Composition

The story " dog's heart" - one of the most significant works M. Bulgakov. It talks about the unpredictable consequences of scientific discoveries, about the danger of intrusion into the natural course of life. After reading the story, it becomes clear that the worst thing is when the results of scientific discoveries begin to be used by narrow-minded, petty vindictive, evil people who think exclusively in slogans. Such a person in the story, of course, is the chairman of the house committee, Shvonder.

What does this person do? Being the chairman of the house committee, he does not consider it necessary to monitor the order and cleanliness of the house. It is not for nothing that, having learned about the move-in of the “tenants,” Professor Preobrazhensky laments: “The Kalabukhovsky house has disappeared! I'll have to leave, but where, one wonders? Everything will be like clockwork. First, there will be singing every evening, then the pipes in the toilets will freeze, then the steam heating boiler will burst, and so on.” This line of behavior, therefore, became habitual among people like Shvonder: not to fulfill their direct duties, but to engage in uttering revolutionary phrases. Discussions, meetings, pouring from empty to empty - all this is the bureaucratic element of Shvonder.

From the first appearance of Shvonder in Professor Preobrazhensky’s apartment, it is clear that this is a deeply uncultured person: he walks in dirty boots on Persian carpets. But if only this! He turns to Professor Preobrazhensky with the absurd demand to “compact”: general meeting decided that the professor could well give up two rooms - the dining room and the examination room, as a result of which the professor would have to eat in the bedroom and operate in the same place where he cuts rabbits. It is characteristic that to Shvonder this situation seems quite natural, as well as the fact that a person’s needs are determined not by himself, but by the general meeting. Leveling, disrespect for individuality - these are life principles Shvondera.

Shvonder's first visit to Preobrazhensky's apartment ends in the disgrace of Shvonder and his associates. However, the appearance of Sharikov makes the professor vulnerable and causes a fit of violent activity in Shvonder. First of all, he writes a note to the newspaper, where he declares Sharikov to be the illegitimate son of the professor, since his (Shvonder’s) limited mind is not able to accommodate the thought of something unusual, unpredictable.

Shvonder becomes Sharikov's ideologist, his spiritual shepherd. He begins the education of a “new man,” again, in an absurd way. He doesn’t care at all that Sharikov rushes at every cat, husks the seeds and uses obscene language. The main thing is that Sharikov knows the basics of the new ideology, and he gives him to read the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky, from reading which Sharikov draws the radical conclusion that everything must be divided equally.

Moreover, Shvonder actually equalizes the social rights of a professor with

with a worldwide reputation and yesterday's yard dog. “A document is the most important thing in the world,” says Shvonder. The document turns Sharik into Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov, gives him the opportunity to become the head of the cleaning department, that is, to become a full member of human society.

But Shvonder does not understand that by caring for Sharikov, he is digging his own grave. Professor Preobrazhensky quite rightly notes: “...Shvonder is the biggest fool. He does not understand that Sharikov is an even more formidable danger for him than for me... if someone, in turn, sets Sharikov against Shvonder himself, then only horns and legs will remain of him.” Shvonder is not capable, therefore, even based on one’s own absurd logic, to at least foresee something, to even think about the consequences of one’s own actions. He is driven only by the desire to “divide everything,” and the meaning of his image in the story is to reveal the true nature social system, which he personifies, and show that in order to be a full member of this system, it is quite enough to learn to speak and get rid of the tail.

The fate of Bulgakov's literary heritage is a historical plot of rare drama, a sad fate high art seeking fair recognition.

More recently, Bulgakov was well known and close to a relatively small circle of literary experts, theater connoisseurs of the 30s who remembered the success of the Moscow Art Theater production of “The Days of the Turbins,” and individual inquisitive readers.
His name, however, was pronounced with respect in the post-war period, but the main literary achievements time they were still not contacting him.

Now Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov is unconditionally classified as a classic Soviet literature, in judgments about him there are completely different intonations than before, a different emotional reader’s involvement in his individual artistic experience.

All this reflects major changes in our aesthetic consciousness, which, of course, are a consequence of social changes in last years.

