One of the complex topics that English grammar includes is Conditionals. This section requires detailed consideration. Similar constructions in Russian are sentences in English, however, there are a number of features that must be taken into account when translating.

Zero type

This type implies causal relationships. It is used in cases where it is necessary to indicate a real condition, the result of which is always relevant. Most often, Zero conditional mood in English is used when you need to point out specific facts, routines, habits, as well as when advice or instructions are given. The zero type does not refer to any single case, but implies scientific facts, patterns, well-known truths, everyday repetitive actions.

The construction scheme is as follows:

Such constructions are translated into Russian with the words "if" or "when", without the particle "would".

• If people eat more, they become fat. - If people eat more, they get better.
• If you set yourself a goal, you must try hard to achieve it. - If you set a goal, you must strive hard to achieve it.
• If you want to be in good trim, don "t eat much. - If you want to be in good shape, don't eat too much.

First type (real present)

First condition is used when it comes to a real condition and further consequences. The likely development of events in the future is implied. This type is used if it is required to convey a prediction, irrational prejudices, forecasting, intention, warning, further plans, opportunities.

In this case, the following scheme is used:

According to the context, the first part of the conditional sentence means the future tense and, as a rule, it is translated into Russian in the future tense (in the English version, this part of the sentence is presented in the present form).

• If you don't hurry, you'll be late for the dinner. If you don't hurry, you'll be late for lunch.
• If I miss the plane today, I "ll stay at home. - If I miss the plane today, I'll stay at home.
• If you can get a ticket for me, I "ll go to the cinema with you. - If you can get a ticket for me, I'll go to the cinema with you.
• If you see my friends later, will you tell them to call me? - If you see my friends later, can you tell them to call me?

Second type (unreal present)

This type expresses hypothetical possibilities in the present or future tense. It can also be about something unlikely or practically impossible. Construction scheme:

Note: in similar sentences was need to be replaced with were. However, occasionally in everyday colloquial speech one can also meet was.

First and second conditionals in English can be close in meaning, but the 2nd type suggests that the probability of performing one or another action is much less than in the 1st type conditional sentence. This construction can be used when you imagine a different version of the existence of the current reality or express desires related to the present. In Russian, in such cases, there is a subjunctive mood using the words "if". When translating, one should take into account the features that the English language implies. Second conditional is also called hypothetical.

• If I were you, I would apply for a job. - If I were you, I'd apply for the job.
• If I were president, I would make the life in our country better. - would make life in our country better.
• If they lived in Los Angeles, they would go out every night. - If they lived in Los Angeles, they would go for a walk every evening.
• If I were an eagle, I could soar and fly. - If I were an eagle, I could soar and fly.

Third type (unreal past)

This type implies hypothetical situations related to the past. As a rule, we are talking about events that were not committed in the past. This structure is used when talking about an imaginary situation that is the opposite of real facts that happened in the past. Often used to express criticism, regret and indignation.

To use such a structure, the following scheme is used:

If the word order changes, if is not used.

• If I had worked harder, I would have bought an expensive camera. - If I worked harder, I would buy an expensive camera.
• If I had been invited to her birthday, I would have bought a gift for her. - If I was invited to her birthday party, I would buy a present for her.
• If I had set the alarm, I wouldn't have overslept. - If I had set the alarm, I wouldn't have overslept.

mixed type

Mixed conditionals in English imply a comparison of the second and third types. As a rule, such constructions are used if one part of the sentence refers to the past tense, and the second to the present.

Scheme 1: the condition refers to the past tense, and the consequence refers to the present.

Scheme 2: the consequence refers to the past tense, and the condition refers to the present.

Mixed (mixed) conditionals in English, examples of which are presented below, will require more detailed study, since at first glance this topic may seem somewhat complicated.

• If I knew that actor, I would have spoken to him. - If I knew that actor, I would talk to him. (In this example, the first part containing the condition is type 2, and the main part is type 3).
• If Gabriela had found a job, she wouldn't be searching for one know. - If Gabriela had found a job, she wouldn't be looking for it now. (The conditional part belongs to the third type, and the main part belongs to the second).

Punctuation features

If the clause containing the condition is before the chapter, a comma is placed between them. If the order is reversed, there is no comma.

For example:

• If you had called him, he would have come immediately. - If you had called him, he would have come immediately.
• He would have come if you called. He would come if you called him.

