FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

STATE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF EFP

Course work in the subject "Enterprise Economics" on the topic:

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF PROFIT. PLANNING AND SPENDING PROFIT

Performed:

Checked:

Volgograd 2007

Introduction

1. Theoretical foundations

1.2 Factors influencing the amount and quality of profit

1.4 Profit distribution

2.1 Direct counting method

2.2 Analytical method

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The economic situation that developed in our country in the last decade of the 20th century and several years of ours requires enterprises to increase production efficiency, the competitiveness of products and services based on the introduction of scientific and technological progress, effective forms of management and production management, overcoming mismanagement and intensifying entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurs strive to receive more and more income, to use natural, labor and investment resources as economically as possible and to realize as widely as possible such a resource as their creative and organizational (entrepreneurial) abilities in their chosen field of activity, which serves as a powerful incentive for the development and improvement of production and reveals creative possibilities private property.

The interest of enterprises in the production and sale of high-quality products that are in demand on the market is reflected in the amount of profit, which, other things being equal, is directly dependent on the volume of sales of these products. Profit is the simplest and at the same time the most complex category of a market economy. Its simplicity is determined by the fact that it is the core and main driving force of a market-type economy, the main incentive for the activities of entrepreneurs in the economy.

The purpose of this work is a theoretical and practical study of enterprise profit planning, identifying factors influencing the amount of profit.

Based on the purpose of the work performed, the following tasks were solved:

studying the concept of "profit";

consideration of factors influencing the amount and quality of profit;

consideration of profit planning methods;

analysis of the use of profits.

1. Theoretical foundations

1.1 The essence of the concept of profit and its composition

Profit is the monetary expression of savings created by enterprises of any form of ownership. As an economic category, it characterizes the financial result of entrepreneurial activity of enterprises. Profit is an indicator that most fully reflects production efficiency, the volume and quality of products produced, the state of labor productivity, and the level of costs. At the same time, profit has a stimulating effect on strengthening economic calculations and intensifying production.

Profit is one of the main financial indicators of the plan and assessment of the economic activities of an organization. The profits finance activities for scientific, technical and socio-economic development and increase the wage fund.

Profit is not only a source of meeting the intra-economic needs of an enterprise, but is also becoming increasingly important in the formation of budgetary resources, extra-budgetary and charitable funds.

Profit, as the final financial result of an enterprise’s activities, is the difference between total amount income and costs of production and sales of products, taking into account losses from various business operations. Thus, profit is formed as a result of the interaction of many components with both positive and negative signs.

Each enterprise produces four profit indicators that differ significantly in size, economic content and functional purpose. The basis for all calculations is balance sheet profit - the main financial indicator of the production and economic activity of the enterprise. For tax purposes, a special indicator is calculated - gross profit, and on its basis - taxable profit and non-taxable profit. The part of the balance sheet profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after taxes and other payments have been made to the budget is called net profit. It characterizes the final financial result of the enterprise.

The main components of balance sheet profit are:

Profit from the sale of commercial products (works, services)

This type profit represents the amount of net income created by the enterprise. It is determined by deducting from the total amount of revenue from the sale of products in current prices (excluding VAT, excise taxes, commodity sales discounts, export tariffs) the costs of production and sale of commercial products, included in the cost of production.

Profit (or loss) from other sales

It includes the financial result from the sale of fixed assets, their other disposal, and the sale of other property. This profit (or loss) is not related to the main types of economic activity of the enterprise reflected in its charter. In addition, profit from other sales may include profit (loss) subsidiary farms, motor vehicles, logging and other types of farms on the balance sheet of the enterprise.

In a market economy, an enterprise independently manages its property, that is, writes off, sells, liquidates, and transfers it to other organizations. Profit (loss) arises only when the property is sold. When disposing of under-reinforced fixed assets, a loss may occur. Here, the financial result is calculated as the difference between the selling price of fixed assets and their unreinforced part, taking into account additional sales costs (dismantling, transportation, etc.).

Other property being sold includes raw materials, materials, fuel, spare parts, and intangible assets. With the formation of the financial market, other property of an enterprise is also understood as currency values ​​(foreign currency, precious metals), and securities. The financial result from the sale of other property is determined based on the sale price minus their book value.

