What spirituality is can be seen by analyzing the heroes of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace.” For example, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky overcomes many difficulties on the long thorny path of spiritual quest. He goes through the collapse of his ambitious dreams, rethinking life in general and abandoning previous ideals. He was defeated in love and gained victory over himself. At the end of the path, he gained true spirituality, and therefore, according to the author, wisdom. Prince Andrei understands and forgives Natasha, forgives his enemy, having found “divine love” for the whole world. Isn’t forgiveness and renunciation of revenge wisdom?

A truly spiritual person who actually existed in our world can be called Mother Teresa. She was born into a rich family, but after the death of her father they lived in poverty.

Despite this, the woman always said that she had happy childhood. According to the author, the desire to change life in the world for the better is part of spirituality. Mother Teresa spent her entire life helping the poor and disadvantaged. She founded the Order of Sisters of Charity, opened a home for seriously ill people who were not accepted in hospitals, and founded the first shelter for abandoned children. She became the mother of thousands of children and saved them. She sought to help everyone, to make life better, which speaks of her true spirituality.

Updated: 2017-06-20

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Two years ago, my students and I compiled these arguments for Option C.

1) What is the meaning of life?

1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin comes to mind. Bitter is the fate of those who have not found their place in life! Onegin is a gifted person, one of the best people that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:

Having lived without a goal, without work

Until twenty-six years old,

Languishing in idle leisure,

No work, no wife, no business

I didn't know how to do anything.

2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, his activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?..”

3. Throughout his life, Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to think about the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of L.N. Tolstoy’s novel we meet Pierre, carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protesting against the existing social order and fighting for the just life of the very people of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, this organic combination of the personal and the national contains both the meaning of life and happiness.

2) Fathers and sons. Upbringing.

1. It seems that Bazarov is a positive hero in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons.” He is smart, brave, independent in his judgment, a progressive man of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Evgeny practically does not communicate with old people. How sad they are! And only Odintsova he said wonderful words about his parents, but the old people themselves never heard them.

2. In general, the problem of “fathers” and “children” is typical for Russian literature. In A.N. Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm,” it takes on a tragic sound, since young people who want to live by their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the domostroy.

And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children represented by Yevgeny Bazarov is already decisively going their own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between two generations are often painful.

3) Impudence. Rudeness. Behavior in society.

1.Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor” says unforgivable, rude words. In Mrs. Prostakova's house, rude language and beatings are a common occurrence. So mother says to Pravdin: “...now I scold, now I fight; This is how the house holds together.”

2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” He's being rude dependent people, speaks grumpily, rudely, calls the servants names in every possible way, regardless of their age.

3. You can cite the image of the mayor from the comedy “The Inspector General”. A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.

4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.

1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel “Crime and Punishment”. It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, and spiritual impasse that gave rise to Raskolnikov’s absurd theory. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, poverty is everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of the children. Standing up for the disadvantaged is what matures in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.

5) The problem of mercy.

1. It seems that from all the pages of F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka... A sad picture of the image humiliated man appeals to our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor...” The author believes that a person must find his way “to the kingdom of light and thought.” He believes that a time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.

2. In maintaining compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor.” In all the trials that degrade human dignity, Matryona remains sincere, responsive, ready to help, capable of rejoicing in the happiness of others. This is the image of a righteous woman, a keeper of spiritual values. Without her, according to the proverb, “the village, the city, the whole land is not worth it.”

6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.

1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you feel horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the cannonball would explode. Bolkonsky could not do otherwise. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, remain silent, or hide from danger. They die before others because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.

7) The problem of happiness.

1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” leads us, the readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in fame, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Before his death, Prince Andrei defines his state as “happiness”, located in the intangible and external influences of the soul - “happiness of love”... The hero seems to be returning to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural existence.

2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Live a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4.Give more. 5. Expect less.

8) My favorite work.

They say that every person in his life must raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the human soul the necessary moral foundation on which a temple of spirituality can be built. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; The fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life.”

9) The theme of friendship.

Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are people of “crystal honest, crystal soul.” They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the “marrow of the bones” of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the “carnival masks” of high society, complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. The heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their life and friendship.

10) Faith in God. Christian motives.

1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “man of God”, who has not lost his connection with God in a cruel world with a passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. In the scary world of the novel Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral ray of light that warms the heart of a criminal. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So Dostoevsky thought, so Gumilyov later wrote:

2. The heroes of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son - Rodion returns to real life and to God. Only at the end of the novel does he see “morning”, and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Biblical stories became the basis for the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, and Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:

There is God, there is peace, they live forever;

And people's lives are instantaneous and miserable,

But a person contains everything within himself,

Who loves the world and believes in God.

11)Patriotism.

1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.

Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells his estate to equip the regiment. True patriots were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov is rushing to the front because “The Fatherland is in danger.” Russian men, dressed in soldiers' greatcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.

2. In Pushkin’s poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His “Poltava”, “Boris Godunov”, all appeals to Peter the Great, “slanderers of Russia”, his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the power of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.

12) Family.

We, the readers, arouse special sympathy for the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” whose behavior reveals high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The sense of family, which the Rostovs take sacred in peaceful life, will prove historically significant during the Patriotic War of 1812.

13) Conscience.

1.Probably, the last thing we, readers, expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” was an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. Bezukhov is surprised by this. We seem to see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, frees a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he has difficulty speaking, seeing Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.

2. Conscientious means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, and kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. The fate of one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism is unenviable.

3. It seems to me that issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And one more time Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all his father’s debts. This is what people usually do with honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.

4. The best features of Grinev from the story by A.S. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter", conditioned by upbringing, manifest themselves in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In conditions of rebellion, the hero maintains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself; he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.

14) Education. His role in human life.

1. A.S. Griboedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were amazed by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy, the Faculty of Science and Mathematics and the Faculty of Law) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German languages, spoke Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of theater. He was one of the excellent writers and diplomats.

We consider 2. M. Yu. Lermontov to be one of the great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership considered his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, and played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left his descendants a rich creative heritage.

15) Officials. Power.

1. I. Krylov, N. V. Gogol, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and pander to their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. It’s not for nothing that Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.

2. In the comedy “The Inspector General,” Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, portrayed a vulgar society plunged into universal deception. Officials are far from the people, busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a “disease.” Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Zemlyanika and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves before their superiors, but they do not consider simple petitioners to be people.

3.Our society has switched to new round management, therefore the order in the country has changed, the fight against corruption and inspections are underway. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians emptiness covered by indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.

16) Intelligence. Spirituality.

1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and by his spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” is my favorite hero, whom young men of our generation can imitate. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He is characterized by such character traits that make up spirituality as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, and mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the prince’s feat is not only that he rushed with a banner at the enemy, but also that he consciously abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.

2. In the comedy “The Cherry Orchard,” A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are incapable of work, don’t read anything serious, only talk about science, and understand little about art. He believes that humanity must improve its strength, work hard, help those who suffer, and strive for moral purity.

3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? Eat!"

17)Mother. Motherhood.

1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn remembered his mother, who sacrificed a lot for her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband’s “White Guard” and her father’s “former wealth,” she could not work in an institution that paid well, although she knew very well foreign languages, studied shorthand and typewriting. The great writer is grateful to his mother for doing everything to instill in him diverse interests and give him a higher education. In his memory, his mother remained an example of universal moral values.

2.V.Ya.Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic praise to the woman-mother. This is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.

18) Labor is laziness.

Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains the following passionate lines:

And the right to a place in life

Only to those whose days are in labor:

Glory to the workers only,

Only for them - a wreath for centuries!

19)Theme of love.

Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul became enlightened. In the poem: “I loved you...” the poet’s feeling is anxious, love has not yet cooled down, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:

I loved you silently, hopelessly,

We are tormented by timidity and jealousy...

The nobility of the poet's feelings, tinged with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, enchantingly musical. This is the true power of love, which resists vanity, indifference, and dullness!

20)Purity of language.

1.During its history, Russia has experienced three eras of contamination of the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were over three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the end of the 20th century - beginning of XXI centuries, when we witnessed the degradation of language. Just look at the phrase heard on television: “Don’t slow down – grab a snicker!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, and the abundance of foreign words that displace beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.

