A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action. Verbs change according to number, person and tense. In addition, they have conjugations, types and moods. In the Russian language, there are three main forms of verb tense: past, present and future. Let's talk in more detail about how to understand verb tenses.

Determining the type of verb

Verbs come in perfect and imperfect forms. Perfect verbs indicate that an action has already been done (or will be done) and the result has been achieved. The question “what to do?” is suitable for such verbs. Perfect verbs have only two tenses: past and future.

Imperfect verbs can be in the past, present or future tense. They answer the question “what to do?”

Past tense verbs

The main signs that a verb refers to the past tense are:

• suffix -l; (walked, flew)
• endings -а (feminine), -о (neuter) and -и (plural). Masculine verbs in the past tense have no ending. Example: played, played, played, played.

To understand that a verb is in the past tense, depending on its gender and number, you need to substitute the following questions:

• For perfect form: "what did you do?" (m.r.), “what did you do?” (f.r.), “what did it do?” (Wed. R.), “what did they do?” (plural);
• for the imperfect form: “what did you do?” (m.r.), “what did you do?” (f.r.), “what did it do?” (Wed. R.), “What did you do?” (plural).

Present tense verbs

In the present tense, the verb reflects the action occurring at the moment of speech. The general defining question of such verbs is:

• in the singular - “what does it do?”;
• in the plural - “what are they doing?”

As noted above, only imperfect verbs can be in the present tense.

The ending of the verb in the present tense will depend on whether it belongs to the 1st or 2nd conjugation.

First conjugation verb endings

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -eat (second person); -et (third person). Example: I carry, you carry, carries; reading, reading, reading

Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -yut (third person) Example: we carry, we carry, we carry; read, read, read.

Second conjugation verb endings

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: lying, lying, lying; building, building, building.

Plural: - ending -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: lying, lying, lying; build, build, build.

Future tense verbs

Verbs in the future tense reflect an action that is planned to be done or an action that will be done in the future. Defining Questions for singular verbs:

• perfect form: “what will he do?”;
• imperfect form: “what will it do?”

Questions for plural verbs:

• perfect form: “what will they do?”;
• imperfect form: “What will they do?”

Imperfect verbs have one in the future tense interesting feature- they turn into complex verbs. The verb “to be” is added to the infinitive in the appropriate form. For example: I will walk, I will run, I will play.

The endings of perfect verbs of the first conjugation

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -eat, -eat (second person); -et, -et (third person). Example: I’ll take it, you’ll take it, you’ll take it; read, read, read.

Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -ut (third person). Example: we’ll take it, you’ll take it, they’ll take it; read, read, read.

Endings of perfect verbs of the second conjugation

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: I’ll lie down, you’ll lie down, you’ll lie down; I'll build, build, build.

Plural: - ending -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: let's lie down, lie down, lie down; Let's build, build, build.

Verb tense category

Tense is an inflectional grammatical category of a verb, representing a process as already completed, being carried out or which will be carried out and expressing these meanings in indicative mood(in morphological forms of past, present and future tense). The system of forms of the indicative mood expresses the opposition of the meanings of coincidence, precedence and succession of the process in relation to the starting point of time. These meanings are presented in present, past and future tenses respectively: I'm reading, read, I will read.

The basis for determining the time of the process is an abstract grammatical reference point. It may coincide with the moment of speech, or it may not coincide. There are absolute and relative temporal meanings of verb forms. Time is called absolute when the moment of speech acts as the starting point for determining the time plan: The sound of thunder woke up the surrounding villages. Relative time is called when the time of implementation of another process acts as such a starting point. For example, in the sentence He already knew yesterday, that they won’t take him on a hike form will take denotes an action as the future not in relation to the moment of speech, but in relation to the time of implementation of the process called form knew. This is the value of the future action of the form will take and is its relative time value.

In the indicative mood, there are forms that have a special morphological indicator of time and those that do not. The first include past tense forms characterized by the suffix -l, as well as forms of the future complex, which have an auxiliary verb as a special indicator of time be in his personal forms; to the second - the forms of the present and future simple, the endings of which express the meaning of person and number. The personal endings of the forms of the present and future simple are at the same time non-special temporal indicators of these forms.

Among the verbal categories with which the category of tense is interconnected, a special place is occupied by the category of aspect, which determines the possibility of forming all or not all tense forms: imperfective verbs form forms of all three tenses, perfective verbs form only past and future tense forms.

