he plays with the feelings of others, unwittingly becoming the cause of their misfortunes. But in the game with his own life, Grigory is hopelessly losing, losing those few people who were dear to him. “I realized that chasing lost happiness is reckless,” he says, and the goal, to achieve which so much effort and other people’s grief was put into, turns out to be illusory and unattainable.
3. In the comedy A.S. Griboedov’s “Woe from Wit”, the society in which Chatsky is forced to live lives according to market laws, where everything is bought and sold, and a person is valued not by his spiritual qualities, but by the size of his wallet and career success. Nobility and duty are nothing here compared to the importance of rank and title. That is why Alexander Chatsky turns out to be misunderstood and not accepted into a circle where mercantile goals dominate, justifying any means.
   He gets into a fight with Famusovsky society, challenges Molchalin, who resorts to deception and hypocrisy in order to get high position. Even in love, Alexander turns out to be a loser, because he does not defile the goal with vile means, he refuses to squeeze the breadth and nobility of his heart into the narrow framework of generally accepted and vulgar concepts with which Famusov’s house is replete.
4. A person is valuable by his deeds. But his deeds, even if subordinated to a high goal, do not always turn out to be good. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's “Crime and Punishment” Rodion Raskolnikov decides for himself an important question from a moral point of view: does the end justify the means? Can he, according to his theory, dispose of people's lives at his own discretion?
   The answer lies in the title of the novel: Raskolnikov’s mental anguish, after the atrocity he committed, proves that his calculation was incorrect and his theory was erroneous. A goal based on unjust and inhumane means depreciates itself and becomes a crime for which sooner or later one must be punished.
5. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don“The fate of the heroes is swept away by the revolutionary elements. Grigory Melekhov, who sincerely believes in a happy and wonderful communist future, is ready to give his life for the well-being and prosperity of his native land. But in the context of life, bright revolutionary ideas turn out to be untenable and dead. Gregory understands that the struggle between whites and reds, seemingly aimed at a “beautiful tomorrow,” in fact represents violence and reprisals against the helpless and dissenters. Brilliant slogans turn out to be deception, and behind the lofty goal hides the cruelty and arbitrariness of the means. The nobility of his soul does not allow him to come to terms with the evil and injustice that he observes around him. Tormented by doubts and contradictions, Gregory is trying to find the only correct path that will allow him to live honestly. He is unable to justify the numerous murders committed in the name of a ghostly idea that he no longer believes in.
6. A. Solzhenitsyn’s novel “The Gulag Archipelago” - a study related to political history The USSR, according to Solzhenitsyn, is “an experience of artistic research”, in which the author analyzes the history of the country - a utopia that is building perfect world on the wreckage human lives, numerous victims and lies disguised as humane goals. The price for the illusion of happiness and peace, in which there is no place for individuality and dissent, turns out to be too high. The problems of the novel are diverse, since they include many questions of a moral nature: is it possible to justify evil in the name of good? What unites victims and their executioners? Who is responsible for mistakes made? Supported by rich biographical and research material, the book leads the reader to the problem of ends and means, convincing him that one does not justify the other.
7. It is human nature to seek happiness as the main meaning of life, its highest goal. For her sake, he is ready to use any means, but does not understand that this is unnecessary. The main character of the story V.M. Shukshin “Boots” - to Sergei Dukhanin - manifestations of tender feelings are not at all easy, because he is not used to unjustified tenderness and is even ashamed of it. But the desire to please someone close to him, the desire for happiness, pushes him to spend a lot. The money spent on buying an expensive gift turns out to be an unnecessary sacrifice, because his wife only needed attention. Generosity and the desire to give warmth and care fill the somewhat coarsened but still sensitive soul of the hero with happiness, which, as it turns out, is not so difficult to find.
8. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin's "Two Captains" the problem of ends and means is revealed in the confrontation between two characters - Sanya and Romashka. Each of them is driven by their own goals, each of them decides what is really important to them. In search of solutions, their paths diverge; fate pits them against each other in a duel that determines moral guidelines each, proves the noble strength of one, and the vile baseness of the other. Sanya is driven by honest, sincere aspirations; he is ready to take a difficult but direct path to find out the truth and prove it to others. Chamomile pursues small goals, achieving them in no less petty ways: lies, betrayal and hypocrisy. Each of them is experiencing the painful problem of choice, in which it is so easy to lose yourself and those you truly love.
9. A person does not always clearly understand his goal. In the Roman L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky is in search of himself and his place in life. His shaky life guidelines are influenced by fashion, society, and the opinions of friends and relatives. He is delirious about glory and military exploits, dreams of making a career in the service, but not just rising to the rank of high ranks, but to gain eternal glory winner and hero. He goes to war, the cruelties and horrors of which instantly showed him all the absurdity and illusory nature of his dreams. He is not ready, like Napoleon, to follow the bones of soldiers to glory. The desire to live and do wonderful life other people set new goals for Bolkonsky. Meeting Natasha instills love in his soul. However, in a moment that requires his perseverance and understanding, he gives in under the weight of circumstances and abandons his love. He is again tormented by doubts about the correctness of his own goals, and only before his death Andrei understands that the best moments of life, its great gifts are contained in love, forgiveness and compassion.
10. Character makes a person. It determines his life goals and guidelines. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev’s problem of the goal and the means to achieve it is considered by the author as one of the most important, forming the young reader’s concepts of honor, duty, and truth. “The end justifies the means” is a formula unacceptable to the author. On the contrary, every person should have a goal in life, but no less important are the methods that he uses to achieve what he wants. In order to be happy and in harmony with one’s own conscience, it is necessary to make a choice in favor of spiritual values, giving preference good deeds and wonderful thoughts.