Profit (or loss) from non-operating income and expenses

Represent a financial result that is not related to the main activity of the enterprise and is not related to the sale of products, fixed assets and other property (for example, participation in the activities of other organizations, leasing of property, dividends and interest on shares, bonds and other securities, amounts received and paid in the form of sanctions (fines, penalties, penalties, etc.), other income from operations not directly related to the production of products (works, services)), which is defined as the difference between non-operating income and expenses (losses).

Gross profit is based on balance sheet profit, but differs from the latter in those enterprises that have barter transactions, exchange of property, sales of products at prices not higher than cost, which receive funds and production assets free of charge from other enterprises. Gross profit in barter transactions, exchange of property or sale of products at prices not higher than cost is calculated based on market prices for such products (property) and the cost (residual value) of products (property).

Profit generation looks like this (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Profit generation scheme

Rice. 2 Algorithm for projecting profit based on the main budget

In addition to the above factors, the amount of profit from sales is, of course, influenced by changes in the structure of manufactured and sold products. The higher the share of profitable products (calculated as the ratio of profit to the total cost of this product), the more profit the enterprise will receive. That is, an increase in the share of low-profit products will lead to a reduction in profits.

It is well known that any product goes through the stages of its life cycle: design, development, launch into production, serial production, and as a result, the market is saturated with this product. Over time, products become obsolete or cannot withstand competition and, under the pressure of declining profitability, their production is reduced or discontinued (Fig. 3).

Fig.3 Dependence of profit on product life cycle

To maintain the level of profit at the enterprise, it is important to determine the moment when the design and launch of new products begins. The fact is that the design and development stage of products takes a certain time, during which the enterprise incurs losses (0; t 1). Then, from the moment the product is launched into production (t 1), losses begin to decrease and after some time the break-even point is reached (t 2). As sales volume increases, profit also increases due to a decrease in the share of fixed costs (t 2 ; t 4). When equilibrium between supply and demand is achieved, the profit margin stabilizes and remains at a constant level for some time (t 4; t 7). This situation can persist for quite some time long time in the absence of a threat from competitors and stable demand for products. In the presence of competitors, maintaining sales levels is achieved by reducing profitability, i.e. lowering prices due to a share of profits. Efficiency begins to decline (t 7; t 9).

With increasing competition, the enterprise is unable to further maintain sales levels by reducing prices, since the work becomes ineffective and unprofitable. To maintain efficiency, the company needs to reduce costs in proportion to the price reduction or switch to producing other products, the demand for which has not yet been exhausted. Therefore, enterprises must begin developing a new type of product at the stage of profit growth (t 3) so that by the time the profitability of old products begins to decline, the release of new products reaches the break-even point (t 6). Such a strategy will allow you to constantly maintain the achieved level of profitability and even, under favorable conditions, increase it (t 7; t 8).

Improvements in product quality, design, technical improvements and other techniques to maintain demand for products require additional costs and therefore must also be applied long before profitability levels begin to decline, or at least as soon as such a trend emerges. Moreover, at the peak of demand, an improvement in the product offered may lead to an increase in its price and, accordingly, profit.

Thus, the main factors discussed above that affect the volume of profit from the sale of commercial products, both upward and downward, should be the subject of careful analysis, primarily on the part of the enterprise.

1.3 The essence and methods of profit planning

The most important role of profit, which increases with the development of entrepreneurship, determines the need for its correct calculation. The successful financial and economic activities of the enterprise will depend on how reliably the planned profit is determined.

The calculation of planned profit must be economically justified, which will allow for timely and complete financing of investments, an increase in own working capital, appropriate payments to workers and employees, as well as timely settlements with the budget, banks and suppliers. Therefore, proper profit planning in enterprises is of key importance not only for entrepreneurs, but also for the economy as a whole.

Profit is planned separately by type: from the sale of marketable products, from the sale of other non-commodity products and services, from the sale of fixed assets and other property, as well as from non-operating income and expenses. Separate planning is due to differences in the methodology for calculating and taxing profits from various types activities.

Profit planning is an integral part of financial planning. On development stage financial plans all factors influencing the amount of profit are taken into account, and financial results from making various financial decisions are modeled.

Profit planning uses all the parameters of a business plan and is decisive in determining the financial result of all activities of the organization. You should understand the connection between profit planning and the parameters of production, economic and financial activities enterprises, study the most significant relationships in the economics of the enterprise and understand their impact on profits. This will help you better understand the factors influencing profit growth.

