Analyzing the fuel and energy balance for a certain historical period, it should be noted that the world’s fuel industry has gone through several stages in its development:

• coal stage (first half of the 20th century);
• oil and gas stage (from the second half of the 20th century).

Oil production in the world in 1950 - 2000. increased almost 7 times (from 0.5 to 3.5 billion tons). The oil industry is one of the most monopolized extractive industries. Apart from a few countries where oil production is run by state-owned companies, the industry is completely controlled by the largest TNCs and Western European countries. In contrast, oil exporters created an organization fighting for the right to dispose of oil on their territory and controlling over half of its production.

Before World War 2, 80% of oil was produced by the North. and , where the United States stood out (over half of the world's production) and . But after the war, with the discovery of large oil fields in the Near and Middle East, as well as in the USSR, America’s share began to decline rapidly (2000 - 21%). Now it produces the bulk of oil (up to 38%). The shares of individual leading countries in production in 2000 (USA or ) did not exceed 12 - 13%. USSR in the late 80s. reached the maximum level of oil production among all oil-producing states - 624 million tons (20% of world production), which no country has surpassed.

Oil is one of the most important export commodities in world trade. Half of all oil produced is exported (over 1.5 billion tons). Its most important suppliers are the countries of the Near and Middle East. The vast majority of exported oil is transported in tankers along sea routes. The largest flow through pipelines comes from Russia to many countries in Western and Eastern Europe. And although the share of oil has decreased slightly, it remains in first place in terms of global energy consumption.

Natural Gas Industry

Natural gas production in the second half of the 20th century. increased 11 times (from 0.2 to 2.3 trillion m3). This allowed it to approach (about 24%) in the structure of consumption of primary energy sources. At the same time, in terms of explored resources (almost 150 billion tons or 145 trillion m3) natural gas comparable to oil. To this should be added the resources of associated petroleum gas associated with oil fields.

By 1990, Eastern became the leader in production, with the USSR playing the leading role. Significant gas production emerged in Western Europe and Asia. The result was a change in the geography of the world. The USA lost its monopoly position, and its share decreased to 1/4, and the USSR became the leader (it has now retained its leadership). Russia and the United States concentrate half of the world's natural gas. Russia remains stable and the world's most important gas exporter.

Coal industry

Oil industry

Gas industry

Gas is produced in 60 countries, with Russia, the USA, and the leaders.
The main problems of the fuel industry are:

• depletion of fuel reserves (according to experts, proven coal reserves will last for about 240 years, oil - for 50 years, gas - 65);
• violation environment during extraction and transportation of fuel;
• territorial gap between the main production areas and consumption areas.

To solve these problems, new resource-saving technologies are being developed and new deposits are being searched.

Electric power industry of the world

Share various types stations in energy production in different countries is not the same, as thermal power plants predominate in the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, China, Mexico, and Italy. A significant share of hydroelectric power plants is located in Norway, Brazil, Canada. In the late 80s, nuclear power plants were actively built and operating. During this period they were built in 30 countries around the world. A significant share of energy at nuclear power plants is generated in France, the Republic of Korea, Sweden, and.

The main problems of the electric power industry are:

• depletion of primary energy resources and their rise in price;
• environmental pollution.

The solution to the problem is to use energy, such as:

• geothermal (already used in Iceland, Italy, France, Japan, USA);
• solar (, Spain, Japan, USA);
• (France, Russia, China, jointly Canada and the USA);
• (, Sweden, Germany, UK, Netherlands).

Metallurgical industry of the world: composition, location, problems.

Metallurgy– one of the main basic industries, providing other industries with structural materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metals).

For quite a long time, the size of metal smelting almost primarily determined the economic power of any country. And all over the world they were growing rapidly. But in the 70s of the 20th century, the growth rate of metallurgy slowed down. But steel remains the main structural material in the world.

Metallurgy includes all processes from ore mining to the production of finished products. The metallurgical industry includes two branches: ferrous and non-ferrous.

world: meaning, composition, placement features, environmental problems.

Chemical industry is one of the vanguard industries ensuring economic development in the era of scientific and technological revolution. The development of the entire economy depends on its development, since it provides other industries with new materials - mineral fertilizers and plant protection products, and the population with a variety of household chemicals.

The chemical industry has a complex industrial composition. It includes:

• mining (extraction of raw materials: sulfur, apatites, phosphorites, salts);
• basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers);
• chemistry of organic synthesis (production of polymers - plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers);
• other industries (household chemicals, perfumery, microbiology, etc.).
• The placement features are determined by a combination of various factors.

For mining chemistry - the determining factor is natural resource, for basic and organic synthesis chemistry - consumer, water and energy.

There are 4 large regions:

• Foreign Europe (Germany leads);
• North America (USA);
• East and Southeast Asia (Japan, China, Newly Industrialized Countries);
• CIS (Russia, Ukraine, ).

The following countries are leaders in the production of certain types of chemical products:

• in the production of sulfuric acid - USA, Russia, China;
• in the production of mineral fertilizers - USA, China, Russia;
• in the production of plastics - USA, Japan, Germany;
• in the production of chemical fibers - USA, Japan, ;
• in the production of synthetic rubber - USA, Japan, France.

