labor personnel cost management

Man is the source of labor. But every person can be a worker. The population of a country may be: 1. before working age; 2.working; 3.After working age.

Human Resources- this is the part of the country's population that has the necessary physical development, mental abilities and knowledge for work.

Children and the elderly are not part of the labor force. Also, persons who have lost their ability to work or do not have, for example, disabled people or patients who have been treated for a long time, are not labor resources. Therefore, the number of labor resources in the country is always less than the total population. The increase in the share of labor resources depends on the total number of inhabitants, their gender and age composition, as well as the state of health of the nation.

The gender composition of the population is changing. According to statistics from previous years, there are 600,000 fewer women aged 15 to 35 than men in the country, but approximately 300,000 more aged 35 to 45. Human. Russian women live on average 10 years longer than men (74 and 64 years respectively).

The share of the urban population in Russia has been stable in recent years and amounts to about 73% of the total number of inhabitants.

Opportunity to work is determined by working age. It has certain physiological limits. Able-bodied (working) age includes the period of life within certain years, during which a person is able to work without prejudice to his health. The lower limit of this age in Russia is 16 years. The working age for men is set from 16 to 60 years, for women - from 16 to 55 years.

In terms of employment, any person can be classified into one of three groups: employed, unemployed, and outside the total labor force.

Employed persons include persons of working age who perform work for hire for remuneration at enterprises of any form of ownership, as well as other income-generating work, engaged in entrepreneurial activities; self-employed; working without pay in a family business; performing work under civil law contracts. Employed are persons who are in military service and serving in the internal affairs bodies; full-time students of vocational training and persons who are absent from the workplace for a good reason (vacation, disability, retraining, etc.). The employed also include the unemployed and that part of the active population that needs work but is not registered as unemployed.

The unemployed are able-bodied citizens of working age who do not have a job and earnings, registered with the employment service, want to work, are able and ready to work, but do not find a corresponding demand for their professional abilities in the labor market.

The employed and the unemployed form the economically active population or the total labor force. The economically active population or the total labor force is the part of the country's population that provides the supply of labor for the production of goods and services. The total labor force does not include groups of people that make up the economically inactive population. These are preferential pensioners; disabled people of working age who have completely lost their ability to work; persons in places of deprivation of liberty; people of working age who are temporarily not working for any reason, but who are potentially able to replenish the labor market in the future; housewives; people who have stopped looking for work; persons who do not need work as a way of sustenance. Regardless of the reasons that prompt a person to be included in the production process, he must comply in his labor activity with the requirements of the production organization that provides him with the necessary conditions for the realization of his professional abilities. Professional abilities are understood as a set of skills, knowledge, production skills and experience that an individual possesses. The presence of professional abilities is one of the prerequisites for the inclusion of an individual in the production process along with others. This is the availability of appropriate jobs, i.e. a certain demand for professional labor; the presence of a positive motivation for the employee to take these jobs based on their professional and vital interests; the existence of appropriate socio-economic mechanisms and institutions that provide the necessary connection of workers with specific jobs. Inclusion in production activities is carried out through employment. Employment is a process of official registration, securing the right of an individual to take a certain job and perform specialized, labor functions.

Each worker, being included in the production process, pursues certain goals:

• * he seeks to satisfy the needs for the means of life support for himself and his family members;
• * realizes the steady need to connect his professional activity with the institutionally fixed means and institutions existing in society;
• * implements the values ​​he has learned and standard social behavior.

Human Resources - this is the part of the population that, due to the combination of physical abilities, special knowledge and experience, can participate in the creation of material wealth or
work in the service sector.

The criteria for the allocation of labor resources from the population are the boundaries of working age, which are established by the state and depend on the social system, life expectancy of people, other social and economic factors, and on the official state adopted in connection with this. acts. In Belarus, the working age for men is from 16 to 60, for women - from 16 to 55 years.

The labor force includes:- able-bodied population of working age; - working teenagers (under 16); - population older than working age, taking part in social production.