Understanding the topic of Conditionals in English and learning to identify one or another in the original language is quite easy if you devote enough time to this issue. However, when translating from Russian, difficulties may arise. Here are some tips on what to look out for:

• Sentences that include the words "if" and "if" are conditional, which means that when translating into English, you will have to take into account
• It should be determined whether the condition is real or unreal. If the particle "would" is present, then the condition in this phrase is unrealistic.
• What time does the conditional part belong to? If to the past - this is the third type. If to the present or future - the second.
• In cases where one part of a complex sentence refers to the past, and the second to the present, a mixed type is used.

Conditionals in English: exercises with answers

Completing various tasks will help you quickly absorb information:

Exercise 1:

a) match parts of sentences and determine the type of condition;
b) translate into Russian.

Task 2: translate into English, determine the type:

1. If you had called me, I would have known about it.
2. If you want to win, you need to try harder.
3. If he liked books, he would read them.
4. If people go to the gym, they feel better.
5. If it rains when we arrive, we will cancel the picnic.

Answers 1:

1. C. If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have been in such trouble. (3)
2. D. If you are sick, see a doctor. (0)
3. A. If I go to the competition, I will win. (2)
4. E. If he knew, he would be angry. (3)
5. B. If I were you, I would wear a coat. (2)
6. F. If you make a mistake, the teacher will correct you. (one)

Answers 2:

1. If you had called me, I would have known about it. (3)
2. If you want to win, you have to try harder. (one)
3. If he liked books, he would read them. (2)
4. If people go to the gym, they feel better. (0)
5. If it is raining when we arrive, we'll cancel the picnic. (1)

The subject of Conditionals in English is quite easy to understand. In order to freely use various grammatical formulas and constructions in everyday speech, accurately determining the type of conditional sentence, it is extremely important to consolidate the acquired knowledge in practice. In addition to performing translation and phrase matching exercises, you need to include such structures in your everyday speech, find them in the process of reading literature in the original and use them in writing.

If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...
or
… would + verb... if ... Simple Past ...

Use

Conditional sentences of the second type in English describe events in the present and future. The situations described in such sentences are unreal (impossible, improbable, imaginary). Such proposals have an impossible, hypothetical connotation. Please note that these sentences are translated into Russian in the subjunctive mood, with the particle "by".

For example:
If you asked, they would help you.
If you asked, they would help you.

If it rained, you would get wet.
If I went rain, you would get wet.

If you loved her, she would love you.
If you I loved her, she would love you.

I would buy a new car if I had more money.
I would buy new car, if I have It was more money.

He would pass the exam if he studied more.
He would pass exam, if he is more was engaged.

I would lower the taxes if I were the president.
I would lower taxes, if I was president.

Conditional sentences of the first and second types - what to choose

Real and imaginary situations

Conditional sentences of the first type are often called enforceable conditional offers. They are used to describe real and possible situations. Conditional sentences of the second type are used to describe unreal (impossible, improbable, imaginary) situations.

Compare:
If I become the President, I will give free electricity to farmers.
If I become president I I will do The speech of the presidential candidate is a conditional sentence of the first type.)

If I win this race, I will…
If I win these races I… ( The speech of the fastest racer is a conditional sentence of the first type.)

If I became the President, I would give free electricity to farmers.
If I were president I would do electricity is free for farmers. ( The speech of the child is a conditional sentence of the second type.)

If I won't race I would…
If I won these races I… ( The speech of the slowest racer is a conditional sentence of the second type.)

Requests and suggestions

In ordinary requests and offers, conditional sentences of the first type are used. To give a request or offer a more polite tone, conditional sentences of the second type are used.

Compare:
I will be grateful if you lend me some money.
I I will grateful if you borrow me money. ( )

It will be nice if you help me.
Will well, if you to me help. (An ordinary request is a conditional sentence of the first type.)

I would be grateful if you lent me some money.
I I will grateful if you borrow me money. ( )

It would be nice if you helped me.
Will well, if you to me help. (A more polite request is a conditional sentence of the second type.)

Other forms of conditional sentences of the second type

Using Modal Verbs in a Result Sentence

would verb can be used could in the meaning of "to be able". Synonymous construction - would be able to.

For example:
If you were more serious about your work could (= would be able to) finish it in time.
If you treated take your job seriously, you could finish her on time.