The chemical industry has a significant impact on nature. On the one hand, the chemical industry has a wide raw material base that allows it to recycle waste and actively use secondary raw materials, which contributes to a more economical use of natural resources. In addition, it creates substances that are used for chemical purification of water, air, plant protection, and restoration.

On the other hand, it itself is one of the most “dirty” industries, affecting all components natural environment, which requires regular environmental protection measures.

Industry is an important, fundamental part of the economy of every country. Industry is all enterprises engaged in the production of tools, the extraction of raw materials, the production of energy, and the processing of products produced by industry and agriculture.

What kind of industry is there? It consists of two fairly large groups or industries:

• Mining
• Processing

Mining industry

The mining industry, as the name of the industry implies, is engaged in the extraction of raw materials: ores, oil, gas, shale, limestone, and so on. The extractive industries also include water pipelines and hydroelectric power plants, timber extraction and fishing enterprises.

Processing

The manufacturing industry includes enterprises engaged in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical products, mechanical engineering, woodworking, repairs, food and light products, thermal power plants and the film industry.

Industries

Now let's look at all types of industries separately.

Electric power industry. This type of industry is extremely important as it is involved in the production, transmission and marketing of electrical energy.

Fuel industry. It is basic for Russia, since today it actively participates in both domestic and foreign policy.

• Coal
• Gas
• Oil industry.

Ferrous metallurgy. This is the basis of mechanical engineering. The raw materials for ferrous metals are ores. This industry includes:

Mining and beneficiation of ores

• Extraction and enrichment of various non-metallic materials
• Ferrous metal production
• Production of ferrous metal products.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. Respectively engaged in the extraction and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores.

Chemical industry. This branch of industry deals with products from mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials, processing them chemically. Chemistry and petrochemistry is a fairly extensive industry that combines the following types of chemical industry:

• Production of inorganic chemistry: ammonia, soda and sulfuric acid production.
• Production of organic chemistry: ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, urea, phenol.
• Ceramics or silicate production
• Petrochemistry
• Agrochemistry
• Polymers such as polyethylene and other materials
• Elastomers, i.e. polyurethanes and rubber
• Various explosives
• Pharmaceuticals
• Cosmetics and perfumes

Mechanical engineering. This type of industry is divided into the production of the machines themselves for various purposes, including defense, instruments, machine tools, etc., and metalworking.

Forestry, wood processing and paper industries. It includes a set of industries specializing in the procurement and processing of wood. The resulting wood is processed by:

• Woodworking industry that cleans wood
• Pulp and paper industry, producing various types of paper products.

Construction materials industry. The production of building materials is a widely developing type of industry, which includes the production of various types of materials:

• Natural stone materials
• Metal building materials
• Glass
• Finishing
• Polymer
• Cements
• Thermal insulation and other types.

Light industry. This type of industry includes a set of industries engaged in the production of consumer goods. Types of light industry:

• Textile
• Sewing
• Haberdashery
• Tannery
• Fur
• Shoe

Food industry. It produces food, tobacco products, soap, and detergents. The food industry is closely connected with agriculture, as the main producer of raw materials, as well as with trade. Types of food industry:

• Bakery
• Canning
• Flour and cereals
• Meat
• Fish
• Soft drinks
• Alcohol
• Winemaking
• Oil and fat
• Confectionery
• Tobacco, etc.

All these types of industry are characteristic of Russia. Our country is trying to develop industry, and in Lately its share in GDP has increased significantly, which has a positive effect on the economy of the entire country as a whole.

- an important part of the economic complex Russian Federation, the leading role of which is determined by the fact that it provides all sectors of the economy with tools and new materials, serves as the most active factor in scientific and technological progress and expansion in general. Among other sectors of the economy, industry stands out for its complex and area-forming functions.

In 2008, Russia operated 456 thousand industrial enterprises, where 14.3 million people were employed, ensuring production output in the amount of 20,613 billion rubles.

Russian industry has complex diversified and multi-sectoral structure, reflecting changes in development, in improving the territorial division of social labor, associated with scientific and technological progress.

Modern industry is characterized by a high level of specialization. As a result of the deepening of the social, many industries, sub-sectors and types of production arose, which together form the sectoral structure of industry. The current industrial classification identifies 11 complex industries and 134 sub-sectors.

Sectoral structure of Russian industry* (% of total)

Since 2005, domestic statistics have switched to a slightly different classification of industries, which is designated as dividing the volume of shipped goods of own production, work performed and services into three groups of industries:

• mining;
• manufacturing industries;
• production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

At the same time, 2/3 is accounted for by manufacturing industries, the share of which is slowly increasing, more than 1/5 is in mining, and approximately 1/10 is in the third division.

The sectoral structure of industry is determined by many social and economic factors, the main of which are: the level of production development, technical progress, socio-historical conditions, production skills of the population, natural resources. The most significant of them, characterizing changes in the sectoral structure of industry, is scientific and technological progress.

Industry is divided into:

• mining, which includes industries related to the extraction and enrichment of ore and non-metallic raw materials, as well as the extraction of sea animals, fishing and other sea products;
• processing, which includes enterprises for processing products of the mining industry, semi-finished products, as well as for processing products Agriculture, forest and other raw materials. Manufacturing industries form the basis of heavy industry.