The theme of disharmony, brought to the point of absurdity due to human intervention in the laws of nature, in the laws of social development, is revealed with brilliant skill and talent in the story “The Heart of a Dog” by Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. This idea is realized by the author in allegorical form. In my opinion, this form of storytelling is the most convenient for a writer. After all, the story primarily touches on social issues and problems: it criticizes the power of the state over the individual, and reveals many human vices. Without difficulty, the reader recognizes the main character collective image commissar proletarian. A good-natured, simple mongrel turns into an insignificant and aggressive humanoid creature, which, under the influence of external circumstances, becomes dangerous to society. The experiment with this mongrel forms the basis of the story.

Professor Preobrazhensky, no longer a young man, lives alone in a beautiful, comfortable apartment. The brilliant surgeon is engaged in profitable rejuvenation operations. But the professor plans to improve nature itself, he decides to compete with life itself and create a new person by transplanting part of the human brain into a dog. For this experiment he chooses street dog Sharika.

The eternally hungry miserable dog Sharik is not stupid in his own way. He evaluates the life, customs, and characters of Moscow during the NEP with its numerous shops, taverns on Myasnitskaya “with sawdust on the floor, evil clerks who hate dogs,” “where they played the accordion and smelled of sausages.” Observing the life of the street, he makes the conclusion: “Janitors of all proletarians are the most vile scum”; “The chef comes across different people. For example, the late Vlas from Prechistenka. How many lives he saved.” Seeing Philip Philipovich Preobrazhensky, Sharik understands: “He is a man of mental labor..., this one will not kick.”
And so the professor performs the main task of his life - a unique operation: he transplants a human pituitary gland from a man who died a few hours before the operation to Sharik. This man is Klim Chugunkin, twenty-eight years old, convicted three times. He was busy playing the balalaika in taverns.
As a result of a complex operation, an ugly creature is born. It inherited the proletarian essence of its predecessor. Bulgakov describes him this way: appearance: "Human vertically challenged and unattractive appearance. The hair on his head grew coarse... His forehead was striking in its small height. Almost directly above the black tassels of scattered eyebrows, a thick head brush began.” The first words he uttered were swearing and “bourgeois.”

With the appearance of this humanoid creature, the life of Professor Preobrazhensky and the inhabitants of the house becomes a living hell. He causes wild pogroms in the apartment, chases cats, causes a flood... All the inhabitants of the professor's apartment are completely confused, there is no question of accepting patients. “The man at the door looked at the professor with dull eyes and smoked a cigarette, sprinkling ashes on his shirtfront...” The owner of the house is indignant: “Don’t throw cigarette butts on the floor - I ask you for the hundredth time. So that I don't hear any more dirty word in the apartment! Don't give a damn!.. Stop all conversations with Zina. She complains that you are stalking her in the dark. Look!
An unexpectedly appeared laboratory creature demands that he be given the hereditary surname Sharikov, and he chooses the name Poligraf Poligrafovich for himself. Having barely become some semblance of a person, Sharikov becomes impudent right before our eyes. He demands a document of residence from the owner of the apartment, confident that the house committee, which protects the interests of the “labor element,” will help him with this. He immediately finds support in the person of the chairman of the house committee, Shvonder. It is he, Shvonder, who demands that Sharikov be issued a residence document, arguing that the document is the most important thing in the state. “I cannot allow an undocumented tenant to stay in the house, and not yet registered with the police. What if there is a war with imperialist predators? Soon Shvonder gives Sharikov a paper that says that Sharikov is entitled to living space in the professor’s apartment.

Sharikov quickly finds his place in life. He has been assigned to the cleaning department and catches stray animals. Then he writes a denunciation against the professor. Sharikov is alien to conscience and morality, shame and others human qualities. He is driven only by meanness and malice.

And this creature could not have another essence. After all, it was created from a dog; the pituitary gland of a drunkard and a criminal, a stupid person, was grafted into it.