In a steadily developing economy, profit planning is carried out for a period of three to five years. With relatively stable prices and predictable business conditions, current planning within one year is common. In an unstable economic and political situation, planning is possible only for a short period - a quarter, a half-year.

For profit planning, direct counting, analytical and method based on the effect of production (operating) leverage are used.

Let's consider the main ways of planning profit from the sale of commercial products. The main ones are the direct counting method and the analytical method. Let us use examples to reveal these domestic traditional methods of calculating profit in order to formulate on their basis an integrated approach to maximizing profit, taking into account foreign practice.

The direct counting method is most widely used in organizations in modern conditions management. It is used, as a rule, with a small range of products. Its essence lies in the fact that profit is calculated as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products at appropriate prices and its full cost minus VAT, excise taxes and sales tax.

P - planned profit,

B - output of commercial products in the planning period in physical terms,

P - price per unit of production (less VAT, excise taxes and sales tax),

C is the total cost per unit of production.

The calculation of profit is preceded by determining the output of comparable and incomparable commercial products in the planning year at full cost and in prices, as well as the balance of finished products in the warehouse and goods shipped at the beginning and end of the planning year.

Calculating profits using this method is simple and accessible. However, it does not allow us to identify the influence of individual factors on the planned profit and, with a large range of products, is very labor-intensive.

The analytical method of profit planning is used for a large range of products, and also as an addition to the direct method for the purpose of its verification and control. The advantage of this method is that it allows you to determine the influence of individual factors on planned profit. With the analytical method, profit is determined not for each type of product produced in the coming year, but for all comparable products as a whole.

Calculating profit using this method consists of three successive stages:

determination of basic profitability as the quotient of dividing the expected profit for the reporting year by the full cost of comparable commercial products for the same period;

calculating the volume of marketable products in the planning period at the cost of the reporting year and determining the profit on marketable products based on basic profitability;

taking into account the influence of various factors on the planned profit.

With this method, profit on incomparable products is determined separately.

The profit plan for the next year is developed at the end of the reporting period. Therefore, to determine basic profitability, reporting data for the elapsed time (usually for 9 months) and the expected implementation of the plan for the period remaining until the end of the year (for the fourth quarter) are used.

Profit in the reporting period is taken in accordance with the price level in effect at the end of the year. Therefore, if during the past year there were changes in prices or VAT and excise tax rates that affected the amount of profit, then they are taken into account when determining the expected profit for the entire reporting period, regardless of the time of the changes. If, for example, prices were increased from October 1 of the reporting year, then this increase should be extended for the entire period until October 1, since otherwise the level of profitability of the reporting year cannot serve as a base for the planned one.

Based on the level of basic profitability found in this way and the planned volume of commercial products at the cost of the reporting year, the profit of the planned year is calculated taking into account the influence of one factor - changes in the volume of comparable commercial products.

Since the planned level of profitability differs from the base one as a result of changes in costs, prices, assortment, grade, then at the next stage of planning the influence of these factors on the planned profit is determined. For the final calculation of the planned profit from sales of products, the profit on the balances of finished products and goods shipped at the beginning and end of the plan year is taken into account.

It is worth noting that profit from other sales is planned using the direct accounting method. Only if the share of these products (services) is insignificant, profit from sales is determined based on its planned volume in the planning year and the profitability of the past.

Profit (loss) from traditional items of non-operating income and expenses (fines, penalties, penalties, etc.) is determined, as a rule, on the basis of previous years. As for such items as income from equity participation in the activities of other enterprises, from leasing property, dividends, interest on shares and other securities, they are planned depending on forecasts for the development of the business activity of a given economic entity.

In addition, there is a so-called combined calculation method, which uses elements of the first and second methods. Thus, the cost of marketable products in prices of the planned year and at the cost of the past year is determined by the direct counting method, and the impact of various factors on the planned profit is determined using the analytical method.

To predict the maximum possible profit in a planning year, it is advisable to compare revenue from product sales with the total amount of costs, divided into variable (change in proportion to changes in production volume: costs of raw materials, materials, electricity, etc.) and constant (do not change depending on growth or reduction in production volume: depreciation charges, salaries of management personnel, administrative expenses, etc.)

The calculations presented in the second chapter make it possible to determine the so-called “operating leverage effect” - a phenomenon when, with a change in sales volume (revenue from product sales), a more intense change in profit occurs in one direction or another.

