Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1828-1910) is considered one of the greatest writers not only in Russia, but throughout the whole world. He created such masterpieces as “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, “Resurrection”, “The Living Corpse”, etc. He came from a noble noble family. This already provided him with a prosperous and a well-fed life. But, having crossed the 50-year mark, the writer began to think about the essence of existence.

He suddenly realized that material well-being was not the most important thing. Therefore, he began to engage in physical labor, began to dress in the clothes of commoners, refused to eat meat and declared himself a vegetarian. To top it off, he renounced the rights to his literary property and fortune in favor of his family. He also put forward the theory of non-resistance to evil, basing his statements on evangelical forgiveness. The views of the great writer very quickly became popular among people and found their followers.

In 1891, famine broke out in the Black Earth and Middle Volga regions as a result of crop failure. On the initiative of Lev Nikolaevich, institutions were organized whose task was to help people in need. The writer initiated donations, and in a short time 150 thousand rubles were collected. About 200 canteens were opened there, feeding thousands of people. The victims were given seeds and horses. All these noble deeds perfectly characterize the personality of Leo Tolstoy.

However, the true essence of a person is known in the little things. In his fleeting statements, judgments and insignificant actions. It should be noted here that many people, whose lives are calm, satisfying and serene, sometimes dream of suffering at least a little, experiencing hardships and hardships. Most often this happens from satiety and boredom. In rare cases, such a desire is sincere, and then a person really radically changes his life. He distributes property to the poor, goes to a monastery or goes to war.

But the overwhelming majority of wealthy people never do this. Such gentlemen only tell others about their desire, but do not lift a finger to turn it into reality. It was precisely this audience that he belonged to great writer. But in order not to be unfounded, let's turn to the facts.

This is what Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (1853-1921) recalled - famous writer, publicist and journalist who served 6 years of exile in Yakutia:
“Several months after my return from exile, I went to Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. It was necessary to publish a book, and I really wanted him to take part in this. Zlatovratsky introduced me to the writer. He said that Korolenko was in exile, and described the most its difficult and unpleasant moments.

“Come to me,” said Lev Nikolaevich, looking at me intently. - What a happy person you are. You were in Siberia, went through prisons. And I pray to God to let me suffer for my beliefs, but he doesn’t.

Soon I met a man who was introduced to me as Orlov. At first he was a Nechaevite, then he became a Tolstoyan. He lived on the outskirts of the city with a large family, eking out a semi-poor existence. Lev Nikolaevich often came to visit him. He sat down on a chair and admired the wretched situation, the ragged and half-starved children. At the same time, he constantly repeated that he envied Orlov that he had amazingly good things in his house.”

Once the widow Uspenskaya met the great writer. Her husband died in hard labor, and the poor woman fought for survival, trying to bring her only son into the people. She lived in a tiny apartment, chopped wood herself, lit the stove, cooked, washed dishes, and wore cast-offs. Tolstoy sincerely admired this woman, and every time he was moved, he said that he had never met more happy person than her. However, the venerable writer never helped Uspenskaya even with a penny. And really, why - she’s happy.

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Posse (1864-1940), a journalist and participant in the revolutionary movement, recalled:
“Once Lev Nikolayevich asked me: “Have you been in prison?” To which I answered in the affirmative. The writer perked up and dreamily remarked: “What I miss is prison. How wonderful it is to fully experience hardship and torment! I would really like to sit in a real damp prison." I couldn’t find anything to say to that."

The personality of Leo Tolstoy is remarkable in one more way. This is what Nikolai Vasilievich Davydov (1848-1920) - prosecutor, recalled public figure, close friend the writer’s family and frequent visitor to Yasnaya Polyana:
“We gathered one evening in Yasnaya Polyana on the veranda. Someone from the family began to read a chapter from War and Peace. Lev Nikolaevich himself was not with us. He was unwell and was in his room. However, soon the writer appeared at the door, "I stood and listened to the reading. When they finished reading, I asked with interest what they were reading. It was written too well and neatly."

The life path of the great classic undoubtedly deserves all respect. But sometimes he clearly played to the public, which put those around him in an awkward position.

Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (28.08. (09.09.) 1828 - 07 (20).11.1910)

Russian writer, philosopher. Was born in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, in a rich aristocratic family. He entered Kazan University, but then left it. At the age of 23 he went to war with Chechnya and Dagestan. Here he began to write the trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”.

In the Caucasus he took part in hostilities as an artillery officer. During Crimean War went to Sevastopol, where he continued to fight. After the end of the war, he went to St. Petersburg and published “ Sevastopol stories”, which clearly reflected his outstanding writing talent. In 1857, Tolstoy went on a trip to Europe, which disappointed him.

From 1853 to 1863 wrote the story “Cossacks”, after which he decided to interrupt his literary activity and become a landowner, doing educational work in the village. For this purpose, he went to Yasnaya Polyana, where he opened a school for peasant children and created his own system of pedagogy.

In 1863-1869. wrote his fundamental work “War and Peace”. In 1873-1877. created the novel Anna Karenina. During these same years, the writer’s worldview, known as Tolstoyism, was fully formed, the essence of which is visible in the works: “Confession”, “What is my faith?”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”.

The teaching is set forth in the philosophical and religious works “Study of Dogmatic Theology”, “Connection and Translation of the Four Gospels”, where the main emphasis is on the moral improvement of man, the denunciation of evil, and non-resistance to evil through violence.
Later, a duology was published: the drama “The Power of Darkness” and the comedy “The Fruits of Enlightenment,” then a series of stories and parables about the laws of existence.

Admirers of the writer’s work came to Yasnaya Polyana from all over Russia and the world, whom they treated as a spiritual mentor. In 1899, the novel “Resurrection” was published.

The writer's latest works are the stories "Father Sergius", "After the Ball", "Posthumous Notes of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich" and the drama "The Living Corpse".

Tolstoy's confessional journalism gives a detailed idea of ​​his emotional drama: painting pictures social inequality and the idleness of the educated strata, Tolstoy harshly posed questions of the meaning of life and faith to society, criticized all state institutions, going so far as to deny science, art, court, marriage, and the achievements of civilization.

Tolstoy's social declaration is based on the idea of ​​Christianity as a moral teaching, and he interpreted the ethical ideas of Christianity in a humanistic manner, as the basis of the universal brotherhood of man. In 1901, the reaction of the Synod followed: the world famous writer was officially excommunicated from the church, which caused a huge public outcry.

On October 28, 1910, Tolstoy secretly left Yasnaya Polyana from his family, fell ill on the way and was forced to get off the train at the small Astapovo Ryazan-Uralskaya railway station railway. Here, in the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life.

The great Russian writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is known for the authorship of many works, namely: War and Peace, Anna Karenina and others. The study of his biography and creativity continues to this day.

The philosopher and writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born into a noble family. As an inheritance from his father, he inherited the title of count. His life began on a large family estate in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, which left a significant imprint on his future fate.

In contact with

Life of L. N. Tolstoy

He was born on September 9, 1828. While still a child, Leo experienced many difficult moments in life. After his parents died, he and his sisters were raised by their aunt. After her death, when he was 13 years old, he had to move to Kazan to be under the care of a distant relative. Lev's primary education took place at home. At the age of 16 he entered the philological faculty of Kazan University. However, it was impossible to say that he was successful in his studies. This forced Tolstoy to transfer to an easier, law faculty. After 2 years, he returned to Yasnaya Polyana, having never fully mastered the granite of science.

Due to Tolstoy's changeable character, he tried himself in different industries, interests and priorities often changed. The work was interspersed with protracted sprees and revelry. During this period, they incurred a lot of debts, which they had to pay off for a long time. The only passion of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, which remained stable throughout his life, was conducting personal diary. From there he later drew the most interesting ideas for your works.

Tolstoy was partial to music. His favorite composers are Bach, Schumann, Chopin and Mozart. At a time when Tolstoy had not yet formed a main position regarding his future, he succumbed to his brother’s persuasion. At his instigation, he went to serve in the army as a cadet. During his service he was forced to participate in 1855.

