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| Summary: Environmental pollution. her protection. Environmental protection in today's world Environmental protection message |
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Environmental protection is one of those global problems, the solution of which requires a comprehensive and universal solution, the introduction of a set of effective measures to restore natural resources, prevent pollution of the world's oceans and atmosphere, etc. For more than one century, people thoughtlessly spent natural resources, and today the time has come when we realize that the planet's reserves are not endless and require not only rational use, but also restoration. The main factors that ecologists pay attention to are the provoking thinning of the ozone layer of the atmosphere and leading to the "greenhouse effect", the discharge of harmful substances into the world's oceans, which causes the death of its inhabitants, and an increase in the volume of production waste that does not decompose. The BP oilfield incident that led to the present one showed how much more extensive protection is needed in the oil and gas complex. After all, it is in this sector of industry that any accident leads to horrific consequences, from which nature cannot recover for years. Today, environmental protection is one of the most important issues that governments and most countries of the world decide. Scientists are looking for more gentle technologies for the production and processing of raw materials, developing complexes for its subsequent disposal or reuse, exploring the possibilities of reducing the amount and concentration of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, trying to use safe energy sources and more environmentally friendly fuels. It is the unfavorable ecological situation that affects not only natural
resources, but also on human health: the average life expectancy of people is decreasing, the number of babies born with developmental pathologies or congenital diseases is increasing, the number of infertile couples and cancer patients is growing. It was such disappointing statistics that became the reason for the development of a set of measures aimed at changing the current situation. Protection in Russia in recent years has become one of the priorities of the state's domestic policy. It involves the development and implementation of new, safe production technologies, measures to restore natural resources (new forest plantations and limitation of clearings, restoration of the population of water bodies, rational use of subsoil resources, reuse of various raw materials, etc.). Along with these measures, the number of protected areas, national parks and reserves is increasing.
The State Committee for Nature Protection is called upon to regulate and control the use of resources. His direct responsibility is the development of regulations, requirements and rules. Only in our country the norms of environmental law are included in the main law of the state - the Constitution. In addition, in order to properly use resources in various industries, the Subsoil Law, as well as the Water, Forest and Land Codes have been developed. Despite a fairly large number of environmental departments, environmental protection in our country is still not sufficiently developed. And this is not so much a flaw in the state power as the own attitude of each person to the world in which he lives. Environmental protection. Basic provisions Nature or the environment, as well as its components, are not only natural resources with which it is rich, the most important thing is the environment for the constant stay of a person, his place of residence. The science of ecology is engaged in the protection of the environment, its components, as well as the study of the impact of living organisms on the environment. Definition 1 Environmental protection or conservation activities is a set of engineering, engineering, legal, organizational, economic, administrative and other measures aimed at the compliance of environmental indicators with established standards, the elimination or minimization of the negative impact on the environment in the process of anthropogenic activity. Environmental protection and environmental safety are an urgent and priority area of economic activity of organizations of all forms of ownership, as well as state and other forms of government. Regulatory framework for environmental protectionReady-made works on a similar topic
Environmental legislation serves as the basis for the implementation of environmental activities in Russia. Definition 2 Legislation in the field of environmental protection- this is a system of state measures enshrined in regulatory legal acts (laws, regulations, etc.) and aimed at preserving, restoring and improving the conditions necessary to create a prosperous and safe living environment for humans and other living organisms, the development of material production , as well as minimizing or eliminating the consequences of past environmental damage. The main objectives of environmental legislation are:
The basis of Russian environmental legislation is:
The main legal document in the country, including in terms of environmental legislation, is the Constitution of the Russian Federation. On the basis of the Constitution, all types of laws, by-laws, state standards, etc. are developed. No normative legal act may contradict the Constitution. The Constitution of the Russian Federation provides:
These norms are represented by articles of the Constitution that are directly related to environmental protection, environmental safety and nature management. The main articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, reflecting environmental standards - No. 7, No. 9, No. 36, No. 41, No. 42, No. 72. Remark 1 In addition to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, environmental foundations are laid down in codes. So, in Russia there are Water, Forest, Air and Land Codes. However, the last two codes are indirectly related to environmental issues and reflect the issues of air traffic and cadastral relations to a greater extent. The main laws regulating the activities of individuals, legal entities, as well as environmental structures in terms of environmental protection are:
