Chronology

• 1123 Battle of the Russians and Cumans with the Mongols on the Kalka River
• 1237 - 1240 Conquest of Rus' by the Mongols
• 1240 The defeat of the Swedish knights on the Neva River by Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich (Battle of the Neva)
• 1242 The defeat of the crusaders on Lake Peipsi by Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky (Battle of the Ice)
• 1380 Battle of Kulikovo

The beginning of the Mongol conquests of the Russian principalities

In the 13th century the peoples of Rus' had to endure a difficult struggle with Tatar-Mongol conquerors, who ruled the Russian lands until the 15th century. (last century in a milder form). Directly or indirectly, the Mongol invasion contributed to the fall political institutions The Kyiv period and the growth of absolutism.

In the 12th century. There was no centralized state in Mongolia; the unification of the tribes was achieved at the end of the 12th century. Temuchin, the leader of one of the clans. On general meeting(“kurultai”) representatives of all clans in 1206 he was proclaimed great khan with the name Genghis(“limitless power”).

Once the empire was created, it began its expansion. The organization of the Mongol army was based on the decimal principle - 10, 100, 1000, etc. An imperial guard was created that controlled the entire army. Before the appearance firearms Mongol cavalry prevailed in the steppe wars. She was better organized and trained than any army of nomads of the past. The reason for the success was not only the perfection of the military organization of the Mongols, but also the unpreparedness of their rivals.

At the beginning of the 13th century, having conquered part of Siberia, the Mongols began to conquer China in 1215. They managed to capture its entire northern part. From China, the Mongols brought the newest for that time military equipment and specialists. In addition, they received a cadre of competent and experienced officials from among the Chinese. In 1219, Genghis Khan's troops invaded Central Asia. Following Central Asia there was Northern Iran captured, after which Genghis Khan’s troops made a predatory campaign in Transcaucasia. From the south they came to the Polovtsian steppes and defeated the Polovtsians.

The Polovtsians' request to help them against a dangerous enemy was accepted by the Russian princes. The battle between the Russian-Polovtsian and Mongol troops took place on May 31, 1223 on the Kalka River in the Azov region. Not all Russian princes who promised to participate in the battle sent their troops. The battle ended in the defeat of the Russian-Polovtsian troops, many princes and warriors died.

In 1227 Genghis Khan died. Ögedei, his third son, was elected Great Khan. In 1235, the Kurultai met in the Mongol capital Kara-korum, where it was decided to begin the conquest of the western lands. This intention posed a terrible threat to Russian lands. At the head of the new campaign was Ogedei’s nephew, Batu (Batu).

In 1236, Batu's troops began a campaign against the Russian lands. Having defeated Volga Bulgaria, they set out to conquer the Ryazan principality. The Ryazan princes, their squads and townspeople had to fight the invaders alone. The city was burned and plundered. After the capture of Ryazan, Mongol troops moved to Kolomna. In the battle near Kolomna, many Russian soldiers died, and the battle itself ended in defeat for them. On February 3, 1238, the Mongols approached Vladimir. Having besieged the city, the invaders sent a detachment to Suzdal, which took it and burned it. The Mongols stopped only in front of Novgorod, turning south due to muddy roads.

In 1240, the Mongol offensive resumed. Chernigov and Kyiv were captured and destroyed. From here the Mongol troops moved to Galicia-Volyn Rus'. Having captured Vladimir-Volynsky, Galich in 1241 Batu invaded Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Moravia, and then in 1242 reached Croatia and Dalmatia. However, in Western Europe Mongol troops entered significantly weakened by the powerful resistance they encountered in Rus'. This largely explains the fact that if the Mongols managed to establish their yoke in Rus', Western Europe only experienced an invasion and then on a smaller scale. In that historical role heroic resistance of the Russian people to the Mongol invasion.

The result of Batu’s grandiose campaign was the conquest of a vast territory - the southern Russian steppes and forests of Northern Rus', the Lower Danube region (Bulgaria and Moldova). The Mongol Empire now included the entire Eurasian continent from the Pacific Ocean to the Balkans.

After Ogedei's death in 1241, the majority supported the candidacy of Ogedei's son Hayuk. Batu became the head of the strongest regional khanate. He founded his capital at Sarai (north of Astrakhan). His power extended to Kazakhstan, Khorezm, Western Siberia, Volga, North Caucasus, Rus'. Gradually the western part of this ulus became known as Golden Horde.

The struggle of the Russian people against Western aggression

When the Mongols occupied Russian cities, the Swedes, threatening Novgorod, appeared at the mouth of the Neva. They were defeated in July 1240 by the young prince Alexander, who received the name Nevsky for his victory.

At the same time, the Roman Church made acquisitions in the Baltic Sea countries. Back in the 12th century, German knighthood began to seize lands belonging to the Slavs beyond the Oder and in the Baltic Pomerania. At the same time, an attack was carried out on the lands of the Baltic peoples. The Crusaders' invasion of the Baltic lands and North-Western Rus' was sanctioned by the Pope and German Emperor Frederick II. German, Danish, Norwegian knights and troops from other northern European countries also took part in the crusade. The attack on Russian lands was part of the doctrine of “Drang nach Osten” (pressure to the east).