The working population includes people at working age, with the exception of non-working disabled people of groups I and II, as well as persons who retired on preferential terms earlier than the working age established in the general procedure.

The labor force is divided into the following categories:- employed in social production; - self-employed; - those who are studying with a break from work; - employed in household and personal subsidiary farming; - military personnel.

Labor resources have quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The former include indicators of numbers and composition (age, gender, social groups, etc.); the second - indicators of the educational level, professional qualification structure, etc.

Age groups: youth aged 16-29; persons from 30 to 49 years; persons of pre-retirement age (men 50-59 years old, women 50-54 years old); persons of retirement age (men aged 60 and over, women aged 55 and over).

Sexual structure of work. resources is characterized by the ratio of the number of men and women. Determined by the population of working age. In Belarus, the proportion of men is 47 %, women - 53%. This ratio is considered normal for the economy of developed countries.

By level of education: the level of general, special and higher; by social groups.

The ratio of employees by type of activity and skill level characterizes the professional and qualification structure of labor resources. Professions are determined by the nature and content of labor, the specifics and conditions of functioning of individual sectors of the economy. Within the framework of general professions, specialties are distinguished. Depending on the complexity of the work, highly qualified, skilled and unskilled workers are distinguished.

When determining the ratio of labor resources by categories of personnel, workers and employees, including managers, specialists, etc. are taken into account.

The basis for the formation of labor resources is the reproduction of the population, which is carried out through a change of generations as a result of the birth and death of people, i.e. with an increase in the birth rate and life expectancy, there will be an increase in the population and, consequently, in the labor force. The Republic of Belarus belongs to the group of countries with an extremely low birth rate, there are 14.5-17.3 births per 1000 people.

Population migration plays an important role in the formation of labor resources.

An important problem is unemployment. Unemployment is a social and economic phenomenon, expressed in the fact that a certain part of the able-bodied population cannot realize their labor potential.

According to the definition of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the unemployed are persons who are able and willing to work, actively looking for work.

In Belarus, the unemployment rate in 2000 was 2%. At the same time, the share of hidden unemployment is high.

An important role in studying the population of a particular territory (country) is played by the analysis of labor resources. Under labor resources refers to the part of the country's population that has the necessary physical development, mental abilities and knowledge for work. The number of labor resources characterizes the potential mass of living labor or the "reserve" of labor, which society has to meet its needs. In Russian scientific journalism, the concept of "labor resources" was first formulated in the 1920s. Academician S. G. Strumiliy.

In the Russian Federation, the labor force includes the population able-bodied(or, according to B. C. Urlanis, - working) age, with the exception of non-working disabled people, as well as people employed in the economy older (and younger) than working age. Speaking of "working age", it is necessary to define the term "working capacity". Under ability to work It is customary to understand a person's ability to work, a state that allows a person to perform certain work without harm to health. The difference in the types of work determines the variety of options for working capacity. There is a concept general working capacity, i.e. the ability to perform any work at all under normal working conditions. There are also professional performance - as the ability to perform work in the relevant profession (specialty), and special work capacity the ability to work in certain industrial or climatic conditions (in the mountains, in the Far North, in a mine, etc.).

The amount of labor resources depends on several factors that can vary significantly over time. These include: 1) age limits of working age officially established at the state level; 2) the share of persons with general working capacity among the entire population of working age; 3) the number of persons participating in the economic life who are beyond the working age.

Since labor resources are part of the entire population, the natural movement of the population is of decisive importance for the dynamics of their numbers and age and sex composition. In the case of expanded reproduction of the population, the number of labor resources also tends to increase, in the case of a narrowed mode of reproduction of the population, to decrease. But in the second case, the decrease in the number of labor resources does not occur immediately, but as the most numerous age cohorts of the population retire, which are not quantitatively replaced by young people entering working age.