According to the economic purpose of the product the entire industry is divided into two large groups : group “A” - production of means of production and group “B” - production of consumer goods. However, it should be noted that the division of industry into these groups does not coincide with the sectoral structure of industrial production, since the natural form of the manufactured product does not yet determine its economic purpose. Since the products of many enterprises can be intended for both industrial and non-productive consumption, they are classified into one group or another, depending on their actual use.

The sectoral structure of industry in modern Russia is characterized by:

• the predominance of industries for the extraction and primary processing of fuel and raw materials;
• low share of the top, most technically complex industries;
• low share of light industry and other industries focused on the immediate needs of the population;
• high share of branches of the military-industrial complex.

This industrial structure cannot be considered effective. The sectors of the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy and the military-industrial complex are called “the three pillars of Russian industry,” because they determine its face and role in the international system of territorial division of labor.

During the economic crisis of the 1990s. The largest reduction in production was observed in the manufacturing industries, especially in mechanical engineering and light industry. At the same time, the mining industry and primary processing of raw materials increased their share in Russian industrial production. Changes in the sectoral structure of industry are also due to physical wear and tear and obsolescence of equipment, which affected the upper levels of industry producing technically complex products. At the beginning of 2008, the degree of wear and tear in the group of industries extracting minerals exceeded 53%, in manufacturing - 46%, and in industries involved in the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 52%.

With the recovery from the economic crisis, there has been a revival in almost all industries; mechanical engineering, food, pulp and paper industries and certain chemical and petrochemical industries are developing especially dynamically. And yet today the sectoral structure of industrial production in Russia has much more features of a developing country than an economically developed country.

Forms of territorial organization of industry. The spatial combination of industries and individual industries is influenced by many factors. These include the provision of mineral raw materials, fuel and energy, material and labor resources. The noted factors are closely related to each other, having a certain impact on the location of enterprises and various sectors of the economy. In the process of placing industrial production, various forms of its territorial organization emerged.

Large economic zones are vast territorial formations with characteristic natural and economic conditions for the development of productive forces.

There are two large economic zones on the territory of the Russian Federation:

• Western, which includes the European part of the country along with the Urals, which is characterized by a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, a high concentration of industrial production and the predominant development of manufacturing industries;
• Eastern, which includes the territory of Siberia and the Far East, which is characterized by the presence of large reserves of fuel, energy and mineral resources, poor development of the territory and the predominance of extractive industries.

This division into large economic zones is used in the analysis and determination of the promising territorial proportions of the country’s economic complex.

Industrial areas They are large territories with relatively homogeneous natural conditions, with a characteristic direction for the development of productive forces, with an appropriate existing material and technical base, production and social infrastructure.

On the territory of Russia there are about 30 industrial areas, of which 2/3 are located in the Western zone of the country. The highest concentration of industrial districts is observed in the Urals - 7 (Tagil-Kachkanarsky, Ekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Verkhne-Kama, South Bashkir and Orsko-Khalilovsky), in the Center - 4 (Moscow, Tula-Novomoskovsky, Bryansk-Lyudionovsky and Ivanovo ) and in the north of the Volga region (Samara, Nizhnekamsk, South Tatar). In the east of the country, industrial regions are mainly located in the Trans-Siberian Railway zone - Kuznetsky in Western Siberia, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo in Eastern Siberia, South Yakutsk and South Primorsky in the Far East. For Far North Characterized by a focal distribution of industrial regions - Kola in the European North, Sredneobsky and Nizhneobsky in Western Siberia, Norilsk in Eastern Siberia. The specialization of the economy of each industrial region reflects the direction of development of the economy of the region on whose territory it is located.

Industrial agglomerations— territorial economic entities characterized by a high level of concentration of enterprises in various sectors of the economy, infrastructure facilities and scientific institutions, as well as a high population density. The economic prerequisites for the development of industrial agglomeration are a high level of concentration and diversification of production, as well as the possibility of maximizing effective use systems of production and social infrastructure.

The compact placement of a group of enterprises from various sectors of the economy leads to a reduction in the occupied territory required for industrial construction by an average of 30%, and reduces the number of buildings and structures by 25%. Savings reach 20% of costs for common facilities due to the creation of unified complexes for auxiliary purposes, production and social infrastructure.

The country has large industrial agglomerations: Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Yaroslavl, etc. However, excessive development and concentration of production beyond certain limits have a negative impact, significantly reducing the economic effect. This is primarily related to environmental protection issues and the development of the social sphere.

An industrial hub is considered as a group of industries compactly located in a small area. Its main feature is participation in the system of territorial division of labor of the country, the presence of production connections between enterprises, the commonality of the settlement system, social and technical infrastructure. Industrial nodes are planned and developed as elements of dissected spatial structures of territorial production complexes and represent a qualitatively new phenomenon in the regulated process of development of the territorial structure of the economy.