Together with his squad Alexander with a sudden blow liberated Pskov, Izborsk and other captured cities. Having received news that the main forces of the Order were coming towards him, Alexander Nevsky blocked the path of the knights, placing his troops on the ice Lake Peipsi. The Russian prince showed himself to be an outstanding commander. The chronicler wrote about him: “We win everywhere, but we won’t win at all.” Alexander placed his troops under the cover of a steep bank on the ice of the lake, eliminating the possibility of enemy reconnaissance of his forces and depriving the enemy of freedom of maneuver. Considering the formation of the knights in a “pig” (in the form of a trapezoid with a sharp wedge in front, which was made up of heavily armed cavalry), Alexander Nevsky arranged his regiments in the form of a triangle, with the tip resting on the shore. Before the battle, some of the Russian soldiers were equipped with special hooks to pull knights off their horses.

On April 5, 1242, a battle took place on the ice of Lake Peipsi, which became known as the Battle of the Ice. The knight's wedge pierced the center of the Russian position and buried itself in the shore. The flank attacks of the Russian regiments decided the outcome of the battle: like pincers, they crushed the knightly “pig”. The knights, unable to withstand the blow, fled in panic. The Russians pursued the enemy, “flogged, rushing after him as if through the air,” the chronicler wrote. According to the Novgorod Chronicle, in the battle “400 Germans and 50 were captured”

Persistently resisting Western enemies, Alexander was extremely patient with regard to the eastern onslaught. Recognition of the Khan's sovereignty freed up his hands to repel the Teutonic Crusade.

Tatar-Mongol yoke

Persistently resisting Western enemies, Alexander was extremely patient with regard to the eastern onslaught. The Mongols did not interfere in the religious affairs of their subjects, while the Germans tried to impose their faith on the conquered peoples. They pursued an aggressive policy under the slogan “Whoever does not want to be baptized must die!” Recognition of the Khan's sovereignty freed up forces to repel the Teutonic Crusade. But it turned out that the “Mongol flood” is not easy to get rid of. RThe Russian lands, devastated by the Mongols, were forced to recognize vassal dependence on the Golden Horde.

During the first period of Mongol rule, the collection of taxes and the mobilization of Russians into the Mongol troops was carried out on the orders of the Great Khan. Both money and recruits were sent to the capital. Under Gauk, Russian princes went to Mongolia to receive a label to reign. Later, a trip to Sarai was enough.

The continuous struggle waged by the Russian people against the invaders forced the Mongol-Tatars to abandon the creation of their own administrative authorities in Rus'. Rus' retained its statehood. This was facilitated by the presence in Rus' of its own administration and church organization.

To control the Russian lands, the institution of Baskaq governors was created - leaders of military detachments of the Mongol-Tatars who monitored the activities of the Russian princes. Denunciation of the Baskaks to the Horde inevitably ended either with the prince being summoned to Sarai (often he was deprived of his label, or even his life), or with a punitive campaign in the rebellious land. Suffice it to say that only in the last quarter of the 13th century. 14 similar campaigns were organized in Russian lands.

In 1257, the Mongol-Tatars undertook a population census - “recording the number.” Besermen (Muslim merchants) were sent to the cities, who were in charge of collecting tribute. The size of the tribute (“output”) was very large, only the “tsar’s tribute”, i.e. the tribute in favor of the khan, which was first collected in kind and then in money, amounted to 1,300 kg of silver per year. The constant tribute was supplemented by “requests” - one-time exactions in favor of the khan. In addition, deductions from trade duties, taxes for “feeding” the khan’s officials, etc. went to the khan’s treasury. In total there were 14 types of tribute in favor of the Tatars.

The Horde yoke slowed down for a long time economic development Rus', destroyed its agriculture, undermined its culture. The Mongol invasion led to a decline in the role of cities in the political and economic life of Rus', urban construction stopped, and visual arts and applied arts. A serious consequence of the yoke was the deepening disunity of Rus' and the isolation of its individual parts. The weakened country was unable to defend a number of western and southern regions, which were later captured by Lithuanian and Polish feudal lords. A blow was dealt to Rus''s trade relations with the West: trade relations With foreign countries preserved only in Novgorod, Pskov, Polotsk, Vitebsk and Smolensk.

The turning point came in 1380, when Mamai’s army of thousands was defeated on the Kulikovo Field.

Rus' began to strengthen, its dependence on the Horde weakened more and more. The final liberation occurred in 1480 under Emperor Ivan III. By this time the period had ended, the gathering of Russian lands around Moscow and.

Genghis Khan(in childhood and adolescence - Temujin, Temujin) is the founder and also the first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. During his reign, he, like Prince Oleg and other Russian princes, united many disparate tribes (in this case, Mongolian and partially Tatar) into one powerful state.

Genghis Khan's whole life after gaining power consisted of many campaigns of conquest in Asia and later in Europe. Thanks to this, in 2000, the American edition of the New York Times named him the man of the millennium (meaning the period from 1000 to 2000 - during this time he created the largest empire in human history).

By 1200, Temujin united all the Mongol tribes, and by 1202 - the Tatar ones. By 1223-1227, Genghis Khan simply wiped out many ancient states from the face of the earth, such as:

• Volga Bulgaria;
• Baghdad Caliphate;
• Chinese Empire ;
• the state of the Khorezmshahs (the territories of present-day Iran (Persia), Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Iraq and many other small states of Central and South-West Asia).