Transcript

1 “Goals and means” - arguments for the final essay According to one version, it was the founder of the Jesuit order, Ignatius de Loyola, who argued: “If the goal is the salvation of the soul, then the goal justifies the means.” This saying was the motto of the order and, accordingly, the basis of morality, according to which the Jesuits “corrected the depravity of means with purity of purpose.” The conviction that any means are justified in achieving great goals was defended by many politicians (for example, Machiavelli) and philosophers. Thus, the English materialist philosopher Thomas Hobbes asserted: “Since everyone has the right to self-preservation, then everyone has the right to use all means and perform every act, without which he is not able to preserve himself.” But I.S. Turgenev expressed the exact opposite opinion: “Some Jesuits argue that every means is good, as long as one achieves the goal. Not true! Not true! It is unworthy to enter a clean temple with feet defiled by the mud of the road.” So, the question of goal and means (does a good goal justify bad means of achieving it?) is not resolved unambiguously. Moreover, he seems to have two opposite correct answers, so that his positive solution for one situation may well turn out to be criminal in another. How does this work? On the one hand, we can say that joy in this world is not worth grief at all; Moreover, the joy of some is not worth the grief of others; For this reason alone, good goals do not justify cruel means, and crimes even with the best intentions (that is, felt by the criminal as the best) remain crimes. On the other hand, if you have to weigh not joy and grief, but grief and grief, and with less grief you can avoid more, then such a goal justifies such a means, even requires it, and only a morally blind, hypocrite does not see this. These are the different answers. And the very meaning of the question of ends and means is completely different in different situations, so attempts to solve the problem posed by abstract reasoning are doomed to failure. Analysis of the relationship between ends and means makes sense only in the context of a specific situation. Everything is good, everything is evil, the difference is in the details.

2 Consequently, it is possible to answer the question supposedly stated in the topic of this direction only by turning to specific works of Russian and foreign literature. If the goal is conservation own life, i.e. self-preservation. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" The story "The Captain's Daughter" is based on real events peasant war under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. However, the most valuable thing in the story is not historical accuracy, but moral problems. The heroes find themselves in difficult situations where they need to make a choice, show cruelty or mercy, find Right way towards the set goal. Main character story Pyotr Grinev, nobleman, officer. In any situation, he acts with unwavering dignity and always defends his honor. The main trials in the hero's life begin on the day of the capture of the fortress by Pugachev, who called himself the legitimate Tsar Peter the Third and demanded that everyone take an oath of allegiance to him. Many defenders of the fortress preferred death to betrayal. For example, the commandant, Captain Mironov, fights the Pugachevites to the end and honestly fulfills his duty, remaining faithful to the oath given to him. During the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev shows strength of character, loyalty to the oath and the empress, and courage. Of course, a certain role in the fact that he was not executed along with the others was played by the hare sheepskin coat that Peter gave to the counselor on the way to the fortress. But even after the pardon, having accepted the help and patronage of Pugachev, Grinev did not change his principles: he refused to serve the impostor, refused to kiss his hand and swear allegiance. For Grinev, desecration of noble and officer honor and violation military oath it was much worse than death, and it is not for nothing that he says to Pugachev: “I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you.” It was this moral fortitude and willingness to accept death for one’s convictions that determined Pugachev’s attitude towards Grinev. So, the most precious thing for a person is life. To preserve her goal, worthy of many sacrifices. However, for both Grinev and the majority of the defenders of the fortress, betrayal (namely, it should become the very means that justifies the goal) turned out to be impossible. Even such a goal as “self-preservation” has not become something that can justify any action.