2. Pushkin did not have the opportunity to save the Fatherland from enemies, but he was given the opportunity to decorate, elevate and glorify its language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and “hit the hearts” of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God grant that your beloved be different!

21)Nature. Ecology.

1. I. Bunin’s poetry is characterized by a caring attitude towards nature, he worries about its preservation, about its purity, therefore his lyrics contain many bright, rich colors of love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism; through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:

My spring will pass, and this day will pass,

But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes,

Meanwhile, the happiness of living will never die...

In the poem “Forest Road,” nature is the source of happiness and beauty for humans.

2.V. Astafiev’s book “The Fish Tsar” consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters “Dream of the White Mountains” and “King Fish” talk about the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His duel with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his discussions about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.

3.Accidents on nuclear power plants influence the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in human history, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died painful deaths. Chernobyl contamination continues to cause increased mortality among people of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the effects of radiation. The accident at the nuclear power plant resulted in a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders... People must remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, know about the dangers of radiation and do everything to ensure that such disasters never happen again.

22) The role of art.

My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Taho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on people:

You can live without Pushkin

And without Mozart's music too -

Without everything that is spiritually dearer,

Without a doubt, you can live.

Even better, calmer, simpler

Without absurd passions and anxieties

And more carefree, of course,

Just how to meet this deadline?..

23) About our little brothers.

1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unwanted animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a household idol. The whole family of the poetess joyfully worshiped him. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “Responsible for everyone I have tamed,” she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers,” towards creatures who are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .

2. In many of Jack London’s works, humans and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When, for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, you are the only representative of the human race, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.

24) Homeland. Small Motherland.

Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world around us begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin’s most cherished memories are associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, a raspberry field, a birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of an oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet encountered in his childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of homeland”:

Woven over the lake

Scarlet light of dawn...

25) Historical memory.

1. A. Tvardovsky wrote:

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,

But pain calls to people.

Come on people, never

Let's not forget about this.

2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people’s feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of what we experienced does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must maintain peace so that descendants live happily on earth:

I bequeath in that life

You should be happy

Thanks to them, the war heroes, we live in peace. Lit Eternal flame, reminding us of the lives given for our homeland.

26)Theme of beauty.

Sergei Yesenin glorifies everything beautiful in his lyrics. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the homeland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth is and the people on it!”

People will never be able to overcome the feeling of beauty, because the world will not change endlessly, but what pleases the eye and excites the soul will always remain. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, idolize, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.

27) Philistinism.

1. In the satirical comedies “The Bedbug” and “Bathhouse” V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. There is no place in the future for the main character of the play “The Bedbug”. Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus and reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.

2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of the passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, physical and spiritual “detachment.” The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of the loan notes he had with him With such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, it extinguishes the feelings of love and kindness in him.

28) Great people. Talent.

1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated man who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubai is the story of the ascent of the poet’s soul to the high truth of existence. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, truly great person. He died, and in the “firmament” of the human spirit his star has been shining for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not dim, but on the contrary, becomes brighter:

Be I the Creator, the Ruler of the heights,

It would incinerate the old firmament.

And I would pull on a new one, under which

Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry around.

2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War and was awarded for his heroism in battle. For disapproving statements about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in forced labor camps. In 1967, he sent an open letter to the USSR Writers' Congress calling for an end to censorship. His, famous writer, were persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded Nobel Prize in the field of literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be moral sermons. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, an ideologist, public figure who served the country honestly and selflessly. His best works- this is “The Gulag Archipelago”, “Matryonin Dvor”, “Cancer Ward”...

29) The problem of material support. Wealth.

Unfortunately, the universal measure of all values ​​of many people has become Lately money, passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it may sound.

For people like Chichikov in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult to first “curry favor”, flatter, give bribes, be “pushed around”, so that later they themselves could “push around” and take bribes, and live luxuriously .

30)Freedom-Unfreedom.

I read E. Zamyatin’s novel “We” in one breath. Here we can see the idea of ​​what can happen to a person and society when, submitting to an abstract idea, they voluntarily give up freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one’s own “I”.

31) Time problem.

For a long time creative life L.N. Tolstoy was constantly short of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and... created. He tried to get ahead of his time, warning humanity against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy’s work is still in demand all over the world: “Anna Karenina”, “War and Peace”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”...

32) Theme of morality.

It seems to me that my soul is a flower that guides me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of man is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:

And God is silent

For a grave sin,

Because they doubted God,

He punished everyone with love

So that in pain we learn to believe.

33) Space theme.

Hypostasis of T.I.’s poetry Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality reaching out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the century of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of space. He instills in us a feeling of the boundlessness of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this “cosmic feeling” like no other.

34) The theme of the capital is Moscow.

In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem “Over the blue of the groves near Moscow .....” the ringing of Moscow bells sheds a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother’s milk, and passed on to her own children:

And you don’t know what will dawn in the Kremlin

It’s easier to breathe than anywhere on earth!

35) Love for the Motherland.

In S. Yesenin’s poems we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin has no doubt about the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will awaken dormant Rus'. Therefore, he created such works as “Transfiguration”, “O Rus', Flap Your Wings”:

O Rus', flap your wings,

Put up another support!

With other names

A different steppe is emerging.

36)Theme of war memory.

1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into a bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror, senselessness, and bitterness were clearly demonstrated by Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace.” The writer’s favorite heroes realize the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast to him, the image of Kutuzov is shown, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for the sake of glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.

2. 68 years of the Great Victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic; it draws the attention of my generation to the distant years at the front, to the origins of courage and feat Soviet soldier- hero, liberator, humanist. When the guns thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred of the enemy. And this contrast carried within itself the highest justice and humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature includes such works created during the war years as “Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hate” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unconquered” by B. Gorbaty...

What is spirituality? How does it manifest itself? It is these questions that we decided to consider as part of writing an essay for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language and to select such problems and corresponding literary arguments that could most accurately reveal this concept. All of them are available for download in table format, the link is at the end of the article.

1. Fyodor Dostoevsky - “Crime and Punishment.” Throughout the novel, the author shows the spiritual transformation of the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov. From vicious thoughts about the murder of his grandmother, which ultimately comes true, to repentance before all the people. Many events that occur in the character’s life and transform his inner world are closely interconnected with the fates of some heroes. For example, Sonya Marmeladova had a significant influence on Raskolnikov’s spiritual development, becoming a fire of hope for him in his day and setting him on the path of moral improvement. In the work, one can highlight three significant meetings with Sonechka, which “prepare and fertilize” the soil of the soul for future changes. From meeting to meeting, the hero is immersed in thoughts that amazingly produce spiritual transformation. In the epilogue we see a completely new Raskolnikov, unlike how he was presented to us at the beginning of the novel.
2. Daniel Keyes - Flowers for Algernon. From the first pages, the reader does not understand why the author conducts the story in a rather strange way: the words are written incorrectly, there are no commas, and the main character, who suffers from dementia, at the beginning of the novel is characterized by completely primitive categories of thinking. But all this is an integral part of the character’s image, which undergoes global changes throughout the novel. Just one operation radically changes the hero’s life, completely upending his worldview and consciousness. Developing mentally and spiritually, Charlie was able to discover new truths, albeit not always pleasant ones. He realized that many people around him considered him stupid and made fun of him, that there was a lot of injustice and misunderstanding in the world. Life after the operation showed the hero the cruel realities of the world, which he found difficult to come to terms with. The novel ends with the subject's mental functioning regressing due to a calculation error, returning him to dementia. So, like the bright flash of a comet, the incredible life of Charlie Gordon flashed before the reader’s eyes.

