Pirates to the rescue! No matter how mysterious the disappearances of ships in the Bermuda Triangle may seem, it is almost impossible to refute the arguments of opponents of secrets, such as the belated and insufficiently intensive search for traces of the disaster. How to explain the cases

“It seems that everything has been written in Russia about the war in Afghanistan. Except for one thing - about China’s participation in the war against the USSR on the territory of Afghanistan,” writes Pavel Pryanikov in the telegram channel Interpreter. “This is simply a fact of silence in our new history. Little by little they talk about this, but without the full picture.

And the picture is that in the first half of the war, until about 1985, the brunt of the war in Afghanistan against the USSR was borne by the Chinese, as well as Egypt, Iran and Saudi Arabia. At this stage, the United States was afraid to supply weapons with its own markings, so that the USSR would not make a claim on them, and in order to frame the war as an intraregional conflict. And American funding for the war in Afghanistan was minimal. For example, financial assistance to the Mujahideen from the United States in 1981-83 was at the level of $20-40 million per year.

But S. Arabia then allocated $200-300 million a year, and with this money weapons were purchased in China - mainly Soviet analogues (AK-47 assault rifles and other small arms, and even our Katyushas and surface-to-air missiles " - a replica of our "Strela-2"). And in Egypt, in general, the remains of Soviet weapons were purchased, which the USSR supplied there while it was friends with this country.

In 1983, China supplied the Mujahideen with 40 thousand tons of weapons and ammunition, and in 1985 - already 70 thousand tons. Largely thanks to the Chinese, the forces opposing the Soviet troops regularly and in sufficient quantities received not only small arms and grenades, but also the latest tools communications, night sights, grenade launchers, anti-tank mines, 122 mm howitzers and even rocket launchers with a firing range of up to 15 kilometers.

The Afghan war then is an armed conflict not so much of the USSR and the local Mujahideen, it is a war between Soviet Union on the one hand, and the unofficial alliance of China, Arab countries and the United States on the other.

There are also statistics on military advisers who trained the Mujahideen, and the leader here is not the USA at all: China - 844 advisers. France - 619, and only then by a wide margin the USA - 289 advisers.

The American Stingers, which greatly changed the course of the war, went to Afghanistan only in August-September 1986, at which time American funding for the Mujahideen increased significantly - to $600-700 million a year.And so - the Chinese, Saudis and Iranians bore the brunt of the first stage of the war against the USSR in Afghanistan.By the way, the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan began due to the fear that Amin in September 1979 decided to conclude a friendly and military alliance with China.

The topic of confrontation between the USSR and China in the 1960-1980s is generally almost taboo in Russian modern history."

The death of Mullah Omar promises trouble for all participants and interested parties in the Afghan conflict. The person who guaranteed at least some kind of stability in the Taliban left, and it turned out that things were bad with Omar, and even worse without him. The nascent dialogue between Kabul and the Taliban was postponed indefinitely, and the field commanders felt freedom from the iron hand of the mullah. There is another loser in this situation - China: while Mullah Omar was alive, Beijing was calm about its borders and gained points by playing the role of a mediator in the Afghan settlement process. If different groups within the Taliban begin to squabble among themselves, all the results achieved by China in its hard work in the diplomatic field will go to waste.

Peace, friendship, Taliban

Until the second half of the 20th century, Beijing had little interest in Afghanistan. It seemed that there was simply nothing to take from this rugged mountainous country on the western edge of the empire. The only thing that connected the Afghan tribes and China was the caravan route going through Xinjiang, which at that time was not yet part of the Celestial Empire.

After the end of World War II and the formation of the PRC, which gradually began to claim the role of a regional leader, and then a rival of the USSR as a defender of progressive regimes of the Third World, the Chinese began to invest in Afghanistan: they built plants and factories there, hydroelectric power stations and irrigation structures, and even tried engage in sericulture. After the country was entered in 1979 Soviet troops, the Chinese relied on the Mujahideen, sending them machine guns, rifles, mines and missiles, first directly through the Wakhan corridor, and then through Pakistan.

However, in the 1990s, after the withdrawal of Soviet troops and the subsequent fall of the Najibullah regime, chaos reigned in Afghanistan, which was then replaced by the rule of the Taliban. The Chinese did not have time to pick up the keys to the Taliban, and contacts with the Taliban were vital for Beijing: in the vicinity of the Afghan capital, training camps began to operate for Uighur terrorists who later penetrated into the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR).