Early works of L. N. Tolstoy

Being a cadet, he had enough free time to start his creative activity. During this period, Lev began to study history of an autobiographical nature called Childhood. For the most part, it contained facts that happened to him when he was still a child. The story was sent for consideration to Sovremennik magazine. It was approved and released into circulation in 1852.

After the first publication, Tolstoy was noticed and began to be equated with significant personalities of that time, namely: I. Turgenev, I. Goncharov, A. Ostrovsky and others.

During those same army years, he began work on the story Cossacks, which he completed in 1862. The second work after Childhood was Adolescence, then Sevastopol Stories. He was engaged in them while participating in the Crimean battles.

Euro-trip

In 1856 L. N. Tolstoy left military service with the rank of lieutenant. I decided to travel for a while. First he went to St. Petersburg, where he was given a warm welcome. There he established friendly contacts with popular writers of that period: N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Goncharov, I. I. Panaev and others. They showed genuine interest in him and took part in his fate. The Blizzard and Two Hussars were written at this time.

Having lived a cheerful and carefree life for 1 year, having ruined relations with many members of the literary circle, Tolstoy decides to leave this city. In 1857, his journey through Europe began.

Leo did not like Paris at all and left a heavy mark on his soul. From there he went to Lake Geneva. Having visited many countries, he returned to Russia with cargo negative emotions . Who and what amazed him so much? Most likely, this is too sharp a polarity between wealth and poverty, which was covered with feigned splendor European culture. And this could be seen everywhere.

L.N. Tolstoy writes the story Albert, continues to work on the Cossacks, wrote the story Three Deaths and Family Happiness. In 1859 he stopped collaborating with Sovremennik. At the same time, Tolstoy began to notice changes in his personal life, when plans include marriage to peasant woman Aksinya Bazykina.

After the death of his older brother, Tolstoy went on a trip to the south of France.

Homecoming

From 1853 to 1863 his literary activity stopped due to leaving for home. There he decided to do farming. At the same time, Lev himself carried out active educational activities among the village population. He created a school for peasant children and began teaching according to his own methods.

In 1862, he himself created a pedagogical magazine called Yasnaya Polyana. Under his leadership, 12 publications were published, which were not appreciated at the time. Their nature was as follows: he alternated theoretical articles with fables and stories for children at the primary level of education.

Six years from his life from 1863 to 1869, went to write the main masterpiece - War and Peace. Next on the list was the novel Anna Karenina. It took another 4 years. During this period, his worldview was fully formed and resulted in a movement called Tolstoyism. The foundations of this religious and philosophical movement are set out in the following works of Tolstoy:

• Confession.
• Kreutzer Sonata.
• A Study of Dogmatic Theology.
• About life.
• Christian teaching and others.

Main accent they focus on the moral dogmas of human nature and their improvement. He called for forgiveness of those who bring us harm and renunciation of violence when achieving our goals.

The flow of admirers of L.N. Tolstoy’s work did not stop coming to Yasnaya Polyana, looking for support and a mentor in him. In 1899, the novel Resurrection was published.

Social activity

Returning from Europe, he received an invitation to become the bailiff of the Krapivinsky district of the Tula province. He actively joined the active process of protecting the rights of the peasantry, often going against the tsar's decrees. This work broadened Leo's horizons. Closer encounter with peasant life, he began to understand all the subtleties better. The information received later helped him in his literary work.

Creativity flourishes

Before starting to write the novel War and Peace, Tolstoy began writing another novel, The Decembrists. Tolstoy returned to it several times, but was never able to complete it. In 1865, a small excerpt from War and Peace appeared in the Russian Bulletin. After 3 years, three more parts were released, and then all the rest. This created a real sensation in Russian and foreign literature. In the novel the most in detail different segments of the population are described.

TO latest works writers include:

• stories Father Sergius;
• After the ball.
• Posthumous notes of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich.
• drama Living Corpse.

The character of his latest journalism can be traced conservative attitude. He harshly condemns the idle life of the upper strata, who do not think about the meaning of life. L.N. Tolstoy harshly criticized state dogmas, rejecting everything: science, art, court, and so on. The Synod itself reacted to such an attack and in 1901 Tolstoy was excommunicated from the church.