The degree of impact of operating leverage is determined by the following formula:

B - contribution to coverage (the difference between sales revenue and variable costs),

P - profit.

When studying the relationship between fixed and variable costs and profit, production break-even analysis plays an important role.

First of all, the so-called break-even point (dead point, critical point, breakeven point, profitability threshold) will be determined. This point corresponds to the sales volume at which the company covers all fixed and variable costs without making a profit.

It is used to determine the threshold beyond which sales volume ensures profitability, i.e. product profitability. This can be represented more clearly graphically (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4 Determination of the break-even point

Direct lines 1 - 3 show the dependence of variable costs, fixed costs and revenue on production volume.

The point of critical production volume shows the volume of production at which sales revenue is equal to its full cost.

The sales volume corresponding to the break-even point (B) is determined as:

3 post - fixed costs,

But when determining a strategy, the company must also take into account the margin of financial strength (FS), i.e. estimate sales volume above break-even level:

ZPF = ((V sales. cost - B) / V sales. cost) * 100%.

Having a large margin of financial strength, a company can develop new markets, invest funds both in securities and in production development.

Maximizing profits by changing the share of variable and fixed costs, determining the break-even point and the margin of financial strength opens up the opportunity for entrepreneurs to plan for the future the amount of profit growth depending on economic success in the production of competitive products and take appropriate measures in advance to change in one direction or another the value of variables and fixed costs. Forecast calculations are important not only for the enterprises and organizations themselves that produce and sell products (services), but also for shareholders, investors, suppliers, creditors, banks associated with the activities of a given entrepreneur, participating with their own funds in the formation of its authorized capital. Therefore planning optimal size Profit in modern economic conditions is the most important factor in the successful business activities of enterprises and organizations.

1.4 Profit distribution

Receiving profit, the enterprise solves the problem of its use. The nature of the areas for using profits reflects the strategic objectives of the enterprise. By paying dividends, the company stimulates the growth of the value of its shares, leaving profits in the company, shareholders invest in the development of production. A financier must be able to set strategic goals and formulate tasks to achieve them. The mechanism of influence of finance on the economy, on its economic efficiency, is not in production itself, but in distributive monetary relations.

Profit distribution is an integral and inseparable part common system distribution relations and, perhaps, along with the distribution of income of individuals, the most important.

In essence, the distribution of profit should be considered in three directions (Fig. 5).

Profits are distributed between the state, the owners of the enterprise and the enterprise itself. The proportions of this distribution significantly affect the efficiency of the enterprise, both positively and negatively.

The most important obligations of enterprises to the state include the payment of income tax. The procedure for calculating this tax includes several stages: correct calculation of taxable profit; choice of tax rates and benefits; ensuring timeliness and completeness of budget payments.

Taxable income is the gross profit of the enterprise. In the process of profit distribution, it is adjusted, since different amounts are applied for individual incomes. tax rates. Taxable profit (N) can be defined as:

N = B - R - C - D - I - O - X - F, where

B - gross profit;

R - rent payments;

C - income received from securities;

D - income received from equity participation in other enterprises of the Russian Federation;

I - income from casinos, video salons, and slot machines;

O - profit from intermediary operations;

X - profit from the production and sale of agricultural products;

F - contributions to reserve and other similar funds.

First of all, rent payments are subtracted from gross profit. These payments are made by those enterprises that generate additional income (differential rent) due to particularly favorable natural conditions. For example, a rent payment is an excise tax on oil produced from the best mining and geological deposits. Here, rental payments are determined at specifically established rates.

Income from securities, equity participation, casinos and intermediary operations are also subject to different tax rates. This requires maintaining separate records by type of activity, which avoids double taxation.

Profit from the production and sale of agricultural products is excluded from gross profit, since it is not taxed.

Enterprises can create reserve funds, but not higher than 25% of the authorized capital and 50% of taxable profit. In this case, profit is reduced by the amount of contributions to the reserve fund.

When determining taxable profit, it is necessary to take into account benefits for individual enterprises, which can be established in the following forms: complete liberation from tax (for example, agricultural products, profits of religious associations, public organizations disabled people, profits from the production of children's food products, museums, theaters); reduction of taxable profit (for example, when directing profit to the development of one’s own production base); lowering tax rates (for example, when using the labor of disabled people, pensioners); provision of “tax holidays” (deferment of payments to the budget), investment tax credit (deferment of tax payment on profits if it is reinvested in production in the amount of the tax reduction), “carrying forward losses” (means that an enterprise that received a loss in the previous year is exempt from paying tax on that part of the profit that is used to cover losses for 5 years).