The Chinese tried to make contact with Taliban leaders. They willingly met halfway, took money, swore that the camps would be closed, but year after year they continued to train Uighur militants there. The process got off the ground only in November 2000, when the Chinese Ambassador to Pakistan secured a meeting with Mullah Omar. He stated that he would not expel Uighur militants from Afghanistan, but promised that he would not allow independent actions by Uighur troops and would prohibit them from carrying out attacks from Afghan territory. After this, the Uyghur issue was closed, and in Beijing Mullah Omar gained a reputation as a man of his word.

Since then, China, helping official Kabul with one hand, has always kept the pulse of the Taliban with the other. After the American invasion of Afghanistan, Chinese money poured into the country, but at the same time the Chinese strengthened contacts with the Quetta Shura, the supreme structure of the Taliban.

Over the years, the Chinese have gained a reputation as peacekeepers in Afghanistan. No country has done so much to solve the Afghan problem: Beijing officially received representatives of Kabul and unofficially envoys of the Taliban. Recognition high role China's involvement in the peace settlement was the presence of Chinese diplomats at the first round of negotiations between representatives of the Afghan authorities and the Taliban. Even Pakistan, which traditionally plays a complex political game in the region and stirs up conflicts for its own benefit, was forced by the Chinese to work for the benefit of the peace process. For Beijing, a settlement in Afghanistan is vital: if the warring parties cannot be brought to the negotiating table, China will face serious problems.

Uyghur issue

The first and main one is the separatist movement in Xinjiang, where Uyghur separatists have been fighting for years to create their own independent state Uighuristan, attacking Chinese soldiers and police, killing ethnic Han Chinese and tribesmen loyal to Beijing, and carrying out terrorist attacks in public places.

For a long time, Uyghur militants who fled from the Chinese found refuge in Afghanistan and the Pakistani Tribal Areas. But in the 1980s - the first half of the 1990s, the Uyghurs themselves were not allowed to turn around: for the war with government and Soviet troops, they needed Chinese supplies of weapons and ammunition. Beijing actually bought the loyalty of Islamist militants on its western border for little money, while at the same time restraining the activity of the Uyghurs with their own hands. It got to the point that in 1997, Osama bin Laden himself said regarding another terrorist attack in Xinjiang that it was organized by the CIA in order to create a quarrel between China and the Islamic world.

Photo: Xinjiang Public Security Bureau/Reuters

Stability in Xinjiang is critical for Beijing not only because Uyghur militants threaten China's internal stability. Through XUAR and further through Central Asia Economic Belt is coming silk road is an ambitious Chinese infrastructure project. Thus, terrorism in Xinjiang and the destabilization of the situation in Afghanistan with the subsequent spillover of instability into Central Asia equally interfere with the implementation of the PRC’s strategic plans.

“Radical Islam is becoming the main threat to stability in the XUAR, this is increasingly recognized by the Chinese leadership, which previously was mainly focused on combating separatist tendencies. Destabilization in Afghanistan is also seen as an opportunity to strengthen radical Islamic groups throughout the region. From this point of view, Afghanistan is important not only for ensuring China’s economic interests in Pakistan, but also in the context of security - both regional and internal, which is an absolute priority for the Chinese leadership,” a senior researcher at the Center commented on the situation to Lente.ru East Asian Studies and the SCO MGIMO Igor Denisov

Masters of the Copper Mountain

We must not forget about China's economic interests in Afghanistan. In 2007, the China Metallurgical Group Corporation (MCC) holding company received a 30-year contract to develop the huge Aynak copper deposit. The terms of the agreement stipulated that the PRC would provide investments of $3.5 billion - the Ainak contract became the largest deal with foreign participation in the history of Afghanistan. The total amount of copper in Aynak is estimated to be approximately six million tons - thus the total profit of MCC could be tens of billions of dollars. In exchange, the Afghan government expected to receive new jobs, a copper production plant, a power plant, highways and railway.

The signing of contracts and shaking hands on camera was greeted with optimism by everyone: China seemed to clearly demonstrate its interest in normalizing the situation in Afghanistan. But optimism soon gave way to disappointment: the Chinese were in no hurry to fulfill their financial obligations. As MCC representatives explained informally in 2014, the situation in Afghanistan is difficult, there is no stability, copper prices are falling, the Chinese economy is slowing down, and investing in the development of the deposit in these conditions is unreasonable. MCC suggested that Kabul change the terms of the deal, excluding from it the obligations for the construction of almost all infrastructure, except roads.