3 However, in the work there is a hero who, in order to achieve his goals, is ready for both meanness and betrayal. This is Shvabrin, an educated young man, a nobleman and an officer. During the duel with Peter, Shvabrin, wanting to win, does not hesitate to take advantage of the ambiguity of the situation to deliver a dishonorable blow. At the first opportunity he goes over to Pugachev’s side. The concepts of honor and duty are alien to him; he tries to save his life at any cost. And for the sake of his personal goals, Shvabrin is ready to do anything. dishonest act. He betrays his oath, using force, tries to force Masha Mironova to marry, and even after the defeat of the rebels, being arrested, he slanderes Grinev. Thus, we can conclude that Shvabrin is absolutely convinced: “The end justifies the means.” But this conviction does not bring him happiness: the hero has no friends, both his own and others treat him with contempt, and at the end of the work he gets what he deserves. If the goal is to prove the correctness of one’s own beliefs, theories, principles. F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” is a story about “how long and difficultly the human soul doubted, hesitated, struggled, and tossed between conscience and reason, good and evil.” On the pages of the novel, the author examines in detail the casuistry of Rodion Raskolnikov. The relationship between ends and means is an old, well-known theory. According to Raskolnikov's theory, all people are divided into two categories. Some, “ordinary” people, are obliged to live in humility, obedience and obedience; they do not have the right to transgress legal laws, because they are ordinary. These are “trembling creatures,” “material,” “not people,” as Raskolnikov calls them. Other “extraordinary” people have the right to transgress the law, to commit all sorts of atrocities, outrages, and crimes precisely because they are extraordinary. Raskolnikov speaks of them as “the people themselves,” “Napoleons,” “the engines of human history,” and argues that “extraordinary people” can and should “transgress the laws,” but only for the sake of an idea “saving for humanity.” This is the great goal that justifies any means. Of course, when creating his theory, Raskolnikov considered himself in absentia to be “people.” But he needs to test this in practice. This is where the old pawnbroker appears. And on it the hero wants to test his calculation, his theory: “One death and a hundred lives

4 in return - but this is arithmetic! And what does the life of this consumptive, stupid and evil old woman mean on the general scale? Nothing more than the life of a louse or a cockroach, and it’s not worth it, because the old woman is harmful.” So, without having the necessary financial condition, he decides to kill the moneylender and thus obtain the means to achieve his goal. And Raskolnikov at the beginning (before the crime) sincerely believes that his crime will be committed “in the name of saving humanity.” Then he admits: “Freedom and power, and most importantly power! Over all the trembling creatures, over the entire anthill! That’s the goal!..” And subsequently he explains to Sonya: “I wanted to become Napoleon, that’s why I killed.” He longed to be among those to whom “everything is allowed”: “he who dares a lot has the rights.” And here is the last confession that defines his goal: “I didn’t kill to help my mother. Nonsense! I did not kill so that, having received funds and power, I could become a benefactor of humanity. Nonsense! I just killed, I killed for myself, for myself alone... I needed to find out then and quickly find out whether I was a louse, like everyone else, or a man? Will I be able to cross or not? Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right? This means that the result and means of the crime did not coincide with the lofty goals that he proclaimed? “The end justifies the means” is Raskolnikov’s casuistry. But he did not have such a right goal. Here the end itself does not justify the means, but points to the incorrectness and worthlessness of such means and results as murder. The ideological “opponents” of Raskolnikov’s theory are Sonya, investigator Porfiry Petrovich, Razumikhin, Dunya, painter Mikolka and other heroes of the novel. For various reasons they reject the “right to blood.” Sonya Marmeladova expresses the Christian point of view on “blood according to conscience,” according to which the ban on murder is one of the main commandments of the rules of life. For Sonya, it is absolutely clear that the murder of a person cannot be justified by anything, no good goals. Therefore, when Raskolnikov confesses to her the murder and tries to explain his motives (“... if suddenly all this was given to your decision: to live this way or that way in the world, that is, should Luzhin live and do abominations, or die to Katerina Ivanovna? ​​Then how would you decide: which of them should die?”), she does not understand these motives: “Why are you asking, what cannot be asked?.. And who made me the judge here: who should live and who should not live?” Thus, from Sonya’s point of view, God gives life to man and only He, and not man, can take it. A similar idea was already expressed at the beginning of the novel in Marmeladov’s confession.