Spirituality in War

1. Vyacheslav Kondratyev - “Sashka.” Surely everyone has heard the phrase “the main thing is not to lose heart” at least once. And if we consider it in the context of the story, we can safely say that the phrase was the motto of the main character. Thus, the scene with the capture of the German shows how much spiritually developed Sashka is. Leading the German to headquarters, the hero declares that there is nothing to be afraid of, because all prisoners are guaranteed life and return to their homeland at the end of the war, but the soldiers did not expect that they would give him the order to “let the foreigner go to waste.” Acceptance of this fact seemed to him something impossible, contrary to his principles. The hero persistently tries to dissuade his commander from decision taken, but he remains unshaken. And now two warriors and at the same time two enemies stand face to face, looking at each other: one is waiting for death, and the other believes that the order will be canceled. Fortunately, the battalion commander unexpectedly comes and withdraws the order, saying that the German must be taken to headquarters. This is what it means to be completely faithful to your promises and principles, to be a strong spiritual person who cannot be broken even by threats. The story once again confirms that thanks to thousands of soldiers who were able to maintain humanity in the face of cruelty, we live with a peaceful sky above our heads.
2. Vitaly Zakrutkin - “Mother of Man”. There is nothing worse and worse than war. This insane machine of human depravity crushed and broke everything that was in its path: from the material embodiments of human hands to the millions of destinies of people whose lives could never be the same. In the story, the writer talks about a once happy family, into whose house war came. Taking it from Mary, main character story, son and husband, she increasingly tested her fortitude, compassion and mercy. All subsequent events describe the heroine’s courage, splendor and purity of soul, which was not hardened in the terrible conditions of war. Maria helped the exhausted girl Sanya, who became like family to her. She saved the wounded young German, despite her hatred of the Nazis who took the lives of her relatives. The heroine also restored the ruined household, realizing that this must be done not only for the benefit of herself, but also for those who keep the hope of returning home. Mary becomes the mother for all the lost and lost, for those who despair of finding a ray of bright soul on the dark path of war.

The problem of lack of spirituality

1. Ivan Bunin - "Mr. from San Francisco." The gentleman from San Francisco is the main character of the story. The namelessness tells the reader that he is collective image of all the selfish, empty and stupid manifestations in human nature. The gentleman saw happiness in material goods, his happiness was measured in the beauty of his suit, the attention of people to his person, no, not even to the person, but to the money that he had. Nothing could stop a decent move social life. Nothing but... death. On one of the monotonous, but such luxurious evenings, the hero dies. No one could have imagined that a wonderful evening could be overshadowed by such an event, which many quickly forget about, continuing to dance and have fun. Meanwhile, the gentleman’s body is taken out of the hotel and loaded onto a ship with the symbolic name “Atlantis”. The hero Lorenzo, the old boatman, is not at all like the Master. Although very little is said about the character, we understand that he saw happiness in the simple little things of everyday life and nature with its amazing rocks, blue and bright sun. The hero was spiritually developed and understood what the real happiness of life was, which for him could not possibly be based on material values.
2. Maxim Gorky - “Old Woman Izergil”. In the work, the author shows the reader many different short stories. Among them, I would like to highlight the story of Danko, who, in the name of great love He tore out his heart to people and sanctified their path to lead people doomed to death. Danko did this because he realized that without him, without his action, people would die. At that moment, the hero put the interests of others above his own and even “his heart flared up with the fire of desire to save them.” So, the people were saved, and Danko fell lifeless and died forever in the memory of those to whom he gave life. In contrast to this story, the author tells about Larra, the proud son of an eagle. The hero considered himself unique and even talked down to the elders. People could not tolerate such an attitude towards themselves and decided to punish him with the torments of loneliness. Larra wandered alone for a long time and wanted to find eternal peace, but could not die. Thus, the hero was punished for lack of spirituality, expressed in selfishness and arrogance.

Spirituality as responsibility

1. Alexander Pushkin - “The Captain's Daughter”. Petrusha Grinev - central character Pushkin's story, revealing itself in the panorama of ongoing events, like strong personality with an incredible sense of responsibility for those who are dear to him. The author constantly puts the hero in various life situations, from which he emerges with dignity. The scenes of Grinev’s meetings with Pugachev, his attitude towards Masha Mironova, the quarrel with Shvabrin and the duel that takes place between them paint the reader with an image of a hero who is able to value honor above life, boldly make difficult decisions and remain true to himself even in those moments when he Stubbornness can depend on life. At the same time, Petrusha Grinev feels responsible for her actions and tries to make sure that she does not harm anyone. At the end of the story, the hero receives as a reward a pardon from the queen, freedom and his beloved girl, for whose sake, for the most part, he committed some of the described actions. It is worth noting that he was not always like this. It was his father’s decision to send Petrusha to the army to “smell gunpowder” that played a crucial role in Grinev’s development as a strong and responsible person with a charged spiritual life.
2. Andrey Platonov - “Yushka”. Efim, nicknamed Yushka, works as a blacksmith's assistant. The hero is only 40 years old, but due to a long-term illness, he looks much older than his years. His life was limited to going to work and back home, Yushka never spent the money he earned, and he “fed” empty water. Many residents of the city did not accept this man, and children constantly made noise at him, throwing sand or stones at him. Yushka never responded to these actions and believed that this was how they showed their love. Every summer the hero always went somewhere, but one day he stayed at home due to consumption, which took away all his strength. One day, returning from the forge, Efim encounters a passerby who pushes him in the chest, causing him to fall and die. Platonov concludes the whole essence of the story at the end, when after the death of the main character a stranger comes to the city and looks for Efim Dmitrievich. She turns out to be an orphan whom Yushka took care of, fed and supported. Every summer he came to her and gave her all the money he earned. The orphan trained to be a doctor and wanted to help Yefim, but she was too late. In the story, Platonov showed the generosity and spiritual strength of Yushka, which was hidden from uncomprehending human eyes. And the hero’s sacrificial life proved that all work bears fruit.

Problem

Arguments from literature.

MORAL ISSUES

The problem of subservience to dignitaries, veneration .

1. “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov

Molchalin’s credo is to please everyone. the goal is “to achieve known degrees.” He serves, seeks the patronage of dignitaries. Maxim Petrovich “knew honor before everyone” thanks to servility and sycophancy.

Chatsky is brave, noble, decisive. He is independent: he does not recognize any ranks or authorities. He values ​​the personal merits and dignity of people, protects the right of every person to have his own beliefs.

2 . "Thick and Thin" by Chekhov.

3. “Chameleon” by Chekhov

He laughs at respect for rank, at the guardian of order’s fear of his superiors, even if they deserve censure for something. This fear forces him to endlessly change his point of view and line of behavior, which causes the author's irony.

Problem mercy (loss of mercy),humane relationships to each other.

1. “The Captain's Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin.

Pugachev was cold, Grinev warmed him up. Not so much warmed as touched by human touch. In his eyes it was a gesture of mercy. The hare sheepskin coat becomes a symbol of Christian charity, human relations towards each other. And in turn, Pugachev demonstrates humanity and the ability to be generous. Pugachev pays mercy for mercy. Debt good turn deserves another. The hare sheepskin coat becomes a symbol of Christ's mercy, humane attitude towards each other.

Mercy that binds the most different people in our world, is a universal human feeling, thanks to which we remain human even in the most difficult moments.

2. “The Wonderful Doctor” by A. Kuprin.

3. Gorky. Not a day (Luke)

4. Crime and punishment.

D.’s “poor people” do not evoke any emotions other than deep compassion and sympathy for their fate.

Motivated only by love for her loved ones, only by the desire to save them from starvation, Sonechka Marmeladova is forced to sell her body. In this choice of hers, according to the author, there is no sin, since it is justified by a humane goal.

“Cordiality is the same gift as beauty and intelligence”

The problem of spiritual degradation

1. Chekhov's stories: “Ionych”, “Gooseberry”

In the story “Ionych” the author also explores the process of man’s spiritual fall. The hero of Chekhov's story "Ionych" Startsev lost all the best that was in him, exchanged living thoughts for a well-fed, self-satisfied existence. Where is the power that should have helped Startsev preserve his youthful ideals? It lies in the spirituality and character of a person. And he had such power, but he lost it, sacrificing his principles, and ultimately lost himself.

But Raskolnikov managed to be spiritually reborn. By this Dostoevsky expresses the hope that man can be saved from moral ruin.

"Dead Souls" by Gogol.