Genghis Khan died in 1227 from inflammation after a hunting injury (or from a virus or bacteria not native to East Asia - let's not forget about the level of medicine at that time) at the age of about 65 years.

The beginning of the Mongol invasion.

By the early 1200s, Genghis Khan was already planning the conquest of Eastern Europe. Later, after his death, the Mongols reached Germany and Italy, conquering Poland, Hungary, Ancient Rus' and so on, including attacks on the Baltic states and other lands of northern and northeastern Europe. Long before this, on behalf of Genghis Khan, his sons Jochi, Jebe and Subedei set off to conquer the territories adjacent to Rus', simultaneously testing the soil of the Old Russian state .

The Mongols, using force or threats, conquered the Alans (present-day Ossetia), the Volga Bulgars and most of the lands of the Cumans, as well as the territories of the Southern and North Caucasus, and Kuban.

After the Polovtsians turned to the Russian princes for help, a council gathered in Kyiv under the leadership of Mstislav Svyatoslavovich, Mstislav Mstislavovich and Mstislav Romanovich. All the Mstislavs then came to the conclusion that, having finished off the Polovtsian princes, Tatar-Mongols will take over Rus', and in the worst case scenario, the Polovtsians will go over to the side Mongols, and together they will attack the Russian principalities. Guided by the principle “it is better to beat the enemy on foreign soil than on your own,” the Mstislavs gathered an army and moved south along the Dnieper.

Thanks to intelligence Mongol-Tatars learned about this and began to prepare for the meeting, having previously sent ambassadors to the Russian army.

The ambassadors brought the news that the Mongols did not touch the Russian lands and were not going to touch them, saying they only had scores to settle with the Polovtsians, and expressed a desire for Rus' not to interfere in matters that were not their own. Genghis Khan was often guided by the principle of “divide and conquer,” but the princes did not fall for this move. Historians also admit that stopping the campaign could, in best case scenario delay the Mongol attack on Rus'. One way or another, the ambassadors were executed, and the campaign continued. A little later, the Tatar-Mongols sent a second embassy with a repeated request - this time they were released, but the campaign continued.

Battle of the Kalka River.

In the Azov region, somewhere in the territory of the present Donetsk region, a clash occurred, known in history as Battle of Kalka. Before this, the Russian princes defeated the vanguard of the Mongol-Tatars and, emboldened by their success, entered into battle near the river now known as Kalchik (which flows into the Kalmius). The exact number of troops on both sides is unknown. Russian historians call the number of Russians from 8 to 40 thousand, and the number of Mongols from 30 to 50 thousand. Asian chronicles talk about almost a hundred thousand Russians, which is not surprising (remember how Mao Zedong boasted that Stalin served him at a tea ceremony, although the Soviet leader only showed hospitality and handed him a mug of tea). Adequate historians, based on the fact that Russian princes usually gathered from 5 to 10 thousand soldiers on a campaign (maximum 15 thousand), came to the conclusion that there were about 10-12 thousand Russian troops, and about 15-25 thousand Tatar-Mongols ( Considering that Genghis Khan sent 30 thousand to the west, but some of them were defeated as part of the vanguard, as well as in previous battles with the Alans, Cumans, etc., plus a discount for the fact that not everyone available to the Mongols could have participated in the battle reserves).

So, the battle began on May 31, 1223. The beginning of the battle was successful for the Russians; Prince Daniil Romanovich defeated the advanced positions of the Mongols and rushed to pursue them, despite his injury. But then he encountered the main forces of the Mongol-Tatars. By that time, part of the Russian army had already managed to cross the river. The Mongol forces closed in and defeated the Russians and Cumans, while the rest of the Cuman forces fled. The rest of the Mongol-Tatar forces surrounded the troops of the Prince of Kyiv. The Mongols offered to surrender with the promise that then “no blood would be shed. Mstislav Svyatoslavovich fought the longest, who surrendered only on the third day of the battle. The Mongol leaders kept their promise extremely conditionally: they took all the ordinary soldiers into slavery, and executed the princes (as they promised - without shedding blood, they covered them with planks along which the entire Mongol-Tatar army marched in formation).

After this, the Mongols did not dare to go to Kyiv, and went to conquer the remnants of the Volga Bulgars, but the battle progressed unsuccessfully, and they retreated and returned to Genghis Khan. The Battle of the Kalka River was the beginning

Mongol invasion of Rus'

The Mongol yoke (Mongol-Tatar, Tatar-Mongol, Horde) is the traditional name for the system of exploitation of Russian lands by nomadic conquerors who came from the East from 1237 to 1480.

780 years ago, on the night of December 20-21, 1237, Batu’s troops took Ryazan by storm.

One of the most tragic pages national history- Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars. The passionate appeal to the Russian princes about the need for unification, sounded from the lips of the unknown author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” alas, was never heard...

Reasons for the Mongol-Tatar invasion

The Mongol invasion of Rus' In the 12th century, nomadic Mongol tribes occupied a significant territory in the center of Asia. In 1206, a congress of the Mongolian nobility - the kurultai - proclaimed Timuchin the great Kagan and gave him the name Genghis Khan. In 1223, the advanced troops of the Mongols, led by the commanders Jabei and Subidei, attacked the Cumans. Seeing no other way out, they decided to resort to the help of Russian princes. Having united, both of them set out towards the Mongols. The squads crossed the Dnieper and moved east. Pretending to retreat, the Mongols lured the combined army to the banks of the Kalka River.