Suddenly it turned out that the Afghans were also unhappy. Daoud Shah - new minister subsoil in the government of Ashraf Ghani - recently stated that the development of the field now contradicts the state interests of the country and that Kabul is ready to renew the contract - on new terms, more favorable for itself. The archaeologists spoke very opportunely, explaining that if work begins, historical monuments - the heritage of Afghanistan and all humanity - will be irretrievably destroyed. The Afghan press recalled old rumors that the Chinese won the tender in a not entirely honest way: allegedly in 2007, employees of the Ministry of Mineral Resources, including the head of the department, received considerable bribes, which allowed MCC to get rid of competitors.

But Ainak is too big a jackpot to be thrown away so easily. There are 22 years left until the lease expires. Considering that the government of Ashraf Ghani has already expressed extreme interest in further strengthening relations with China, the Chinese, if they want, will somehow cope with archaeologists, old rumors and a rebellious minister. There are more complex problems.

Mullah is dead, long live the caliphate?

Given China's interest in stability in Afghanistan, which is dictated by both economic and political interests, the death of Mullah Omar for Beijing could be a heavy blow. Mullah Mansour, Omar's heir, is, in principle, known as a person quite loyal to Islamabad, and therefore to Beijing. But his position is extremely precarious: the Taliban has enough semi-independent groups and factions that do not want a peaceful settlement. Even if Mansour agrees to negotiations, there is a chance that Kabul, Islamabad and Beijing will ultimately reach an agreement only with the moderate wing of the movement, and it is not a fact that these agreements will suit the rest of the Taliban.

The worst scenario cannot be ruled out - a possible split within the Taliban, which will completely nullify in the eyes of the Taliban all the political capital of the PRC, which was so hard earned by Chinese diplomats. Even now, some groups - for example, Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, which cooperate with the Taliban but have a sharply negative view of Islamabad - are actively in contact with Uighur militants, supplying them with weapons and explosives and helping carry out terrorist attacks. The “Islamic State” (IS, a terrorist organization banned in Russia) also announced its intention to provide assistance to Uyghur co-religionists: its ranks are constantly being replenished by militants from the Uyghur diaspora in Turkey, in Lately Even representatives of the Chinese Hui people, ethnic Han Chinese, who converted to Islam long ago, were seen there.

In April, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan announced that it was taking an oath of allegiance to the IS caliph, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. If the Taliban really begins to disintegrate, then the Islamic State will automatically become the center of gravity for all the small groups that want to continue the war. And unlike the Taliban, it is unlikely that it will be possible to come to an agreement with the Islamic State.

In 2013, there will be big changes in Afghanistan associated with the withdrawal of foreign ISAF troops and the presidential elections in which Hamid Karzai will not stand as a candidate. A lot will change in the country in just a few months: the government, public sentiment, political conditions, the military-political situation. These changes raise some concerns because we're talking about about a country in which the security regime and stability are far from fully strengthened.

Basically, in general outline Almost all of this country’s main partners expressed their position on Afghanistan after the presidential elections and the withdrawal of foreign troops, the essence of which is that assistance in strengthening security will be provided even after the withdrawal of troops. More recently, through a group of experts, China expressed its position, in its typical form of a quiet but very weighty word.

Chinese definition

The Chinese approach differs significantly from popular assessments of the situation in Afghanistan, and the opinion of a group of Chinese experts fully confirms this. If in Western countries military operation in Afghanistan it is considered a fight against terrorism, in China it is called a war, and one started by the United States. This war was not successful and was a complete failure politically. The coalition forces cannot win the war, but they cannot remain in the country any longer, and that is the only reason they are forced to leave in 2014, according to China.

Chinese experts do not see prospects for the continued presence of foreign troops in Afghanistan. If the United States tries to stay in Afghanistan for a long time, this will lead to “confusion,” which in the specific Chinese interpretation means: political instability, a sharp drop in the rate of economic development, increased drug production, a decline in the authority of the central government and the creation of “enclaves” of local government, as well as the strengthening of the Taliban.

The Chinese comrades, of course, have their own opinion and, by putting forward such a definition, they clearly show that they do not intend to join the American position. But at the same time, they do not condemn American policy in Afghanistan and demonstrate, as will be seen later, a pragmatic approach. The situation in Afghanistan to a certain extent affects Chinese border interests, especially those related to the XUAR, and Beijing is certainly interested in ending the war, for which China expresses its readiness to use its considerable capabilities.

China speaks for the SCO

Chinese experts, without a doubt, understand the wary attitude in the world towards Chinese foreign policy initiatives, and therefore propose a whole plan for a settlement in Afghanistan on behalf of a large regional organization - the SCO, that is, to a certain extent, on behalf of Russia.