In an enterprise, profit after taxes and dividends is subject to distribution.

The distribution of this part of the profit reflects the process of formation of funds and reserves of the enterprise to finance the needs of production and social development.

In a market economy, the state does not interfere in the process of distribution of profits remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after paying taxes. Nevertheless, by providing tax incentives, it stimulates the use of profits for capital investments for industrial purposes and housing construction, for charitable purposes, financing environmental protection measures, and the costs of maintaining facilities and institutions. social sphere, for carrying out research work. The minimum amount of reserve capital for joint-stock companies is established by law, and the procedure for creating a reserve for doubtful debts and for the depreciation of securities is regulated.

The distribution of profits remaining at the disposal of the enterprise is regulated internal documents enterprises, as a rule, in their accounting policies. Some aspects of the distribution process are fixed in the enterprise charter. In accordance with the charter or decision of the administrative body, funds are created at the enterprise: savings, consumption, social sphere. If funds are not created, then in order to ensure the planned expenditure of funds, cost estimates for the development of production and social needs are drawn up labor collective, material incentives for employees and charitable purposes.

Expenses associated with the development of production and financed from profits include expenses for: research, design, development and technological work; financing the development and implementation of new products and technological processes; costs of improving technology and organizing production, modernizing equipment; costs associated with technical re-equipment and reconstruction of existing production, expansion of the enterprise and new construction of facilities, and implementation of environmental protection measures. This group also includes expenses for repaying long-term bank loans and interest on them. The accumulated profit of an enterprise can be invested by it in the authorized capitals of other enterprises, long-term and short-term financial investments, transferred to higher organizations, unions, concerns, associations, etc. These areas are also considered to be the use of profits for development.

Distribution of profits for social needs includes: expenses for the operation of social facilities on the balance sheet of the enterprise, financing the construction of non-production facilities, holding recreational and cultural events, etc.

The costs of material incentives include: payment of bonuses for achievements in work, costs of providing material assistance, one-time benefits to veterans and pensioners, compensation for the increase in the cost of food in canteens, etc.

Some types of fees and taxes are paid from net profit, for example, a tax on the resale of cars, computer equipment and personal computers, a fee on transactions for the purchase and sale of currency on exchanges, a fee for the right to trade, etc.

In addition, if an enterprise violates the current legislation, it is the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise that serves as a source for paying various fines and sanctions. Thus, fines are paid from net profit for compliance with security requirements environment from pollution., sanitary norms and rules. If regulated prices for products (works, services) are increased, the profit illegally obtained by the enterprise is recovered from the net profit.

In case of concealment of profits from taxation or contributions to off-budget funds Penalties are also collected, the source of payment of which is net profit.

All profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise is divided into profit that increases the value of the property, i.e. participating in the process of accumulation, and profit directed to consumption, which does not increase the value of property. If the profit is not spent on consumption, then it remains in the enterprise as retained earnings from previous years and increases the size of the enterprise's equity capital. The presence of retained earnings increases the financial stability of the enterprise and indicates the presence of a source for subsequent development.

The size of reserve capital plays an important role in ensuring financial stability (it must be at least 15% of the authorized capital). In a market economy, contributions to reserve capital are a priority. The presence and growth of reserve capital ensures an increase in shareholder ownership, characterizes the enterprise’s readiness to take risks, which all business activities are associated with, creates the possibility of paying dividends on preferred shares even in the absence of profit for the current year, covering unforeseen expenses and losses without the risk of loss of financial stability.

2. Analysis of planning methods

2.1 Direct counting method

Let's look at an example of calculating profit using the direct counting method.

Initial data:

the company will produce 30,000 units of finished products in the planned year;

wholesale price per unit (excluding VAT, excise taxes and sales tax) - 15,000 rubles;

production cost according to the report for the past year - 10,000 rubles;

in the planning year, the reduction in the production cost of finished products should be 5%, and the cost of selling products should be 0.5% of the products sold at production cost;

the balance of finished products in the warehouse and goods shipped at the beginning of the planned year is 1,500 units, at the end of the planned year - 500 units.

the balance of finished products and goods shipped at the beginning of the planning year at production cost, taking into account that these products were produced in the reporting year, will be equal to:

He. g. = 10,000 rub. * 1,500 units = 15,000,000 rub.