In addition to federal laws, there are many orders, resolutions, decrees, GOSTs, methods, regulations and other legal acts that regulate various types of activities that pose a clear or potential danger to the environment: the transport of dangerous goods, the emission of greenhouse gases, the production and use of substances, depleting the ozone layer, assigning waste to a specific hazard class, paying for a negative impact on the environment, and many others. Environmental Protection. Environmental EngineeringEngineering environmental protection is a set of engineering measures aimed at reducing or eliminating the negative impact on the environment through the implementation of engineering and design solutions, as well as the use of the best available technologies. This set of measures is usually carried out by organizations (individuals and legal entities) of various forms of ownership that have sources of negative environmental impact on their balance sheets. In turn, these sources are divided into:
In order to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air, enterprises are taking measures to introduce gas-cleaning and dust-collecting installations (cyclones, scrubbers, filters, etc.). These units provide purification of exhaust gases from sources from 80 to 98%, as a result, much smaller volumes of pollutants enter the atmosphere, which ensures high quality of atmospheric air (Fig. 1.). Also, for these purposes, measures are taken to plant tree and shrub vegetation, which retains some of the pollutants. In order to maintain the quality of water bodies at enterprises discharging wastewater, a wastewater treatment system is being introduced, which may consist of:
To reduce the negative impact on the environment in terms of carrying out activities with production and consumption waste, the following measures are taken:
Activities of public organizationsThe main function of public environmental organizations in the preservation of the environment is the work on environmental education and inculcation of environmental culture among the population. This feature is fundamental. After all, it’s not clean where they clean it, but where they don’t litter. Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 2 Message. Environmental protection. Performed: Student 11 "B" class Environment. ENVIRONMENT - the habitat and activities of mankind, the natural world surrounding man and the material world created by him. The environment includes the natural environment and the artificial (technogenic) environment, i.e., a set of environmental elements created from natural substances by labor and the conscious will of a person and which have no analogues in virgin nature (buildings, structures, etc.). Social production changes the environment, influencing directly or indirectly on all its elements. This impact and its negative consequences were especially intensified in the era of modern scientific and technological revolution, when the scale of human activity, covering almost the entire geographical envelope of the Earth, became comparable to the effect of global natural processes. Protection of Nature. NATURE PROTECTION - a set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere. The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in certain regions of the Earth has become real due to the increased scale of human economic activity. From the beginning of the 80s. on average, 1 species (or subspecies) of animals disappeared daily, and a plant species - weekly (more than 20 thousand species are endangered). About 1000 species of birds and mammals (mainly inhabitants of tropical forests, reduced at a rate of tens of hectares per minute) are under threat of extinction. About 1 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, carbon oxides (some of which are returned in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste . There is a danger of violation of the Earth's ozone screen. The ability of the biosphere to self-cleanse is close to the limit. The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth, including humans, required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources. Such measures include the creation of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities, the regulation of the use of pesticides, the cessation of the production of pesticides that can accumulate in the body, land reclamation, etc., as well as the creation of protected areas (reserves, national parks, etc.), centers for breeding rare and endangered animals and plants (including for the conservation of the Earth's gene pool), compilation of world and national Red Data Books. Environmental measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other national legislation, which establishes liability for violation of environmental standards. In a number of countries, government environmental programs have significantly improved environmental quality in certain regions (for example, a multi-year and costly program has restored the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes). On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on certain problems of nature protection, the UN Environment Program operates. The main substances polluting the environment, their sources. Carbon dioxide - burning fossil fuels. Carbon monoxide is the work of internal combustion engines. Carbons are the work of internal combustion engines. Organic compounds - chemical industry, waste incineration, fuel combustion. Sulfur dioxide - combustion of fossil fuels. Nitrogen derivatives - combustion. Radioactive substances - nuclear power plants, nuclear explosions. Mineral compounds - industrial production, operation of internal combustion engines. Organic substances, natural and synthetic - chemical industry, fuel combustion, waste incineration, agriculture (pesticides). Conclusion. The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and efficient policy towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent harm caused to nature by man. Literature.