The main indicators characterizing the change in the number of labor resources over a certain time period are absolute growth and growth rates. Absolute growth is calculated as the difference between the number of labor resources at the end and the beginning of the time period under consideration. The growth rate of labor resources is calculated as the ratio of their absolute number at the end of a given period to the number at the beginning of the period.

Quantitative, qualitative and structural characteristics of labor resources can be expressed in absolute and relative terms. Key indicators include:

• average number of employees for the accounting period;
• staff turnover rate;
• the share of employees with higher and secondary specialized education in the total number of employees;
• average length of service for certain categories of employees;
• the share of employees of certain categories in their total number.

One of the main qualitative indicators of labor resources is their gender and age structure. There are several different approaches to identifying age groups. The simplest and most frequently used three-level classification: 1) labor resources at working age; 2) employed in age groups younger and 3) older than working age. Sometimes a more detailed age scale is used, for example, in 10 groups: 16-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60 years and more.

In the period after the Great Patriotic War, the change in the size of the labor force in Russia, as well as the change in the growth rate of the entire population, occurred in waves (see paragraph 7.1). Thus, the minimum increase in the population of working age occurred in 1959-1961, the maximum - in 1971-1975. The quantitative difference in the values ​​of population growth in working age between these time periods was almost fourfold. The next minimum increase in labor resources occurred at the end of the 1980s - beginning of the 1990s, which practically coincides in time with the decline in the birth rate 1 . Since 2006, there has been an absolute reduction in the number of labor resources in Russia, caused, first of all, by a reduction in the working-age population due to negative natural growth.

An increase in the number of labor resources is possible in several cases: 1) due to the natural increase in the population of working age; 2) by reducing the proportion of disabled people among people of working age; 3) by increasing the number of people younger and older than working age employed in the economy. The number of labor resources may also increase in the event of a revision of the age limits for working capacity, primarily by raising the retirement age.

The tool for studying the use of labor resources is the balance of labor resources. Workforce balance- This is a system of indicators reflecting the number and composition of labor resources and their distribution among the employed but by sectors of the national economy and forms of ownership. When compiling the balance of labor resources, the following are also taken into account unemployed and economically inactive population.

Terminology issues

According to the terminology adopted in the Russian Federation economically active population persons aged 15-72 years who are considered employed or unemployed during the period under review are considered. In the same time economically inactive population - these are persons aged 15-72 who are not considered employed or unemployed during the reference period.

TO unemployed, in relation to the definitions of the International Labor Organization (ILO), includes persons aged 15-72 years who, during the period under review, simultaneously met the following criteria:

• did not have a job (profitable occupation);
• engaged in job search, i.e. applied to the state or commercial employment service, used or placed advertisements in the media, the Internet, directly addressed the administration of the enterprise or the employer, used personal connections, etc. or took steps to start their own business;
• were ready to start work during the survey week.

Students in general education institutions, pensioners and the disabled are counted as unemployed if they are unemployed, looking for work and ready to start it.

The balance of labor resources can be of various territorial and production levels - from a separate enterprise to the state economy as a whole. The consolidated balance of labor resources reflects their number and qualitative composition (by gender, age, types of employment, sectors of the economy and professions). Using the balance of labor resources, you can determine the need or surplus in workers.

The balance of labor resources consists of two parts: in the first part, the number and composition of labor resources are fixed, in the second, their distribution by industry and areas of employment. So, when compiling the balance of labor resources among people of working age, the following age groups are separately distinguished: 16-17 years old, 18-29, 30-44 and 45 years old and older. Age gradations are important in determining differences in labor productivity, professional characteristics of workers, their territorial mobility, and a number of other qualitative characteristics.

The concept of demographic burden is closely related to labor resources. The demographic burden is understood as a generalized quantitative characteristic of the age structure of the population, showing the burden on society of the unemployed population. The demographic burden shows the ratio between the able-bodied part of the population, on the one hand, and the unemployed (children and the elderly), on the other.