By portraying Plyushkin, the author shows what a person can turn into. The feeling of death is present, it seems, in the atmosphere itself. His frugality borders on madness. His soul is so dead that he has no feelings left. “A person could condescend to such insignificance, pettiness, and disgustingness! - exclamation. Author.

3. V. Rasputin. Live and remember

The problem of spiritual and moral cleanliness

1. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment

High moral qualities are not given to a person from birth, but can be cultivated in him. It is very important to have before oneself an appropriate ideal with which a person could compare himself in search of truth.

Sonya Marmeladova appears as an example of spiritual and moral purity in the novel. Earning money in a “low” way, she does it solely for the sake of saving her neighbors. Without her help, they would have faced starvation. Enormous, selfless love for her father, readiness for self-sacrifice and compassion - this is what morally elevates Sonya.

Problem of good And evil .

Goethe. Faust

Master and Margarita

The depiction of world evil in the guise of the Devil, Satan is traditional for fiction. in Bulgakov's novel, Woland evokes involuntary sympathy. If he punishes someone, it is completely deserved, and he does not commit evil at all.

In my opinion, good and evil exist within man himself. Everyone is free to choose between them. Woland tests people by giving them a choice (a session of black magic). B. Punishes those who have a bad conscience and who do not want to admit their guilt. He exposes and punishes various manifestations of evil, existing vices, and corrects corrupt morals.

The confrontation between good and evil is an eternal theme.

“A handful of good deeds is worth more than a barrel of knowledge.”

“Every good deed has its own reward.”

“Good is the only garment that never wears out.”

The problem of family (The role of family in the formation of personality)

In family Rostov everything was built on sincerity and kindness, that’s why the children are Natasha. Nikolai and Petya became truly good people, and in the familyKuraginykh, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists.

Problem moral revival person

1. "Pre" offense and punishment."

Following his idea, the hero crosses the line and becomes a murderer. R.'s spiritual rebirth, which began at the end of the novel, expresses D.'s hope for the possibility of saving a person from moral death. The author sees love for one's neighbor as the highest form of humanism and at the same time the path to salvation.

The Problem of Atonement sin

"Storm".

K. Paustovsky. Warm bread

Problem universal unity, brotherhood of people.

"War and Peace".

« Quiet Don».

L.N. Tolstoy. Prisoner of the Caucasus

Problem cruelty .

1. Gorky Larra.

The problem of relationships between teenagers is especially relevant in our time. We often ask ourselves: why are today's teenagers so cruel to some of their peers? And this is not only physical cruelty, but also mental cruelty. There are many examples proving this: they write about it in newspapers and show it on TV. This is what the text is about...

See problem (126). As punishment for his harshness and pride, L. is deprived of his human destiny: he does not die, but is doomed to forever hover above the earth as an ethereal cloud. He doesn't even succeed in trying to kill himself. All that remains of L. is the shadow and name of an outcast.

Problem inferiority complex.

This problem is as eternal as the world. Probably 90% of all people have experienced or are experiencing an inferiority complex to some extent. But for some it becomes a driving force on the path to perfection, and for others it becomes a source of constant depression.

What is this – an inferiority complex? Perpetual brake or perpetual motion machine? Curse or grace?

“War and Peace” (Marya Bolkonskaya)

Problem moral choice (How to be? What to be? How to preserve the human in yourself?)

A person is born with free will, the ability to choose between good and evil, between living according to conscience or opportunism, between service to a cause or service to individuals, his free will is to give preference to spiritual concerns or carnal ones. But this freely made moral choice determines the entire future life of a person: this is what people mean when they say that a person is the master of his destiny. Artists from different countries and times paid great attention to the theme of moral choice.

1. V. Bykov. Sotnikov

These are very difficult questions...

Finding themselves in a situation of choice, people behave differently: some commit betrayal in exchange for their miserable life, others show perseverance and courage, preferring to die with a clear conscience. The story contrasts two partisans - Rybak and Sotnikov.

During interrogation, afraid of torture, Rybak answered the truth, i.e. issued a detachment. He not only agreed to serve in the police, but even helped hang Sotnikov in order to confirm to his enemies his willingness to serve them. The fisherman chose the path to save his life, while Sotnikov did everything to save others.

2. V. Rasputin. Live and remember.

3. Life and work of Bulgakov.

Pontius Pilate feels that Yeshua ha-Nozri haswith enormous spiritual strength, and am humanly grateful to him for getting rid of a painful headache. On top of everything, having understood his case, the procurator is convinced of his innocence. But at the decisive moment, when he was faced with the problem of choice, he could not act according to his conscience and, in order to preserve his own power, sacrificed the life of Yeshua.

Method problem earning money money

Problem teachers And students

V. Rasputin. French lessons.

The problem of human power spirit

V. Titov. All deaths are out of spite.

B. Polevoy. The story of present people

Problem humane relationship to " brothers ours smaller »

1. G. Troepolsky. White Bim Black Ear. “You are forever responsible for everyone you have tamed.”Ivan Ivanovich, despite good attitude to Bim, despite his wonderful qualities - such as kindness, mercy, compassion, sensitivity - he did not do everything he could for his friend and thereby marked the beginning of the tragedy of a devoted, trusting, loving and tamed creature. Kind, compassionate, sensitive Ivan Ivanovich, who knew that sooner or later he would have to lie on the operating table to remove the bullet, and who knew that during his absence Bim would be left alone, did not worry in advance about the fate of the dog he had tamed.We are forever responsible for those we have tamed - responsible for any living creature that has become attached to you.

Take care of these lands, these waters,
Loving every little epic.
Take care of all animals within nature -
Kill only the beasts within yourself.

Compassion for animals is so closely related to kindness. Character that we can confidently say that someone who is cruel to animals cannot be kind.

Is it easy to be young ?

1. " Farewell to Matera" V. Rasputina (Andrey, Daria’s grandson) is going to the construction of a hydroelectric power station, which will eventually flood Matera. “It’s a pity for Matera, and I feel a pity too, she’s dear to us... All the same, we would have to rebuild, move on to a new life... Don’t you understand? .. Not everyone stayed here... The young ones cannot be stopped. That's why they are young. They strive for something new. It is clear that we go first to where it is more difficult..."

Problem honor and human dignity.

Pushkin. Captain's daughter.

A problem that deeply worried Pushkin is raised.

Pushkin-Dantes

Lermontov-Martynov

« Fathers and Sons"

Duel between Bezukhov and Dolokhov.

V.Shukshtn. Vanka Teplyashin

What is true friendship?

Friendship between Pushkin and Pushchin.

The problem of friendship and betrayal worries people in any era. And in the history of mankind we come across many examples of both great selfless friendship and terrible betrayal. These are eternal questions, eternal themes that will always be reflected in modern literature.

I.I. Pushchin occupies a very special place among P.’s friends. It was to him that the poet, more willingly than others, confided all the doubts and anxieties of his young heart during the lyceum. It was Pushchin who first visited P. in exile. Years later, now P. sends his message to Pushchin, exiled to Siberia: “My first friend,...”

Friendship carried through the years becomes the moral guideline to which everyone involuntarily strives, who has at least once thought about the meaning of friendship in a person’s life.

Film "Officers"

Problem feelings of duty to a loved one (spiritual nobility)

Pushkin. Eugene Onegin.

T. Still loves Onegin and is confident in his love, but she resolutely refuses possible happiness. She is characterized by high spiritual nobility. She cannot break a promise she made to another person, even an unloved one. The subordination of all one’s actions to a sense of duty and the inability to deceive form the basis of T.’s philosophy.

Wives of the Decembrists, who voluntarily followed their husbands into exile, to a life full of hardships and suffering. Among them were those who walked not only out of love for their husband, but out of consciousness of their duty, their responsibility towards a loved one.

Problem selfless and selfless love.

See problem (124) Love is unselfish, selfless, not waiting for reward... The one about which it is said “strong as death”... the kind of love for which you can perform any feat, give your life, go to torment... Isn’t this Zheltkov’s love?

Problem spirituality/lack of spirituality.

Bitter. Old woman Izergil (Larra).