Download:Preview:O. V. Denisova (educator of the highest qualification category) MBDOU kindergarten "Mitten" city of Bor ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IS A CURRENT PROBLEM OF MODERN SOCIETY 2017 CONTENT Introduction 3 1 Stages of development of nature and society 4 2 Problems of social ecology 6 3 Solving the problem of environmental protection in modern society 12 Conclusion 13 List of used literature 14 INTRODUCTION A few decades ago, the real relationship between nature and society was most often very one-sided. Mankind only took from nature, actively exploited its reserves, carelessly believing that natural wealth is limitless and eternal. At best, this relationship was poetic: a person enjoyed the beauty of nature, called for respect and love for her. In general, mankind did not go further than emotional appeals. The understanding of what nature means for the existence and development of society has not been formed. Today, the problem of the relationship between society and nature has grown from a purely theoretical one into an acute topical one, on the solution of which the future of mankind depends. Before considering the complex problem of the relationship between society and nature, trends in their relationship, it is necessary to define the basic concepts. Among the mass of different approaches and definitions of nature, one of the most well-established is the understanding of nature (in the broad sense of the word) as the entire world around us in all the infinite variety of its manifestations. Nature is an objective reality that exists outside and independently of human consciousness. In the narrow sense of the word, namely in relation to the concept of "society", "nature" is understood as the entire material world, with the exception of society, as a set of natural conditions for its existence. Society as a form of joint life activity of people is a separate part of nature and at the same time is inextricably linked with it. The problem of environmental protection at the end of the 20th century became one of the most acute in all states and reached its maximum peak in the most developed countries, where direct and indirect impact on nature has become quite widespread. The consequences of human interference in all spheres of nature cannot be ignored. “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it ...” - these words of the hero of I. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” are familiar to us from school. Yes, nature is a workshop where all the benefits necessary for human existence are created. It requires a careful attitude to its wealth, which, as you know, is far from unlimited. Environmental protection is one of the most urgent problems of our time. The very phenomenon of environmental pollution is not new for Russia. Scientific and technological progress and increased anthropogenic pressure on the environment inevitably led to an aggravation of the ecological situation. In Russia, despite the so-called ecological boom, the environment continues to deteriorate every year, as can be seen from the annually published state reports on the state of the environment in the Russian Federation. 4
The concept of "nature" is ambiguous. "Nature" in a broad sense is identified with the concept of the Universe, the world in general. In a narrower sense nature - This is the realm of life on earth. Understanding nature in this way, in 1875 it received the name of the biosphere. This term was introduced by the Austrian geologist E. Suess. Biosphere - this is the totality of living organisms and their habitat (water, the lower layer of the atmosphere, the upper part of the earth's crust). A special place in the biosphere is occupied by man, who, being a part of living nature, stood out from it and eventually isolated himself into some kind of active and opposing principle, constantly adapting nature to his needs. The relationship of man to nature throughout the history of mankind has changed. STAGE 1. Primitive communal.Primitive man was engaged in hunting, fishing, gathering, satisfying his needs by appropriating finished products. He is completely dependent on nature, does not single out or oppose himself to it. Its activity is dissolved in nature and does not threaten it in any way. His life is an endless struggle for survival. Omnipotent nature causes fear and uncertainty in a person, a feeling of absolute dependence. Natural phenomena are deified. STAGE 2. Antiquity. The starting point of the new stage is the emergence and development of agriculture and animal husbandry. There is a transition from an appropriating to a producing economy. Man begins to actively intervene in nature. Forests are being cut down, irrigation systems are being built. Human activity is beginning to have a devastating effect on nature. Soil salinization in the Tigris and Euphrates valley was the result of irrigation works. However, the destruction is local in nature and often leads to the disappearance of civilizations themselves - the dependence on the natural conditions of people's lives is very high. STAGE 3. Middle Ages (IV-XIV centuries) and the Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries). The dependence of people on natural forces does not decrease, the development of nature by man does not change radically, but