Renaissance or Renaissance - era in history
culture of Europe, which replaced the culture
Middle Ages and pre-modern culture
time. Approximate chronological framework of the era:
beginning of the 14th - last quarter of the 16th century and in
in some cases - the first decades of the 17th century
(eg in England and especially in Spain).
A distinctive feature of the Renaissance is secular
the nature of culture and its anthropocentrism (i.e.
interest, first of all, in man and his
activities). There is an interest in antique
culture, there is, as it were, its “revival” - so
and the term appeared.

Miguel Cervantes

Rome - the eternal city

Music by Lorenzo the Magnificent

Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (Donatello)

"Madonna Benois". "Madonna with a Flower"

"Madonna Litta"

Sandro Botticelli. Birth of Venus. 1482-1486

The birth of a new European science

Rene Descartes

1. Fill out the table "Culture of Enlightenment"

2. Read an excerpt from Daniel Defoe’s novel “The Life and Wonderful Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” and complete the tasks

1) Underline with one line the father’s arguments in favor of the lot of the average person, with two lines - the thoughts with which Robinson could not agree

One line:

Passes his life path quietly and serenely, without burdening yourself with either physical or mental labor...

Two lines:

It is adapted for happiness, because a person is not oppressed by the need and deprivation, hard work and suffering that befall the lower classes, and is not confused by the luxury, ambition, arrogance and envy of the upper classes...

The middle position in society is most conducive to the flourishing of all virtues and all the joys of life...

2) Come up with and write down Robinson’s answer to his father

If all the people around sought to live their lives quietly, calmly and serenely, then society to this day would remain ignorant, not knowing great geographical discoveries, etc.

3) After publication, Defoe’s novel was very popular, readers especially liked the adventures and travel. This greatly upset the author; he said that he was misunderstood: it’s not about adventure at all. Write possible objections to Defoe to your readers. Try writing an imaginary preface to a novel in Defoe's name.

Dear reader. In this novel, behind the description of colorful adventures, long journeys and exotic countries, an attempt is made to show the image of the modern era

3. Here are four illustrations by artists S. Kharlamov and J. Granville for Jonathan Swift’s novel “Gulliver’s Travels.” Determine which trips they relate to. Find the corresponding fragments of text in the novel and write captions under the pictures

4. Carefully examine the first sheet of the series “Fashionable Marriage” (“Marriage according to the fashion of its time”) by artist William Hogarth. Complete tasks

1) What details of the work, seen in the illustration, allow you to say that the author depicted the conclusion of a marriage contract?

The presence of a solicitor presenting an aristocrat, probably, with promissory notes and a rich man carefully studying the document

2) What could become the subject of conversation between the heroes of the work?

Marriage conditions and dowry amount

3) Come up with and record their dialogue

You have a lot of debts. My name and position are worth a lot

And how much do you want?

Well... £10,000

Excuse me, how can you demand so much!...

4) You have only looked at the first of four sheets in the “Fashionable Marriage” series. How could events develop further? Give each print a title

1. Marriage contract

2. The Count's Adventures

3. Boudoir of the Countess

4. Sad ending

5) Draw your version last sheet series "Fashionable marriage"

6) Try to find reproductions of the series in books and albums. Compare William Hogarth's engraving and your drawing. What did you guess correctly? What did they change?

5. Here are works created by artists of the 18th century. Also look at the illustrations in the textbook. Complete tasks

1) Write the numbers of those works whose heroes, from your point of view, can be called people who personify the Age of Enlightenment

2) Write down some evidence for your point of view, starting a sentence with the words: “The people of the Enlightenment are depicted here because...”

People of the Age of Enlightenment are depicted here, because the artists were able to convey the mood of the heroes, immersed in their thoughts and experiences

6. Before you are two still lifes

1) Look at them and briefly describe what is depicted

In Clough's painting we see a set table laden with expensive dishes and delicacies, while in Chardin's painting we see simple food and unpretentious household items

2) What do you think the artists set for themselves when creating these works?