The main features of the proposed settlement plan are as follows:

Participation in the policy of national reconciliation, which he recognizes as the main condition for the future of Afghanistan;
- SCO compliance with the principle of respect for the independence and sovereignty of Afghanistan, territorial integrity and recognition of the political system that it chooses itself, even if it is an undemocratic political system (Chinese experts believe that democratic values ​​do not meet the national interests of Afghanistan);
- involvement of the international community through bilateral relations (for example, Afghanistan - China, Afghanistan - Russia, etc.), through the UN and through the SCO;
- attracting Turkey and Iran as partners in resolving the situation in Afghanistan, as well as involving Pakistan as a partner, due to which China supports the admission of Pakistan to the SCO as an observer;
- China proposes to establish coordination between NATO and the SCO, but puts forward the requirement that NATO bases should not remain in the region, and the SCO countries should continue to support the Afghan National Army and police, while avoiding direct military intervention;
- maintaining stability in Pakistan is closely related to maintaining stability in Afghanistan;
- involvement of all political forces, representatives of nationalities and even representatives of influential tribes in the newly elected government of Afghanistan;
- as part of the settlement policy, there should be a lenient attitude towards the moderate Taliban, which should distance them from Al-Qaeda and narrow the political ground for terrorist organizations (according to Chinese experts, the majority of the Afghan Taliban are moderate);
- the policy of national reconciliation should rely on moderate “Afghanistan” Islam, and the SCO should influence the reconciliation process through its moderate Islamic figures;
- Russia plays a major role in the process of resolving the situation in Afghanistan.

Thus, China's position differs significantly from the modern approach to resolving the situation in Afghanistan. These differences boil down to the fact that China rejects the “constructive approach” to Afghan statehood, which was implemented at the Bonn Conference, and instead puts forward the priority of Afghan statehood and the political system in the form in which they will emerge during the internal political process. China rejects the priority of Western countries in Afghan policy and puts forward the priority of neighboring countries, both united in the SCO and those outside this organization. Thus, China adheres to the position that the Afghan settlement is a regional process.

Economics as a tool for settlement

The SCO should also provide greater economic support to Afghanistan, and Chinese experts consider the economy as an integral part of the settlement plan, based on their experience in the XUAR. The main features of economic assistance are as follows:

Supporting the new Afghan government in improving the lives of ordinary people through the export of consumer goods, which is important for eliminating the soil for terrorism, extremism and separatism;
- construction of facilities for the employment of Afghans (with the possible participation of Pakistan as a junior operating partner),
- providing economic support through the SCO, and the SCO must provide support without reservations (“The SCO must do everything possible to ensure that the world community truly fulfills its promise to Afghanistan and provides this country - Afghanistan - with the necessary support and assistance without any reservations”, - said one of the Chinese experts on Afghanistan);
- transfer to Afghanistan of Chinese experience in running small and medium-sized businesses as an alternative to drug production.

Although now the economic aspects are still poorly developed, this part of the program is still worth taking seriously, since China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, that is, the main trading partners, can take part in the economic development of Afghanistan. There are considerable opportunities for the implementation of economic programs through the SCO, the Customs Union, as well as through the highly influential regional economic organization CAREC, supported by ADB, the World Bank and UNDP, which in October 2012 adopted a large-scale plan for the development of transport communications in Central Asia.

Chinese proposals are very interesting and deserve a lot of attention, since a long-term plan is proposed to resolve the situation by force regional organizations taking into account the interests of all parties, primarily Afghanistan (many versions of such plans had a serious drawback in that they actually excluded Afghanistan from the policy-making process), using political and economic measures, rather than forceful ones, which have already shown very low effectiveness in Afghani conditions. This plan is attractive for its scale and thorough approach to resolving a complex political problem, and it is likely that the developments of Chinese experts can form the basis of a new policy for resolving the situation in Afghanistan.

During the war, the United States and Great Britain conducted a secret operation against the USSR, codenamed “Faraday,” which was supervised by the British and American Ministries of Defense. The direct performers of the tasks were employees of the British special forces SAS and the intelligence agency of the US Department of Defense. The operation pursued the following goals: the creation of training camps (including in Pakistan and Scotland); sending American and British saboteurs from special forces units to conduct reconnaissance in the Kandahar-Bagram-Kabul areas; organizing the supply of weapons, ammunition and mine explosives; instructing Afghan Mujahideen on sabotage tactics. In particular, instructors from the SAS not only trained “Mujahideen” in Pakistani camps, but also took part in hostilities against Soviet troops.