the ideological foundations of man's relationship to nature change. This is the period of dominance in Europe of Christianity, in which the spirit and the body, the creative God and the created nature, the spiritualized man and the non-spiritual nature, are opposed. The meaning of human life is in union with God, nature fades into the background. The attitude towards nature is rather neglectful. However, within the framework of the same Christian tradition, a completely different view of nature and attitude towards it is gradually developing. Man can know (unite) with God not only through prayers and appeal "above", but also through the knowledge and transformation of nature. God is reflected in nature. Knowing the laws of nature, man comes to know God and approaches him. But that's not all: the task of man in approaching God is also co-creation with him. It is designed not only to learn, but also to actively change, transform the existing world. It was Christianity that laid the foundation for the rapid rise of science in subsequent centuries, the modern technocratic era. In the East, the attitude towards nature has not changed since ancient times - the idea of man as part of nature and the ban on interference in the natural processes of the universe (violation of law and harmony) remain. STAGE 4. new time (XVII-XIX centuries). The main task facing man is the development and adaptation of nature for the ever-increasing needs of human society. The means of its development and conquest is the knowledge of the laws of nature - science. "Knowledge is power!" (F. Bacon) - the motto of the entire era of the New Age. Man is no longer a part of nature, he is its peak due to his supernatural origin and possession of reason (the god-like principle in man). Man and nature are opposed. Nature loses its independent meaning and is considered only as a means of human existence. The attitude towards it is aggressively consumerist. In the 20th century, active transformational activity on Earth acquires a destructive character and eventually confronts humanity with the problem of not only self-destruction, but also the destruction of nature (as an area of life) in general. The 20th century is the century of ecological crisis.
An environmental problem is a change in the natural environment, as a result (anthropogenic impacts or natural disasters), leading to a violation of the structure and functioning of nature. Global problems are generated by the contradictions of social development, the sharply increased scale of the impact of human activity on the world around us and are also associated with the uneven socio-economic and scientific and technological development of countries and regions. The solution of global problems requires the development of international cooperation. Modern scientists believe that humanity is already living in a collapsing world in the face of an ever-increasing severe environmental crisis, which is turning into a crisis of the entire civilization. We can define the ecological crisis as an imbalance in ecological systems and in the relationship of human society with nature. It is characterized, in particular, by the fact that a person, society and the state are not able to reverse the trend of environmental degradation. The most important global environmental problems facing modern man are as follows: Environmental pollution, Greenhouse effect, Depletion of the "ozone layer" photochemical smog, acid rain, soil degradation, deforestation, desertification, waste problems, Reduction of the gene pool of the biosphere. Environmental pollution is the most urgent problem of our time, since anthropogenic activity affects all terrestrial spheres: the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. At the same time, man, being the main culprit of the current ecological situation, becomes its main victim: according to some data, about 40% of people die from pollution of water resources, atmospheric air and soil cover in the world. The environmental problems of Russia are not much different from the problems of other countries and states. They arise everywhere and, as a rule, in connection with the intense and growing influence of man on nature. This influence is becoming more and more aggressive. And with the development of scientific and technological progress, the introduction of new technologies, the consequences of this influence are less predictable and more catastrophic. The Russian Federation or Russia is located in Northern Asia and Eastern Europe. Its area is 17125407 km 2 and a population of 146,267,288 people. This is the largest state in the world in terms of territory and is among the ten in terms of population. The city of Moscow is the capital of the Russian Federation. Russia borders on 18 countries and the waters of the seas of three oceans and the inland sea - the Caspian. It is one of the most water-rich countries in the world with the largest fresh water reserves. The territory of the country and its continental shelf are rich in various types of minerals. The main ones are: oil, gas, coal and timber. The main types of soils and climate create conditions for classifying the country's agricultural production as risky farming, although it has almost 50% of all the world's black soil. The flora and fauna of Russia is extremely diverse. There