Two features of the era are reflected: a sharp property stratification of society and attention to the life of the lower classes

7. In Beaumarchais’s comedy “The Barber of Seville” there is the following dialogue:

Rosina: You always scold our poor age

Bortolo: Please forgive my insolence, but what did he give us that we could praise him for?

Think about the comedy character’s question and give your answer in writing

The comedy ridiculed the unsightly sides of French aristocratic society and government structure, slowed down modern development countries and served as the cause of social contradictions

8. Contemporaries compared the “Encyclopedia of Sciences, Arts and Crafts” with a huge arsenal in which weapons were obtained for the assault on old France. How do you understand this comparison?

The authors of the Encyclopedia were outstanding educators of the time, who expressed the ideas of enlightenment in their articles. It became clear to the reader that the country’s prosperity was impossible while maintaining the old order

9. From the course on the history of the Middle Ages, you know that an emblem is a conventional image of a concept or idea. Having summarized your knowledge about the Age of Enlightenment, its culture, come up with and draw an emblem in which the Age of Reason and Light would be most fully embodied. Write comments for your logo

2. Read an excerpt from Daniel Defoe’s novel “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” and complete the tasks: 1) Underline with one line the father’s arguments in favor of the destiny of the average person, with two lines (italics) - the thoughts with which Robinson could not agree. 2) Come up with and write Robinson’s answer to his father. 3) After the publication of the novel, Defoe enjoyed great popularity, especially readers liked adventures and travel. This greatly upset the author; he said that he was misunderstood: it’s not about adventure at all. Write possible objections to Defoe to your readers. Try writing an imaginary preface to a novel in Defoe's name.

• Answer:
• 1) My father, a sedate and intelligent man, guessing about my intentions, warned me seriously and thoroughly... my destiny is the middle, that is, what can be called the highest level of modest existence, and it, as he was convinced from many years of experience, better than anyone else in the world and more than anything adapted for happiness, for a person is not oppressed by the need and deprivation, hard work and suffering that befall the lower classes, and is not confused by the luxury, ambition, arrogance and envy of the upper classes... One has only to observe, my father assured me, and I will understand that all the hardships of life are distributed between the higher and lower classes and that people of moderate income, who are not subject to as many vicissitudes of fate as the higher and lower circles of human society, endure them least often; even from illnesses, physical and mental, they are protected more than those whose illnesses are caused either by vices, luxury and all kinds of excesses, or by exhausting labor, poverty, meager and bad food, and all their ailments are nothing more than natural consequences lifestyle. The middle position in society is most conducive to the flourishing of all virtues and all the joys of life... moderation, temperance, health, peace of mind, sociability, all kinds of pleasant entertainment, all kinds of pleasures are his blessed companions. Middle income person passes his life's path quietly and serenely, without burdening himself with either physical or mental labor... He glides freely and easily through life, rationally tasting the sweets of life that do not leave a bitter aftertaste, feeling that he is happy, and every day comprehending this more clearly and deeply.
• 2) If all the people around tried to live their lives quietly, calmly and serenely, then society to this day would remain in ignorance, not knowing great geographical discoveries, etc.
• 3) Dear reader. In this novel, behind the description of colorful adventures, long journeys and exotic countries, an attempt is made to show the image of a contemporary of the era.

3. Here are four illustrations by artists S. Kharlamov and J. Granville for Jonathan Swift's novel "Gulliver's Travels". Determine what kind of travel they refer to. Find the corresponding fragments of text in the novel and write captions under the pictures.

4. Take a close look at the first sheet of the series "Fashionable Marriage" ("Marriage according to the fashion of its time") by artist William Hogarth. Complete the tasks: 1) What details of the work, seen in the illustration, allow you to say that the author depicted the conclusion of a marriage contract? 2) What could become the subject of conversation between the heroes of the work? 3) Come up with and record their dialogue. 4) You have only looked at the first of four sheets in the “Fashionable Marriage” series. How could events develop further? Give each print a title. 5) Draw your version of the last sheet of the "Fashionable Marriage" series. 6) Try to find reproductions of the series in books or albums. Compare William Hogarth's engraving and your drawing. What did you guess correctly? What did they change?