Professor Preobrazhensky still does not abandon the idea of ​​​​making Sharikov a man. He hopes for evolution, gradual development. But there is no development and there will not be if the person himself does not strive for it. The professor's whole life turns into
a complete nightmare. There is no peace or order in the house. For days on end you can hear obscene language and balalaika strumming; Sharikov comes home drunk, pesters women, breaks and destroys everything around him. It became a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the entire house. And what can Sharikovs do if you give them complete freedom in life? It’s scary to even imagine the picture of the life that they are able to create around themselves.

Good intentions Preobrazhensky’s creation of a “new unit of society” turns into a tragedy. He comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in nature by both man and society leads to equally catastrophic results. He speaks with anger about his creation: “You are at the lowest level of development... all your actions are purely bestial, and you, in the presence of two people with a university education, allow yourself... to give some kind of advice on a cosmic scale and cosmic stupidity.” .

The professor, foreseeing future catastrophes, corrects his mistake: Sharikov is again turned into a dog who is satisfied with his fate and with himself. But in life such experiments are irreversible. And Bulgakov was able to warn about this at the very beginning of those destructive transformations that began in our country in 1917.

Fantasy in “Heart of a Dog” is not important in itself: it helps Bulgakov to show more clearly and sharply those phenomena that he, like Professor Preobrazhensky, did not accept in the new reality. Caustic satire the writer was the weapon with which he fought against the shvonders and balls, and the writer’s talent made this weapon especially dangerous.

Other works on this work

What does this person do? Being the chairman of the house committee, he does not consider it necessary to monitor the order and cleanliness of the house. It is not for nothing that, having learned about the move-in of the “tenants,” Professor Preobrazhensky laments: “The Kalabukhovsky house has disappeared! I'll have to leave, but where, one wonders? Everything will be like clockwork. First, there will be singing every evening, then the pipes in the toilets will freeze, then the steam heating boiler will burst, and so on.” This line of behavior, therefore, became habitual among people like Shvonder: not to fulfill their direct duties, but to engage in uttering revolutionary phrases. Discussions, meetings, pouring from empty to empty - all this is the bureaucratic element of Shvonder.

From the first appearance of Shvonder in Professor Preobrazhensky’s apartment, it is clear that this is a deeply uncultured person: he walks in dirty boots on Persian carpets. But if only this! He turns to Professor Preobrazhensky with an absurd demand to “densify”: the general meeting decided that the professor could well give up two rooms - the dining room and the examination room, as a result of which the professor would have to eat in the bedroom and operate in the same place where he cuts rabbits. It is characteristic that to Shvonder this situation seems quite natural, as well as the fact that a person’s needs are determined not by himself, but by the general meeting. Equalism, disrespect for individuality - these are Shvonder’s life principles.

Shvonder's first visit to Preobrazhensky's apartment ends in the disgrace of Shvonder and his associates. However, the appearance of Sharikov makes the professor vulnerable and causes a fit of violent activity in Shvonder. First of all, he writes a note to the newspaper, where he declares Sharikov to be the illegitimate son of the professor, since his (Shvonder’s) limited mind is not able to accommodate the thought of something unusual, unpredictable.

Shvonder becomes Sharikov's ideologist, his spiritual shepherd. He begins the education of a “new man,” again, in an absurd way. He doesn’t care at all that Sharikov rushes at every cat, husks the seeds and uses obscene language. The main thing is that Sharikov knows the basics of the new ideology, and he gives him to read the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky, from reading which Sharikov draws the radical conclusion that everything must be divided equally.

Moreover, Shvonder actually equalizes the social rights of a professor with

World famous and yesterday's yard dog. “A document is the most important thing in the world,” says Schwonder. The document turns Sharik into Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov, gives him the opportunity to become the head of the cleaning department, that is, to become a full member of human society.

But Shvonder does not understand that by caring for Sharikov, he is digging his own grave. Professor Preobrazhensky quite rightly notes: “...Shvonder is the biggest fool. He does not understand that Sharikov is an even more formidable danger for him than for me... if someone, in turn, sets Sharikov against Shvonder himself, then only horns and legs will remain of him.” Shvonder is not capable, therefore, even based on one’s own absurd logic, to at least foresee something, to even think about the consequences of one’s own actions. He is driven only by the desire to “divide everything,” and the meaning of his image in the story is to reveal the true nature of the social system that he personifies, and to show that in order to be a full member of this system, it is enough to learn to speak and get rid of the tail.