5 Razumikhin, together with Raskolnikov, composes the traditional fiction the antithesis of the hero is his friend, which is emphasized even by their surnames: the “split” of the soul (madness) in one, “reason” (common sense) in the other. Razumikhin rejects Raskolnikov’s entire far-fetched theory simply because the crime is contrary to common sense. Dostoevsky created a hopeless concept of the world in his novel, showing the tragic state of both society and the individual. According to the writer, resistance and violence cannot correct the world, the only way is humility. Dostoevsky, despite the fact that he sees all the difficult circumstances in Raskolnikov’s life and recognizes the injustice of the world around him, makes an unequivocal and decisive verdict on the “eternal” issue: “blood according to conscience” is unacceptable, because it contradicts moral law. If the goal is personal happiness N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth" Mtsensk district» “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk” is a story of love passion and its terrible consequences. The love of the young merchant's wife Katerina Izmailova for the clerk Sergei is insane and unrestrained, literally unrestrained by anything, unlimited. In the image of herself an ordinary woman For Katerina Lvovna, who comes from an ordinary, bourgeois environment, the writer shows how the outbreak of a passionate feeling completely transforms her and she rebels against the conventions of the world in which she had previously spent her whole life. Katerina Lvovna, “a very pleasant woman in appearance,” lives in the prosperous house of the merchant Izmailov with her widowed father-in-law Boris Timofeevich and her middle-aged husband Zinovy ​​Borisovich. Katerina Lvovna has no children, and “with all the contentment,” her life “with an unkind husband” is the most boring. But after five years, a passionate love for her husband’s employee Sergei unexpectedly arises in Katerina’s life. This feeling is considered to be one of the brightest and most sublime, but for Izmailova it becomes the beginning of her death and leads an overly passionate and ardent woman to a sad ending. But she simply loved very much and wanted to be happy with her lover. But the means by which Katerina Lvovna tried to achieve her goal have no justification. Katerina, without hesitation, is ready for the sake of what is dear to her

6 people for any sacrifice and violation of all moral standards. The woman, without any remorse, kills not only her father-in-law and husband, who have long been disgusted with her, but also the boy Fedya, who has not harmed anyone, an innocent and pious child. The all-consuming passion for Sergei destroys in Katerina the feeling of fear, compassion, mercy, because before they were inherent in her, like almost any representative of the fairer sex. But at the same time, it is this boundless love that gives rise to previously unusual courage, resourcefulness, cruelty and the ability to fight for her right to constantly be with her loved one and the ability to get rid of any obstacles that interfere with the fulfillment of this desire. All means, in her opinion, are good. Thus, she turns into a real hostage of her feelings, a reliable slave of a man, although initially Izmailova occupies a more significant position. social status than her husband's employee. During the interrogation, Katerina does not hide the fact that she committed several murders solely for the sake of her lover, that passion pushed her to such terrible acts. All her feelings are focused only on Sergei, the newborn baby does not evoke any emotions in her, the woman is indifferent to the fate of her child. Everything around is absolutely indifferent to Katerina; only a gentle glance or kind word her beloved. Love, tenderness, a kind word are such wonderful goals and such terrible deeds that have no justification. In their last minutes Katerina believes that she has nothing more to do in the world, because her love, the meaning of her life, is completely lost to her. Due to boundless passion, a woman’s personality is completely destroyed, Katerina Izmailova becomes a victim of her own feelings and the inability to manage them. A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, “Dubrovsky” The heroines of A.S.’s works behave differently. Pushkin. Tatyana Larina, even after getting married, did not forget her love for Onegin. But, in her opinion, to achieve personal happiness through betrayal, betrayal, suffering loved one you can’t: I love you (why lie?), But I am given to someone else; I will be faithful to him forever. This is the belief of the heroines of another novel: Masha, in love with Dubrovsky and forcibly married to another, refuses personal happiness, because it is possible only through the refusal of her word, her oath