Similar forms of territorial organization of the economy are developing not only in old industrial areas (for example, in Zheleznogorsk, associated with the extraction and enrichment of iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, and in Cheboksary, the development of which was facilitated by the Cheboksary hydroelectric station, a tractor plant and a chemical plant with related industries), but and in areas of new development (Sayanogorsk, which is being formed on the basis of electric power generated by the Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya hydroelectric power stations, and energy-intensive industries).

Industrial centers for the most part, they do not have technological connections with each other, so such placement reduces the opportunities for the development of cooperation, and, consequently, their growth efficiency. Regional centers serve as an example.

Under industrial point understand the territory within which one or more enterprises of one industry are located (small towns and workers' villages).

In recent decades, such forms of industrial organization as technopolises and technoparks have developed in Russia, which can be used to rebuild production in a new technological basis, preserving scientific and technical potential and financing science, attracting investment.

In Russia, technopolises and technoparks are created on the basis of educational and research institutes that maintain close ties with industry. They exist in the form of joint ventures (JVs), joint stock companies(JSC), associations, etc. Such forms of territorial organization of the economy are being developed in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tomsk. It is planned to create technology parks in Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, and Chelyabinsk (closed cities of the military-industrial complex).

National economy- a historically established complex (set) of industries in a given country, interconnected by the division of labor.

- an important part of the economic complex of the Russian Federation.

Russian industry has a complex, diversified, diversified structure, reflecting changes in the development of productive forces, in improving the territorial division of social labor, associated with scientific and technological progress.

Industries

Fuel and Energy Complex

One of the inter-industry complexes, which is a set of closely interconnected and interacting sectors of the fuel industry and electric power industry, meeting the needs National economy and the population in fuel and energy resources.

The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the factors in the development and deployment of the country’s productive forces. The share of the fuel and energy complex in 2007 reached 60% in the country's export balance.

Fuel industry. Mineral fuel is the main source of energy in the modern economy. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of fuel resources.

• Gas industry
• Coal industry
• Oil industry
• Electric power industry

Gas industry

- the youngest and fastest growing industry. It is engaged in the production, transportation, storage and distribution of natural gas.

Gas production is 2 times cheaper than oil production and 10-15 times cheaper than coal production. About 1/3 of the world's proven natural gas reserves are concentrated in Russia. The European part accounts for 11.6%; the eastern regions account for 84.4%. Over 90% of natural gas is produced in Western Siberia.

The development of the gas industry is closely related to gas pipeline transport. To transport gas in Russia, a Unified Gas Supply System has been created. Most often, gas pipelines lead from the territory of western Siberia to the west.

• Brotherhood
• Northern Lights
• Yamal-Europe (connects gas fields in the north of Western Siberia with end consumers in Western Europe)
• Blue Stream (under the Black Sea to Turkey)
• South Stream (under the Black Sea to Italy and Austria)
• Nord Stream (under the Baltic Sea to Germany)

Oil industry

— engaged in oil production and transportation, as well as associated gas production.

Russia has quite large proven oil reserves (about 8% of global reserves, 6th place in the world)

• Samotlorskoe
• Ust-Balykskoe
• Megionskoe
• Yuganskoe
• Kholmogorskoe
• Varyegonskoe

Coal industry

- is engaged in the extraction and primary processing of hard and brown coal and is the largest branch of the fuel industry in terms of the number of workers and the cost of production fixed assets.

Coal mining. China USA Germany, India

1. Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbas) (Kemerovo region) (55%)
2. Kansk-Achinsk coal basin - open-pit mining and the lowest cost. Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk - cities of consumption (one seventh)
3. South Yakut coal basin (9%) is mined open method, has high quality(hard coal is mined) a significant part of the coal is exported to Japan,
4. The Pechersk corner of the basin is located on the territory of Yakutia, its share accounts for 7 - 8%, coal is very expensive, and is mined by mining. Used in skull metallurgical plant)
5. Eastern wing of the Dombass. Mine production. Coal is expensive in terms of production costs. the rock is very thin

• Carboniferous (Kizelovsky Irkutsk, Burinsky Alexandrovsky)
• lignite (Moscow basin, Chelyabinsk, South Ural, Nizhnezeysky)
• Prospective basins (those basins that are not being developed) (Lensky in the Lena River basin and Tungussky in the Yenisei basin)

Electric power industry

— part of the fuel and energy complex, ensuring the production and distribution of electricity and heat.

Russia ranks fourth in the world in electricity production after the USA, China and Japan.

Electricity production is carried out by thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants.

Thermal power plants provide two thirds of the energy in the Russian Federation

They are built relatively quickly and at lower costs and are located either in areas of fuel production or in areas of consumption.

• Coal: Nazarovskaya, Irsha-Borodinskaya, Berezovskaya (in the Kansk-Achinsk basin)

• Mazut: group of Surgut power plants

• Gas: Konakok

• Peat: Ivanovskaya

A type of TPP is TPP, which are located only in areas of consumption since their radius of action does not exceed 25 kilometers.

14% electricity

They are built in areas of consumption where there are no energy resources of their own, since one kilogram of uranium replaces 2,500 tons of coal.

The highest density of nuclear power plants is in the European part of Russia.

Russia is a pioneer in the development of nuclear energy.