In Mikhail Bulgakov's story “Heart of a Dog,” Shvonder is far from main character However, his role is noticeable and partly it is he who becomes the reason for the denouement and Sharikov’s return to his “natural” appearance.

At the same time, the author himself, in the image of this proletarian, tried to combine the features of many “public figures” who at that time considered themselves the arbiters of human destinies and who hated everything that went beyond the scope of their proletarian worldview.

Characteristics of the hero

(Roman Kartsev as the chairman of the house committee of Shvonder in the circle of “public persons”, film “Heart of a Dog”, USSR 1988)

The author outlines the appearance, character traits and everything that would help the reader get an idea of ​​Shvonder as a person. He does not see the person behind him, but rather one of the elements of the emerging socialist system, striving to destroy the previous order as thoroughly and thoroughly as possible. And if this requires destroying someone, then... so be it.

When Sharikov needed to infiltrate society, Shvonder turned out to be the very guide for him, without whom it would have been extremely difficult to do this. The chairman of the house committee considers the document to be the most important. He says so directly to Preobrazhensky, and perceives the professor’s disagreement as an insult. Shvonder bows to the new government, firmly believes in what replaced the old gods - standards and documents. He is aggressive and not prone to reasoning. The obvious absurdity of the completed certificate issued to Sharikov eludes the chairman, although Philip Philipovich is convinced of the opposite - for him such “documents” are sheer nonsense.

The essence of the revolution in science made by Preobrazhensky has absolutely no meaning for the proletarian. The fact that yesterday's mongrel became a human is not perceived as a miracle. Sharikov is the unit of society. Therefore, Shvonder is concerned about him from a purely practical point of view. A new tenant needs registration in the apartment, and this very living space worries the chairman much more than any scientific discoveries. IN in a certain sense the confrontation between Shvonder and Preobrazhensky is the most important guide of the plot of the story and the essence social conflict, revealed by the writer.

The image of the hero in the work

Shvonder takes his role as the head of the housing association with pride, and intends to perform it exactly as prescribed regulatory documents. The professor’s reluctance to enter into the position of the workers is perceived sharply negatively, because this goes against what the housing association needs.

As soon as Sharikov appears on the stage in his human form, the chairman immediately instills in him the idea of ​​​​the need to fight not just for registration in the professor’s apartment, but also for part of it. And in order for the ward to become imbued with the “correct” proletarian philosophy as soon as possible, he is given useful literature. And things went well, and soon the former dog occupied some kind of leadership position. When Preobrazhensky returns everything to normal, Shvonder appears with the police, because he believes Sharikov has been killed. In his eyes, this is a great chance to take possession of an apartment, which should not be missed.

Bulgakov painted an image of an unprincipled, cruel person, devoid of moral and spiritual values. A real “cog” of the young proletarian society, an ideal performer for the emerging Soviet government.

Characteristic literary hero Shvonder is a proletarian, “the new head of the house committee was elected at a meeting of the housing association.” The author presents him as a man “on whose head a shock of thick curly hair rose a quarter of an arshin.” Despite Active participation in the plot, this character does not receive detailed characterization. It is presented schematically in the story. Sh. is not a person, he is a “public figure”, one of the “comrades”. The author focuses on his hatred of class enemies, that is

To Professor Preobrazhensky and Doctor Bormental. During his visit in chapter six, he speaks to the professor with “quiet schadenfreude.” And when Philip Philipovich involuntarily lost his temper, “blue joy spread across Shvonder’s face.”
In the philosophy of Sh. cornerstone is a document, a piece of paper. “A document is the most important thing in the world.” - he says to Professor Preobrazhensky and is very indignant when Preobrazhensky rashly calls them idiotic. “It’s quite strange, professor,” Shvonder was offended, “how do you call the documents idiotic? I cannot allow an undocumented tenant to stay in the house, and not yet registered with the police. What if there is a war with imperialist predators?” This is the whole Sh., this is the morality of the proletariat, bowing before power, believing only in the power of laws, regulations, documents, aggressive and unreasoning. The outright stupidity and absurdity of Sharikov’s compiled identity card does not hurt his ears, which a professor, a luminary of world science, an educated, subtle person cannot help but recognize as nonsense. The scale of the discovery made by Professor Preobrazhensky is not important to him; he does not understand that Philip Philipovich performed a miracle by creating man like a creator. For him, Sharikov is just another tenant, a unit of society, of interest to him only from a practical point of view. “Well, it’s not difficult. Write your ID, citizen professor. That so, they say, and so, the bearer of this is really Sharikov Poligraf Poligrafovich, um... born in your supposedly apartment.” The confrontation between Professor Preobrazhensky and the house committee, Shvonder, reflects the main conflict of the story, the conflict between two opposing socio-ethical classes.