Forms of time can be used not only literally, but also figuratively. In the first case, the categorical meaning of the tense form of the verb coincides with the real time of the process: A military band performs in a city park(form and meaning of the present tense). When used figuratively, there is no such coincidence: I'm going to a show tomorrow(present tense form - future tense meaning).

The present tense has the meaning of the coincidence of the process with the moment of speech in opposition to this moment to the past and future.

Present tense forms are formed from the present tense stem of imperfective verbs by adding endings that represent a combined indicator of person, number and tense. The endings of verbs, depending on whether the verb belongs to the I or II conjugation, are given in Table. 34.

Verb endings of I and II conjugations

When using forms of the present tense with a primary meaning, a distinction is made between the actual present tense (or the present actual) and the improperly present tense (or the present non-actual). The forms of the present proper mean that we're talking about about the process coinciding with the moment of speech: Students write an essay; It's raining outside the window. The forms of the improper present have the following meanings: the constant present and the abstract present. The forms of the present constant denote a process the implementation of which has no time restrictions: The city is surrounded by swamps; Rivers flow into seas and oceans. Forms of the present abstract are used to denote a repeating, typical process, the manifestation of which is not associated with a specific time plan: Physically unhardened people often catch colds; Usually in the summer I go out of town.

There are other, less common varieties of the improper present - the present commenting: Pobedonosikov takes off his cap, drops suitcase(V. Mayakovsky, stage directions), which is most often found in stage directions works of art, in the presentation of the contents of the documents; and the present pictorial: And then... the triumph of beauty begins to seem, youth, flourishing of strength and passionate thirst for life; the soul gives a beautiful response, harsh homeland, and I want to fly over the steppe with a night bird(A. Chekhov) - usually used when describing imaginary events, and the real time of the occurrence of these events depends on the situation or context.

Past tense What matters is the precedence of the process to the moment of speech in opposition to this moment to the present and the future.

Past tense forms are formed from the past tense stem using a suffix -l or zero suffix. Suffix -l regularly used in the formation of past tense forms zh.r. and w.r. singular, as well as plural forms, and to the suffix -l ending added -A in zh.r. and -o in s.r. units, ending -And and plural forms: sister arrived, the sun was shining, the children were playing. In past tense forms m.r. suffix - l appears regularly only if the formative stem of the past tense ends in a vowel ( watched, drew, said, pushed). If this stem ends in a consonant, then the form m.r. has a null suffix: rowing, wet, chilled, frozen, ter. Indicator of gender and number in the forms of m.r. units also represented by a null ending.

Past tense forms denote a process that precedes the grammatical reference point, however, depending on the type of verb, this precedence meaning is layered additional characteristics. Shapes, formed by verbs perfect form, have a perfect meaning, i.e. denote the process as completed in the past, but maintaining the result in the present ( Children in a strong wind chilled ), or do not contain such an indication ( I thanked him and came out ). Past tense forms of perfective verbs can also denote long-term, but limited in duration processes ( We sang , let's play And calmed down ).

Unlike perfective verbs, the past tense forms of imperfective verbs denote a process in its flow, indicate its duration or repetition: The sea is still it was noisy And beat about the shore; one longboat rocked on the waves, and he's sleepy flickered light(A. Chekhov). Only a few imperfective verbs, denoting the processes of perception and cognition, can be used in the past tense with a perfect meaning: This book I read. Among other meanings of past tense forms, it is worth noting the expression of the normality of a process in a more or less distant past. For this, as a rule, multiple verbs with suffixes are used -yva-, -va- or combination with form it happened: Wandered around and we are through these forests; It happened , all night long spent for a book.

The future tense has the meaning of following the process after the moment of speech in contrast to this moment to the past and present.

There are forms of the simple future (synthetic) and the complex future (analytical). The forms of the future simple are formed from the stem of the present tense of perfective verbs using the same person and number endings as in the formation of the present tense forms: I'll tell you, tell me, will tell, we'll tell you, tell me, tell-ut; gift, give it as a gift, gift-it, give them a gift, give, donate. Future complex forms are formed analytically from imperfective verbs and are a combination of the future tense form of the auxiliary verb to be with the infinitive: I'll collect, will you collect, will collect, we'll collect, will you collect, will be collected.

The meaning of future tense forms reveals a close connection with the type of the verb. Expressing the same meaning of the process following the grammatical starting point, the future tense forms of verbs different types specify and clarify this meaning. The future tense forms of perfective verbs denote processes as completed, productive: The heavy shackles will fall. / The dungeons will collapse — and freedom / You will be greeted joyfully at the entrance(A. Pushkin).