• Kola
• Leningradskaya (40 km from St. Petersburg)
• Kalininskaya
• Smolenskaya
• Kursk
• Novovoroneskaya, Rostovskaya
• Balakovskaya
• Beloyarskaya
• Bilivinskaya (in Chukotka)

15% of total electricity generation.

Hydroelectric power stations are built on large rivers. We have the most powerful hydroelectric power plants. The most powerful former Sayano-Shushenskaya)

• Sayano-Shushenskaya 6.4
• Krasnoyarsk
• Bratskaya 4.5
• Ust-Ilimskaya 4.3

These are located on the Yenisei. We built less powerful ones on the Volga River. They have different capacities (maximum 2.2 million kilowatts per year)

A type of hydroelectric power station is TPP (tidal power station). It is most profitable to build in rocky areas (for example, on the Kola Peninsula, called Kislogubskaya).

A new type - geothermal power plants - generate electricity from the internal heat of the earth, near volcanoes, for example, in Yakutia, the Paurzhetskaya hydroelectric power station, and the recently launched Maynutnovskaya one.

Metallurgical complex

The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy includes a full cycle (cast iron > steel > rolled metal) - this is full-cycle metallurgy, and there is also a pigment metallurgy, which does not contain cast iron (steel > rolled metal).

Russia ranks first in the world in ferrous metallurgy and fourth in mining.

The first place in production in Russia is the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly.

• availability of raw materials
• Availability of fuel
• availability of water
• availability of electricity

In accordance with this, metallurgical plants are located either in raw material extraction areas (Lipetsk, Stary Oskol) or in fuel extraction areas (Novokuznetsk) or between them (Cherepovetsk).

On the territory of Russia it has developed three metallurgical bases. One of the bottom Ural- the most powerful 45% of the metal, and the oldest in terms of time of occurrence. There are four full-cycle metallurgical plants operating here (Chelyabinsk Magnitogorsk, Novotroitsk Nizhny Tagil); all of them are located in the eastern part of the Urals. Conversion plants are located on the western slopes of the Urals (Zlatoust, Chusavoy, Serov).

Central metallurgy produces 37% of metal and allocate two subzones(southern— there is iron ore here, coal is nearby, but the water problem is acute (Lipetsk and Stary Oskol) and northern the subzone is the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, where iron ore comes from Karelia and coal from Pechora.

Conversion plants are located in Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Vyksa, and Kulebaki.

Third metallurgical base - Siberian(18% ferrous metals) there are two full-cycle plants here - West Siberian and Novokuznetsk.

• low metal content in ore
• multicomponent composition

• production
• enrichment
• concentrate production
• rough metal production
• refining

• raw materials
• fuel and energy

Based on their physical properties, CMs are divided into two groups:

• light metals (aluminum, titanium, magnesium)
• Heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel, tin)

• metallurgy of light metals;
• metallurgy of heavy metals

The raw materials for aluminum production are bauxite and nickelite.

• alumina production, which is located near the raw materials.
• production of aluminum metal, which is very electrically intensive and is located near large sources of cheap electricity. (these are Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Sayano-Gorsk, Shelekhov - all four of these plants are located in eastern Siberia, Volgograd, Volkhov, Nadvoitsy, Kandalaksha, all of these plants are based on hydroelectric power plants, but Novokuznetsk, Kamensk-Uralsky are based on thermal power plants, which ensure their work.

Very material intensive. and is usually located near sources of raw materials (the production of one ton of copper requires 100 tons of ore, one ton of tin requires 300 tons of ore)

The main copper deposits are located in the Urals, areas of eastern Siberia and the northern region.

Nickel-cobalt production.

The main reserves are the north of eastern Siberia, the Urals, and the Murmansk region.

Aluminum, copper and nickel - eastern Siberia, the Urals and the northern economic region - they are all produced only here. Tin wests are located in the north 85%.

polymetallic ores (lead and zinc) polymetallic ores are located in mountainous areas along the southern borders ( North Caucasus, northern Ossetia, south western Siberia, south eastern Siberia and in the Primorsky region in the Far East.)

• Specialization and cooperation of production
• Availability of highly qualified labor resources
• Availability of consumer
• Availability of raw materials
• Transport-geographical location

Automotive industry

Everything except raw materials has a decisive influence on placement. First place in terms of production volume: economic regions of Togliatti, Ulyanovsk, Engels, Naberezhnye Chelny, second place Volgovyatsky district - Nizhny Novgorod, Pavlovo, third place central areas - Golitsino, Likeno, Serpukhov, Ivanovo, last place Ural - Izhevsk, Kurgan, Miass, new centers.

Determining factors:

• raw materials
• transport-geographical location

Types of cars:

• Freight cars: Abakan, Novoaltaysk
• Passenger cars - Tver, Korolev
• Tram cars - Ust-Katav,
• Cars for the metro: Mytishchi, Leningrad plant named after Egorov
• Electric trains: Riga, Denyukhova district

Locomotive engineering is divided into electric locomotives and diesel locomotives.

Historical factors are added to the factors of placement of electric locomotives. in the USSR the largest was Tbilisi, now Novocherkassk.

Production of diesel locomotives - Kolomna, Lyudinovo, Udelnaya, Murom, Bryansk

placement factors:

• specialization and cooperation are the most important
• labor resources

Large factories: St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Vyborg, in the north Severodvinsk and Arkhangelsk.