• Answer: 1) The presence of a solicitor presenting the aristocrat, probably, with promissory notes and a rich man carefully studying the document. 2) Conditions of marriage and the amount of dowry. 3) "-You have a lot of debts. My name and position are worth a lot. -And how much do you want? -Well... 10,000 pounds. -Excuse me, how can you demand so much?" 4) Marriage contract; The Count's Adventures; Boudoir of the Countess; Sad end.

5. Here are works created by artists of the 18th century. Also look at the illustrations in the textbook. Complete the tasks: 1) Write the numbers of those works whose heroes, from your point of view, can be called people who personify the Age of Enlightenment. 2) Write down some evidence for your point of view, starting a sentence with the words: “The people of the Enlightenment are depicted here because...”

• Answer: People of the Age of Enlightenment are depicted here, because the artists were able to convey the mood of the heroes, immersed in their thoughts and experiences.

6. Before you are two still lifes. 1) Look at them and briefly describe what is depicted. 2) What do you think the artists set for themselves when creating these works?

• Answer: 1) In Klas's painting we see a set table, laden with expensive dishes and delicacies, while in Chardin's painting simple food and unpretentious household items are depicted. 2) Two features of the era are reflected: the sharp property stratification of society and attention to the life of the lower classes.

7. In Beaumarchais's comedy "The Barber of Seville" there is the following dialogue:

Rosina. You are always scolding our poor age.

Bartolo. Please forgive my insolence, but what did he give us that we could praise him for?

Think about the comedy character’s question and give your answer in writing.

• Answer: The comedy ridiculed the unsightly aspects of French aristocratic society and government, which slowed down the modern development of the country and served as the cause of social contradictions.

8. Contemporaries compared the "Encyclopedia of Sciences, Arts and Crafts" with a huge arsenal in which weapons were obtained for the assault on old France. How do you understand this comparison?

• Answer: The authors of the Encyclopedia were outstanding educators of that time, who expressed the ideas of enlightenment in their articles. It became clear to the reader that the country’s prosperity was impossible while maintaining the old order.

9. From the course on the history of the Middle Ages, you know that an emblem is a conventional image of a concept or idea. Having summarized your knowledge about the Age of Enlightenment, its culture, come up with and draw an emblem in which the Age of Reason and Light would be most fully embodied. Write comments for your logo.

For Europeans, the period of the dark Middle Ages ended, giving way to the Renaissance. It made it possible to revive the almost extinct heritage of Antiquity and create great works of art. Scientists of the Renaissance also played an important role in the development of mankind.

Paradigm

The crisis and destruction of Byzantium led to the appearance of thousands of Christian emigrants in Europe, who brought books with them. These manuscripts contained knowledge of the ancient period, half-forgotten in the west of the continent. They became the basis of humanism, which placed man, his ideas and the desire for freedom at the forefront. Over time, in cities where the role of bankers, artisans, traders and craftsmen increased, secular centers of science and education began to emerge, which not only were not under the control of catholic church, but also often fought against her dictates.

Painting by Giotto (Renaissance)

Artists in the Middle Ages created works of predominantly religious content. In particular, for a long time the main genre of painting was icon painting. The first who decided to depict ordinary people on his canvases, and also to abandon the canonical style of painting inherent in the Byzantine school, was Giotto di Bondone, who is considered a pioneer of the Proto-Renaissance. On the frescoes of the Church of San Francesco, located in the city of Assisi, he used the play of chiaroscuro and departed from the generally accepted compositional structure. However, Giotto's main masterpiece was the painting of the Arena Chapel in Padua. It is interesting that immediately after this order the artist was called to decorate the city hall. While working on one of the paintings, in order to achieve the greatest authenticity in the depiction of the “celestial sign,” Giotto consulted with the astronomer Pietro d’Abano. Thus, thanks to this artist, painting stopped depicting people, objects and natural phenomena according to certain canons and became more realistic.

Leonardo da Vinci

Many figures of the Renaissance had versatile talent. However, none of them can compare in his versatility with Leonardo da Vinci. He distinguished himself as an outstanding painter, architect, sculptor, anatomist, natural scientist and engineer.