On May 31, 1223, the decisive battle took place. The coalition troops acted separately. The princes' disputes with each other did not stop. Some of them did not take part in the battle at all. The result was complete destruction. However, then the Mongols did not go to Rus', because did not have sufficient strength. In 1227, Genghis Khan died. He bequeathed to his fellow tribesmen to conquer the whole world. In 1235, the kurultai decided to begin a new campaign in Europe. It was headed by the grandson of Genghis Khan - Batu

Stages of the Mongol-Tatar invasion

In 1236, after the destruction of Volga Bulgaria, the Mongols moved towards the Don, against the Polovtsians, defeating the latter in December 1237. Then the Ryazan principality stood in their way. After a six-day assault, Ryazan fell. The city was destroyed. Batu's troops moved north to Vladimir, destroying Kolomna and Moscow along the way. In February 1238, Batu's troops began the siege of Vladimir. The Grand Duke tried in vain to gather a militia to decisively repel the Mongols. After a four-day siege, Vladimir was stormed and set on fire. The city's residents and the princely family, who were hiding in the Assumption Cathedral, were burned alive.

The Mongols split up: some of them approached the Sit River, and the second besieged Torzhok. On March 4, 1238, the Russians suffered a brutal defeat in the City, the prince died. The Mongols moved towards Novgorod, however, before reaching a hundred miles, they turned around. Ruining the cities on the way back, they met unexpectedly stubborn resistance from the city of Kozelsk, whose residents repelled Mongol attacks for seven weeks. Still, taking it by storm, the khan called Kozelsk an “evil city” and razed it to the ground.

Batu's invasion of Southern Rus' dates back to the spring of 1239. Pereslavl fell in March. In October – Chernigov. In September 1240, Batu's main forces besieged Kyiv, which at that time belonged to Daniil Romanovich Galitsky. The Kievans managed to hold back the hordes of Mongols for three whole months, and only at the cost of huge losses were they able to capture the city. By the spring of 1241, Batu’s troops were on the threshold of Europe. However, drained of blood, they were soon forced to return to the Lower Volga. The Mongols no longer decided on a new campaign. So Europe was able to breathe a sigh of relief.

Consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion

The Russian land lay in ruins. The cities were burned and plundered, the inhabitants were captured and taken to the Horde. Many cities were never rebuilt after the invasion. In 1243, Batu organized the Golden Horde in the west of the Mongol Empire. The captured Russian lands were not included in its composition. The dependence of these lands on the Horde was expressed in the fact that the obligation to pay annual tribute hung over them. In addition, it was the Golden Horde Khan who now approved the Russian princes to rule with his labels and charters. Thus, Horde rule was established over Russia for almost two and a half centuries.

Interesting Facts

Some modern historians are inclined to argue that there was no yoke, that the “Tatars” were immigrants from Tartary, crusaders, that a battle between Orthodox Christians and Catholics took place on the Kulikovo Field, and Mamai was just a pawn in someone else’s game. Is this really so - let everyone decide for themselves.

Why did they create a fake about the “Mongol” invasion of Rus'?

The “Tatar-Mongol” invasion began. We must know and remember that the fake about “Mongols from Mongolia” was launched by Catholic Rome, the then “command post” of the Western community.

Cavalry, drawing from 1895. Photo from wikimedia.org

Batu’s hordes attacked Rus', took Ryazan, devastated the Ryazan principality, the invasion of the rest of the Russian lands began, cities and villages burned, fierce battles took place - all this is historical truth.

The horde of the Great Khan-Prince Batu took over the fragmented Russia, where most of the princes “pulled the blanket” over themselves. The fragmentation of Rus' did not make it possible to assemble a common army that could repel the invasion of the steppes.

At the same time, we must remember that the myth of the "Mongols from Mongolia" was started by the papal spy Plano Carpini and other agents of Rome. No Mongols from Mongolia ever reached Rus'. It was simply impossible - there would be nothing to feed a huge army of hundreds of thousands of warriors and even more horses.

And the Mongols during this period simply did not correspond to the great conquerors who decided to conquer the entire “universe.” They were at a low stage of development - the decomposition of tribal relations, and had neither military-economic potential, nor human resources, nor corresponding passionarity.

As we know from history, great empires and powers are created by the combination of several factors: 1) military-economic potential, the ability to field, arm and supply a powerful army; 2) advanced technologies, military revolution, for example, the domestication of the horse and its use in warfare, iron weapons, the Macedonian phalanx, Roman legions, etc.; 3) demographic factor - the conquering people must have the appropriate numbers in order to field a large army and control the conquered spaces; 4) passionarity - a great idea, mission, the ability to die for the sake of a great cause.

For example, the current American empire, the “world gendarme”, has these factors: the world’s first economy and the most powerful military-industrial complex, armed forces that control a significant part of the planet; advanced developments in the military field; significant population - more than 325 million people (third largest in the world); American messianism - the construction of the American world order, the defense of “democracy” and “human rights.”