This character is the embodiment of lack of spirituality. He uncontrollably sows death and opposes himself to life. He strives to achieve his goal at any cost, drags out an existence devoid of past and future. He only considers himself perfect, but destroys those he doesn’t like.

Ostrovsky. Storm.

Problem conscience

1. "Thunderstorm"

2. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment.

The writer poses to us the question of the need to live in harmony with our conscience and the interests of other people. The crushing collapse of theory R, ​​which does not contain a moral principle and does not take into account the highest values ​​of the world - human life and freedom - confirms the rightness of the writer. Raskolnikov's torment of conscience, his emotional experiences due to perfect sin became a kind of moral guideline. The writer convincingly shows what would have happened to the hero if he had not gone through repentance. Torment of conscience, emotional distress due to the sin committed became moral punishment for R.

3. “The Master and Margarita.”

“Do not think that if you have done something bad, you can hide, because if you hide from others, you cannot hide from your conscience.”

Conscience is not an executioner, but a person’s eternal companion, showing him the path to the truth, serving as a true moral guide.

Fear for his life and career does not allow Pontius Pilate to pardon a man who denies the authority of Caesar. However, when announcing the verdict, Pilate understands that he is pronouncing it on himself. The hero's judge is his conscience.

“Hero of our time (Grushnitsky)

Problem opportunism

1. The story “Ionych”

2. “The Thunderstorm” by Ostrovsky

3. “Woe from Wit” by Gris boedova

Problem kindness (what does it mean to be a kind person?)

Pierre Bezukhov.

“In the inner world of a person, kindness is the sun,” said V. Hugo. In fact, it is unlikely that anything else can compare in terms of impact with this quality. Everyone is drawn to a kind person, basking in his warmth and attention, and then they themselves become a source of bright spiritual energy. This was also noticed by the writer... who, using an example from life, makes us think seriously about the problem...

Oblomov

“A big heart, like the ocean, does not freeze.”

“A good person is not one who knows how to do good, but one who does not know how to do evil.”

“Of all the virtues and virtues of the soul, the greatest virtue is kindness.”

“Kindness is a quality, the excess of which does not harm.”

Problem duality human nature

1. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”

LANGUAGE, CULTURE

The problem of careless attitude towards Russian culture , native language. (loss of language culture)

1. "Woe from Wit" (admiration for the West, careless attitude towards Russian culture, native language, slavish imitation of foreigners - aren’t these problems of modern Russian society?). almost 2 centuries ago they worried the great citizen of Russia A.S.grib. Now time puts them before us. Chatsky advocates for the preservation of the Russian spirit and morals. He speaks out in defense of “holy antiquity.”

Our society, which in many ways has not yet come to the norms of community life, has already felt the need for a culture of behavior and communication. In lyceums, colleges, gymnasiums, schools, electives with the names “Etiquette”, “Business Etiquette”, “Diplomatic Etiquette”, “Etiquette” are opened business communication”, “Culture of speech communication”, etc. This is due to the need of people to know how to behave in a given situation, how to correctly establish and maintain speech, and through it business, friendly, etc. contact.

The problem of corruption and impoverishment of the Russian language (caring attitude).

Problem development and preservation of Russianlanguage

Conclusion :

1) What is the Motherland? This is the whole people. This is his culture, his language. Each nation has its own, different from others, recognizable. What makes the Russian language different? Of course, its extraordinary imagery and majesty. No wonder A.N. Tolstoy compared the Russian language. in brightness with a rainbow after a spring shower, in accuracy - with arrows, in sincerity - with a song over the cradle. But, unfortunately, sometimes we spoil it and don’t take care of it. Many people forget that Russian is the language. – great and powerful, using profanity, belittling the status of the Russian language. Everyone’s job is to preserve it. See (7)

N. Gal “The Living and the Dead Word.” The famous translator discusses the role of the spoken word, which can hurt a person’s soul with its thoughtlessness; about borrowings that distort our speech; about bureaucracy that kills living speech;

about caring for our great heritage - the Russian language.

Problem abuse foreign words.

Conclusion:

1) Our modern life is a cycle of affairs, meetings, problems, experiences. We don't have time to stop and think about what is happening to our language now. We must not forget that we ourselves are spoiling it. This problem affects... (see problem (3)

2) We have no power over the speech of others, but we can be more attentive to what we ourselves say, we can think about whether we are polluting our language. And if we watch our speech, do not utter rude and dirty words, and respect our interlocutor, we will help cleanse our language.

3) To conclude my essay, I would like to quote the words of N. Rylenkov:

The language of the people is both rich and precise,

But there are, alas, inaccurate words,

They grow like weeds

On poorly plowed roadsides.

So let's do everything to ensure that there is as little weed as possible.

(see below)

The problem of the meaningless, artificial mixing languages

Compiled by " Explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language” V. Dal wrote: “We do not anathematize all foreign words from the Russian language, we stand more for the Russian warehouse and turn of phrase, but why insert into every line: moral, original, nature, artist, grotto, press, garland, pedestal and hundreds of similar ones, when without the slightest stretch you can say the same thing in Russian? Is moral, genuine, nature, artist, cave worse? Not at all, but it’s a bad habit to go to French for Russian words. and the German dictionary does a lot of evil.” (see above)

Environmental problem culture

Preserving the cultural environment is a task as important as preserving the surrounding nature. Failure to comply with the laws of biological ecology kills a person biologically, but non-compliance with the laws of cultural ecology can kill a person morally. “By working only for material benefits, we build our own prison. And we lock ourselves in alone, and all our riches are dust and ashes, they are powerless to give us something worth living for” (Antoine de Saint-Exupéry).

Language is part national culture, cultural monument. And as a cultural monument it needs protection and preservation. Turn on the TV: tongue-tiedness and lack of internal culture. Cool words and expressions that are not included in Ushakov’s dictionary, but rather correspond to criminal music, are heard everywhere. Backbiting and even profanity have become almost the norm in television series.

The problem of anxiety about leaving with 20th century culture

Problem cultural person (what qualities form the concept “ cultured person»?)

What is the true culture of man? I think that this is one of the most difficult questions that Shakespeare wrote about in his sonnets. In our view, a cult person is an educated person, with good manners and taste, competent speech... But even behind external silence and inconspicuousness a truly cult person can be hidden. This is exactly what he writes about...

Who among us has not encountered people who, behind external gloss, behind ostentatious erudition, behind superficial knowledge, hide inner lack of culture and ignorance? The unreliability of such people is alarming. Not like that...

MAN AND SOCIETY, FATE, HAPPINESS, FREEDOM, MEANING OF LIFE, LONELINESS, RESPONSIBILITY

Relationship problem person and society

Bitter. At the bottom. The Legend of Lara.

N.V.Gogol. Overcoat.

Bashmachkin is an “eternal titular adviser”, whom his colleagues laugh at and make fun of. He needs understanding and sympathy.

The problem of human happiness (what's his secret?)

1. “Gooseberry” by Chekhov.

2. I. Goncharov. Oblomov.

For Oblomov, human happiness is complete calm and abundant food.

Nekrasov. “Who lives well in Rus'.”

A person will always lack something for complete happiness. Life is especially difficult in the modern world, when from the pages

Newspapers and TV screens bombard us with a stream of negative information about disasters, wars, murders, reforms...

Is it possible to feel happy from the most earthly joys? And it depends on the person himself! Some people don’t even notice primroses, some have forgotten the last time they threw their heads back into the starry sky, and there are those who see the reflection of the sky in a tiny forget-me-not flower, in a floating cloud - a small boat in the boundless sea, hear in the sound of drops music of spring. In my opinion, you need to enjoy every day you live, be friendly, not hold grudges in your soul and just love life!

Who doesn't dream of happiness?

Problem freedom as the highest value

1. M. Gorky. Makar Chudra.

In his romantic productions. D. Raises the problem of freedom as the highest value. However, the desire for it often contradicts other human values, and people are forced to decide what is more valuable to them. Loiko and Rada’s thirst for personal freedom is so strong that they even look at their own feelings as a chain that fetters their independence. Loiko kills Radda and then himself. Death gives them liberation from the choice between love and freedom.

In his works, G. admires a free person, believing in his inner strength and courage.

Problem responsibility behind fate another man.