If I had more money, I could (= would be able to) buy a new car.
If I have It was more money i could buy new car.

If you spoke a foreign language, you could (= would be able to) get a better job.
If you said in some foreign language could find better job.

In the result sentence, instead of would verb can be used might in the meaning of "maybe", "perhaps". Synonymous constructions - would perhaps and would probably.

For example:
If you requested them more politely, they might (= would perhaps) help you.
If you addressed more polite to them, they possibly, would help you.

Construction were to

After the union if in a conditional sentence, the construction " subject + were to to show that this is an imaginary situation.

For example:
If I were to buy a new car, what would you say?
If I bought new car that would you said?

If you were to lose your job, what would you do?
If you lost job that would you made?

If you were to win what would you give me?
If you won what would you to me gave?

The if it were not for construct

This construction is used to show that the completion of one event depends on another, and is translated as "if not for ...".

For example:
If it weren "t for his dedication, this company wouldn't exist.
If not for his dedication, this company would not exist.

If it weren "t for his wife" s money, he wouldn't be a millionaire.
If not for his wife's money, he wouldn't be a millionaire.

If it weren "t for that lucky chance, they wouldn't win that competition.
If not for this happy occasion, they would not have won the competition.

Using supposing

Word supposing("if", "suppose", "suppose that") can be used instead of conjunction if to emphasize the unreality of the situation. This usage is more typical for everyday speech.

For example:
Supposing he came to visit you, what would you do? (= If he came to visit you, what would you do?)
Let's assume that he would come to you, then what would you do?

Supposing I became the Miss World, what would you say?
Let's pretend that I would become Miss World, what would I say?

- You can't believe the impossible!

“It’s just that you don’t have much experience,” said the Queen. “When I was your age, I spent half an hour every day on this!” Other days I had time to believe in a dozen impossibilities before breakfast!

Lewis Carroll "Alice in Wonderland"

Admit that from time to time you like to daydream. How many times have you said the phrase "If I..." or "I wish I...". And, for sure, at least a few times in your life you gave someone advice, saying the following words: "If I were you, I would ..."

In our native language, we naturally fantasize, give out valuable advice, and sometimes even lament, remembering a missed chance or, conversely, regretting what we have done. Grammar structures do not seem complicated to us at all, and we use them without even thinking about the rules. In English, for these cases, there are conditional sentences of the second and third types. Finding out more about them will be both interesting and useful.

Second Conditional - conditional sentences of the second type

This type of English conditional is used to describe an impossible, unrealistic or imaginary situation. When translating such sentences into Russian, the hypothetical connotation is conveyed with the help of the particle “would”. Similar constructions refer to the present or future tense.

If I had a lot of money, I would travel round the world. - If I have It was a lot of money i would travel all over the world. (This describes an imaginary situation: it is unlikely that the mentioned will happen in the near future)

The conditional sentence of the second type is formed according to the following scheme:

Do not forget that it is possible to interchange the main and subordinate clauses. However, you should be careful with the comma. We put it only in the case when the condition is at the beginning of the English sentence.

In conditional sentences of the second type, the past tense form of the verb to be – were– used for all persons in more formal English, was can also be used, although this option is more common in spoken English.

if today were Saturday, we could go to the beach. = If today was Saturday, we could go to the beach. - If today was Saturday, then we would go to the beach.

turnover If I were you usually used with this type of conditional to give advice and project the situation on yourself. In Russian, there is a construction for this: "If I were in your (her, him, yours, their) place."

If I were you, I wouldn't buy that car. - If I were in your place I wouldn't buy that car.

In English, there is almost no rule without exceptions. We have collected all the important additions to the rule on conditional sentences of the second type in the following table. Undoubtedly, examples with translation will help you to freely use these constructions in speech and writing in the future.

In order to master the conditional sentences of the second type well, we recommend watching this video:

No grammar guide will give you so many pleasant moments when studying this rule as an interesting and vivid cartoon in English. Conditional sentences of the second type are used so often in the dialogues of cartoon characters that we are ready to prove it to you. Take a fresh look at your favorite animated stories with us.