In the past, similar factors can be identified in the Soviet Union (Red Empire), Russian Empire, Second and Third Reichs (Germany), Roman Empire. Another example is the empire of Alexander the Great: the military and financial reforms of King Philip created a military-economic potential for conquest, the Macedonian phalanx became a revolution in military affairs; Alexander and his warriors were true passionaries, ready to overcome fire and water for their goal.

Thus, a handful of Mongolian shepherds and hunters, who had neither a military-industrial base and organization, nor the appropriate numbers and fighting spirit, could in no way conquer the Rurikovich empire, even fragmented.

No great leader, like Temujin-Genghis Khan, could have created an invincible invasion army from small and semi-wild clans that did not have the appropriate technological and production base, capable of crushing a number of strong states, conquering China, and fighting all the way to Central Europe.

Iron discipline, the decimal system of army organization, great archers and horsemen - all this already existed. In particular, in Russian squads. Since ancient times, Russian squads and armies were divided into tens, hundreds, thousands and darkness (10 thousand fighters). The Russian compound bow was much more powerful and longer-range than the famous English bow.

“Mongols” and “Tatars” - representatives of the Mongoloid race who subjugated a significant part of Eurasia, simply did not exist. However, there was an ancient Scythian-Siberian world of pagan Rus, inheriting the traditions of many millennia dating back to the times of the Aryans and Hyperboreans. These were the heirs of the most ancient northern civilization, which had its origins in the very origins of the white race.

From the legendary Hyperborea, the Aryan world and Great Scythia, which occupies a vast territory from the Pacific Ocean, the borders of China, India and Persia to the Baltic and the Black (Russian) Sea. Russian civilization itself and the Russian superethnos, as a direct heir to the ancient northern tradition, still occupies most of this territory.

The spiritual, cultural and military impulses of this northern civilization led to the emergence and development Ancient Persia, India (they still remember their northern ancestral home there), China and other civilizations.

Scythian-Siberian Rus in anthropological (white skin, light eyes, tall), cultural (general traditions, customs, faith, material culture, including weapons and combat skills), in economic relations were direct relatives of the Rus, who lived on the territory of Ryazan, Vladimir-Suzdal, Novgorod and Kievan and Galician Rus.

Before the destruction by the West of the Slavic-Russian tribes of Central Europe (Porussia-Prussia, Germany, Austria, Northern Italy), they were also part of the huge superethnos of the Rus, a single ethnocultural and linguistic community.

The peculiarity of the Scythian-Siberian world of the Rus was that for thousands of years they led a semi-nomadic (developed animal husbandry) and at the same time an agricultural way of life. They also retained the pagan faith. True, the Rus of Vladimir-Suzdal and Novgorod Rus' were still for the most part still dual-believers, many retained pagan beliefs and rituals.

Only this huge fragment of Great Scythia - the Scythian-Siberian world, which had a thousand-year history, a powerful military-production base, significant numbers, and fighting spirit, could exhibit strong army, which once again shocked the world.

It was they who conquered Central Asia, China, defeated and subjugated another fragment of Great Scythia - the Polovtsians (they were also not “Mongoloids”, but typical northern Caucasians), the Volgar-Bulgars (Tatars), invaded Rus', and then moved to Europe. Horde is Rod, Rada, tumen is darkness, the word khan comes from “kokhan, kohan, “beloved, respected.”

The so-called “Mongols” did not bring to Rus' a single Mongolian word or a single skull of a representative of the Mongoloid race. There were no “Mongols” in Rus'. “Tatar-Mongols”, Polovtsy and Rus of Ryazan, Vladimir and Kyiv were representatives of a single super-ethnic group. Therefore, later, when the administrative center of the Eurasian Empire moved from Sarai to Moscow, the overwhelming majority of the Horde’s population simply became Russian.

Since there were no anthropological, indigenous linguistic and cultural differences between the Russians from Moscow and Kyiv and the Horde. If during the time of the Golden Horde the population of the Horde and Rus' was approximately equal, then after the fall of the Horde Empire, most of its population (former Cumans) became Russian. At the same time, the Russians did not receive Mongoloid features (Mongoloid features are dominant), nor Mongolian words.

It is worth remembering that there was a war, the fights between the Rus of Ryazan, Vladimir, Chernigov and Kyiv and the pagan Rus of the Scythian-Siberian world were tough. It was a horrific battle, a Great Controversy. Only Russians can fight like that.

Prince Batu won this war. At the same time, they both fought and fraternized, as happened with Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky and Batu and his son, became related (as before with the Polovtsians - they were our own, not strangers), spoke the same language, quarreled again, fought and made peace. Later they completely mixed up.

Some of the Rus-Scythians converted to Orthodoxy, others settled in the Golden Horde, Central Asia and China - giving the local tribes princely and imperial dynasties (all this happened before, during the time of Great Scythia).

What Western falsifier historians call the Great Empire of Genghis Khan was in fact the Great Empire of the Rus. They began to rewrite history a very long time ago, not in the 20th century, when Westerners, for example, made a revision Great War in your own interests. History was rewritten by historians of the Romano-Germanic world, chroniclers of the Roman Catholic Church, historians of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) and Roman empires.