There are several types of demographic load. calculated as the ratio of the total number of children aged 0-14 years to the number of people of working age. In turn, it represents the ratio of the number of people of retirement age to the number of people of working age. The total (total) demographic burden is the ratio of the total number of children and the elderly to the working-age population. The indicators of the demographic burden and the forecast of their changes are of great importance for economic calculations related to the functioning of the pension system, the social security system and health care.

In different countries of the world, the concept of “working age” is different, which is associated with the peculiarities of national labor legislation, which determines the boundaries of the retirement age and the age at which one can officially start working. According to international standards, working age includes the population of both sexes in the age group of 15-64 years. Accordingly, the share of this group in the total population will vary significantly depending on the age structure of the population of each particular country.

Today in the world, the total demographic burden is on average 52 people per 100 people of working age. The maximum demographic burden is observed in countries with high birth rates, due to the very large proportion of children in the total population. Among the states with a total demographic load of more than 80 are the countries of Tropical Africa

Labor resources - part of the country's population, which, in terms of physical development, acquired education, professional and qualification level, is capable of engaging in socially useful activities. The labor force includes the entire working-age population aged 16 to 54 for women and 16 to 59 for men, as well as persons older and younger than working age actually employed in the national economy (working pensioners and schoolchildren).

Labor resources statistics is necessary in the formation of a base for the assessment, analysis and implementation of labor and socio-economic potentials in order to determine a policy to increase the efficiency of the use of labor resources, develop tools for increasing employment, incomes of the population, and developing a competitive labor market.

The tasks of labor resources statistics are to develop and improve the system of indicators, the methodology for their calculation and analysis in order to comprehensively study labor resources, identify patterns of their formation and movement. In particular, they include:

• - characteristics of the availability, composition and structure of labor resources and the economically active population;
• - studies of employment and unemployment;
• - characteristics of the natural reproduction of labor resources;
• - study of migration and the factors that determine it;
• - calculation of the prospective number of labor resources;
• - assessment of the state and development of the labor market, supply and demand, conjuncture and tension in the labor market.

Sources of statistical information are current reporting on labor, population censuses, sample surveys and specially organized observations on employment problems conducted by state statistical bodies.

For analysis, planning, accounting and management of labor resources, taking into account domestic and world practices, the composition of labor resources is distinguished, shown in fig. 12.1.

Rice. 12.1.

The employed population includes persons working at enterprises of various forms of ownership, including those engaged in individual entrepreneurial activities, as well as employees of religious cults.

The unemployed are people of working age who are not currently working, are looking for work and are ready to start working at any time. Persons who have reached the age of 16, are studying off-duty, pensioners, disabled people are counted among the unemployed if they were looking for work, i.e. applied to employment services, employers, etc., and were ready to start it.

The total number of employed and unemployed constitutes the category of the economically active population.

The population of working age, schoolchildren, full-time students, persons engaged in raising children, housekeeping, conscripts belong to the group of economically inactive population or to the mobile reserve.

The number of labor resources is calculated by two methods: demographic (according to the sources of formation) and economic (according to actual employment).

Using the demographic method, the labor force is calculated as the sum of the population of working age, minus disabled people of groups I and II and adding the number of working adolescents under the age of 16 and working persons of retirement age.

When calculated using the economic method, the labor force represents the aggregate of the entire population actually employed, including those employed in personal subsidiary plots, farms, persons of working age, employed in the household and childcare, out-of-work students over 16 years of age, the unemployed and other unemployed persons. at working age.

The number of labor resources changes under the influence of natural and mechanical movement.

The natural movement of labor resources consists of:

• 1) from the natural replenishment of labor resources at the expense of persons who have reached the age of 16, as well as at the expense of the population of retirement age and adolescents under the age of 16 involved in economic activity;
• 2) natural retirement of labor resources due to:
  • a) people who have reached retirement age,
  • b) persons of working age who have become disabled,
  • c) persons belonging to the labor force who died during the analyzed period,
  • d) working persons of retirement age and teenagers who have finished taking part in social work;
• 3) natural increase (loss) of labor resources, which is calculated as the difference between the natural replenishment and retirement of labor resources.