The future tense forms of imperfective verbs are usually used to denote long-term or repeated processes, without representing them as completed or productive: Alone he will wander the August tundra, stumble on bumps, bypass rusty and flat tundra lakes.

Forms of time can be used in a figurative meaning, which makes it possible to figuratively and expressively imagine the implementation of a process in time and clarify it modal characteristic. In the creation of figurative meanings, the situation or context plays an important role, as well as the combination of different tense forms in the context.

The meaning of the present tense can be expressed by future and past tense forms. The future tense forms of perfective verbs have especially wide possibilities for conveying meanings of the present non-actual. They can be used to indicate regularly repeated or typical processes: Happens , will get up And will speak hot about something. These forms are sometimes used to denote processes that coincide with the moment of speech: I'll ask don't contradict. With the meaning of the present tense in colloquial speech, the future tense form of the verb is often used be: Who are you? you will? (A. N. Tolstoy); You don't have any matches will? Future form of the verb be in some constructions it may have the meaning of uncertainty: "Before I'm about five miles away will" , — he added(I. Turgenev); He is about forty years old will.

A special case is the use of the future tense form of perfective verbs, when it, in combination with negation, expresses the impossibility of carrying out a process at the moment of speech: But I really don't myself I'll understand , why did I weaken so quickly(M. Bulgakov); Sorry, but I am not I'll remember your name.

Past tense forms can also express present tense meaning. This use is typical of perfective forms of verbs, since the effectiveness contained in their categorical meaning already presupposes a connection with the present tense. The condition for presenting a previously carried out process as usual and in the present is a combination of forms of past and present tense: Happens , sat down for a book for an hour or two, A having a blast from her it’s already late in the evening. However, it should be borne in mind that depending on the situation, intonation or context, the past tense form can mean a process related to both the present and the future tense. For example, the statement Scared I'm threatening him! can mean "I am not afraid of his threats" or "I will not be afraid of his threats." Past tense forms with a future tense meaning are used to express confidence in the inevitability of the process they indicate:

One more wrong step and we died. The past tense forms of the verbs begin can be used with the meaning of the future tense, to finish, go, go, fly, take, take on, etc.: Well, I went home, and you stay here.

With the meaning of the future tense, forms of not only the past, but also the present tense can be used to express complete confidence in the implementation of the process. The time plan for the implementation of the process named by the verb is often indicated by lexical clarifiers: In summer I I'm going to the village; Tomorrow in the morning he is reading report.

The meaning of the past tense can be expressed by the forms of present and future tense. The use of present tense forms to denote a process that has already taken place (the so-called historical present) gives the narration greater imagery and liveliness, bringing certain events closer to the moment of speech: In 1858 F. I. Buslaev creates the first historical grammar of the Russian language.

Combined with a particle How forms of the future simple indicate the suddenness and intensity of the process being carried out in the past: Suddenly someone it will knock from the yard by the window (A. Chekhov).

Future tense forms can also be used to refer to processes that have occurred repeatedly in the past. The condition for such use of future tense forms is their combination with past tense forms, usually with the word it happened: It happened , Not you'll fall asleep , if in the room will burst in fly or will scrape mouse in the corner(I. Goncharov).

In proverbs, sayings, and aphoristic statements, a process indicated by the form of the future tense can be presented as possible in any of the three time plans. With this use, the typicality, commonality or inevitability of the process is emphasized: How goes around comes around , so and will respond; I'm not burning with tears will you help.

How to determine the past tense of a verb? Answer to asked question you will get from the presented article. In addition, we will tell you how the past tense of a verb is formed in English.

General information about verbs

Before we talk about what the past tense of a verb is, we should find out what it even is.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state or action of an object, and also answers the questions “what to do?” or “what should I do?” It should be especially noted that they vary in mood, are transitive and intransitive, and can refer to the perfective or imperfective form.

Verb tenses in Russian

This part of speech can be used in the following tenses:

• the present;
• future;
• past.

Past tense of verb

The part of speech that stands in shows that this or that action has taken place up to the present moment. However, when describing past situations or events in life, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense.

How to form a verb in the past tense? Let's find out together

The past tense of a verb in Russian is formed from the initial form (that is, the infinitive) by adding the suffix -l- (ran, wanted, talked, helped, etc.). However, this rule has exceptions. Thus, verbs that are in the indefinite form, imperfective form and ending in -nit, -ti or -ch, are converted into the past tense (masculine singular) without using the above-mentioned suffix (cut - cut, etc.).