The real center for the distortion of human history is Rome, the oldest “command post” for the control of the West. The masters of the West cannot admit that Rus'-Russia, the Russian superethnos, are the direct heirs and guardians of the most ancient northern civilization of mankind. This is a question of the “great game”, geopolitics - a multi-thousand-year battle for the right to be the “king of the hill” - the master of the planet.

Japan and China don’t recognize this either, hiding their tracks ancient civilization. Only in India do they directly say that their Aryan ancestors came from the north, from Russia. That Russians and white Indians are descendants of one great race.

Only Russians are the descendants of those who remained in their common ancestral home, preserving their language and physical characteristics. And the Indians “turned black” in the south. However, it was the Indians who preserved the ancient Vedic mythology, and India is a kind of “reserve” of our ancient traditions and customs. Hence the spiritual closeness of Russians and Hindus.

The masters of the West distort world history, replacing true story fakes, destroy and hide genuine monuments of the past, emphasize and expand the chronological framework of “historical peoples” - the British, Germans, French, Italians, Jews, etc.

At the same time, they cut off and distort the history of the Slavs and Russian-Russians, nurturing myths about the “savagery,” “defectiveness,” “inferiority,” “secondary nature” of Rus', which has always allegedly borrowed everything from the West or East, etc. This is an information war. And history plays a leading role in it.

Managing history allows you to “program” the course of events for centuries to come. Even create new “peoples”, like “Ukrainians”, who are Russians, but turn into an “independent” people separate from the Russians.

The Great Empire of the Rus was destroyed by a new conceptual and ideological sabotage. Islam began to be introduced in the south, which was of interest to part of the elite elite. It has become main reason schism, turmoil and further disintegration.

Islam, which originated in a Semitic environment, introduced into the society of the Indo-European-Aryans principles and customs unusual for them, leading to the degeneration and degeneration of the outlying clans of the Rus. The most striking example is Iran (“the state of the Aryans”). Persia is Indo-European, whose Aryan population was forced to convert to Islam. As a result, Semitization (Arabization) and Islamization of one of the ancient Aryan civilizations occurred.

However, Genghis Khan's empire did not perish. Northern civilization, as it happened more than once in the past, accepted new uniform. The center of control shifted from the Horde to Moscow. There was a merger of European and Scythian-Siberian Rus. This made Rus' a continental empire, from ocean to ocean. And Rus' again challenged the masters of the West. Big game continues.

Thus, there were no “Mongols from Mongolia” in Rus'. The hordes of Rus of the Scythian-Siberian world, stretching from the Northern Black Sea region to the Altai and Sayan Mountains, including Mongolia, came to European Russia. The ancestors of today's Mongols were then at a low stage of development, they were hunters, cattle breeders, and did not have the military-industrial, demographic and cultural potential for great conquests.

The Scythian Rus were Caucasians, the Aryan Rus were Pagan and Asian Rus. In essence, two passionate cores of a single superethnos of the Rus collided - European and Asian. Two parts of Great Scythia, an ancient northern civilization that existed for thousands of years from the Pacific Ocean to the Varangian and Russian (Black) seas, the Carpathians, from the Arctic Ocean to the borders of China, India and Persia.

It was later that the southern clans of the Rus would be Islamized and subjected to assimilation by the Turkic, Mongoloid and Semitic peoples of Asia. But in the 13th century, the Rus-Scythians came to Rus', and not the “Mongols” or the Turks. And as we know from history, the most fierce, furious battles are internecine, when brother opposes brother. The battle was fierce, many cities and villages were reduced to ashes, and many thousands of people died.

But every cloud has a silver lining. First, European Rus' became part of a huge empire - the Golden Horde. Then, with the degradation and destruction of the Horde, inspired by our external enemies, its collapse, a new center of the Eurasian Empire of the Rus matured.

The Rurik Empire turned into a Eurasian Russian Empire under Ivan the Terrible. The Russians once again united the vast territory of the ancient northern civilization into a single power. The descendants of the Rus-Horde became part of a single superethnos of the Rus. Rus' became the heir to an ancient super-civilization. The West was unable to gain dominance on the planet, and the war continued.

Tatar-Mongol invasion and the subsequent yoke are considered a special period in Russian history. It was this period of time that brought into culture, politics and the manner of farming many phenomena that exist to this day. The Tatar-Mongol invasion undoubtedly had a destructive impact on the state of the Old Russian state, on the development Agriculture and culture. What exactly were the prerequisites for committing Mongol invasion, and what consequences did it entail?

At the beginning of the 13th century, numerous Mongolian tribes began to move to a new stage in the development of statehood - centralization and unification of tribes led to the creation of a large and powerful empire with a huge army, supporting itself mainly through raids on nearby territories.

Reasons for the Mongol invasion of Rus'

The main reason for the Mongol invasion under the leadership of Khan Batu lies in the very type of statehood of the Mongols. In the 13th century, these were united groups of tribes engaged in cattle breeding. This type of activity required a constant change of terrain and, accordingly, a nomadic lifestyle. Mongol tribes constantly expanded their territories for grazing livestock.

The nomads needed a strong and powerful army. The aggressive military policy was based on an invincible army, consisting of clearly organized groups of warriors. Exactly good organization and the discipline of the troops ensured many of the Mongol victories.

Having already conquered vast territories in China and Siberia, the Mongol khans sent their troops to Volga Bulgaria and Rus'.