Under the natural replenishment of labor resources is understood the number of those who entered the working age, and under the natural retirement - the number of those who died at working age and reached retirement age, as well as those who received disability groups I and II.

The ratio of the natural increase in labor resources to the average number of labor resources is called the coefficient of natural increase in labor resources.

The mechanical movement, or migration, of labor resources consists of:

• 1) from the mechanical replenishment of labor resources - the number of persons belonging to the labor resources and arrived for permanent residence in this settlement;
• 2) mechanical retirement of labor resources - the number of retired persons accounted for in the composition of labor resources;
• 3) mechanical increase (loss) of labor resources, defined as the difference between the arrivals and departures of persons related to labor resources.

The ratio of the mechanical growth of labor resources to the average number of labor resources is called the coefficient of mechanical growth of labor resources.

The sum of the coefficients of natural and mechanical growth of labor resources is the coefficient of the total growth of labor resources.

One of the most important tools for analyzing modern processes that are taking shape in the labor market is the balance of labor resources. It is compiled on the basis of materials not only of labor statistics, but also of other branches of statistics. The balance reflects the sources of the formation of labor resources, the direction of the use of labor resources in the system of social division of labor. It is necessary to obtain a comprehensive picture of the formation of the labor potential of the country, the creation of a labor market, the study of employment and unemployment, the structure of the employed by sectors of the economy, forms of ownership, regions and other areas; identification of labor reserves for the country as a whole, sources of replenishment and directions of disposal and other issues. The balance of labor resources is of great importance for studying the social structure of society, forecasting supply and demand in the labor market.

The balance of labor resources includes two interrelated sections. The first section characterizes the availability and reproduction composition of labor resources. The second section of the balance sheet characterizes the distribution of labor resources by spheres and types of activity.

These balances make it possible to calculate a number of indicators that characterize the working capacity and employment of the population: the working capacity coefficients of the entire population, the population of working age; employment rates of the entire population, the population of working age, the employment rate of labor resources, the coefficient of economic activity of labor resources.

The number of labor resources can be determined on any specific date or on average over a certain period.

The average number of labor resources is calculated using the formulas of the arithmetic mean (when data is available only at the beginning and end of the reporting period) or chronological average (if population data are available at the beginning of each period for equal periods of time). If there is information for unequal time intervals, then the chronological weighted average formula is applied.

Calculation example: the number of labor resources of the region (thousand people) amounted to 948 as of January 1; May 1 - 956; September 1 - 958; November 1 - 952; January 1 next year - 950.

The average number of labor resources is equal to:

The system of indicators of labor resources statistics includes the calculation of working capacity coefficients.

The working capacity coefficient of the entire population is equal to the ratio of the working-age population of working age to the total population.

The working capacity ratio of the working age population is calculated by dividing the working age population by the total working age population.

The pension burden coefficient is determined by dividing the population of retirement age by the population of working age, the result is multiplied by 1000 (per thousand people).

The labor force replacement rate is equal to the ratio of the population of pre-working age to the population of working age, the result is multiplied by 1000 (per thousand people).

The total load factor (coefficient of efficiency of the age composition) reflects the degree of load of the population of working age by the population of all non-working ages. It is determined by the sum of the pension burden factor and the labor force replacement rate.

The labor resources of the country are formed primarily from the population of working age.

Of the total number working age population(women - 16-54, men - 16-59 years old) in 1959 amounted to 4447.0 thousand people; in 1979 - 5546.4; in 1989 - 5685.0; in 1999 - 5752.1; in 2000 - 5809.3; in 2001 - 5872.4; at the beginning of 2002 - 5918.0 thousand people. However, not all of the working-age population is able-bodied. The exception is non-working invalids of war and labor of the 1st and 2nd groups; men aged 50-59 and women aged 45-54 who receive pensions on preferential terms.