In 1910, Lev Nikolaevich left his family and fell ill on the way. He had to get off the train at the Astapovo station of the Ural Railway. last week He spent his life in the house of the local station master, where he died.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is a brilliant writer who was able to leave an indelible mark on the history of Russian literature. Currently, his works are studied in schools, colleges and other educational institutions. Leo Tolstoy was distinguished by his modesty. He simply enjoyed writing, interpreting thoughts in different ways and conveying the main ideas to people. Existence for the writer was an integral part of life, and not to write about everyday life and ordinary life peasants was impossible. Leo Tolstoy - biography: childhood, life principles, creativity, offspring - we’ll talk about all this now.

The writer's life position

Leo Tolstoy called himself a Christian until the end of his days. In his heart he wanted to be equal to others ordinary people and look at their lives, live just like them. By decision of the Synod he was excommunicated Orthodox Church, however, this did not stop him from communicating with the peasants and learning from their difficult way of life. In the 70s he became seriously interested in philosophy. Today it is known that he prepared articles for publication in the Posrednik publishing house. These were articles about philosophers of India and the Middle East. The writer remained interested in philosophy until last days his life. Tolstoy knew by heart such works as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

As it became known later, the writer was in a group with famous Indian scientists. From them he learned about the philosophy of India, about the lives of people and about their plans. From the correspondence one could understand that he agreed with the religion of India and was trying to copy the model of life of ordinary Indians.

What was Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy like?

As his contemporaries noted, the writer was a complex person. It was very difficult to prove my point of view to him and convince him. If he considered it necessary to do one way or another, he always did crazy things. This did not stop him from traveling a lot and looking at the world with different eyes. The writer had few friends, so everything was his own free time he spent at work.

The work of Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy did not pass without a trace. In his article “The First Step,” he proved the sequence of acquiring virtues. He believed that the first virtue should be abstinence. And it doesn’t matter at all what you do, the main thing is to abstain and try to overcome your desires. He himself forbade himself from basic things: sitting for a long time reading books, thinking a lot and traveling. However, all this could be noticed throughout unusual life writer.

The children of Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy positively assessed his work. His daughter Tatyana joined the teachings and helped the writer defend the foundations of the new teaching. Tatyana Lvovna wrote a collection that is associated with the doom of philosophy and self-knowledge. The article was published by the Posrednik publishing house. Youngest daughter Tolstoy translated from in English the book “Ethics of Food” into Russian.

Leo Tolstoy had 13 children, many of them died in infancy. All children are from his wife Sofia Andreevna Bers. They got married when Sophia was only 17 years old, and Leo Tolstoy was in his fourth decade. However, the large age difference did not interfere with their family happiness. His wife became the writer’s life support and assistant in his work. She rewrote, reread and corrected his texts, and helped shape the phrases and thoughts of his works.

Leo Tolstoy was a vegetarian. In this regard, the Tolstoy family was divided into two parts. On the one hand, there was his wife Sofya Tolstaya, who was against her husband’s vegetarian beliefs, on the other, the daughters who supported their father. The writer believed that soon everyone would give up meat and be happy. He thought so before his death, but his beliefs did not come true.

Leo Tolstoy was a difficult person, like all geniuses. However, he left a great legacy to Russian literature - his immortal and famous works.

Count, great Russian writer.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9), 1828 in the estate of the Krapivensky district of the Tula province (now in) in the family of a retired captain-captain Count N. I. Tolstoy (1794-1837), participant Patriotic War 1812.

L.N. Tolstoy was educated at home. In 1844-1847 he studied at Kazan University, but did not complete the course. In 1851, he went to the Caucasus to the village - to the place of military service of his elder brother N.N. Tolstoy.

Two years of life in the Caucasus turned out to be unusually significant for the spiritual development of the writer. The story “Childhood” he wrote here is the first printed work of L. N. Tolstoy (published under the initials L. N. in the Sovremennik magazine in 1852) - together with the stories “Adolescence” (1852-1854) and “Youth” that appeared later "(1855-1857) was part of the extensive plan of the autobiographical novel "Four Epochs of Development", the last part of which - "Youth" - was never written.