In 1466, Leonardo da Vinci went to study in Florence, where, in addition to painting, he studied chemistry and drawing, and also acquired skills in working with metal, leather and plaster.

Already the artist’s first paintings distinguished him among his fellow workers. During his long, at that time, 68-year life, Leonardo da Vinci created such masterpieces as “Mona Lisa”, “John the Baptist”, “Lady with an Ermine”, “The Last Supper”, etc.

Like other prominent figures of the Renaissance, the artist was interested in science and engineering. In particular, it is known that the wheel pistol lock he invented was used until the 19th century. In addition, Leonardo da Vinci created drawings of a parachute, a flying machine, a searchlight, a telescope with two lenses, etc.

Michelangelo

When the question of what the Renaissance figures gave to the world is discussed, the list of their achievements necessarily contains the works of this outstanding architect, artist and sculptor.

Among the most famous creations of Michelangelo Buonarroti are the frescoes of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the statue of David, the sculpture of Bacchus, the marble statue of the Madonna of Bruges, the painting “The Torment of St. Anthony” and many other masterpieces of world art.

Rafael Santi

The artist was born in 1483 and lived only 37 years. However, the great legacy of Raphael Santi puts him at the top of any symbolic rating of “Outstanding Figures of the Renaissance.”

The artist’s masterpieces include “The Coronation of Mary” for the Oddi altar, “Portrait of Pietro Bembo”, “Lady with a Unicorn”, numerous frescoes commissioned for the Stanza della Segnatura, etc.

The pinnacle of Raphael's work is considered to be the "Sistine Madonna", created for the altar of the church of the monastery of St. Sixta in Piacenza. This picture makes an unforgettable impression on anyone who sees it, since the Mary depicted on it in an incomprehensible way combines the earthly and heavenly essences of the Mother of God.

Albrecht Durer

Famous figures of the Renaissance were not only Italian. These include German painter and the master of engravings Albrecht Dürer, who was born in Nuremberg in 1471. His most significant works are the “Landauer Altar”, a self-portrait (1500), the painting “Feast of Rose Wreaths”, and three “Workshop Engravings”. The latter are considered masterpieces of graphic art of all times and peoples.

Titian

The great figures of the Renaissance in the field of painting left us images of their most famous contemporaries. One of the outstanding portrait painters of this period of European art was Titian, who came from the famous Vecellio family. He immortalized on canvas Federico Gonzaga, Charles V, Clarissa Strozzi, Pietro Aretino, the architect Giulio Romano and many others. In addition, his brushes include canvases on subjects from ancient mythology. How highly the artist was valued by his contemporaries is evidenced by the fact that one day Emperor Charles V hastened to pick up a brush that had fallen from Titian’s hands. The monarch explained his action by saying that serving such a master is an honor for anyone.

Sandro Botticelli

The artist was born in 1445. Initially, he was going to become a jeweler, but then he ended up in the workshop of Andrea Verrocchio, who once studied with Leonardo da Vinci. Along with works of religious themes, the artist created several paintings of secular content. Botticelli's masterpieces include the paintings "The Birth of Venus", "Spring", "Pallas and the Centaur" and many others.

Dante Alighieri

The great figures of the Renaissance left their indelible mark on world literature. One of the most prominent poets of this period is Dante Alighieri, born in 1265 in Florence. At the age of 37 he was expelled from hometown because of their political views and wandered until recent years own life.

Even as a child, Dante fell in love with his peer Beatrice Portinari. Having matured, the girl married another man and died at the age of 24. Beatrice became the poet’s muse, and it was to her that he dedicated his works, including the story “ New life" In 1306, Dante began creating his “Divine Comedy,” which he worked on for almost 15 years. In it, he exposes the vices of Italian society, the crimes of the popes and cardinals, and places his Beatrice in “paradise.”

William Shakespeare

Although Renaissance ideas arrived somewhat late in the British Isles, outstanding works of art were also created there.