River shipbuilding - on the Volga - Nizhny Novgorod Volgograd Astrakhan, on the Ob Tyumen, on the Yenieye Krasnoyarsk, on the Amur Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Tractor manufacturing

• raw materials
• consumer

• agricultural - Lipetsk, Chelyabinsk, Volgograd, Rubtsovsk,
• industrial - Kirovets (St. Pererburg) Cheboksary.
• skidding tractors - the city of Petrozavodsk (where there are forests)
• potato harvesters - Ryazan
• flax harvesting - Bezhevsk, Tver region

Agricultural engineering is located at the consumer's site, but taking into account the specifics of agriculture in a given territory. Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Krasnoyarsk.

Timber industry complex

Peculiarities:

• predominance of coniferous species (90%)
• predominance of mature and overmature forest stands (60 years for deciduous trees, 100 years for coniferous trees)
• uneven placement

• northern region (Arkhangelsk region, Republic of Komi and Karelia)
• Ural region (Perm region and Sverdlovsk region)
• western Siberia (south Tyumen region and Tomsk region)
• eastern Siberia (southern Krasnoyarsk region, Irkutsk region and Far East(Amur region, Kharabovsky and Primorsky territories)

It is located in logging areas, in the lower reaches of rafting rivers, at the intersection of rafting rivers with roads, and in consumption areas.

• availability of raw materials
• availability of electricity
• availability of water

• The first place in production is occupied by the northern region - it produces more than half of all paper - Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Syktyvkar, Segezha, Kandapoga.
• The second place in paper production produces paper - they produce special paper - stamp paper - Solikamsk, Krasnokamsk, Krasnovishevsk, Novaya Lyalya,
• The third place is occupied by the Volgo-Vyatka economic region - Volzhsk, Balakhna, Pravdinsk
• Fourth place - northwestern region - Svetogorsk
• Fifth place is Eastern Siberia - Bratsk and Ust-Ilinsk. and the Far East. Amursk city

but in Western Siberia there is no pulp and paper industry.

Chemical complex

This is the extraction of chemical raw materials - apatite of the Kola Peninsula (first place in the world in extraction)

Basic Chemistry

Production of mineral fertilizers, acids, alkalis and soda

Mineral fertilizer industry, production potash fertilizers- placed near the raw materials.

Berezniki, Solikamsk, (Perm region, Ural region)

All types of fertilizers are produced in the Ural ecological region.

Phasphate fertilizers, are placed with the consumer since all units of finished products are obtained from one unit of raw materials.

Production of nitrogen fertilizers

It has the freest nature of placement since coal is used as a raw material (Kemerovo)

waste from metallurgical production (sulfur dioxide) Cherepovetsk, Lipetsk, Magnitogorsk, and the third type of raw material is natural gas - the city of Nevinnomysk in the northern Caucasus, Novomoskovsk (Tula region) Veliky Novgorod. Novgorod region, its budget is mostly replenished from mineral fertilizers.

Agriculture and agro-industrial complex

Three areas of education:

• industries providing agriculture and processing industries with means of production
• the second sphere is agriculture
• third area - industries that process agricultural raw materials (food industry)

The economy of a modern state is divided into industries. It includes manufacturing sectors and non-production activities. The concepts of “production” and “non-production” spheres are the largest structural characteristics of the economy.

1. The non-production sector (or service sector) includes activities that do not create a material (material) product. As a rule, the following non-production sectors are distinguished:

• Department of Housing and Utilities;
• non-production types of consumer services for the population;
• healthcare, Physical Culture and social security;
• public education;
• finance, credit, insurance, pensions;
• Culture and art;
• science and scientific service;
• control;
• public associations.

2. The production sphere (“real sector” - in modern terminology) is a set of industries and activities, the result of which is a material product (goods). The branches of material production usually include industry, agriculture, transport, and communications.

The division into industries is determined by the social division of labor.

There are three forms of social division of labor: general, private, individual.

1. The general division of labor is expressed in the division social production to large areas of material production (industry, agriculture, transport, communications...).

2. The private division of labor manifests itself in the formation of various independent branches within industry, agriculture and other branches of material production. For example, in industry there are:

• electric power industry;
• fuel industry;
• ferrous metallurgy;
• non-ferrous metallurgy;
• chemical and petrochemical industry;
• mechanical engineering and metalworking;
• forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries;
• construction materials industry;
• light industry;
• food industry...

In turn, each of them consists of highly specialized industries, for example, non-ferrous metallurgy includes copper, lead-zinc, tin and other industries.

3. A single division of labor takes place in an enterprise, institution, or organization between people of different professions and specialties.

The most important branch of material production is industry, which consists of many industries and industries that are interconnected.

Based on the nature of the impact on the subject, industries are divided into two groups:

1. Extractive industries provide natural resources of mineral and plant origin, and manufacturing industries provide processing of raw materials obtained in the mining industry, as well as in agriculture. Thus, the mining industry includes mining enterprises - the extraction of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores and non-metallic raw materials for metallurgy, mining chemical raw materials, oil, gas, coal, peat, shale, salt, non-metallic building materials, as well as hydroelectric power stations, forest exploitation enterprises, on fishing and seafood production.
2. The manufacturing industry includes enterprises producing ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled metal, chemical and petrochemical products, machinery and equipment, woodworking products and the pulp and paper industry, cement and other building materials, light and food industry products, as well as thermal power plants and repair enterprises industrial products.