The production cost of a unit of production in the planning year will be 9,500 rubles, then the volume of marketable products in the planning year at production cost will be:

V plan = 9,500 rub. * 30,000 units = 285,000,000 rub.

the balance of finished products and goods shipped at the end of the plan year, considering that they were produced in the plan year, at production cost will be:

About year = 9,500 rub. * 500 units = 4,750,000 rub.

The volume of product sales at production cost in the planning year, taking into account carryover balances, will be:

V real. prod. = 15,000,000 + 285,000,000 - 4,750,000 = 295,250,000 rub.

The cost of selling products is:

P real = (295,250,000 * 0.5%) /100% = 1,476,250 rub.

The volume of product sales at full cost is equal to:

V real. full = 295,250,000+ 1,476,250 = 296,726,250 rub.

Volume of sales:

in kind: V real. = 1,500 + 30,000 - 500 = 31,000 units;

at wholesale prices: V real. = 15,000 rub. * 31,000 units = 465,000,000 rub.

Thus, the profit from sales of products in the planning year will be:

P real. = 465,000,000 - 296,726,250 = 168,273,750 rub.

2.2 Analytical method

Let's consider an example of calculating profit using the analytical method.

Let's determine the basic profitability (Table 1).

Table 1

2.1 In the plan year, an increase in comparable marketable products by 10% is envisaged. The output of these products at the cost of the reporting year will be:

V from. g. = (810 * 110%) /100% = 891 thousand rubles.

2.2 Profit on comparable products in the planning year, based on the basic level of profitability, will be equal to:

P plan. compare = (891 *48.8%) /100% = 438.4 thousand rubles.

2.3 Let in this example the incomparable commercial products of the planned year be accepted at the planned full cost in the amount of 250 thousand rubles, and at current prices (excluding VAT, excise taxes and sales tax) - 300 thousand rubles. Then, the profit on incomparable commodity products in the coming year will be:

P plan. incomparable = 300 - 250 = 50 thousand rubles.

3. At this stage of calculations, the influence of individual factors on the amount of planned profit is taken into account.

3.1 Let the output of comparable commercial products in the planning year at the cost of the coming year be calculated in the amount of 1,400 thousand rubles. We know that the same comparable products, but at the full cost of last year, were determined in the amount of 891 thousand rubles. Then, the increase in the cost of comparable products is equal to:

Which will entail a decrease in planned profit by 509 thousand rubles. This can be explained by rising prices for consumed goods and materials, increased wages due to an increase in the minimum monthly wage and other factors.

3.2 In order to determine the impact of assortment shifts on profit, the share of each product in the total volume of comparable commercial products at full cost in the past and planned year is calculated.

Then the share of each product in the reporting and planning year is multiplied by the reported profitability of this product, taken at the level of expected performance.

The sums of the obtained coefficients reflect the average level of profitability in the past and planned years. The difference between them shows the impact of assortment shifts on planned profit (Table 2).

table 2

So, the average profitability in the planned year will increase compared to the reporting year by:

This means that a change in the product range in the planned year in the direction of increasing the share of the most profitable products will lead to an increase in profits by:

3.3 The size of the planned profit is also affected by price changes in the planning period. If prices decrease or increase, the estimated percentage of decrease or increase should be calculated based on the volume of the relevant product. The amount received from a decrease or increase in prices will affect the decrease or increase in planned profit.

Let prices for all marketable products sold be expected to increase in the planning year by 21% due to inflationary processes. If the planned output of commercial products, calculated in prices, is, for example, 1,650 thousand rubles, then profit will be received only due to this factor in the amount of:

But for the reasons stated above, this factor in increasing profits cannot be considered positive.

4. For a summary calculation of profit, you should take into account the profit in the balances of finished products at the beginning and end of the planning year, for example 120 thousand rubles. and 210 thousand rubles. respectively.

5. Thus, the planned profit from the sale of marketable products will be:

P plan = P plan. compare + P plan. incomparable - + +

P plan = 434.8 + 50 - 509 + 4.01 + 346.5 +120 - 210 = 236.31 thousand rubles.

2.3 Method based on the operating leverage effect

Now let's look at an example of calculating profit using the third planning method.