1. "Dowry."

Paratov is not able to bear responsibility for the fate of another person. All his life he searched for feelings that brought him pleasure. He deceives Larisa, obeying his own whim, and does not think about her future fate.

2. N. Karamzin. Poor Lisa

3. “Hero of our time.”

Problem responsibility for their actions (loss responsibility)

1. V. Rasputin. Live and remember

2. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita.

Imbued with respect and interest for the “wandering philosopher,” sensing a truth unknown to him in his words, Pilate decides to save Yeshua Ha-Nozri from death. But his worst vice - cowardice - forces him to change his mind. Fear for his life and career does not allow the procurator to pardon a person who denies the authority of Caesar. Now, sitting in his chair, Pilate, more than anything else in the world, hated his immortality and unheard-of glory, which turned out to be an eternal reminder for him of a moral crime, of betrayal. There is no excuse for him.

V. Bykov. Sotnikov.

"Crime and Punishment".

The problems raised by the writer in the novel are still relevant today. The loss of spiritual generosity, compassion, and a sense of responsibility for one’s thoughts and actions can lead to spiritual emptiness, discord with oneself, and loss of spirituality - the basis of human existence.

Relationship problem person and fate.

"Hero of our time".

Man controls fate or fate controls people a sheep? Who is the person – the victim, the darling or the master of circumstances? In Lermontov's depiction, man and fate are inseparable.

Throughout the entire novel we see how Pechorin argues with fate and how fruitless his efforts are. While suffering himself, he causes suffering to others because he persists in his selfishness.

The problem of meaning human existence

1. “Hero of our time.”

Pechorin, being in constant tossing and not finding his place in life, cannot be happy.

2. “Dowry” by Ostrovsky

The world is dominated by cruelty, lies, and calculation. The highest value is money, not a person's personality. The purpose of their life is to accumulate wealth.

3. “Gooseberry” by Chekhov.

4. V. Rasputin. Live and remember.

5. L. Tolstoy. War and Peace

In the noble family of the Kuragins, the purpose of existence is idle pastime and easy money. It is not surprising that vulgarity, evil, hypocrisy, and lies reign in their home. But in the Rostov family, the author notes love, simplicity of relationships, respect for each other, for other people.

6. “Old Woman Izergil”, “Chelkash”.

7. V. Titov. All deaths are out of spite.

What is a sense of life? How many copies have been broken on this issue! What sense can we talk about if labor is not put at the forefront. Everyday, everyday, honest work. Take away a person’s opportunity to work, and all the blessings of life will lose meaning.

Only when a person does not do anything good in his life, does not perform a good deed, does he die. The most real, most terrible disease. A person who has not beautified the earth with his labor goes into oblivion forever, because after him there is nothing left that would live in the deeds and memory of descendants

The problem of essence and appointments person

1. M. Gorky.

What is and what should a person become? This question has always worried G.

G's views on the essence and purpose of man are reflected in almost all of his works - from romantic poems to the play “At the Depths”.

Problem purpose

"War and Peace".

Natasha found her happiness in her family. Loving and being loved is like this life philosophy N. having matured in soul, N. joined great secret a life in which there is a place for every person, every living creature, every grain of sand and every stone. And she found in her her modest and at the same time noble purpose. I couldn't help but find it.

Search problem meaning life

1. L.N. Tolstoy. War and Peace

The problem of searching for the meaning of life is one of the main ones in the novel. Andrey Bolk. and P. Bezukhov are restless, suffering natures. They are characterized by restlessness of soul; They tend to want to be useful, needed, loved. Through the difficult and thorny road of knowledge, both come to the same truth: “We must live, we must love, we must believe.”

Pushkin. Eugene Onegin.

Problem loneliness (lonely old age)

"Hero of our time"

Pechorin is a strong, noble man, but he is lonely. He cannot call anyone his friend, he is a stranger everywhere: among his colleagues, in the “water society.”

2. "Thunderstorm".

Katerina is hopelessly alone in a world of lies and violence. The sublime and poetic nature, the bird-soul, has no place in the city of Kalinov.

K. Paustovsky. Telegram.

Bazarov (ideological loneliness)

The hero’s harshness, his inability to comprehend other people’s views and recognize their right to exist doom him to...

Problem mystery Russian soul

1. “Hero of our time.”

The image of Pechorin is surrounded by an atmosphere of mystery; his actions seem strange and mysterious. The events that happen to the hero cannot be called ordinary. Before us is an extraordinary person, with a deep and flexible mind, a strong will, and a complex character. And every time he turns to us with different facets of his character.

“The Enchanted Wanderer” Leskova N.S.

STORY. PATRIOTISM. MOTHERLAND. FEAT.

The problem of attitude towards past , to distant ancestors

In a person's life, the past is his roots. Therefore, it is necessary to remember it. At the same time, a person who has forgotten about the past has no future.

Problem communications generations

Paustovsky. Telegram.

The problem of the relationship between man and nature

“Farewell to Matera” by Rasputin V.

V. Astafiev. King fish.

Problem historical memory .

V. Rasputin. Live and remember.

A. Akhmatova. Requiem

Problem patriotism

1. Life of A. Akhmatova.

Problem feat (Is it possible to accomplish a feat in our lives?)

1. V. Titov. All deaths are out of spite.

2. Gorky The Legend of Danko.

He is full of deep compassion for his fellow tribesmen who lived without the sun, in a swamp, who had lost all will and courage. For their sake, he performs a feat. Danko became a hero, lighting the way in the darkness with his burning heart (his life!). D. gives his life for the common good and, dying, experiences true joy.

“There is always room for exploits in life!” - says the author. Indeed, without strong and beautiful actions, life seems not only boring and insipid - it is devoid of human meaning.

The problem of preserving historical monuments.

V. Shukshin. Master.

PEOPLE, POWER.

Problem authorities

1. L. Tolstoy. War and Peace.

Tolstoy convincingly shows in the novel that Napoleon's power is based on such properties of his nature as ambition, cold mind, ability to accurate calculation. N. is well aware that, having risen and achieved fame, he will enjoy the rights of the strong for a long time.

2. M. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita.

Problem people and authorities

1. “Boris Godunov” by Pushkin.

ECOLOGY , NATURE . HUMANITY

FATHERS AND SONS

Problem maternal love and our attitude towards mothers

1. K. Paustovsky “Telegram”

Problem fathers and children.

Turgenev. Fathers and Sons.

The views of fathers and sons are contradictory. An ideological duel takes place in the novel. Aristocrat P.P. Kirsanov does not accept and cannot understand Baz’s views. - natural science student. After several verbal altercations at the table, their confrontation ends in a real duel. Bazarov is distinguished by his intransigence and categorical judgments. While recovering from his injury, Kirsanov thought a lot about what had happened and softened somewhat towards the youth.

Bazarov sometimes seems cruel, especially towards his parents. How harshly and coldly he treats them, despite the fact that he loves his old people!

2. K. Paustovsky. Telegram.

3. V. Rasputin. Deadline.

COMPUTERIZATION. GENIUS. THE SCIENCE.

Problem historical relationships between science and religion.

Newton, who discovered the laws of motion of celestial bodies, was a believer and studied theology. The great Pascal, a mathematical genius, was not just a believer, but also a Christian saint (although not canonized) and one of the greatest religious thinkers in Europe. The creator of modern bacteriology, Pasteur was deeply religious in nature. even Darwin, whose teachings were later used by semi-scientists to refute religion, remained a sincere believer all his life.

Religion has always been a force hostile to the daring of philosophers and scientists. (M. Kashen)

The deeper my knowledge in the field of various sciences, the stronger my admiration for the Creator. (Maxwell)

If reason is a gift from heaven and if the same can be said about faith, then heaven has sent us two gifts that are incompatible and contradict each other. (D. Diderot)

BOOK. ART

Role books in human history (in human life)

M. Gorky. Childhood .

A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from the mind.

What does a book, reading mean in a person’s life? Why do you need to read books? “Reading is an increase in human wisdom, that wisdom which, without any doubt, in modern times is needed more than ever by our sad world, drowning in the abyss of shame and crime...” How relevant these words sound today.