In particular, one of the most famous playwrights in human history, William Shakespeare, worked in England. His plays have been performed on theater stages in all corners of the planet for more than 500 years. His pen includes the tragedies “Othello”, “Romeo and Juliet”, “Hamlet”, “Macbeth”, as well as the comedies “Twelfth Night”, “Much Ado About Nothing” and many others. In addition, Shakespeare is famous for his sonnets dedicated to the mysterious Dark Lady.

Leon Battista Alberti

The Renaissance also contributed to changing the appearance of European cities. Great architectural masterpieces were created during this period, including the Roman Cathedral of St. Peter's, the Laurentian staircase, the Florence Cathedral, etc. Along with Michelangelo, the famous scientist Leon Battista Alberti is one of the famous architects of the Renaissance. He made enormous contributions to architecture, art theory and literature. His areas of interest also included problems of pedagogy and ethics, mathematics and cartography. He created one of the first scientific works on architecture, entitled “Ten Books on Architecture.” This work had a huge influence on subsequent generations of his colleagues.

Now you know the most famous cultural figures of the Renaissance, thanks to whom human civilization reached new round of its development.

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Great humanists of Europe. World artistic culture Renaissance. Man began to think not only about the afterlife, but also about earthly, worldly life. Proponents of this view of the world began to call themselves humanists (from the Latin humanus - human). The creators of the art of the High Renaissance created the image of a beautiful, harmonious person who combined physical beauty and spiritual perfection.

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Figure Country Works Contents of works, creativity Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536), theologian and philologist Holland “Easy Conversations”, “Praise of Stupidity”. He commented on the Bible, he does not abandon religious subjects, but the center of his attention is a person endowed with free will, having the right to choose. He praised intelligence and the ability to express one’s thoughts beautifully. Thomas More (1478 - 1535), politician, writer England " golden book..., or Utopia." The source of all England's misfortunes is private property. Unfair laws against the poor. An ideal society is collective property, there are no rich or poor, art and science are universally respected. Francois Rabelais (1494-1553), famous doctor, one of the most educated people of his time. France "Gargantua and Pantagruel". He praised the common sense of the common people and ridiculed the stupidity and hypocrisy of those in power.

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Figure Country Works Contents of works, creativity Michel Montaigne (1533 – 1592), philosopher, publicist France “Experiences” - a collection of discussions on morality, philosophy and work. The work is still popular today. A reasonable and kind person needs to know and evaluate himself. Life is the greatest gift, you need to behave wisely in everyday life, live in peace and appreciate every moment. Montaigne warns against idleness, especially mental idleness. Called for religious tolerance. William Shakespeare (1564-1616), poet, playwright England “Romeo and Juliet”, “Hamlet”, “King Lear”. The world is a theater, and the people within are actors. Theater is a school that teaches you not to bend under the blows of fate. His characters love and suffer, make mistakes, fight for their happiness. Man is a miracle of nature. Miguel Cervantes (1547 - 1616), writer Spain “Don Quixote” In the image of Don Quixote, the Knight of the Sad Image, he praises the wisdom, nobility, humanity of the knight who wanders in a world of injustice, helping people become better.

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Figure Country Works Contents of works, creativity Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), artist, poet, architect, sculptor, musician France About 7 thousand pages of records, drafts, manuscripts. "Madonna and Child", "Mona Lisa", "Last Supper". An artist is a person endowed with divine power. The heroes of his works - ordinary people. Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564), sculptor, poet Italy Sculpture of David, poems about love and art. Sculpture is the best of the arts, glorifying the beauty of man. He glorified earthly beauty and the beauty of art. Raphael Santi (1483 - 1520), painter Italy “Madonna Conestabile”, “Sistine Madonna” Portrayed the world as harmonious and beautiful, perfect and calm.