Do verbs in the past tense change?

The past tense of the verb allows the verb to change in number. In turn, the singular number can easily be declined according to gender. It should also be noted that verbs in the past tense in the plural do not change according to persons.

Forms of verbs in the past tense by meaning

Verbs in the past tense can have a perfect and aorist meaning (only the perfect form). Let's look at them in more detail:

Verbs in the past tense can have the following grammatical meanings(only imperfect form):

• An infinite single concrete action that was performed before the moment of speech. For example: Once under New Year the girls were guessing.
• An action that is repeated all the time until the moment of speech. For example: Annushka clasped her hands every time, and her eyes lit up with delight.
• An action that is constantly happening. For example: Impenetrable forests stretched almost all the way to the river.
• Generalized fact. For example: Someone asked you.

Past tense: English verbs

As mentioned above, the past tense is a form of a verb that indicates an action that has already been performed. In English, this change in words is called "Past Tenses". It should also be noted that such time differs in duration and quality. In other words, in English there is a simple past tense called " Past Simple", the continuous past tense, called "Past Continuous", and the past perfect - " Past Perfect" Let's look at each of the forms in more detail.

Past Simple

This tense expresses absolutely any action that took place in the past. Past Simple is formed quite simply: if the word refers to irregular verb, then for this you need to take its second form from the table. If the verb is correct, then it is added to it. If it is necessary to pose a question, then the auxiliary word did should be used.

By the way, the past tense of the verb to be has 2 conjugations, namely were and was. As a rule, were is used with nouns only in the plural, and was - in the singular. In this case, with the pronoun you (translated as you or you) it is necessary to use only were.

Past Continuous

This form differs from the previous one in that in this case the action of the past is shown in process. As a cheat sheet, it is recommended to remember that the presented verb will have an imperfect form. It should also be noted that for Education Past Continuous requires only knowledge of the following forms of the verb to be: were and was.

Past Perfect or perfect continuous past tense

To form such a time, perfect knowledge of all forms and correct ones will be required). It should also be noted that for the Past Perfect it is necessary to have. By the way, the past tense has the following form: had.

It should also be noted that the Past Perfect also includes such a tense as Past Perfect Continuous, which has the following Russian meaning: perfect continuous past tense. To form it, you must use to be, which should be put in the Past Perfect form, that is, had been.

Let's sum it up

Knowing the basics of the formation of past tense verbs in Russian and English languages, you will be able not only to correctly deliver your speech during personal communication with foreigners or your compatriots, but also to write them a competent letter.

Which verbs change tenses?

Firstly, we must remember that when we talk about tense forms of a verb, we are talking about the indicative mood, that is, we are talking about an action that, in our opinion, is happening, has happened or will happen in reality.

In the imperative and conditional moods, verbs do not have tense forms.

Verb tenses

The verb in Russian has three tenses: present, past and future.

Verbs in the present tense denote actions performed at the moment of speech, i.e. at the moment when we pronounce this verb (I I'm running- this means that I say the word “run” and run at the same time).

Verbs in the past tense denote an action that occurred or was performed BEFORE we uttered this word: I ran, came running- that means now, when I say this, I’m no longer running. Performed or performed an action before the moment of speech.

A verb in the future tense denotes an action that has taken place or will take place after we have uttered this verb.

Changing verb tenses

Let's change the verb tenses walk.

In the past time: walked - what did you do? Walked, walked, walked, walked. I have already gone there and returned.

Past tense:

Present tense. What am I doing, what are you doing, what are you doing? and so on : walking, walking, walking…

Present tense:

I'm walking we're walking

are you walking are you walking

he walks they walk

Future tense. I will walk, you will walk. In this case, person and number are determined by the auxiliary verb, to which personal endings are added (will, will, will), and the verb itself walk stands in an indefinite form. This form of the future tense is called the future complex.

Future tense:

I will at we will walk eat walk

you will eat you will walk yeah walk

he will no they will walk ut walk

All three tense forms: past, present, future, and the future is complex, will be in imperfective verbs - walk, decide ( but not decide), sign, draw.

There are only two tense forms: past and future, and the future is simple for perfective verbs: come, decide, sign, draw.

Present tense forms are not formed from perfective verbs.

Education is temporarý x shapes

Firstly, some verb forms are formed not only with the help of endings, but also with the help of suffixes.