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Essay on literature on the topic: Shvonder (The Heart of a Dog Bulgakov)

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1. Bulgakov's story “Heart of a Dog” is fantastic work, based on real historical soil - post-revolutionary Moscow. The work reveals the horror of what is happening to the country after the Bolsheviks seized power. Bulgakov brings out two groups of Muscovites in front of us. These are hereditary intellectuals, residents of Prechistenka. To Read More......
2. Professor Preobrazhensky Characteristics of a literary hero Professor Preobrazhensky Philip Philipovich is one of the main characters of the work. A brilliant doctor and talented scientist. It is F.F. who decides to conduct an experiment on a stray dog, replacing his heart with a human one. So instead of good and affectionate dog Read More......
3. The work of M. A. Bulgakov is the largest phenomenon of Russian fiction XX century. Its main theme can be considered the theme of “the tragedy of the Russian people.” The writer was a contemporary of all those tragic events that took place in Russia in the first half of the 20th century. The story is based on Read More......
4. Heart of a Dog Winter 1924/25 Moscow. Professor Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky discovered a way to rejuvenate the body by transplanting animal endocrine glands into people. In his seven-room apartment in big house On Prechistenka he sees patients. The house is undergoing “densification”: into apartments Read More ......
5. The fate of Bulgakov's literary heritage is a historical plot of rare drama, the sad fate of high art seeking fair recognition. More recently, Bulgakov was well known and close to a relatively small circle of literary experts, theater connoisseurs of the 30s, who remember the success of the Moscow Art Theater production of “The Days of the Turbins,” and individual Read More ......
6. Professor Preobrazhensky still does not abandon the idea of ​​​​making Sharikov a man. He hopes for evolution, gradual development. But there is no development and there will not be if the person himself does not strive for it. In fact, the professor's whole life turns into a complete nightmare. In the house Read More......
7. The famous story “The Heart of a Dog,” written in 1926, - bright example Bulgakov's satire It develops Gogol's traditions, organically combining two principles - the fantastic and the realistic. This characteristic The writer’s satire is embodied in such works as “Diaboliad” and Read More ......
8. M. A. Bulgakov’s story “Heart of a Dog” reflects the post-revolutionary era of the 20s - the time of NEP. A realistic description of Soviet reality of this time is combined with a narrative about the grandiose fantastic experiment of Professor F. F. Preobrazhensky. As a result of an operation on a dog with a pituitary gland transplant Read More......

Essentially the only one positive hero books. He is the only one in the book who cared about Sharikov and who tried to make the world a better place. Not selfish. Not a careerist. Not a thief. Egalitarian. And just a person who thinks not only about the belly. Yes, he is not educated, but he is sincere. Yes, he is gray, but he is not angry. Yes, he is ridiculous from the point of view of cynics, but he is sincere in his lack of silver. Yes, he is a Jew, but we already know who considers being Jewish a disadvantage.

After all, the most important thing is why today’s beings who consider themselves intellectuals love Preobrazhensky - not for his qualifications or work. And for his proud declaration that he does not love the proletariat. Oh, what a great guy! He does not like! Hurray, long live Preobrazhensky!

And the scene with the phone call looks really dirty.

Representatives of the local council come to him. They say that we need to think a little about the common people. The professor immediately calls his “roof”, and the “roof”, of course, tells him off. best style swindlers and thieves.