In 1851-1853, L.N. Tolstoy took part in military operations in the Caucasus (first as a volunteer, then as an artillery officer), and in 1854 he was sent to the Danube Army. Soon after the start of the Crimean War, at his personal request, he was transferred to Sevastopol, during the siege of which he participated in the defense of the 4th bastion. Army life and episodes of the war gave L. N. Tolstoy material for the stories “Raid” (1853), “Forest cutting” (1853-1855), as well as for artistic essays “Sevastopol in December”, “Sevastopol in May”, “ Sevastopol in August 1855" (all published in Sovremennik in 1855-1856). These essays, which traditionally received the name “Sevastopol Stories,” made a huge impression on Russian society.

In 1855, L. N. Tolstoy came to, where he became close to the staff of Sovremennik, met I. A. Goncharov, and others. The years 1856-1859 were marked by the writer’s attempts to find himself in the literary environment, to get comfortable among professionals, assert your creative position. The most striking work of this time is the story “Cossacks” (1853-1863), in which the author’s attraction to folk themes.

Dissatisfied with his work, disappointed in secular and literary circles, L. N. Tolstoy at the turn of the 1860s decided to leave literature and settle in the village. In 1859-1862, he devoted a lot of energy to the school he founded for peasant children, studied the organization of teaching in and abroad, published the pedagogical magazine “Yasnaya Polyana” (1862), preaching a free system of education and upbringing.

In 1862, L. N. Tolstoy married S. A. Bers (1844-1919) and began to live patriarchally and secludedly in his estate as the head of a large and ever-increasing family. During the years of peasant reform, he served as a peace mediator for the Krapivensky district, resolving disputes between landowners and their former serfs.

The 1860s were the heyday of the artistic genius of L. N. Tolstoy. Living a sedentary, measured life, he found himself in intense, concentrated spiritual creativity. The original paths mastered by the writer led to a new rise in national culture.

L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” (1863-1869, publication began in 1865) has become a unique phenomenon in Russian and world literature. The author managed to successfully combine depth and sincerity psychological novel with the scope and multi-figure nature of an epic fresco. With his novel, L.N. Tolstoy tried to give an answer to the desire of literature of the 1860s to understand the course of historical process, determine the role of the people in decisive epochs of national life.

In the early 1870s, L.N. Tolstoy again focused on his pedagogical interests. He wrote "ABC" (1871-1872), later - "New ABC" (1874-1875), for which the writer composed original stories and adaptations of fairy tales and fables, which made up four "Russian books for reading." For a while, L.N. Tolstoy returned to teaching at the Yasnaya Polyana school. However, soon symptoms of a crisis in the writer’s moral and philosophical worldview began to appear, aggravated by the historical stoppage of the social turning point of the 1870s.

The central work of L. N. Tolstoy of the 1870s is the novel “Anna Karenina” (1873-1877, published in 1876-1877). Like the novels and, written at the same time, “Anna Karenina” is a highly problematic work, full of signs of the times. The novel was the result of the writer’s thoughts about fate modern society and are imbued with pessimistic sentiments.

By the beginning of the 1880s, L.N. Tolstoy formed the basic principles of his new worldview, which later received the name Tolstoyism. They found their most complete expression in his works “Confession” (1879-1880, published in 1884) and “What is my faith?” (1882-1884). In them, L. N. Tolstoy concluded that the foundations of the existence of the upper strata of society, with which he was connected by origin, upbringing and life experience. To the writer’s characteristic criticism of materialist and positivist theories of progress, to the apology of naive consciousness is now added a sharp protest against the state and the official church, against the privileges and way of life of his class. L.N. Tolstoy connected his new social views with moral and religious philosophy. The works “Study of Dogmatic Theology” (1879-1880) and “Connection and Translation of the Four Gospels” (1880-1881) laid the foundation for the religious side of Tolstoy’s teaching. Purified from distortions and church rituals, Christian teaching in its updated form, according to the writer, it was supposed to unite people with the ideas of love and forgiveness. L.N. Tolstoy preached non-resistance to evil through violence, considering the only reasonable means of combating evil to be its public denunciation and passive disobedience to authorities. He saw the path to the future renewal of man and humanity in individual spiritual work, moral improvement of the individual, and rejected the significance of political struggle and revolutionary explosions.