When analyzing the sectoral structure of industry, it is advisable to consider not only its individual sectors, but also groups of industries that represent inter-industry complexes. An industrial complex is understood as a set of certain groups of industries, which are characterized by the production of similar (related) products or the performance of work (services).

Currently, industries are united into the following complexes: fuel and energy, metallurgical, engineering, chemical and forestry, agro-industrial, social, construction complex and military-industrial.

1. The fuel and energy complex (FEC) includes the coal, gas, oil, peat and shale industries, energy, and industries for the production of energy and other types of equipment. All these sectors are united by a common goal - to meet the needs of the national economy for fuel, heat, and electricity.
2. The metallurgical complex (MC) is an integrated system of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, metallurgical, mining engineering and repair facilities.
3. The mechanical engineering complex is a combination of branches of mechanical engineering, metalworking and repair production. The leading branches of the complex are general mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and radio electronics, transport engineering, as well as computer production.
4. The chemical-forest complex is an integrated system of the chemical, petrochemical, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries, mechanical engineering and other industries.
5. The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is characterized by the fact that it includes sectors of the economy that are heterogeneous in their technology and production orientation: the agricultural system, processing industries, feed and microbiological industries, agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the light and food industries. About 80 industries directly or indirectly participate in the activities of the agro-industrial complex. The agrarian-industrial complex can be considered as a set of technologically and economically related units of the national economy, the end result of which is the most complete satisfaction of the population's needs for food and non-food products produced from agricultural raw materials.
6. The construction complex includes a system of construction industries, the building materials industry, mechanical engineering, and a repair base.
7. The social complex unites more than 20 sub-sectors of light industry, which can be combined into three main groups: textile; sewing; leather, fur, footwear - producing consumer goods.
8. The military-industrial complex (MIC) is represented by industries and activities aimed at meeting the needs of the Armed Forces.

Industry is the most important sector of the national economy, which has a decisive impact on the level of development of the productive forces of society. The sectoral structure of industry is the composition and share ratio of the various industries and types of production included in it, as well as the dynamics of changes in these shares.

An industrial sector is an objectively isolated part of the industry, uniting enterprises that produce homogeneous, specific products that have the same type of technology and a limited range of consumers.

The following consolidated industries are distinguished:

Electric power industry;

Fuel industry;

Ferrous metallurgy;

Non-ferrous metallurgy;

Chemical and petrochemical industry;

Mechanical engineering and metalworking;

Forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries;

Construction materials industry;

Glass and porcelain-faience industry;

Light industry;

Food industry;

Microbiological industry;

Flour-grinding and feed industry;

Medical industry;

Printing industry;

and other industrial productions

Electric power is the most important branch of energy, including the production, transmission and distribution of electricity. The advantages of electric power over other types of energy: the relative ease of transmission over long distances, distribution between consumers, as well as conversion into other types of energy (mechanical, thermal, chemical, light and others). A distinctive feature of electrical energy is the practical simultaneity of its generation and consumption, since electric current spreads through networks at a speed close to the speed of light. The Federal Law “On Electric Power Industry” gives the following definition of electric power industry: “Electric power industry is a branch of the economy of the Russian Federation, which includes a complex of economic relations arising in the production process (including production in the mode of combined generation of electrical and thermal energy), transmission of electrical energy, operational dispatch control in the electric power industry, sales and consumption of electric energy using production and other property facilities (including those included in the Unified Energy System of Russia) owned by right of ownership or on another basis provided for by federal laws to electric power industry entities or other persons. Electric power is the basis for the functioning of the economy and life support."

Definition of electric power industry in GOST 19431-84:

Electric power industry is a branch of energy that ensures the electrification of the country based on the rational expansion of the production and use of electrical energy.

The fuel industry is the basis for the development of the Russian economy, an instrument for conducting domestic and foreign policy. The fuel industry is connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% of funds are spent on its development, accounting for 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the cost of industrial products in Russia.

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is a complex system that includes a set of production facilities, processes, and material devices for the extraction of fuel and energy resources (FER), their transformation, transportation, distribution and consumption of both primary fuel and energy resources and converted types of energy carriers. It includes:

Gas industry;

Coal industry;

Oil industry.

Ferrous metallurgy serves as the basis for the development of mechanical engineering (one third of the cast metal from a blast furnace goes into mechanical engineering) and construction (1/4 of the metal goes into construction). The main raw materials for the production of ferrous metals are iron ore, manganese, coking coals and alloying metal ores.

The ferrous metallurgy industry includes the following main sub-sectors:

Extraction and beneficiation of ferrous metal ores (iron, chromium and manganese ore);

Extraction and processing of nonmetallic raw materials for ferrous metallurgy (fluxing limestone, refractory clay, etc.);

Production of ferrous metals (cast iron, carbon steel, rolled products, metal powders of ferrous metals);

Production of steel and cast iron pipes;

Coke and chemical industry (production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.);

Secondary processing of ferrous metals (cutting scrap and waste of ferrous metals).