The most negative character in the book is definitely Professor Preobrazhensky. All he thinks about is the “crunch of French bread.” If you take away his high-profile titles, the bottom line is that he is quite disgusting. Petty, gold-loving, self-centered, vain, spiteful, arrogant. They talk about these kind of shitty little people. There is not a single case in the book where the professor extended a helping hand to anyone.

But who is Shvonder, what is his origin?

Shvonder’s father and he himself most likely lived in the Pale of Settlement, which actually existed until 1915, and he, as a person of Jewish nationality, was subject to the Ban on Occupation agriculture, restrictions on admission to gymnasiums and universities, semi-official attitude towards Jews as citizens with limited rights.

That is, before the revolution, Shvonder did not have the right to live, not only in the Kalabukhov house, but in general in the city, even in the basement, under the feet of Preobrazhensky.

Most likely, Shvonder did not participate in the revolutionary movement, and he began his Bolshevik career after 1917. It is possible that before the revolution he was an artisan or clerk. The revolution gave him the opportunity to leave his town and come to Moscow. It was the collapse of the old order that gave Shvonder the opportunity to become a full-fledged citizen, and it would be strange if he loved the “old regime.” In Professor Preobrazhensky he saw and felt his personal enemy, and this is quite natural: the son of a bishop, i.e. one of his persecutors, who easily received a medical education, completely inaccessible to people like Shvonder, who openly declares that he “does not love the proletariat” - i.e. all those who do not have 7 rooms and servants. Of course, for the “kitchen intellectuals,” Professor Preobrazhensky, unlike Shvonder, is so white-fluffy-positive)))) After all, he has a maid, eight rooms, carpets, books, a respected name and an everyday philosophy. And great connections - with one phone call he can brush Shvonder away like an annoying fly.

What about Shvonder? The hard worker Shvonder will dry himself off and go on to lead his choral singing group, after work, of course…. After all, Shvonder is a simple hard worker - an employee, working hard in a hungry city for food rations: distribute magazines to help the children of Germany, provide a cultural life for the drunken proletarians, compact the tenants, resettle those women with children who huddle in the barracks, and even make sure that they they didn’t burn the parquet... Rich Preobrazhensky doesn’t want to buy magazines? He doesn’t want to compact, he has cronyism, one lives in seven rooms and demands the eighth? At least turn yourself inside out, Shvonder, these are your problems.

You can call Shvonder a bureaucrat or a bureaucrat as much as you like, but some of his actions speak for themselves:

FIRST Trying to “compact” the professor. Is this good or bad? The professor has 7 living rooms that do not belong to him - he only lives in them (after all, he does not say that he wants to BUY the eighth room, he wants it to be ALLOCATED to him). I think if you are the chairman of a house committee, and you need to accommodate a mother with two children (for example), who live in a barracks in the winter, then the professor’s servant could and will make room, or the professor could perform abortions and “raise” the members of impotent people not at home, and in the hospital...

SECOND Unlike the professor, he is concerned about the fate of Sharikov as a PERSON, and not as the result of an amusing experiment. Yes, he gives him the wrong literature! - But Preobrazhensky did not do this either;

THIRD The Jew and Bolshevik Shvonder, and not the Russian aristocrat from medicine Preobrazhensky, demanded that Sharikov’s documents be drawn up as a PERSON and got him a job. Those. did everything to ensure that Sharikov became a member of society. For Preobrazhensky, Sharikov remained just the result of an experiment. He got his 15 minutes of fame, after which he gave up on raising Sharikov, finding an excuse that it was a matter of bad heredity.

While Shvonder... Albeit clumsily, ineptly, but consciously, he tried to make Sharikov a useful member of society.

And if you look at the bottom line - he even succeeded... Sharikov began to WORK, made some kind of career, and even tried to arrange personal life.. But Preobrazhensky first upset Shcharikov’s planned marriage, told his fiancee the past of his “patient”, and then, in general, killed him as a person. I suspect that because of the seven rooms...

P.S. FOLLOWING...Preobrazhensky is old, has no children, no wife and is not even mentioned - i.e. an old bachelor, but with him, like a devoted dog, he looks with loving eyes, the young Doctor Bormental... It’s kind of creepy)))