7 fidelity: “I got married late, I am the wife of Prince Vereisky. I agreed, I took an oath.” For both heroines, who sincerely and strongly love, the impossibility of using such a means as betrayal, even to reunite with their beloved, is obvious. If the goal is the salvation of other people, A. Fadeev “Destruction” Fadeev theorist agreed with the principles of communist morality, which justifies any means to achieve higher goals, and even admitted his desire to develop in “Destruction” the idea that there is no abstract, “universal "Eternal morality. With reference to Lenin's famous postulate, the writer speaks of "such an understanding of morality when all actions and actions are directed in the interests of the revolution... Everything that violates the interests of the revolution is not moral." However, in order to understand the writer’s position in terms of the relationship between ends and means, it is worth considering two scenes from “Destruction”: the expropriation of a pig from a Korean and the mortal cup, or rather a beaker, for Frolov. Is it possible to talk about the “socialist humanism” of Levinson, who took away the last pig from a Korean peasant who treated the wounded Frolov cruelly? How can Levinson be considered a classic example of a communist organizer, worthy of imitation? Does the goal Levinson is pursuing justify the means? Answering these questions, one of the researchers of A. Fadeev’s work writes: “Fadeev correctly assessed the extreme, monstrous, inhuman situation, which can be treated differently. You can, together with Mechik, be horrified by the act of Levinson and Stashinsky. You can try to justify it as extreme a measure forced by extraordinary circumstances. But it is hardly possible to imagine this act as some kind of moral feat." Yes, in the novel, poison for the mortally wounded Frolov, who is delaying the detachment, does not at all look like some kind of moral feat of Levinson and Stashinsky. There is nothing of the feat in the description: “Without looking at each other, trembling and stuttering and tormented by this, they started talking about something that was already clear to both, but which they did not dare to name in one word...”. "How bad is he? Very?.. Levinson asked several times... There are no hopes... but maybe

8 Is this the point?.. It’s somehow easier, Levinson admitted. He immediately felt ashamed that he was deceiving himself, but he really felt better." The heartbreaking details of the episode make not only Mechik suffer, but also Levinson, whose act is not at all elevated to the rank of virtue by Fadeev. And the way Levinson faltered and fell silent, sternly squeezing jaws, and the way the doctor (by the way, had previously offered to stay with Frolov) handed the beaker, curling his white lips, shivering and blinking terribly, suggests that the heroes are not performing a feat, but dooming themselves to pangs of conscience, to a feeling of inescapable tragic guilt The episode is revealed by the author not only as absolutely unacceptable for Mechik, but also as extremely difficult and dramatic for Levinson and Stashinsky. Fadeev not only sympathizes with Mechik, but he also understands Levinson, who fell into the power of harsh necessity and believed in the right of the revolution to cruelty. In In the episode with the Korean peasant, polemics can also only come from Soviet criticism, which declared what they did as a model of socialist humanism and an example to follow. Fadeev, as they say, is not responsible for this. Let us remember why Levinson does not raise the Korean who threw himself at his feet: “He was afraid, Fadeev writes, that having done this, he would not be able to stand it and would cancel his order.” Another phrase of the novel is also significant: “Shoot, all the same,” Levinson waved and winced, as if they were supposed to shoot at him.” Fadeev makes it clear that Levinson, forced to commit cruel acts, is afraid of getting used to cruelty, which makes the figure of this literary hero not too typical. In "Destruction" Fadeev's humanistic position was manifested in the fact that he made it clear: his hero does not and cannot have absolute justifications for his actions and at the same time there is no other way out. For him decision, which allows, by sacrificing one, to save many, is not at all simple, painful. But he sees no other way out and dooms himself to torment of conscience. This means that the all-forgiving “the end justifies the means” cannot be true. M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man” Captured by the Nazis, Andrei Sokolov, the hero of the story, saves a platoon commander who is unfamiliar to him. Kryzhnev wants to hand over the commander to the Germans, the same as Sokolov himself, an ordinary soldier, for whom his former “comrades remained behind the front line, and his shirt is closer to his body,” and Andrei is forced to strangle the traitor, after which he “terribly wanted to wash his hands, as if Not