“Study and read - read and study, this will make it easier for you to live in the world,” Herzen advised his daughter Olga.

“We buy books and do not spare money on them,” wrote N.V. Gogol, “because the soul requires them, and they go to its inner benefit.”

“When a person picks up a book, a confidential conversation takes place between him and the author, in private, the kind that can only happen between the closest people.”

“Whoever you become, wherever the path takes you, may your favorite books always be near you!” (S. Mikhalkov)

The problem of attitude towards books (Do all books need to be read and re-read?)

Oscar Wilde divided books into three categories: those that should be read; those that should be re-read; and those that you don’t need to read at all

The problem of the role of art in human life.

V. Shukshin. Master.

Problem national Russian character

Leskov. The Enchanted Wanderer.

Moral strength, spontaneity, spiritual purity and kindness are the main features of national character.

Problem beauty and its impact

G. Uspensky. Straightened it up.

Modern life is an endless race for survival, because in the years allotted to us we need to do so much. In addition to the well-known principles of “planting a tree, building a house and raising children,” an even larger list of goals is added: making a career, buying a car, getting rich, etc. and sometimes in the endless pursuit of a better life, in the struggle for a place in the sun, we stop noticing the beauty of the world around us, the people around us, we don’t hear the singing of birds, in a word, we miss such ordinary, but at the same time extraordinary moments that make up our life .

V. Shukshin. Master.

Problem human individuality

1. “Freaks” Shukshin.

Problem man's relationship to time

The one who, living in the past, does not think about the present and the future. Comes into conflict with time.

Problem life And of death

V. Titov. All deaths are out of spite.

Interoperability problem works art per person

1. A. Kuprin. Garnet bracelet.

2. V. Shukshin. Master.

3. G. Uspensky. Straightened it up.

Problem acquisitiveness

1. Fonvizin “Minor”

Problem Domostroevsky principles of life

1. "Thunderstorm"

Problem education , education

Fonvizin “Minor.

“Education of citizens is the same national wealth of the state as gold, oil, diamonds located on its territory. The more knowledge our youth have, the better they can use it, the richer and more glorious our state will undoubtedly be.”

Problem social inequality.

A.I. Kuprin. Garnet bracelet.

Love came to him, as they say, at first sight, from the moment Zheltkov first saw Princess Vera. This feeling illuminated his whole life and turned out to be a priceless gift from God. It’s surprising that he dared to love her, because they are separated by an abyss of social inequality. “Reverence, eternal admiration and slavish devotion - this is all that remains for Zh. How little is that! How much is that! Love transforms him from an ordinary person into a Man.

Problem responsibility for the results of personal labor

1. Bulgakov. dog's heart.

Prof. Preobrazhensky transplants the pituitary gland of the brain into a dog and gets a monstrous result. + see problem. (128)

Prof. Preobrazhensky considers it his duty to improve human nature. By performing organ transplants, he hopes to prolong a person's life span. But who did he create? A new person?

Realizing the collapse of his scientific idea, Prof. Fixes a bug.

Intervention in human nature should not be carried out using violent methods. The consequences of ill-considered intervention in this process are disastrous both for society and for the experimenters themselves.

problem responsibility Sciences before living life.

Bulgakov. Dog's heart.

The story is about the unpredictable consequences of scientific discoveries, about the fact that a premature experiment with inadequate human consciousness dangerous.

Are universal human concepts of morality applicable to the work of a doctor, the work of a physician or a biologist? Do those involved in human cloning think about this? What is it, medical debt?

Unfortunately, no invention or discovery belongs entirely to its author: having created or discovered something new, a scientist often lets the genie out of the bottle and can no longer manage the consequences of his scientific experience alone - there are too many users around, and their interests are not always commensurate with morality .

In a word, when starting this or that experiment, a scientist or doctor must calculate its consequences many moves ahead, which is a difficult but always relevant task.

problem medical debt .

See problem (128).

Problem truth (What is/is/truth?)

Bulgakov The Master and Margarita.

The heroes of the novel find their truth. For a master, this is freedom. The master is saved by Marg., and this is her truth, because the happiness of her beloved is her happiness. Good is the truth of Yeshua. He is sure that “there are no evil people in the world.” He preaches his truth to everyone, incl. and the procurator. Jesus in the Bible is the son of God. Yeshua in the novel is a man, he is weak. But he is also strong in his faith in goodness. His reward was immortality. It also became a punishment for Pilate.

For Yeshua the truth is that no one can control his life: “...agree to cut a hair,” onon which life hangs, “probably only the one who hung it can.” For Yeshua is the truth and that “there are no evil people on light." AND if he talked toRat slayer, he would have changed dramatically. It is significant that Yeshua speaks ofthis is "dreamy". HeI am ready to move towards this truth with the help of conviction and words.This is his life's work.

I. Philosophical and moral problems

The problem of finding the meaning of life, the path of life. The problem of understanding (loss, gain) of the purpose of life. The problem of a false goal in life. (What is the meaning of human life?)

Abstracts

The meaning of human life lies in self-realization.

A high goal, service to ideals allows a person to reveal the powers inherent in him.

To serve the cause of life - that’s the main objective person.

The meaning of human life is in the knowledge of truth, faith, happiness...

A person cognizes the world around him for self-knowledge, for the knowledge of eternal truths.

Quotes

Need to live! At the last line! On the last line... (R. Rozhdestvensky).

“To live honestly, you have to be willing to get confused, struggle, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and always struggle and lose. And calmness is spiritual meanness” (L. Tolstoy).

- “The meaning of life is not to satisfy your desires, but to have them” (M. Zoshchenko).

- “You must love life more than the meaning of life” (F.M. Dostoevsky).

- “Life, why were you given to me?” (A. Pushkin).

- “Without passions and contradictions there is no life” (V.G. Belinsky).

- “Life is boring without a moral goal” (F.M. Dostoevsky).

In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" reveals the theme of the search for the meaning of life. In order to understand its interpretation, it is necessary to analyze the search paths of Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky. Let's remember the happy moments in the life of Prince Andrei: Austerlitz, Prince Andrei's meeting with Pierre in Bogucharovo, the first meeting with Natasha... The goal of this path is to find the meaning of life, to understand oneself, one's true calling and place on earth. Prince Andrei and Pierre Bezukhov are happy when they come to the idea that their lives should not be for them alone, that they must live in such a way that all people do not live independently of their lives, so that their lives are reflected on everyone and so that they all live together .

And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov." A good, kind, talented person, Ilya Oblomov, was unable to overcome himself and did not reveal his best traits. The absence of a high purpose in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov.

M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story “Gooseberry”. Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he’s gained weight, he’s flabby... - just behold, he’ll grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...

I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

Many heroes of Russian literature are looking for an answer to the question about the meaning of human life, about the role of man in history, about their place in life, they constantly doubt and reflect. Similar thoughts worry Pushkin's Onegin, and the main character of the novel M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” Pechorin: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?..” The tragedy of their fate is clearly understood “between the depth of nature and the pitifulness of actions” (V.G. Belinsky).

Evgeny Bazarov (I.S. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons”) goes further than his literary predecessors: he defends his beliefs. Raskolnikov even commits a crime to prove the correctness of his theory.

There is something similar in the hero of M. Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don”. Grigory Melekhov, in search of truth, is capable of internal changes. He is not satisfied with “simple answers” ​​to the complex questions of time. All these heroes, of course, are different, but they are close in their restlessness, desire to understand life and determine their place in it.

A. Platonov’s story “The Pit” touches on the problem of finding the meaning of life. The writer created a grotesque that testifies to the mass psychosis of universal obedience that has taken over the country! The main character Voshchev is an exponent author's position. Among the communist leaders and the dead masses, he doubted the human correctness of what was happening around him. Voshchev did not find the truth. Looking at the dying Nastya, he thinks: “Why now do we need the meaning of life and the truth of universal origin, if there is no little faithful person in whom the truth would be joy and movement?” Platonov wants to find out what exactly motivated the people who continued to dig the hole with such diligence!

A.P. Chekhov. The story “Ionych” (Dmitry Ionych Startsev)

M. Gorky. Stories “The Old Woman Izergil” (The Legend of Danko).

I. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco.”