The main reason for the first defeats of the Russian troops was the disunity and disorganization of the actions of the princes. Long-term civil strife and disputes between different principalities weakened the Russian lands; the princely squads were busy resolving internal conflicts.

The Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 showed the need for coordinated actions of various principalities - defeat in it was a consequence of uncoordinated actions and the refusal of many princes to join the battle.

Strictly organized Mongol army Almost without difficulty it was able to win its first victories and advance deep into Russian lands.

Consequences of the Mongol invasion of Rus'

The Mongol invasion became a real disaster for Russian lands in the 13th century. Negative consequences were observed in all spheres of society. After the raids of 1237-1238, the Tatar-Mongol yoke was established in Rus', that is, a system of dependence on the victorious state. The yoke lasted until 1480 - this time significantly changed the state of the Old Russian state.

The invasion of the Tatar-Mongols and the subsequent yoke led to a sharp deterioration in the demographic situation in Rus'. Previously populous and numerous cities were deserted, and the population in the devastated lands decreased. The intervention of the Mongols was observed in social relations in Russian lands.

The Mongol invasion also influenced the political structure of Rus'. The established dependence suggested the influence Mongol khans For all political decisions in Rus', the khans appointed princes by presenting them with labels to reign. The veche culture of many principalities was fading away, as the general political activity and interest of the population decreased.

The Russian economy also became dependent on the Tatar-Mongols. A system of collecting taxes by the khan's representatives, the Baskaks, was established. Often, residents of cities and villages resisted the tribute collectors and refused to give them anything - such revolts were harshly and bloodily suppressed.

The consequences were especially devastating in the cultural sphere. Stone construction ceased in Rus' for more than fifty years. Churches and fortresses of enormous architectural value were destroyed. There was a general decline in cultural life in Rus' - the number of artisans and painters working in the cities decreased. Previously high level The literacy of the Russian population became truly insignificant, chronicle writing in many principalities became rarer or ceased altogether.

For two centuries, Rus' found itself under the yoke of foreign invaders - it was a kind of buffer on the way of the Mongols to Europe. The Tatar-Mongol army did not reach the European states, and from the 14th – 15th centuries there was a slow weakening of the khan’s power.

Around the second half of the twelfth century, the brilliant politician and commander, a man about whom many different rumors still circulate, the gray-eyed giant Genghis Khan decided to reunite nomadic peoples their own under a single command to take over the world and establish their own domination. Through brutal terror, intimidation and bribes, he was able to reach a consensus with his subjects, assembled a colossal army for those times, and set out in search of new adventures and lands. Less than ten years had passed before the ruler already had all the middle Asia, Siberia and China, part of the Caucasus and Korea. Already by 1223, Genghis Khan led his invincible army to the banks of the Dnieper, which can be called the beginning of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. At that time, he only wanted to scare away a few insolent Polovtsians, but everything went too far.

How it all began: the reasons for the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'

The nomadic tribes of the Tatar-Mongols, who rushed across the vast expanses of Central Asia, were precisely the hidden force that threatened them, to which for the time being no one paid any attention at all. The Mongols seemed so wild and incapable of concluding any kind of alliances that no one simply had any idea what they were capable of. And the hordes of rabid robbers themselves, plundering the surrounding lands, because there was simply nothing good in their own, could not even imagine that they would soon rule over half the world, and take tribute from the other half.

It must be said that the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' belongs to To the first half of the twelfth century, or rather its beginning, and the first swallows appeared when, in 1206, the Mongol Empire decided to gather for a kurultai, which means a general meeting of tribal elders. It was at this congress that the question of who would be in charge was decided. At the very sources of the glorious Onon River, the elders of all clans, the young warrior Temujin was recognized as the great khan of all the tribes that he so dreamed of reuniting, received the title of Kagan, as well as a new name - Genghis Khan, which means “lord of the waters.”

Genghis Khan installed own orders and in a new, united country, which led to the fact that he went down in history as the creator of the largest and most powerful continental empire known to mankind in its entire rebellious history. New laws of Khan Yas were also adopted. Loyalty, bravery, courage and mutual assistance of comrades in arms were the main thing and were welcomed, but for cowardice and betrayal not only universal contempt awaited, but also terrible punishment.

Genghis Khan organized many campaigns, quite successfully annexing a huge number of others to his land. Moreover, his tactics were different in that he left as many opponents alive as possible, in order to later attract them to his side. In 1223, a couple of Genghis Khan’s commanders, Jabei and Subidei, decided to teach the nasty Cumans, who were running around like crazy and spoiling the whole picture on the border, and those, scared and upset, did not come up with anything better than to complain to the Russian princes. In fact, this is exactly how Rus'’s struggle against the Mongol-Tatar invasion began, into which, to be honest, it was drawn into by a third party.

The Russians could not help but help the sick, they united their armies and moved towards the hordes of the Mongols. Moving further and further into Asia, the Russians, and together with them, the Polovtsy, did not even notice that they were being deliberately directed to the banks of a river called Kalka. The Mongols skillfully pretended to retreat and tremble, and ours, like a boa constrictor after a rabbit, followed where they were dragged, like a sheep to a kebab. At the very end of May 1223, a battle took place, and the squads of Russians and Polovtsy, who did not want to act together, were crushingly defeated. But then everything worked out, and the Russian lands were the first to be subjected to the Mongol-Tatar invasion a little later, after the death of the notorious man, the outstanding commander and brilliant politician Genghis Khan in 1227. At that time, the Mongols did not feel strong enough and decided to return home. However, the beginning of the Mongol-Tatar invasion was looming just around the corner; it was just necessary to wait a little.

Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus': briefly about how it happened

Dying, Genghis Khan bequeathed to his children and grandchildren to take over the world, and they would have followed his orders if they could. A good seven years after the death of the Great Khan, the council of elders was assembled again and Batu, who was the grandson of the great Mongol, was elected as the main ruler. He was a young man with great ambition and great intelligence, and he managed to put both to good use. The Mongol-Tatar invasion, in short, became possible in general precisely because Batu was an extremely professional tactician and strategist, without even knowing about it.

Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus': dates and numbers

Before delving into the chronology of events, it is also worth remembering that in historical sources about the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the dates are sometimes confused and even contradict each other. However, during this period, everything is more or less clear, although this still cannot be verified reliably.

• In 1236, Volga Bulgaria was completely devastated by the Tatar-Mongols, after which the Horde, and this was already it, turned around and went straight to the Don, following the Polovtsians, fleeing from well-organized warriors as if from fire.
• A year later, in December, the Polovtsians suffered a fiasco and were almost completely destroyed; those who survived fled and hid.
• In the same year, the Horde came and stood at the walls of Ryazan, which did not want to surrender. After six days of grueling fighting and a tight blockade, the city fell and was plundered and burned.
• Having plundered Kolomna on its way, and at the same time Moscow, the Horde moved further to the north, wanting to take possession of Vladimir.
• Vladimir lasted only four days, after which he was captured and burned.

Need to know

The Horde stood under the walls of Vladimir for four days, and during this time Grand Duke frantically tried to mobilize his own squad and fight back, but nothing happened. Notable townspeople, their families, clergy and others who had time, took refuge in the Assumption Cathedral. There they burned to the ground when Batu entered the city and burned it to the ground.

Then everything went like clockwork, Batu moved from one settlement to another, and nothing and no one could stop him. Following Vladimir, Torzhok fell and the Battle of City was lost. The Horde only hesitated about the inhabitants of Kozelsk, who stubbornly refused to give up and miraculously resisted the raid for more than six weeks. For this, Batu ordered to completely demolish the city, and not just burn it.

Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus': map attached

It is definitely worth seeing how the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the map of which perfectly illustrates what was happening, spread, because one gets the impression that completely unsystematized and careless actions formed a clear structure, which allowed the Horde to win. So, the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus': a map that will amaze everyone who studies it in more detail.

Then everything went like clockwork, and having won and even killed the Prince of Novgorod over the Sit River, the hordes of invaders moved towards Novgorod, which was the only checkpoint at that time, on the road to the North. It’s wonderful, but having not reached only a hundred miles, the Horde turned around and galloped back home, just “killing” the ill-fated Kozelsk along the way, which was actually completely wiped off the face of the earth. Thus, the table demonstrates the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' quite clearly. Already in 1239, the evil and angry Horde entered Southern Rus', and in March Perslavl had already fallen, and from that point on, everything went wrong for Ancient Rus'.

In September 1240, when the leaf had just begun to gain gold, Prince Daniil Romanovich Galitsky managed to keep Kyiv from being captured, and he managed to hold out for almost three whole months, after which the city had to be surrendered. At that moment, Western Europe was already shaking quite a bit, Batu’s troops seemed so terrible and dangerous. However, standing near the border of Poland and the Czech Republic, and after thinking a little, the Great Khan decided to turn the shafts and return to the Volga. The army, weakened by a long campaign, urgently needed to be put in order, and this took time. So Europe breathed a sigh of relief, and Russia fell into three hundred years of dependence on the Horde.

And the little chest just opened: the consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'

After everything that happened, after the main labels and letters from the khan were issued to reign over his own lands and people, the Russian land simply lay in ruins, in some places raising smoke from the fires to the sky, like silent prayers to the dead Slavic gods. However, they turned out to be not at all as dead as it might seem to the casual reader; the Mongol-Tatar invasion and its consequences are not at all easy to briefly describe, since over three hundred years quite a lot of events took place that we would like, and indeed need, to cover .

The Russian lands did not want to live in peace; they groaned and reared, and the earth literally burned under the Horde’s feet. This is probably why they did not annex Rus' to the Golden Horde. The Mongol-Tatar invasion led to the establishment of vassalage, according to which the Russians were obliged to pay tribute, which they did until the pressure in their minds simply went off scale. Scattered and disunited, the Russian princes urgently needed to unite, which they could not understand, and they squabbled like fierce dogs.

Because of this, economic as well as cultural development our Motherland was slow and significant, that is, we can say with confidence that Russia was thrown back two hundred to three hundred years, which seriously affected its further history. In such a situation, Europe should have thanked Mother Rus' for stopping the avalanche of the Horde, but what happened was somewhat different. The results of the Mongol-Tatar invasion turned out to be disastrous, both for Rus' and for the Horde itself, which soon simply fell apart when the descendants of the Great Mongol could no longer control such a powerful colossus for its time.