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Figure Country Works Contents of works, creativity Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1530-1569), painter of the Netherlands “Peasant Dance”, “Seasons”, “Harvest”. Peasant painter, depicted real characters, ordinary people and folk scenes, the peaceful life of the inhabitants. Albrecht Durer (1471-1528), painter, engraver, scientist Germany Engravings, landscapes. Engraving "Four Horsemen". An artist is a thinker. Man is the crown of nature. Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543), artist Germany “Portrait of King Henry VIII”. He portrayed calmness and at the same time the complexity and contradictoriness of human nature. Rembrandt Harmenswan Rijn (1606 – 1669), Dutch artist “Portrait of an Old Man in Red”, “Return of the Prodigal Son” strove to convey on canvas the inner world of a person, his thoughts, state of mind. Diego Velazquez (1599-1660), artist, court painter of the king of Spain Portraits of the king and courtiers, “Breakfast”, “Spinners”. Spain is a country of medieval remnants. He portrayed the king as cruel, arrogant, and ordinary people as kind and cheerful.

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Music by Lorenzo the Magnificent Music has always been main part religious service; the church monitored the execution musical works in the temple, not allowing the slightest deviation from the rules. At the end of the 16th century, spiritual works began to appeal to human feelings- are widely developed secular works. Musical creativity– part of the life of courtiers and educated townspeople. It was considered good form for young people to be able to play musical instruments. Madrigals are lyrical vocal works, the predecessor of opera.

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The Birth of a New European Science In modern times, human interest in the world around us has intensified. Great geographical discoveries expanded the boundaries of the world and gave new knowledge, including about the sphericity of the Earth. The growth of cities, the development of manufacturing production and the world market gave rise to the need for precise scientific knowledge. Man is becoming more and more interested in earthly, worldly life. If in the Middle Ages European science observed the principle of authority - the thoughts of the great scientists of antiquity were accepted as truth (geography was studied according to Ptolemy, medicine - according to Hippocrates, etc.), then in the early modern period people strive to observe natural phenomena for themselves, etc. Humanists say that the human mind is capable of understanding and explaining the world itself. Educated people strive to find a reasonable explanation for natural phenomena, no longer relying on religion in their research. The Renaissance gave Europeans independence of thought and the belief that humanity can improve the world in which it lives, and this requires sound, reliable knowledge. In the XVI-XVII centuries. There is a rapid development of science, primarily in the field of mathematics and natural science. The laws discovered by scientists of the New Age are universal in nature, new methods of studying nature are born - a combination of experience (practice) and theory (reason).

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Scientists and thinkers Country Basic ideas. Discoveries Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), astronomer Poland He made a revolution in science, abandoning the doctrine of the immobility of the Earth, which had been accepted for thousands of years. I have been observing the heavenly bodies for 30 years. Book “On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres” (1543). Giordano Bruno (1548-1600), astronomer Italy The Universe has no edge, it is immense and infinite. It has no center - neither the Earth nor the Sun are the centers of the world. The Universe is an infinite number of stars. The universe exists forever and cannot disappear. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), scientist, astronomer, physicist, poet, playwright Italy Observation of celestial bodies through a telescope (discovery of mountains on the Moon, sunspots, satellites of Jupiter, etc.). Formulated the laws of falling bodies, the movement of a pendulum and other laws of physics. Proceedings “Starry Messenger”, “Dialogues about two systems of the world”.

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Scientists and thinkers Country Basic ideas. Discoveries Isaac Newton (1643-1727), scientist, became an academic at about age 30. England Discovered the law of universal gravitation and created an optical laboratory. Constructed a reflecting telescope. The book “Mathematical principles of natural philosophy”: outlined the basic concepts - mass, quantity, force, acceleration, three laws of motion, etc. The discovery of the law of universal gravitation marked the transition to explaining the laws of motion of the Solar System and confirmed the victory of the Copernican teaching. Nature obeys precise laws of mechanics. The scientist has completed the creation of a new picture of the world. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), lawyer, diplomat, politician, historian England Creator of new philosophy. A new method for studying nature is reasoning from the particular to the general, based on experimental data. True knowledge can only be obtained by combining theory with practice. Rene Descartes (1596-1650), scientist, philosopher, mathematician France The goal of science is for man to achieve dominance over the forces of nature, which should be forced to serve people. Science must be of practical use. “I think, therefore I am.”

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Rene Descartes Giordano Bruno Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Francis Bacon Nicolaus Copernicus