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a branch of metallurgy that includes the extraction, enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores and smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys. Based on their physical properties and purpose, non-ferrous metals can be divided into heavy (copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel) and light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium). Based on this division, a distinction is made between the metallurgy of light metals and the metallurgy of heavy metals.

Chemical industry is a branch of industry that includes the production of products from hydrocarbon, mineral and other raw materials through their chemical processing. The gross output of the chemical industry in the world is about 2 trillion US dollars.

The concept of petrochemicals combines several interrelated meanings:

A branch of chemistry that studies the chemistry of the transformation of hydrocarbons, oil, and natural gas into useful products and raw materials;

Section of chemical technology (the second name is petrochemical synthesis), describing technological processes used in industry in the processing of oil and natural gas - rectification, cracking, reforming, alkylation, isomerization, coking, pyrolysis, dehydrogenation (including, in this list, mention should be made also oxidative), hydrogenation, hydration, ammonolysis, oxidation, nitration, etc.;

A branch of the chemical industry, including production, the common feature of which is the deep chemical processing of hydrocarbon raw materials (oil fractions, natural and associated gas).

Mechanical engineering is a branch of heavy industry that produces all kinds of machines, tools, instruments, as well as consumer goods and defense products. Mechanical engineering is divided into three groups - labor-intensive, metal-intensive and knowledge-intensive. In turn, these groups are divided into the following industry subgroups: heavy engineering, general engineering, medium engineering, precision engineering, production of metal products and blanks, repair of machinery and equipment.

Metalworking is a technological process, a process of working with metals, during which their shape and size are changed, parts are given the desired shape using one or more metal processing methods to create individual parts, assemblies or large structures (metal structures). The term covers a wide range of different activities from building large ships and bridges to making the smallest pieces of jewelry. The term therefore includes a wide range of skills, processes and tools. The reliability and technology of any production, of any metal structure depends on the quality of the metalworking performed, so this task must be entrusted to professionals with sufficient experience and the necessary equipment designed specifically for these types of metalworking. Metalworking began to develop with the discovery of various ores, the processing of docile and malleable metals for the production of tools and jewelry.

Forestry industry is a set of industries that harvest and process wood. Timber harvesting in countries and areas with limited forest reserves is usually carried out by forestry enterprises - forestry enterprises, forest districts, etc. In countries and areas with large reserves of natural forests, timber harvesting, including rafting, is in the nature of an extractive industry and represents an independent industry - the logging industry. In Russia, issues of the forest industry are currently dealt with by the Federal Forestry Agency (Rosleskhoz). There is no specialized ministry in Russia. The main legislative act for the forestry industry is the Forest Code. The timber industry accounts for less than 5% of the country's GDP, despite the fact that Russia contains 25% of the world's forest reserves.

All wood processing and processing industries, taken together, form the forest processing industry, which includes the following types of industry:

Woodworking industry, which unites groups of enterprises producing mechanical and partially chemical-mechanical processing and processing of wood;

Pulp and paper production is a technological process aimed at producing cellulose, paper, cardboard and other related products of final or intermediate processing; hydrolysis industry and forest chemical industry, the production of which is based on the chemical processing of wood and some non-wood forest products.

Construction materials - materials for the construction of buildings and structures. Along with the “old” traditional materials such as wood and brick, with the beginning of the industrial revolution new building materials such as concrete, steel, glass and plastic appeared. Currently, prestressed reinforced concrete and metal-plastic materials are widely used. There are:

Natural stone materials;

Wood building materials and products;

Non-firing artificial stone materials and products based on hydration binders;

Artificial firing materials;

Metals and metal products;

Glass and glass products;

Decoration Materials;

Polymer materials;

Thermal insulation materials and products made from them;

Waterproofing and roofing materials based on bitumen and polymers;

Portland cement;

Hydration (inorganic) binders;

Coagulation (organic) binders.

Light industry is a set of specialized industries that produce mainly consumer goods from various types of raw materials. Light industry occupies one of the important places in the production of the gross national product and plays a significant role in the country's economy. Light industry carries out both primary processing of raw materials and production of finished products. Light industry enterprises also produce products for industrial, technical and special purposes, used in furniture, aviation, automobile, chemical, electrical, food and other industries, agriculture, law enforcement agencies, transport and healthcare. One of the features of light industry is the rapid return on investment. Technological features of the industry make it possible to quickly change the range of products at a minimum of costs, which ensures high mobility of production.

Sub-sectors of light industry:

Textile;

Sewing;

Haberdashery;

Tanning;

Fur;

Shoe;

The porcelain and earthenware industry is a branch of light industry specializing in the production of fine ceramics: household and artistic porcelain, earthenware, semi-porcelain and majolica.

The food industry is a set of production of food products in finished form or in the form of semi-finished products, as well as tobacco products, soaps and detergents. In the agro-industrial complex, the food industry is closely linked with agriculture as a supplier of raw materials and trade. Some branches of the food industry gravitate towards raw material areas, others - towards consumption areas.