The Unified State Exam in Literature is one of the most difficult. According to statistics, no more than 5% of students choose it. The thing is that the assignments are designed with the curriculum of specialized humanities classes and schools in mind. Previously, before the introduction of the Unified State Exam, an essay exam was mandatory and 2 grades were given at once - in literature and the Russian language. Now, passing the unified state exam in literature is quite a difficult task for a graduate of a regular school, since the questions cover topics studied in specialized classes, and the structure of the ticket itself changes every year.

Most teachers are unanimous in the opinion that to successfully pass the Unified State Exam in Literature in the 2017-2018 academic year, it is not enough to simply read all the works from the list of school curriculum and be able to correctly express your thoughts. Professional training is required that takes into account the specifics of current this moment KIMov.

In this material we will tell you:

Having successfully passed the unified state exam in the Russian language, basic or specialized level mathematics (depending on the requirements of the university) and literature, the graduate can choose various directions for himself.

In 2018, such a set of subjects will provide the opportunity to enter the vast majority of creative fields:

• Faculty of Journalism or Military Journalism. Journalism is the most popular humanitarian field with great job prospects. In most universities there is a huge competition for this specialty. In addition to literature, in most cases, a certificate in a foreign language will be required;
• consistently high competition for places and in universities that graduate translators (accordingly, it is necessary to pass the Unified State Exam in a foreign language);
• linguistic and philological faculties;
• to universities that graduate translators (accordingly, it is necessary to pass the Unified State Exam in a foreign language);
• Faculty of Journalism or Military Journalism (some universities also required a certificate in a foreign language);
• faculties teaching creative specialties: graphics, painting, sculpture, restoration, design, vocals, choreography, performing arts etc. (in many universities an additional creative competition is mandatory);
• faculties that provide education as a producer, sound engineer, cinematographer (a profile-level certificate in mathematics is required).

It is worth deciding on the list of required subjects even before the start of the 2017-2018 academic year, having familiarized yourself with the requirements for applicants of a particular faculty, which can be found on the official website of the relevant higher education institution.

All changes that will be made in 2018, as well as the most up-to-date information about the Unified State Examination in literature can also always be found on our portal.

Changes in the Unified State Examination in Literature in 2018

As part of the improvement of KIMs, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation has developed a radically new promising model of Unified State Exam tickets in literature and, most likely, already in 2018 graduates will have to deal with a number of innovations:

1. Short answer questions are completely excluded from the tickets.
2. The number of tasks of the participant's choice has increased.
3. In comparison tasks, it will be necessary to compare the text with only 1 work (previously there were 2).
4. Essays will be checked more thoroughly, and the verification criteria will be tightened.
5. The minimum length of a detailed answer is 50 words, and essays are 250 words (essays less than 200 words in length are scored 0 points).

You can also learn about innovations in the Unified State Examination in Literature by watching a video interview with Dmitry Bak, professor at the Russian State University for the Humanities:

235 minutes are allotted to complete all tasks.

The minimum passing score is 32 points.

To receive an “excellent” grade, you must score more than 67 points.

When evaluating an essay, committee members will rely on the following criteria:

1. Depth of understanding of the problem and presence of your own thoughts. The content of the answers is the main thing. Correct spelling and punctuation do not affect the answer, but speech errors and violations of lexical norms will deduct points.
2. Level of theoretical and literary knowledge of the examinee.
3. The validity of the given excerpts from the works.
4. Logic and consistency of presentation.
5. Compliance with the norms and rules of the Russian language.

List of works for passing the Unified State Exam in literature

One of the most current issues, exciting 11th graders - this is a list of works that need to be thoroughly studied in order to successfully pass the Unified State Exam in literature in the upcoming 2018.

Indeed, the main difficulty of the exam is the need to possess a sufficiently large amount of information, because the Unified State Examination codifier for literature lists:

• more than 150 poems;
• 11 novels;
• 9 poems;
• 6 plays;
• 4 stories;
• about 20 stories.

A complete list of works can be found in the “codifiers” section of the official Unified State Exam website.

Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Literature

It is important to understand that high-quality preparation for the Unified State Exam is not only about familiarizing yourself with the meaning of various works, because to successfully pass the literature exam in 2018 you will need:

• deep understanding of the essence of the problems raised by different authors;
• possession of information about the portraits and characters of heroes;
• the ability to draw parallels between the plot of the work and the spiritual experiences of the author;
• having your own opinion and the ability to defend and justify it;
• knowledge from the field of literary history.

That is why it is necessary to read novels, stories, poems, plays, short stories and other literary works in the original, and not according to criticism, but in the process of reading, pay attention to the little things and keep a reading diary in which to write down the basic information that will be necessary when preparing for the Unified State Exam and writing essays.