In the 1880s, L. N. Tolstoy noticeably cooled towards artistic work and even condemned his previous novels and stories as lordly “fun”. He became interested in simple physical labor, plowed, sewed his own boots, and switched to vegetarian food. At the same time, the writer’s dissatisfaction with the usual way of life of his loved ones grew. His journalistic works “So what should we do?” (1882-1886) and "Slavery of Our Time" (1899-1900) sharply criticized the vices modern civilization, but the author saw a way out of its contradictions primarily in utopian calls for moral and religious self-education. Actually artistic creativity the writer of these years is imbued with journalism, direct denunciations of an unfair trial and modern marriage, land ownership and the church, passionate appeals to the conscience, reason and dignity of people (the story “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (1884-1886); “The Kreutzer Sonata” (1887-1889, published in 1891); “The Devil” (1889-1890, published in 1911).

During the same period, L. N. Tolstoy began to show serious interest in dramatic genres. In the drama “The Power of Darkness” (1886) and the comedy “The Fruits of Enlightenment” (1886-1890, published in 1891), he examined the problem of the pernicious influence of urban civilization on conservative rural society. L. N. Tolstoy’s desire to appeal directly to the reader from the people caused the so-called “folk stories” of the 1880s (“How People Live,” “Candle,” “Two Old Men,” “How Much Land Does a Man Need,” etc.), written in the genre of parables, have come to life.

L. N. Tolstoy actively supported the publishing house “Posrednik”, which emerged in 1884, which was led by his followers and friends V. G. Chertkov and I. I. Gorbunov-Posadov and whose goal was to distribute books among the people that served the cause of education and were close to Tolstoy’s teachings . Many of the writer’s works, under censorship conditions, were published first in Geneva, then in London, where, on the initiative of V. G. Chertkov, the Svobodnoe Slovo publishing house was founded. In 1891, 1893 and 1898, L. N. Tolstoy headed a wide social movement to provide assistance to peasants in starving provinces, he made appeals and articles on measures to combat hunger. In the 2nd half of the 1890s, the writer devoted a lot of effort to protecting religious sectarians - the Molokans and Doukhobors, and facilitated the relocation of the Doukhobors to Canada. (especially in the 1890s) became a place of pilgrimage for people from the farthest corners of Russia and other countries, one of the largest centers of attraction for the living forces of world culture.

Home artistic work L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “Resurrection” (1889-1899) appeared in the 1890s, the plot of which arose on the basis of a genuine court case. In an astonishing combination of circumstances (a young aristocrat, once guilty of seducing a peasant girl raised in a manor house, must now, as a juror, decide her fate in court), the writer expressed the alogism of a life built on social injustice. The cartoonish depiction of church ministers and its rituals in “Resurrection” became one of the reasons for the decision of the Holy Synod to excommunicate L. N. Tolstoy from the Orthodox Church (1901).

During this period, the alienation observed by the writer in his contemporary society makes the problem of personal moral responsibility extremely important for him, with the inevitable pangs of conscience, enlightenment, moral revolution and subsequent break with his environment. The plot of “departure”, a sharp and radical change in life, an appeal to a new faith in life becomes typical (“Father Sergius”, 1890-1898, published in 1912; “The Living Corpse”, 1900, published in 1911; “After the Ball” , 1903, published in 1911; “Posthumous Notes of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich...”, 1905, published in 1912).

In the last decade of his life, L. N. Tolstoy became the recognized head of Russian literature. He maintains personal relationships with young contemporary writers V. G. Korolenko, A. M. Gorky. His social and journalistic activities continued: his appeals and articles were published, work was carried out on the book “The Reading Circle”. Tolstoyism became widely known as an ideological doctrine, but the writer himself at that time experienced hesitation and doubts about the correctness of his teaching. During the Russian Revolution of 1905-1907, his protests against death penalty(article “I Can’t Be Silent”, 1908).

L. N. Tolstoy spent the last years of his life in an atmosphere of intrigue and discord between the Tolstoyans and members of his family. Trying to bring his lifestyle into agreement with his beliefs, on October 28 (November 10), 1910, the writer secretly left. On the way, he caught a cold and died on November 7 (20), 1910 at the Astapovo station of the Ryazan-Ural Railway (now a village in). The death of L.N. Tolstoy caused a colossal public outcry in and abroad.