are about 25 thousand species of plants here alone.In Russia, the main environmental problems have remained unchanged. These are environmental pollution, depletion of natural resources and a reduction in the species and quantitative composition of the animal and plant world. Their sources are enterprises of industry and agriculture, as well as human activities in the provision of their housing and household needs. But problems - they can never be foreseen or prevented, and when they cannot be eliminated. Or they don't want to. What is the reason for their growth in Russia? Russian environmental problems can be divided into two categories. Those that were inherited and which are already more than a dozen, or even a hundred years old. And others that arose at the present historical stage of the state.For Russia, modern environmental problems are associated primarily with the use of nuclear energy for both peaceful and military purposes. This includes not only mining relevant minerals and the process of production of raw materials for energy and weapons, but also problems arising during the operation of technological equipment, accidents occurring at the enterprises of the country's nuclear complex, as well as the disposal, processing and disposal of radioactive waste. The environmental problems of modern Russia are the excessive depletion of natural resources. Whereas previously it was mainly related to forest reserves. Now it has also affected fossil resources, primarily oil and gas. Forest. So far, forests occupy 45% of the territory of the Russian Federation, or almost 800 million hectares. The variety of tree species is huge - from dwarf birch to cedars and broad-leaved oaks. Deforestation is one of the oldest crafts in the territory of the present state. Recently, it has increased significantly, especially illegal. In just 15 years of this century, more than 40 million hectares were cut down, which reduced the area occupied by forests by 20 million hectares. Illegal logging is carried out throughout the country, but its greatest mass, and, therefore, harm, is noted in the territories from where it is most convenient and profitable to export timber abroad. These are: the Arkhangelsk region and Karelia - for export to the countries of Scandinavia and the Trans-Baikal, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, as well as the Amur Region - for China. Probably the last time a request to export timber abroad was refused by Catherine II, who approved the earlier resolution of Peter I. In addition to harvesting "commercial" timber, deforestation occurs in connection with the destruction of forests as a result of fires, when felled for the needs of the extractive industry, the construction of settlements and roads, as well as the expansion of areas for agricultural land. Loss of wood in any form of felling reaches 40%, that is, almost every second tree is cut down in vain. The forest fund is being replenished even more slowly, which has both objective reasons - the tree must grow and this takes quite a lot of time, and subjective ones - starting from legislative regulation of the processes of deforestation and restoration of forests and ending with executive discipline on the ground. Water. When there is a lot of something or in excess, then the value of such wealth is significantly underestimated, and, therefore, the attention to its preservation. This can be fully attributed to the water reserves of Russia. The exploitation of water resources is carried out without looking back to tomorrow. Water for industrial and domestic needs is taken without control and restrictions. Effluent is discharged, in 90% of cases, without proper treatment, and, sometimes, without it at all. This attitude towards water has led to the fact that 50% of all water bodies in the country are considered polluted, and surface water - 75%. The main sources of pollution are industrial enterprises, the treatment facilities of which are up to 70% outdated and do not cope with their functions. The same can be said about public utilities for water supply and sewerage. A significant number of settlements located along the banks of the rivers do not have treatment facilities at all, and household waste flows directly into the rivers. The development of industrial production, especially the chemical industry, filled these effluents with new chemical elements and substances. Nature has no means and ways to neutralize them, which has a particularly negative effect on the flora and fauna of rivers.Energy contributes to water pollution. This is not only the discharge of wastewater and warm water used to cool process equipment. These are the hydraulic structures themselves, their cascades and artificial reservoirs built to generate energy. Hydraulic structures and numerous canals built over the past century and regulating the flow of water in the interests and needs of man often contradict the laws of nature and, therefore, lead to numerous negative consequences for it. Examples include cascades of power plants on the Volga, dams on the Caspian and many small rivers that have disappeared after such “regulating” human activity. In an effort to maximize the satisfaction of food needs and to obtain the greatest profit, agricultural producers use various methods to influence the yield of