Kung Fu Panda 3 - "Kung Fu Panda 3"

Many of us remember the cartoon about the good-natured and clumsy fat panda Po. Reunited with their father, who lost little Po many years ago, they go to a mysterious place. It is there that our lover of martial arts and dumplings will soon meet his relatives and visit his home. This is the phrase we hear in the dialogue during their journey:

– This is the secret panda village. “This is a secret village of pandas.
– No wonder you keep it a secret. If I lived here, I wouldn't tell anyone either. No wonder you keep it a secret. If I lived here, I wouldn't tell anyone either.
(a hypothetical assumption relating to the future)

Big Hero 6 - City of Heroes

Fans of cartoons about inventors, geeks and design geniuses will certainly remember the story of two talented brothers Hiro and Tadashi Hamada. Episodes with experiments in the laboratory of the university are fascinating and full of humor. The moment in which the younger brother (Hiro) thanks the older brother (Tadashi) for his help and faith in his talent is the best suited for the topic of our article.

I wouldn't be here if it wasn't for you, so thanks for not giving up on me. “If it weren’t for you, I wouldn’t be here, so thank you for not losing faith in me.” (the need to show that the completion of one event depends on another)

Wreck-It Ralph - "Ralph"

The Disney cartoon, in which the thug villain named Ralph dreams of becoming a real hero, was watched by many. We remind you of the episode when Ralph leaves his computer game and goes in search of adventure. In one of the games, he meets a little girl, Vanellope von Keks. At the moment of their acquaintance, the following phrase sounds on the caramel tree:

I wouldn't grab that branch if I were you. “If I were you, I wouldn’t grab that branch. (advice to interlocutor)

Zootopia - Zootopia

In our previous article, we have already analyzed this funny cartoon. However, it is impossible not to recall the episode in which the cunning Nick Wilde visits the store and intends to buy a hefty portion of ice cream for the baby fox. Finding no money in his pockets, he says the following:

I'd lose my head if it wasn't attached to my neck. “I would have sowed the head if it had not been attached to my neck. (imaginary situation)

Inside Out - "Puzzle"

We are already familiar with the girl Riley and her emotions. Having carefully reviewed this animated creation, it is easy to see examples related to our today's topic. In the episode when Joy tries to find Sadness in the labyrinths of long-term memory, we find a vivid example of a conditional sentence of the second type:

OK. If I were Sadness, where would I be? - Okay. In the place of Sorrow, where would I be? (description of an unreal situation relating to the present and an attempt to project the situation onto oneself)

Third Conditional - third type conditional sentences

Conditional sentences of the third type describe an impossible condition, since the action or event has already taken place in the past. As a rule, they are used to indicate a missed opportunity. Such sentences are translated into Russian by the subjunctive mood (the form of the past tense with the particle "by").

The structure of the conditional sentence of the third type is as follows:

If you hadn't been late for work, the boss wouldn't have got furious. - If you not late to work, chief would not be so furious. (the situation has already happened: the opportunity to appear at work on time is missed, and the emotional state of the boss will be difficult or impossible to change)

It is interesting to note that conditional sentences can express an unrealistic situation without using the conjunction if(if the predicate includes verbs were, had, could, should). Such cases are called inversion. This means that in the subordinate conditional clause, the auxiliary verb or modal verb is placed before the subject. This technique gives the phrase more emotionality and persuasiveness.

Had I known about it beforehand I wouldn't have made such a terrible mistake! - I would know I talked about it in advance would not have done such a terrible mistake!

Not without exceptions in the case of conditional sentences of the third type. Study the short table below. Our examples clearly characterize these additions to the rule.

In order to better understand the information about conditional sentences of the third type, we recommend watching the following video:

It is unlikely that anyone will deny that listening to songs in English and using them to parse grammatical rules is an effective occupation. It is in order to visually show you the use of the third type of conditional sentences that we have selected a few songs and will analyze them together with you.

Gloria Gaynor

Great song from the disco era and the anthem of all feminists, which was performed by the singer Gloria Gaynor. This song is included in the list of the 500 greatest songs of all time. In it we hear the following phrase:

I should have made you leave your key
If I had known for just one second you "d be back to bother me.

I should have made you hand over your key
If only I knew for a second that you'd be back to pester me.
(the heroine of the song describes a missed opportunity, she did not take away the key from her former lover and, unfortunately, the meeting took place)

Want to hear more examples with all types of conditional sentences? Then rather watch the next video and maybe you will meet your favorite song.