9 people, and strangled some creeping reptile for the first time in my life, and that was my own.” So the murder of one person became a means of salvation for another. Andrei Sokolov considered that the end in this case justifies the means, but this decision was not at all easy for him. This means that again it seems impossible to give a clear answer in a dispute about ends and means. If the goal is progressive transformations in the life of society and the state. V. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera” The second half of the twentieth century was a time full of changes in the history of the country. And the achievements of the scientific and technical industry, which contributed to the transition to a more high degree development, often led to serious contradictions in society. One such example is the construction of a powerful power plant, the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station, near the writer’s native village, Atalanka. As a result, it ended up in a flood zone. It would seem like such a trifle: to destroy a small village in order to bring considerable benefit to the whole country. But no one thought about the fate of its old residents. These events could not help but touch the soul of the writer, whose childhood and youth were spent in the outback. Therefore, Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera” is also a bitter reflection on what the author himself had to endure. Matera is both an island and a village of the same name. Slowly, calmly life goes on on this island, and Matera made many people happy. However, they decided to build a powerful power plant on the river - a good goal. But to achieve this goal, the island must be flooded and the entire village must be relocated to a new village on the banks of the Angara. This is the remedy. And again the question: “Can such a goal (technological progress, improving people’s lives) justify the means (destruction of an island, village, memory)?” At the center of the story tragic fates its indigenous inhabitants: Daria, Nastasya, Katerina, “old old women” who dreamed of ending their lives here and sheltered the useless Bogodul. And then everything falls apart for them. Neither stories about a comfortable apartment in a new village on the banks of the Angara, nor fiery speeches of the young (Andrey, Daria's grandson) that the country needs this, can convince them of the advisability of destroying their home. The content of the last months of the old-timers' stay on the island is supplemented by a number of terrible events. The burning of Katerina's house by her own drunkard son. An unwanted move to Nastasya’s village and watching how the hut without a mistress immediately became orphaned. Finally, the outrages of “officials”

10 sent SES to destroy the cemetery. No good intentions can explain such a barbaric act of the authorities, committed in front of the residents. To the pain of having to leave graves dear people for drowning, another one was added - to see how crosses are burned. So the old women with sticks had to stand up to protect them. But it was possible to “do this cleanup in the end” so that the residents would not see. The essence of the opposition is that for strangers this island is just a territory, a flood zone. So, the newly minted builders tried to demolish the cemetery on the island. According to their logic, this is natural, this is a priority task, since burial places washed away by a man-made sea can be a source of disease. And the opposite side, Daria, comes to the conclusion that the sense of conscience has begun to be lost in people and society. “There are a lot more people,” she thinks, and conscience, come on, our same conscience has grown old, she has become an old woman, no one looks at her. What about conscience, if this is happening!” And it turns out that this very loss of conscience, attention and respect for ordinary people, understanding of their needs becomes a means for resolving issues of national importance. A terrible remedy that led to a tragic ending: people in a boat caught in the fog, lost in the middle of the river, having lost their bearings in life. Among them is a son main character, Pavel, who was never able to tear his native places out of his heart. And also the old women who remained on the island at the time of its flooding, and with them an innocent child. Towering, unbroken, neither fire took him, nor an ax, nor even a modern chainsaw, foliage as proof eternal life. Contents of one of best works V. Rasputin still sounds like a warning many years later. The writer is not against change, he does not try in his story to protest against everything new, progressive, but makes one think about such transformations in life that would not destroy the humanity in people. In order for life to continue and the connection with the past not to be lost, you must always remember your roots, that we are all children of the same mother earth. And it is everyone’s duty to be on this earth not guests or temporary residents, but guardians of everything that has been accumulated by previous generations. And no good state goals can justify the destruction of memory. Of course, the range of works in which the thematic direction “Goal and Means” is revealed is much wider. But, perhaps, in most of them we will find a general answer to the question “What determines the justification of a goal?”

11 This can only be the social significance of the goal. Social significance is good and moral principles. This means that everything that adds up is justified by the goal. public good and will not contradict the moral principles accepted in society. The goal must be moral. If the goal must always be moral, then the means must also be moral. A good goal cannot be achieved by using immoral means.

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