Possible introduction/conclusion

At a certain point in life, a person certainly thinks about who he is and why he came into this world. And everyone answers these questions differently. For some, life is a carefree movement with the flow, but there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth in search of the meaning of life.

Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “on official business”, asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are afraid of this road, they run to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them is Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The problem of freedom of moral choice. The problem of choosing a life path. The problem of moral self-improvement. The problem of internal freedom (non-freedom). The problem of individual freedom and human responsibility to society.

Abstracts

It depends on each person what the world will be like: light or dark, good or evil.

Everything in the world is connected by invisible threads, and a careless act or an unexpected word can result in the most unpredictable consequences.

Remember your High human responsibility!

A person cannot be deprived of his freedom.

You can't force someone to be happy.

Freedom is a conscious necessity.

We are responsible for other people's lives.

Save while you can, and shine while you live!

A person comes into this world not to say what it is like, but to make it better.

Quotes

Everyone chooses a Woman, a religion, a path for themselves. To serve the devil or the prophet

Everyone chooses for themselves. (Yu. Levitansky)

Above this dark crowd of the Unawakened people, Will you ever rise, O Freedom, Will your golden ray shine?.. (F.I. Tyutchev)

- “There are efforts necessary condition moral improvement" (L.N. Tolstoy).

- “You can’t even fall freely, because we are not falling in emptiness” (V.S. Vysotsky).

- “Freedom is that everyone can increase their share of love, and therefore good” (L.N. Tolstoy).

- “Freedom is not in not restraining oneself, but in being in control of oneself” (F. M. Dostoevsky).

- “Freedom of choice does not guarantee freedom of acquisition” (J. Wolfram).

- “Freedom is when no one and nothing prevents you from living honestly” (S. Yankovsky).

- “To live honestly, you have to rush, get confused, fight, make mistakes...” (L.N. Tolstoy).

Passing the Unified State Exam is just a small test that every student will have to go through on their way to adulthood. Already today, many graduates are familiar with submitting essays in December, and then with passing the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. The topics that may come up for writing an essay are completely different. And today we will give several examples of what works can be taken as an argument “Nature and Man”.

About the topic itself

Many authors have written about the relationship between man and nature (arguments can be found in many works of world classical literature).

To properly address this topic, you need to correctly understand the meaning of what you are being asked about. Most often, students are asked to choose a topic (if we are talking about an essay on literature). Then there are several statements to choose from famous personalities. The main thing here is to read the meaning that the author introduced into his quote. Only then can the role of nature in human life be explained. You will see arguments from the literature on this topic below.

If we are talking about the second part of the exam paper in the Russian language, then here the student is given a text. This text usually contains several problems - the student independently chooses the one that seems easiest to him to solve.

It must be said that few students choose this topic because they see difficulties in it. Well, everything is very simple, you just need to look at the works from the other side. The main thing is to understand what arguments from the literature about man and nature can be used.

Problem one

Arguments (“The problem of man and nature”) can be completely different. Let's take such a problem as man's perception of nature as something living. Problems of nature and man, arguments from literature - all this can be put together into one whole, if you think about it.

Arguments

Let's take Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. What can be used here? Let us remember Natasha, who, leaving the house one night, was so amazed by the beauty of peaceful nature that she was ready to spread her arms like wings and fly away into the night.

Let us remember the same Andrey. Experiencing severe emotional unrest, the hero sees an old oak tree. How does he feel about this? He perceives the old tree as a powerful, wise creature, which makes Andrei think about the right decision in his life.

At the same time, if the beliefs of the heroes of “War and Peace” support the possibility of the existence of a natural soul, then the main character of Ivan Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” thinks completely differently. Since Bazarov is a man of science, he denies any manifestation of the spiritual in the world. Nature was no exception. He studies nature from the point of view of biology, physics, chemistry and other natural sciences. However, natural wealth does not inspire any faith in Bazarov - it is only an interest in the world around him, which will not change.

These two works are perfect for exploring the theme “Man and Nature”; it is not difficult to give arguments.

Second problem

The problem of human awareness of the beauty of nature is also often encountered in classical literature. Let's look at the available examples.

Arguments

For example, the same work by Leo Tolstoy “War and Peace”. Let's remember the first battle in which Andrei Bolkonsky took part. Tired and wounded, he carries the banner and sees clouds in the sky. What emotional excitement Andrei experiences when he sees the gray sky! Beauty that makes him hold his breath, that gives him strength!

But besides Russian literature, we can consider works of foreign classics. Take Margaret Mitchell's famous work, Gone with the Wind. The episode of the book when Scarlett, having walked a long way home, sees her native fields, albeit overgrown, but so close, such fertile lands! How does the girl feel? She suddenly stops being restless, she stops feeling tired. A new surge of strength, the emergence of hope for the best, the confidence that tomorrow everything will be better. It is nature and the landscape of her native land that saves the girl from despair.

Third problem

Arguments (“The role of nature in human life” is a topic) are also quite easy to find in the literature. It is enough to recall just a few works that tell us about the influence nature has on us.

Arguments

For example, “The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest Hemingway would work well as an argumentative essay. Let's remember the main features of the plot: an old man goes to sea for big fish. A few days later he finally has a catch: a beautiful shark is caught in his net. Waging a long battle with the animal, the old man pacifies the predator. While the main character moves towards the house, the shark slowly dies. All alone, the old man begins to talk with the animal. The way home is very long, and the old man feels how the animal becomes like family to him. But he understands that if the predator is released into the wild, he will not survive, and the old man himself will be left without food. Other sea animals appear, hungry and smelling the metallic scent of the wounded shark's blood. By the time the old man arrives home, there is nothing left of the fish he caught.

This work clearly shows how easy it is for a person to get used to the world around him, how difficult it is often to lose some seemingly insignificant connection with nature. In addition, we see that man is able to withstand the elements of nature, which acts exclusively according to its own laws.

Or let’s take Astafiev’s work “The Fish Tsar”. Here we observe how nature is capable of reviving all the best qualities of a person. Inspired by the beauty of the world around them, the heroes of the story understand that they are capable of love, kindness, and generosity. Nature evokes in them the manifestation of the best qualities of character.

Fourth problem

The problem of environmental beauty is directly related to the problem of the relationship between man and nature. Arguments can also be drawn from Russian classical poetry.

Arguments

Let's take the Silver Age poet Sergei Yesenin as an example. We all know from middle school that in his lyrics Sergei Alexandrovich glorified not only female beauty, but also natural beauty. Coming from a village, Yesenin became an absolutely peasant poet. In his poems, Sergei glorified Russian nature, paying attention to those details that remain unnoticed by us.

For example, the poem “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry” perfectly paints us the image of a blooming apple tree, the flowers of which are so light that they actually resemble a sweet haze among the greenery. Or the poem “I remember, my love, I remember,” which tells us about unhappy love, with its lines allows us to plunge into a beautiful summer night, when linden trees are in bloom, the sky is starry, and somewhere in the distance the moon is shining. It creates a feeling of warmth and romance.

Two more poets of the "golden age" of literature, who glorified nature in their poems, can be used as arguments. “Man and nature meet in Tyutchev and Fet. Their love lyrics constantly intersect with descriptions of natural landscapes. They endlessly compared the objects of their love to nature. Afanasy Fet’s poem “I came to you with greetings” became just one of these works. Reading the lines, you don’t immediately understand what exactly the author is talking about - about love for nature or about love for a woman, because he sees infinitely much in common in the features of a loved one with nature.

Fifth problem

Speaking about arguments (“Man and Nature”), one can encounter another problem. It consists of human intervention in the environment.

Arguments

As an argument that will reveal an understanding of this problem, one can name “The Heart of a Dog” by Mikhail Bulgakov. The main character is a doctor who decided to create a new man with the soul of a dog with his own hands. The experiment did not bring positive results, created only problems and ended unsuccessfully. As a result, we can conclude that what we create from a ready-made natural product can never become better than what was originally, no matter how much we try to improve it.

Despite the fact that the work itself has a slightly different meaning, this work can be viewed from this angle.