1. Write as many practice essays as possible, building for yourself certain templates for various topics.
2. Create a card for each writer with key dates and important information.
3. Think about the problems of the works.
4. Don’t be lazy to write down phrases that can be used in your essays.
5. If something is very difficult to remember, use diagrams and sketches.

A codifier is a list of books, terms and other elements of literary studies, the knowledge of which a graduate should boast of at the final stage of training. This textbook is updated annually on the FIPI website, and 2019 was no exception. Today we already have information about what exacting KIM auditors will ask of students. This information is the basis for the self-preparation of each potential applicant, who already mentally calculates the points required for admission. Therefore, quickly save in your bookmarks a convenient and concise list of books for the Unified State Exam in Literature in 2019 from the Much-Wise Litrecon. He keeps his finger on the pulse and always makes timely updates if any appear in official sources.

Let's start with the fact that not all the books we studied in class were included in the treasured list of works. As a rule, it is greatly simplified, and there is no special “tin” expected there. However, it is important to pay attention to the casuistry of the introduction to the codifier, where the exam organizers mention that in the KIM the student may see an assignment for a poem that is not on the list (p. 4). The same problem occurs with authors whose works are not specified in the list.

For example, the form may contain any book by A. Platonov or N. Leskov. Therefore, rely on the codifier, and read everything yourself - it turns out like this. It’s good at least that L. Tolstoy was limited, otherwise his complete collected works occupy 90 weighty volumes. So think about what from this rich creative heritage will seep into the Unified State Examination in Literature.

But you can stigmatize unfair exams until May, but now it’s time to start preparing. The main elements are located in chronological order, next to each of them the code assigned to it from above is indicated. Those definitions or works are written in italics, the knowledge of which is not tested on the Unified State Exam, but is useful for revealing what will be tested.

Poems from the codifier

The list of poems for the Unified State Exam in Literature is a completely logical finale for preparing for the exam. In recent days, you need to concentrate your attention on poetic works that are easily forgotten. The best way their “processing” is an intensive study of good analyzes of these texts.

1. V.A. Zhukovsky: “Sea”, Ballad “Svetlana”
2. A.S. Pushkin. Pushkin's lyrics: “Village”, “Prisoner”, “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, “Poet”, “To Chaadaev”, “Song of the prophetic Oleg”, “To the sea”, “Nanny”, “K***” (“I remember a wonderful moment...”), “October 19” (“The forest drops its crimson attire...”), “Prophet”, “Winter Road”, “Anchar”, “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night...”, “I loved you: love still, perhaps...", "Winter Morning", "Demons", "Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet", "Cloud", "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...", "The daylight has gone out...", "Desert Sower of Freedom ...”, “Imitations of the Koran” (IX. “And the tired traveler grumbled at God ...”), “Elegy”, (“The fading fun of crazy years ...”), “... I visited again...”. Poem "The Bronze Horseman".
3. M.Yu. Lermontov: “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different...”, “Clouds”, “Beggar”, “From under a mysterious, cold half-mask...”, “Sail”, “Death of a Poet”, “Borodino”, “When the yellowing one worries Niva...", "Duma", "Poet" ("My dagger shines with a golden finish..."), "Three Palms", "Prayer" ("In a difficult moment of life..."), "Both boring and sad", "No, It’s not you that I love so passionately...", "Motherland", "Dream" ("In the midday heat in the valley of Dagestan..."), "Prophet", "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...", "Valerik", "I go out alone on the road…". Poem "Song about... merchant Kalashnikov." Poem "Mtsyri".
4. ON THE. Nekrasov: “Troika”, “I don’t like your irony...”, “Railroad”, “On the Road”, “Yesterday, at about six o’clock...”, “You and I are stupid people...”, “The Poet and the Citizen”, “Elegy” (“Let changing fashion tell us…”), “O Muse! I’m at the door of the coffin...” Poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
5. A.A. Fet: “The dawn says goodbye to the earth...”, “With one push, drive away a living boat...”, “Evening”, “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Whisper, timid breathing ...", "The night was shining. The garden was full of moonlight. They were lying...", "It was still a May night."
6. A.A. Block: “Stranger”, “Russia”, “Night, street, lantern, pharmacy...”, “In a restaurant”, “The river spreads out. Flows, lazily sad...” (from the cycle “On the Kulikovo Field”), “On the Railway”, “I Enter Dark Temples...”, “Factory”, “Rus”, “About Valor, About Deeds, About Glory...” , “Oh, I want to live crazy…”. Poem "Twelve"
7. V.V. Mayakovsky: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Lilichka!”, “Anniversary”, “Getting to sit up”, “Here!”, “Good attitude towards horses”, “An extraordinary adventure , who was with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha”, “Giveaway sale”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”. Poem "Cloud in Pants"
8. S.A. Yesenin: “Go you, Rus', my dear!..”, “Don’t wander, don’t crush in the crimson bushes...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to the mother,” “The feather grass is sleeping. Dear plain...", "You are my Shagane, Shagane...", "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry...", "Soviet Rus'", "The road was thinking about the red evening...", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Rus" , “Pushkin”, “I am walking through the valley. On the back of the head is a cap...", "A low house with blue shutters..."
9. M.I. Tsvetaeva: “To my poems, written so early...”, “Poems to Blok” (“Your name is a bird in the hand...”), “Who is created from stone, who is created from clay...”, “Longing for the homeland! A long time ago...", "Books in red binding", "To Grandmother", "Seven hills - like seven bells!.." (from the series "Poems about Moscow")
10. O.E. Mandelstam: “Notre Dame”, “Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails...", "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries...", "I returned to my city, familiar to tears..."
11. A.A. Akhmatova: “Song of the last meeting”, “Clenched my hands under a dark veil...”, “I don’t need anything
    odic army...", "I had a voice. He called comfortingly...", "Native Land", "Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...", "Seaside Sonnet", "Before spring there are days like this...", "I am not with those who abandoned the earth...", "Poems about St. Petersburg ", "Courage". Poem "Requiem".
12. B.L. Pasternak: “February. Get some ink and cry!..”, “Definition of poetry”, “I want to achieve everything...”, “Hamlet”, “Winter Night” (“It’s chalk, it’s chalk all over the earth...”), “There will be no one in the house... “,” “It’s snowing,” “About these poems,” “Loving others is a heavy cross...”, “Pines,” “Hoarfrost,” “July.”
13. Poems by at least three authors of your choice: B.A. Akhmadulina, I.A. Brodsky, A.A. Voznesensky, V.S. Vysotsky, E.A. Evtushenko, N.A. Zabolotsky, Yu.P. Kuznetsov, L.N. Martynov, B.Sh. Okudzhava, N.M. Rubtsov, D.S. Samoilov, B.A. Slutsky, V.N. Sokolov, V.A. Soloukhin, A.A. Tarkovsky.