And now we suggest taking a short test to consolidate knowledge about 2 types of conditional sentences, and download a table with the types of English conditional sentences discussed in this article.

(*pdf, 207 Kb)

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Test

How to use English conditional sentences correctly. Second and third type

), conditions second type (Conditional 2)- unreal. Conditional sentences of the second type serve to express imaginary situations in the present and future; situations that contradict the facts. Actions that convey conditional sentences of the second type, unreal or unlikely.

Conditional sentences always have two parts: conditional (if clause) and basic (main clause). Conditional sentences of the second type are formed very simply:

AT conditional part(after IF ) only used past tense, and in basic: would with infinitive without the to particle (the first form of the verb, V1).

If the conditional part comes before the main part, it is separated by a comma. If the conditional part comes after the main part, it is not separated by a comma.

To properly understand the essence of the use of conditional sentences of the second type, let's imagine:

1. If I lived by the sea, I would sunbathe every day.
2. If we had a million, we would help the poor.
3. If he knew English, he would find a good job.

All these situations are unrealistic because:

1. I do not live by the sea and it is unlikely that I will.
2. We do not have a million and will not have it in the near future.
3. He doesn't know English yet, but he is working on it.

To translate these sentences into English, we use the sentence scheme:

As you can see, in the conditional part in both Russian and English, the past tense is used (If I lived ... - If I lived...), and for all persons (I, he, we) we use would with the verb in the first form.

EXERCISE: complete these sentences yourself and come up with a few more imaginary situations:

If I lived near the sea, ...

If I had a million, ...

If I knew English very well, ...

In conditional sentences of the second type, it is permissible to replace was with were for all persons:

If I were very rich, I would buy what I want. But I "m not so rich. - If I were rich, I would buy everything I want. But I'm not so rich.

if he were strong, he would lift this box. Unfortunately, he is not strong enough. - If he was strong, he would lift this box. Unfortunately, he is not strong enough.

if she were here, she would help us. She is not here now, so she can "t help us. - If she were here, she would help us. She is not here now, so she cannot help us.

Although there is no difference in meaning between was and were, in sentences that indicate unlikely actions(as in the first and second examples), were sounds more formally. And in sentences pointing to incredible action(as in the third example), it is preferable to always use were .

These were the basic rules that are given in the pre-intermediate level, they are quite simple and you shouldn't have any problems using Conditional 2 at this stage. Next, we will consider what changes can occur in the main and conditional parts of the second type of conditional sentences.

Conditional part

In addition to Past Simple, in the conditional part, Past Continuous can be used if we imagine an action taking place at the moment of speech:

If she now walked to the store, she would buy you candy, but she goes to work. - If she were going to the shop now, she would buy you some sweets, but she is going to work.

If I now led car, I would drive slowly. And you are going fast. - If I were driving, I would drive slowly. And you are driving fast.

Main part

In the main part, instead of would, you can find modal verbs could and might.

could expresses the ability (ability), a might- possibility, possibility (possibility):

If people had wings, they could fly. - If people had wings, they could fly.

If I were taller, I might be a good basketball player. - If I was taller, I could be a good basketball player.

Now let's look at the various constructions that are used in Conditional 2 and their functions. Each design has its own characteristics and meanings.

If I were you...

Conditional 2 is used to to give advice. To do this, put yourself in the place of another person: In your (his/her/your) place, I would... .

Only in the English version the word "place" is not present in the sentence, but instead they say: If I were you... - If I were you, ... :

If I were you, I would accept this job offer. If I were you, I would accept this job offer.

What would you do if you were me? - What would you do if you were in my place?

If I were him, I would tell the truth. If I were him, I would tell the truth.

The question arises! How to: If I were him/her or If I were he/she ?

We can say that both options exist, but the option with he/she described in old grammar books, it is offered as a formal, "written" version. In modern colloquial English, the use of him/her is allowed.

Instead of If I were you you can say If I were in your position :

If I were in your position, I would stay at home. - If I were you, I would stay at home.

If I were in his position, I wouldn't get angry. - If I were in his place, I wouldn't be angry.

It is also possible to use the inverted version, without if: Were I you ... :

Were I you, I would call them back. If I were you, I'd call them back.

Were I you, I wouldn't spend so much time surfing the net. - If I were you, I wouldn't spend so much time on the Internet.

If it wasn't for...