crops grown. This drainage and irrigation, the use of pesticides and various pesticides. All this ultimately changes not only the water balance of the region where such methods are applied, but also the composition and structure of the water itself. Excessive passion for mineral fertilizers, their improper storage or storage of prohibited poisonous and poisonous substances, leading to their entry into surface and underground waters. Recently, the quality indicators of the latter have deteriorated sharply. This is especially negative where they are the main sources of water for the population. And there are many such cities in Russia, and these are not always small towns and settlements. Air and radiation. Atmospheric air pollution indicators in the present period are of a twofold nature. On the one hand, the industrial recession, which led to the reduction and halt of a large number of industries. On the other hand, it does not allow operating enterprises to allocate sufficient funds for the modernization and re-equipment of equipment for cleaning emissions of gases and dust. Although the second is more of a good excuse than a sincere desire. In Central Russia, environmental problems with air pollution are such that the largest number of technically obsolete industries is concentrated in this region and these are the most populated regions of Russia. Industrial emissions are joined by motor transport gases, the amount of which is steadily growing. Even in regions where the bulk of production has stopped, the amount of transport per capita is becoming more and more. And this transport is not the most modern. It is not equipped with exhaust gas treatment systems that meet modern international standards. In big cities, transport is no longer traveling and transporting as much as it costs and smokes in traffic jams. A positive trend in the reduction of toxic emissions into the atmosphere has been outlined in connection with the transition of thermal power plants from the consumption of solid fuels to natural gas. When gas is burned by such stations, the amount of air pollutants is significantly less. New environmental problems in Russia have arisen since the middle of the last century with the achievements of science in the field of nuclear physics. Nuclear or nuclear energy and weapons carry new threats to the environment, have become previously unknown sources of its pollution, the consequences of which have not been finally established to this day. Sources of radioactive contamination may not be located on the territory of the state, but located hundreds or thousands of kilometers away, this is their essential feature. Thus, some regions of Central Russia suffered in connection with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The disaster in the Chelyabinsk region on plant "Mayak" led to the creation of a whole zone, covering several regions of neighboring regions. The number of settlements on which the radioactive “trace” turned out to have reached the figure of 2014 with a population of almost 1 million inhabitants. The level of radioactive contamination of nuclear power plants is low. What cannot be said about the disposal and disposal of waste from this production, as well as about radioactive emissions associated with accidents or the operation of military equipment and weapons. The northern regions of Russia are especially affected by this, where, in addition to the bases of the navy, which includes nuclear-powered ships, burial grounds for the disposal of spent radioactive material have been created. Waste disposal and disposal processes are difficult to control due to military secrecy regimes. Separately, I would like to note the environmental situation, which is developing in connection with the disposal and storage of industrial and municipal solid waste. The landfills allocated for these purposes have long been overloaded, and the allocation of new territories for storage, not to mention the introduction of new processing technologies, is not carried out. Or does the principle “Russia is big - there is a lot of land” again apply and there will be enough landfills for our lifetime?
Mankind has come to understand that the further development of technological progress is impossible without assessing the impact of new technologies on the ecological situation. The new connections created by man must be closed in order to ensure the invariability of those basic parameters of the planet Earth that affect its ecological stability. Solving the environmental problems of today is a difficult task. Indeed, in order to solve environmental protection, it is not enough to write and speak, it is necessary to act not only at the national level, but also at the global level. Only when all of humanity understands that there is an ecological catastrophe on planet Earth, then the actions of all people will be aimed at preserving their planet. It is up to us to decide how we want to see our Earth in many years. To protect nature, the following solutions can be proposed:
CONCLUSION Civilization has a detrimental effect on nature and the state of the environment. But everyone can reduce this negative impact. Even if one person thinks about it and changes his habits a little, he will already help the ecological state of his city, and therefore the whole planet.