The work of L. N. Tolstoy marked a new stage in the development of realism in Russian and world literature, and became a kind of bridge between traditions classic novel XIX century and twentieth century literature. Philosophical views The writer had a huge influence on the evolution of European humanism.

Relevant to populated areas:

Born in Yasnaya Polyana, Krapivensky district, Tula province, on August 28 (September 9), 1828. Lived in the estate in 1828-1837. Since 1849 he returned to the estate periodically, and since 1862 he lived permanently. He was buried in Yasnaya Polyana.

He first visited Moscow in January 1837. He lived in the city until 1841, subsequently visited several times and lived for a long time. In 1882 he bought a house on Dolgokhamovnichesky Lane, where from then on his family usually spent the winter. The last time I came to Moscow was in September 1909.

In February-May 1849 he visited St. Petersburg for the first time. Lived in the city in the winter of 1855-1856, visited annually in 1857-1861, and also in 1878. The last time he came to St. Petersburg was in 1897.

He visited Tula several times in 1840-1900. In 1849-1852 he served in the office of the noble assembly. In September 1858 he took part in the congress of the provincial nobility. In February 1868, he was elected as a juror for the Krapivensky district and attended sessions of the Tula District Court.

Owner of the Nikolskoye-Vyazemskoye estate in Chernsky district, Tula province since 1860 (previously belonged to brother N.N. Tolstoy). In the 1860-1870s, he conducted experiments on improving the economy on the estate. The last time I visited the estate was on June 28 (July 11), 1910.

In 1854, the wooden manor house in which L. N. Tolstoy was born was sold and transported from the village of Dolgoye, Krapivensky district, Tula province, which belonged to the landowner P. M. Gorokhov. In 1897, the writer visited the village to buy the house, but due to its dilapidated condition it was considered untransportable.

In the 1860s, he organized a school in the village of Kolpna, Krapivensky district, Tula province (now within the city of Shchekino). July 21 (August 2), 1894 visited the mine joint stock company"Partnership R. Gill" at Yasenki station. On October 28 (November 10), 1910, the day he left, he took the train at Yasenki station (now in Shchekino).

He lived in the village of Starogladovskaya, Kizlyar district, Terek region, the location of the 20th artillery brigade, from May 1851 to January 1854. In January 1852, he was enlisted as a fireworksman of the 4th class in battery No. 4 of the 20th artillery brigade. On February 1 (February 13), 1852, in the village of Starogladovskaya, with the help of his friends S. Miserbiev and B. Isaev, he wrote down the words of two Chechen folk songs with the translation. The recordings of L. N. Tolstoy are recognized as “the first written monument of the Chechen language” and “the first experience of recording Chechen folklore in the local language.”

I visited the Grozny fortress for the first time on July 5 (17), 1851. He visited the commander of the left flank of the Caucasian line, Prince A.I. Baryatinsky, to obtain permission to participate in hostilities. Subsequently he visited Grozny in September 1851 and February 1853.

First visited Pyatigorsk on May 16 (28), 1852. Lived in Kabardinskaya Slobodka. On July 4 (16), 1852, he sent the manuscript of the novel “Childhood” from Pyatigorsk to the editor of the Sovremennik magazine. On August 5 (17), 1852, he left Pyatigorsk for the village. He visited Pyatigorsk again in August - October 1853.

Visited Orel three times. On January 9-10 (21-22), 1856, he visited his brother D.N. Tolstoy, who was dying of consumption. On March 7 (19), 1885, I was passing through the city on my way to the Maltsev estate. On September 25-27 (October 7-9), 1898, he visited the Oryol provincial prison while working on the novel “Resurrection.”

In the period from October 1891 to July 1893, he came several times to the village of Begichevka, Dankovsky district, Ryazan province (now Begichevo), the estate of I. I. Raevsky. In the village he organized a center to help starving peasants of Dankovsky and Epifansky districts. The last time L.N. Tolstoy left Begichevka was on July 18 (30), 1893.