To the able-bodied population of working age includes all persons aged 16–59 (16–54 for women) with the exception of non-working labor and war invalids of the 1st and 2nd groups, as well as men (50–59 years old) and women (45–54 years old) who receive pensions on preferential terms.

Working-age population- this is a set of persons, mainly of working age (16–54 for women, 16–59 for men), who, according to their psychophysiological data, are capable of participating in the labor process. The working-age population is a narrower concept than the concept of " working-age population, since the latter includes both able-bodied and disabled persons of working age.

In the working population by gender distinguish between a predominantly female or male population. In areas dominated by industries with predominantly male labor, as a rule, there is an unemployed female able-bodied population (for example, the mining industry in the city of Soligorsk). And vice versa, the predominance of female labor (at the Orsha Flax Mill) raises the problem of the shortage of the male population. This problem is demographic and social at the same time, because it creates difficulties in creating and strengthening a family, leads to a decrease in marriage and fertility, an increase in divorce rates, increases staff turnover, which reduces their qualifications.

By degree of economic activity distinguish between economically active and economically inactive part of the working population.

in our country, it is a part of the population that provides its labor for the production of goods and services. The economically active population includes the entire employed population, the unemployed and women on maternity leave and parental leave.

To the economically inactive population of working age include students and pupils, persons engaged in housekeeping, caring for children, sick relatives, and other persons not engaged in economic activities, as well as military personnel.

The proportion of the economically active population calculated for certain age groups is called labor activity of the population. The economically active population in the republic amounted to: in 1990 - 5150.8 thousand people; in 1995 - 4524.2; in 1999 - 4542.0; in 2000 - 4537.0; in 2001 - 4537 thousand people; the economically inactive population in 1995 was 1324.5; in 2000 - 1467.6 thousand people; in 2001 - 1560 (Table 2).

table 2

Economically active population

By degree of employment in the composition of the able-bodied population, the working (or employed) able-bodied population and the unemployed (unemployed) are distinguished. The employed population of the Republic of Belarus in 1995 was 4410 thousand people, in 2000 - 4441; in 2001 - 4435, which is respectively 97.5%; 97.9%; 97.7% in relation to the economically active population. As a result, the main issue in the management of labor resources is the question of "what and how the employed population is employed."

The number of unemployed in 1995 was 114.6 thousand people; in 1999 - 100.0; in 2000 - 96.0; in 2001 - 102 thousand people, which amounted to 2.5 percent of the economically active population; 2.2; 2.1 and 2.3%.

In other words, the economically active population is the part of the population employed in the economy of the country, including those employed in private households, i.e. the vast majority of the working population. In accordance with UN recommendations The economically active population includes not only those who actually work, but also the unemployed who are looking for paid work.

Economically active population combines:

1) all able-bodied population of working age, with the exception of out-of-work students serving in the Armed Forces;

2) persons who are beyond the working age, but are employed in social production;

3) persons employed in subsidiary, cooperative and household, personal households.

In foreign publications the concept of the economically active population is analogous to the concept of the labor force. In domestic literature, labor power is a qualitative characteristic that expresses the ability to work, a commodity of a special kind.

Within the economically active population, labor statistics distinguish the concept industrial population(as a set of people employed in industry and construction) and the agrarian (or agricultural) population. In accordance with this, there are concepts: an industrial country (for example, Belarus); agricultural country (for example, Bulgaria).

Thus, the concept of the able-bodied population does not coincide with the concept of labor resources, since the latter include not only the working and non-working able-bodied population, but also the working disabled population.

Table 3

Labor resources of the Republic of Belarus (thousand people)

At the same time, not only the able-bodied population is employed in labor. In addition to the able-bodied population of working age, two groups of the population beyond working age are involved in labor in our society: the working population younger than working age (under 16) and the working population older than working age (men 60 and older, women 55 and older) . Persons of the last age groups (unable to work by age, but employed) are included in the labor force.