What will save the environment?
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Baltic Sea can no longer be used as a dumping ground. Water is essential to life. Only where it is in sufficient quantity and in good quality can people, animals and plants exist. This also applies to the salt water of the seas and fresh water in rivers, lakes, polar ice and glaciers. In general, water covers more than 70 percent of our land. Already a few years ago, experts in the field of environmental protection warned that the Baltic Sea would soon be a water desert without fish and plants. Almost 20,000 kilometers along the coast of the Baltic Sea are paper and pulp mills, shipyards and refineries, nuclear power plants, chemical and steel plants. The amount of sewage in cities on the coast is constantly growing. The rivers are supplying more and more mud to the Baltic Sea. The movement of tankers and passenger ships, water carriers and paper transport ships is growing further. The consequences are more than sad: hundreds of thousands of tons of solid and liquid waste are annually discharged into the Baltic Sea - often only crushed, and most of them not cleaned. These wastes from households, industrial and economic enterprises, wastewater from cities and ships contain highly toxic harmful substances. Life in the Baltic Sea was under threat: hundreds of thousands of dead flounder and cod in the Nile fjord, places forbidden for swimming near Flensburg and near Lübeck, many places where fishing is prohibited. In this regard, the Baltic coastal states concluded an agreement in 1974. It was determined which harmful and toxic substances should not be discharged with sewage into the sea. The first successes in the struggle for a clean Baltic Sea have already been achieved. A particularly dangerous insecticide, DDT, was banned in all the Baltic countries. Factories had to stop their production if they could not comply with the order for improved wastewater treatment. Many large cities have built new purification plants. Particularly endangered places on the Baltic Sea are already under control. But even more effort must be added to finally secure it. Pesticides threaten primarily to public health in Third World countries. The Washington-based World Resources Institute, an environmental researcher, said chemicals used in agriculture have the power to weaken the human immune system and promote the spread of infectious diseases and cancer. A particular danger comes from pesticides. The use of some of them in Europe and the USA has long been banned, in countries that are developing, on the contrary, they are used due to their low price. Nearly half of the world's pesticide production is consumed in Third World countries, and these countries also have particularly high rates of infectious disease. The results of the institute's study: "Death due to common infectious diseases in developing countries is partly due to the effects of pesticides." Part of the area occupied by accommodation and transport roads in the west of the Federal Republic has been constantly increasing since the end of the 50s and until the end of the 80s. These territories make up from 8 to 12 percent of the total area. Part of the natural landscapes at the same time significantly decreased. The protection of native species, as well as the retention of natural living space, is an urgent task of nature conservation and landscape care. The Federation aims to declare 10-15 percent of the country's area as protected areas. 12 large areas with special protection have now been declared national parks. There are almost 5,200 nature reserves and 12 UNESCO-recognized biosphere reserves. Germany actively participates in the implementation of the international treaty on nature protection. Of particular note: the Bonn Agreement on the Conservation of Nomadic Wild Animals; the Berne Agreement on the Conservation of European Wild Animals and Plants, which has taken on special significance in connection with the cooperation between the eastern and western states of the European Union; the Washington Agreement on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Animals and Plants; Agreement on Biodiversity, signed in 1992 at the Conference on Development and Environmental Protection in Rio de Janeiro. After a few years of absence, I am back in my homeland. I want to find places where I watched animals as a boy. A lot has changed: some of the forests have been cut down and converted into fields or built up with houses. Gone are the lawns that used to be overflowing with flowers. The streets are moving. Everything seems the same to me. The old quarry is breathing, it seems that it has remained the same as it was. Invariably, decrepit, moss-covered stone blocks lie in a pit that has not been used for a long time. But where are the lizards that used to bask on the rocks? There are no moths that rocked the flower heads. Even here, chemical pest control and artificial fertilizers have worked. Report: Environmental Protection Other essays on the topic:
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