There is also the If it were not for construct, which indicates why something happened or didn't happen.

If it were not for your help, I would be unemployed. - If not for your help, I would be unemployed.

If it weren "t for Mary, we wouldn't know the truth. - If it weren't for Mary, we wouldn't know the truth.

This design can be inverted(reverse), without if: Were it not for (If not for...). The inverted version is used in formal contexts and, unlike the direct one, never does not use abbreviated form (weren "t):

Were it not for your urgent measures, we would have problems. - If not for your urgent measures, we would have problems.

Were it not for his support, I would be still depressed. - If not for his support, I would still be depressed.

For the fact that can be added to both constructs:

If it weren "t for the fact that you helped me, I would be unemployed. - If it were not for the fact that you helped me, I would be unemployed.

Were it not for the fact that he supported me, I would be still depressed. - If it wasn't for the fact that he supported me, I would still be depressed.

Note that in the above constructions unacceptable use was instead were.

If I were to...

If you want to emphasize that the situation in the present, which is described by the conditional part of the sentence, unlikely, unrealistic, or very unpleasant, then instead of the semantic verb in the conditional part, you can use the If I were to construction:

If I were to lose all my money, I would be in despair. - If I lost all my money, I would be in despair. (That's an unpleasant thought)

If she were to have a car accident, she would call her husband. - If she had an accident, she would call her husband. (It's a nasty situation)

This design may also refer to future action, denoting that the future action is unlikely or very unpleasant:

If I were to immigrate in the future, I would miss my country. - If I had to move to another country in the future, I would miss my country. (I'm not going to move, it's unlikely)

If she were to tell my secret, I would not be on speaking terms with her. - If she told my secret, I would not talk to her. (I'm sure she won't tell)

If only...

If you want to express regret about the present or future situation, you can use sentences with If only ...:

If only I had some free time - If only I had free time / It's a pity that I don't have free time.

If only I knew English. - If only I knew English. / It's a pity that I don't know English.

Offers from If only are identical in meaning to sentences that use the I wish construction. You can learn more about such offers with I wish from.

Here, perhaps, is all the basic information about conditional sentences of the second type (Conditional 2). To summarize:

1. Conditional sentences of the second type (Conditional 2) denote unlikely, imaginary, unrealistic actions in the present and future.

2. In the conditional part (after IF) used only past tense(Simple or Continuous), and in the main: would with infinitive. Except would, modal verbs can be used in the main part could and might.

3. In the conditional part, was is replaced by were .

4. Constructions with Conditional 2 have various functions:

To reinforce the learned rules, make up a few of your own examples and write them down. If the examples are from your personal experience, it will be easier for you to remember them. Good luck with your learning English!

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Present Simple Tense is one of the most frequently used tenses in English. Therefore, immediately after studying the rules of use, it is important to consolidate Present Simple with examples of sentences in Russian.

affirmative sentences

Positive or affirmative sentences form the basis of all tenses in the English language. Why? Because thanks to such sentences for a while with translation, you can consolidate the skill of building negative and interrogative sentences.

In Present Simple Tense, an ending is added to the verb -s and -es in the third person singular.

• He works at the factory. - He works at the factory.
• Mary lives in Paris. Mary lives in Paris.
• It snows a lot in winter. - It's snowing frequently in the winter.
• Tomas and I like playing football. Thomas and I love to play football.
• Steve always arrives at work in time. - Steve always arrives at work on time.
• They often see Tom because he lives near them. They often see Tom because he lives next to them.
• Children usually like drinking cocoa. Children usually like to drink cocoa.
• Julia is an artist. She draws very beautiful pictures. Julia is an artist. She paints beautiful pictures.
• I have got a big family. - I have a big family.
• She can speak three languages: Russian, English and Italian. – She can speak three languages: Russian, English and Italian.

It is important to learn how to work with verbs. So put the sentences above in the interrogative and negative forms.

Interrogative sentences

When studying Present Simple, translation of sentences plays an important role. Why? Because it helps to draw an analogy with the native language, to understand the topic and consolidate it in practice. How? Easily! Try putting the interrogative sentences below in the affirmative and negative forms.

Do/does Auxiliary verb used to ask a question in the Present Simple. But this rule does not apply to modal verbs and the construction have got.

Negative sentences

To consolidate the topic, put the sentences below in the affirmative and interrogative forms.

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