For example, the suffix - l- of the past tense does not form a new word, but forms the form of the past tense, i.e., unlike the overwhelming majority of suffixes in the Russian language, it is formative, not word-forming and, therefore, is not included in the base, just like the suffix - t indefinite form and suffix - And imperative mood.

Go- l, laughing- l-ah, I think- l-and, come- l-axis.

Secondly, the verb to form tense forms usually uses not one stem, like a noun and an adjective, but two!

Spelling vowel before l in past tense verbs

In past tense verbs before l the same vowel is written as in the indefinite form: depend - depended, bark - barked.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Lik-bez.com ().
2. School-collection.edu.ru ().

Homework

Exercise No. 1.

Rewrite by inserting the missing letters, find the verbs and determine their tense.

SOUNDS OF SPRING.

Thousands of sounds appear in the spring in the animated forest. From stump to stump he tried... stings, the mouse squeaked thinly..., buzzed, hit the edge and the beetle fell heavily. The cuckoo will soon cuckoo on the m...head. A wild pigeon will coo at the very top of the oak tree. At sunset, an eagle owl will hoot terribly in the forest.

Exercise No. 2.

Find the verbs in the present tense and write them down.

1. Fell 6. Dancing

2. Reads 7. Mine

3. They laugh 8. I will paint

4. I’ll write 9. We’ll cook

A verb is an expression of action. The category of time is an expression of how an action relates to the moment of speech. It is customary to distinguish three forms of time. To determine the relationship of a verb to the present, future or past tense, it is usually enough to ask a question. But there are verb forms that need to be analyzed more deeply. Let us highlight some features - they will help to distinguish temporary forms.

• happening at a specific moment, i.e. moment of speech ( I am reading a book);
  
• happening regularly ( I read books);
  
• happening all the time ( I work as a builder).
  

Often a verb in the present tense is used figuratively, expressing the near future. We we're leaving Tomorrow. Interesting use of present tense verbs in literary texts talking about historical events, which gives the story a special liveliness. Swede, Russian – stabs, chops, cuts.

The forms of verbs in the present tense are synthetic (consist of one word), the differences are determined by changing the verb itself in persons and numbers. I run, you run, he (she, it) runs. We are sitting, you are sitting, they are sitting.

• Facts may be mentioned without specifying the duration of the action. For this purpose, imperfective verbs are used (“what did you do?”). I attended lectures.
  
• If we mean an action that ended at the time of speech, or describe actions that succeeded each other, this is a perfective verb (“what did you do?”). I attended the lectures, had lunch and went to the meeting.
  
• If the particle was is attached to the verb, this is an indication of an action that did not take place or was prevented in the past. I wanted to leave, but they asked me to stay.
  

• suffix -l- (did is a masculine form with a zero ending);
  
• For female ending is added -A (did); for neuter gender – ending -O (did); for plural – ending -And , common to all genera ( did).
  

• verbs whose stems (infinitive and present tense) end in h And With (crawl - crawled, carry - carried);
  
• verbs with stem endings in g and k (in the present tense), with an infinitive in -whose (shore - take care - shore, bake - oven - bake);
  
• verbs whose infinitive contains a combination -ere- , but in the present tense it is not ( rub - rub - rub);
  
• verb to grow, which is in the past tense special form grew up;
  
• verbs like scrape, row, the basis of which in the past tense coincides with the basis of the present ( scrape - scrape, row - row);
  
• stative verbs with suffix -Well- , in the past tense without this suffix ( disappear - disappeared, perish - died).
  

There are forms with the meaning of suddenness of action, which at first glance do not belong to the past tense. The fact is that such verbs are identical in form to perfect singular verbs in the imperative mood. He take it Yes come at the most inopportune time. Compare: take it and come. Through such forms the desirability of an action that has not been performed can be expressed. Come If you had earlier, you would have found him at home. Compare: if you had come earlier.

IN artistic speech There may be forms that are used to denote a repeated action that occurred a long time ago and for some time. This is a category of long past tense. I'm often at the table with them sat. This is not the case in life seen.

Future
This category serves to designate an action that will take place after the moment of speech ( I will read a book, I will write poetry). In the imperfect form (“what will I do?”), the future tense has an analytical, compound form - the verb “to be” plus the infinitive. Synthetic, simple form(“What will I do?”) I'll read it is formed only by inflection.

A verb in the simple future tense can express time without relation to the moment of speech, acquiring the following meanings:

• continuously repeated action then it will stop, then it will rush again);
  
• a common action in the past ( no, no, yes, he will look out the window);
  
• sudden, rapid action in the past ( when he starts screaming).