According to the American newspaper " The New York Times,” already in December 1982, the US CIA received instructions from the US government to supply the Mujahideen with heavy weapons, including recoilless rifles, mortars and anti-tank grenade launchers. Jihad was declared against Soviet troops in Afghanistan. Joined the war a large number of Arab mercenaries. Help came through international Islamic organizations. Among them, a special place was occupied by Maktab al-Khidamat, founded in 1984 in the city of Peshawar (Pakistan) by Abdullah Azzam and Osama bin Laden.

To conduct information-psychological warfare and propaganda, 11 Radio Free Kabul radio transmitters were created on the territory of Pakistan, not far from the Pakistan-Afghan border. In addition, with the assistance of the Government of Pakistan, the following were created on Pakistani territory:

Agency Afghan Press news agency - Pakistani citizen Mukhtar Hassan became the director, the employees were Pakistani journalists (Shabir Hussain, Akhtar Rashid, A.H. Rizvi, etc.)
"Afghan Documentation Center".

In 1985, on the initiative of American Senator Gordon Humphrey, the Free Afghanistan radio station was created in Munich, receiving funding from US government agencies. Initially, the radio station broadcast in Dari for 6 hours a week; in September 1987, the radio station doubled its airtime by starting broadcasting in Pashto for 6 hours a week.

At the beginning of 1983, after the detention of several participants in the operation in Afghanistan, one of the channels organized by the CIA for the supply of weapons to Afghanistan became known: the Interarms Company of Manchester, created in Great Britain, ensured the delivery of weapons and ammunition from Manchester to Karachi, and from there - to transit points in Peshawar and Parachinar near the Pakistan-Afghan border.

On May 5, 1983, a representative of the US State Department officially acknowledged the fact of providing military assistance to the Mujahideen.

On September 16, 1983, the Afghan government declared persona non grata, due to activities incompatible with the status of a diplomat, two employees of the US Embassy in Kabul: Second Secretary of the Embassy Turner Haig Jefferson and Blackbourn Attaché Robert Kinley. At the press conference, evidence was presented of American involvement in collecting intelligence information with the participation of citizens of Afghanistan and Pakistan, financing the anti-government underground and distributing anti-government leaflets.

In June 1986, retired US Army Special Forces Lieutenant Colonel James "Bo" Gride organized the training of a group of Afghan Mujahideen in the United States, in the state of Nevada. The “special military training” program lasted for a month and included training in reconnaissance, demolitions, and training in the use of communications equipment and night vision devices.

According to experts from the US Department of Defense, the US CIA supplied the Mujahideen with 1,000 Stinger missiles, and of this amount, about 350 were spent during the Afghan war. After the end of the war, the US Congress allocated $65 million for the operation to purchase MANPADS and missiles, and some of them the number was purchased, but up to 400 Stingers remained in Afghanistan.

Already at the beginning of 1981, the American magazine “Soldier of Fortune” published a series of interviews with Mujahideen leaders in which they invited “volunteers from all over the world” to join them. The same magazines published “private advertisements” with addresses and contacts for those wishing to take part in the war. Subsequently, the DRA state security authorities reported that already at the end of January 1981, a branch of the company “Monte Franco Scandinabia Est.”, registered in Liechtenstein, was opened in Pakistan, through whose mediation at least five instructors from the United States arrived in Pakistan “privately.” and Great Britain, who were directly involved in the combat training of the Mujahideen.

During the Afghan war, numerous cases were recorded of the presence of citizens of NATO countries and Pakistan on the territory of the DRA, their participation in the actions of anti-government forces (including direct participation in hostilities against the government army and Soviet troops). Some of them were detained:

Thus, already in the initial period of the war, the Egyptian Zia ed-din Mahmoud was detained;
On March 25, 1980, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bheight 1.086 northwest of Herat, a group of 27 militants was destroyed (24 were killed, 3 were captured). One of the prisoners was a foreign citizen, Mahdi Bahram Ali Najad;
a little later, Iranian citizen Mohsen Rezaei was detained. At a press conference, he said that he was recruited on the territory of Iran, in the Muslim center in Kahremanshahr, from where he arrived in the city of Mashhad, and after undergoing training in Pakistan, in Quetta, as part of the “Jamaat Islamiye” detachment, he supplied weapons to Kabul and Herat ;
in 1981, in the regional center of Mehtarlam, soldiers of the Afghan army detained French citizen Jean-Paul Silve (a former soldier of the parachute units of the French army), dressed in national Afghan clothes, who illegally crossed the border with Pakistan along with a guide from the Jamaat Islamie Afghanistan group. . J.-P. Silv was sentenced to 5 years in prison for illegally crossing the border, but was released after 9 months.
At the end of August 1982, Pakistani army officer Said Muhammad Ali, a graduate of the airborne school in Quetta, who had undergone additional language, regional studies and special training at courses in Lahore, was detained in Afghanistan. Ali was engaged in the supply of weapons from Pakistan to Afghanistan for Alauddin’s detachment operating in the province of Nimruz. At a press conference in Kabul, he also said that he had the task of collecting intelligence information about the military potential of the DRA, weapons and the deployment of units of the Afghan army. At the same press conference, representatives of the DRA Foreign Ministry made a statement that there are 80 centers, camps and schools for training saboteurs and terrorists in Pakistan.
in July 1983, in the Bagram district of Paravan province, after the defeat of one of the Mujahideen groups at the battle site, the corpse of a European was discovered, who had documents in the name of a British citizen named Stuart Bodman, as well as documents, papers and photographic materials that belonged to him, containing information about the deployment of Soviet and Afghan troops. Somewhat later, the British newspaper The Sunday Times conducted its own investigation, which found that the real Stuart Boadman was alive, in the UK and working as a storekeeper.
At the beginning of 1984, the DRA Foreign Ministry sent a protest to France in connection with the detention in the country in December 1983 of the French citizen Philippe Agouyarde, “who was directly involved in subversive anti-government activities.”
In October 1984, at a press conference in Kabul, foreign journalists were presented with Pakistani army captain Zulfikar Khaider, who had been detained in Afghanistan.
In January 1985, Pakistani military intelligence officer Jamil, a graduate of the intelligence center in Peshawar, was captured in Nangarhar province, and after nine months of training, he was sent to Afghanistan with two other graduates of the center. The detainee was collecting information about the deployment, strength and armament of units of the Afghan army.
on the night of September 19-20, 1985, in the Shahvalikot district of Kandahar province, a convoy of Mujahideen consisting of several jeeps was ambushed by special forces and a convoy of Mujahideen consisting of several jeeps was destroyed; during an inspection, the corpse of US citizen Charles Thornton was found in one of the cars, as well as documents, papers and documents belonging to him. photographic materials indicating the American’s connections with the Mujahideen.

On February 23, 1985, in the Barikot region, a unit of the Pakistani army numbering about 400 people. fired at a DRA army unit, killing 5 and wounding 4 Afghan soldiers
in April 1986, in the Kandahar region, a group of militants who decided to stop fighting against the government handed over to the DRA state security agencies a German military counterintelligence agent, a native of Turkey, Osman Demir, who testified that he had been a citizen of the Federal Republic of Germany since 1983 until he was sent to Afghanistan from Pakistan in March 1986 he was a police informant.
In November 1987, in the province of Faryab, a group of militants who decided to stop fighting against the government transferred French citizen Alain Guillot, who was in their detachment and was collecting intelligence information, to the DRA state security agencies.
in December 1987, in the Khost region, during battles with spooks of the Afghan government army, a European was killed, whom captured militants identified as an “American military instructor.” A Pentagon spokesman denied reports that the murdered man was an American military adviser; US State Department official F. Oakley said that the murdered man could have been a US citizen, but was not an American military adviser - in Afghanistan, “he acted as a private individual, independently, at his own peril and risk.”
In addition, there are references to the detention in Afghanistan of a Turkish citizen named Turgit Uzala and an Egyptian citizen named Abdus Ali.

In total, thanks to the counterintelligence efforts of the 40th Army, 44 intelligence agents of the United States, Pakistan, France and other countries were identified.

Propaganda aimed at Soviet troops in Afghanistan was carried out by the People's Labor Union, OUN, Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Peoples and other organizations. In France, a million copies of a fake issue of the newspaper Red Star (newspaper) were printed, which was then distributed in Afghanistan.

Some Mujahideen detachments received assistance from Iran - in particular, the detachment of the “one-armed Qari” (“Kyari-yakdasta”), operating in the Herat region, and the Turan Ismail detachment, operating in the vicinity of Mashhad.

Japan provided enormous financial assistance to Pakistan, which allowed it to cope with the flow of refugees. Only in December 1979 - August 1983 did Japan provide assistance to Pakistan total amount exceeding $41 billion