First, let's look at an example of what the “operating leverage effect” is.

V sales - sales volume - in 2006 = 1,820 thousand rubles, incl.

3 variable - variable costs - 1,238 thousand rubles, and

3rd post - fixed costs - 197 thousand rubles, therefore

3 scoop - total costs - 1,435 thousand rubles.

Then the profit will be equal to:

P = 1,820 - 1,435 = 385 thousand rubles.

If in 2007 revenue increases by 10% and thus amounts to:

In real = (1,820*110%) /100% = 2,002 thousand rubles,

then variable costs will also increase by 10% and will be equal to:

3 variable = (1,238*110%) /100% = 1,362 thousand rubles.

Since fixed costs will not change, then:

3 scoop = 1,362 + 197 = 1,559 thousand rubles,

profit will be:

P = 2,002 - 1,559 = 443 thousand rubles,

which means that profit increased compared to last year by:

Therefore, with an increase in revenue from product sales by 10%, profit will increase by 15%.

If you check the impact on profit growth not only of variable, but also of fixed costs, it turns out that as fixed costs increase, other things being equal, the rate of profit growth decreases.

The above calculations allow us to determine the degree of impact of operating leverage

In our example, the impact of operating leverage in 2006 is determined as follows:

O = (1820 - 1238) /385 = 1.5

That is why an increase in sales volume by 10% entails an increase in profits by 15%.

Having determined the impact of the cost structure on profit using the impact of operating leverage, we can conclude: the higher the share of fixed costs and, accordingly, the lower the share of variable costs with a constant sales volume, the stronger the impact of operating leverage. However, if you increase fixed costs uncontrollably, then business risk will sharply increase, since if at the same time revenue from sales of products decreases, the enterprise will suffer large losses in profit.

The sales volume corresponding to the break-even point (B) is determined as:

B = Z post / (1-Z variable /V sales cost), where

3 post - fixed costs,

Z variable - variable costs,

V sales. cost - sales volume in value terms.

For example:

V sales = 1,000 units,

V sales. cost = 3,600 thousand rubles,

3 changes = 2,160 thousand rubles,

3 post = 1,000 thousand rubles,

Thus, the profit is 440 thousand rubles, the cost per unit of production is 3,600 rubles, and

B = 1,000/ (1-2160/3600) = 2,500 thousand rubles.

Quantity in kind products sold at the break-even point it is equal to 694 units (2,500,000/3,600). This means that the proceeds from the sale are 694 units. products cover all costs without making a profit. Implementation of each additional one in excess of 694, i.e. beyond the break-even point, will make a profit.

Such calculations are very relevant in the current conditions, since enterprises can predict break-even activities in advance.

Based on the previous example, we determine the margin of financial strength:

ZPF = ((3,600 - 2,500) /3,600) * 100%= 30.6%

This means that the firm can reduce production and sales by 30.6% before reaching the breakeven point.

Conclusion

So, profit is the final financial result that characterizes the production and economic activities of the entire enterprise, that is, it forms the basis economic development enterprises. Profit growth creates a financial basis for self-financing of the enterprise's activities, carrying out expanded reproduction. Due to it, part of the obligations to the budget, banks and other enterprises is fulfilled. Thus, profit becomes the most important for assessing the production and financial activities of an enterprise.

The success of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise depends on how reliable the planned profit is. The simplest and most common method of profit planning is the direct counting method. But it does not allow us to identify the influence of individual factors on the planned profit and, with a large range of products, is very labor-intensive, but the analytical method of profit planning allows this. A method such as the combined calculation method allows one to plan for the future the size of profit growth depending on economic success in the production of competitive products and take appropriate measures in advance to change certain costs.

The amount of profit depends on the production, supply, sales and financial activities of the enterprise. Therefore, under new economic conditions, the transition of industrial enterprises to a market economy, one of the the most important indicators assessing the effectiveness of their activities is profit - a generalizing qualitative indicator of business efficiency. Profit is an indicator that most fully reflects production efficiency, the volume and quality of products produced, the state of labor productivity, and the level of costs.

A joint stock, rental, private or other form of ownership of an enterprise, having received financial independence and independence, has the right to decide for what purposes and in what amounts to direct the profit remaining after paying taxes to the budget and other obligatory payments and deductions. Profits in market conditions are used not for consumption, but for investments and innovations, which ensure the economic growth of the enterprise and its competitiveness.

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