This concludes the list of works to prepare for the Unified State Exam in Literature. The many-wise Litrecon conceals in his heart hopes and hopes that this list will make your path to success in the final exams easier.

Are you planning to deliver in 2019? year of the Unified State Exam on literature - familiarize yourself with the materials contained in the codifier compiled by FIPI, which contains not only a complete list of works necessary for successful preparation for the exam, but also a list of requirements for the level of training of a graduate.

It is necessary to start preparing as early as possible, because the high Unified State Exam score in Russian literature in 2019 will be prerequisite for admission to Russian universities in such areas as:

• philology;
• journalism;
• linguistics;
• television;
• musicology;
• painting;
• design;
• theatrical art.

Basic information about the exam

The main task of the Unified State Examination in literature is to check the level of theoretical knowledge and development of practical skills in the subject among 11th grade graduates.

The 2019 CMM on literature consists of two parts:

Thus, graduates for the work allotted to them 3 hours 55 minutes (235 minutes) You will need to complete 17 tasks. You can score a maximum of 58 primary points on the Unified State Exam in Literature.

The exam is held in Russian.

When doing work Additional materials are not used.

The codifier is one of the main documents of the 2019 Unified State Exam in the subject “literature”. This year it will be much easier for students, because both the tickets themselves and the codifier have not undergone any significant changes. The Ministry of Education and Science, as promised, completed the stage of active reform and set a course for the stability of the requirements, as well as the immutability of the structure of KIMs for the Unified State Exam.

The following information is provided on the pages of the draft codifier for the 2018-2019 academic year:

• a complete list of elements subject to testing on the Unified State Exam;
• requirements for the level of training of graduates.

Content elements of the Unified State Examination in literature

According to the information contained in the 2019 codifier developed by FIPI for the Unified State Exam in Literature, the following sections are included in the exam:

*For a complete list of works from the school curriculum, the texts of which must be carefully re-read and worked through at the preparation stage, see the codifier.

But simply knowing what is discussed in the works, the list of which is provided by the 2019 codifier for the Unified State Exam in Literature, is not enough to successfully pass the exam. Experienced teachers recommend keeping a reader's journal in which to save the most important facts that may be required when working with tests or writing an essay:

• the main issue of the work;
• genre;
• the most important thing in the plot;
• heroes, their descriptions, characters, features;
• phrases of heroes for quoting.

The table of literary parallels will also help you in preparation:

Requirements for the level of training

The codifier provides an opportunity for future graduates, their parents and teachers to become familiar with full list requirements, taking into account which tasks for the Unified State Exam 2019 are drawn up.

All training requirements are divided into three large blocks:

• Know.
• Be able to.
• Use knowledge and skills in practice.

The list of requirements is quite large, but in practice, not all of them have equal weight when evaluating work. Thus, the 2019 literature codifier says that a Unified State Exam participant must know basic facts about the life and work of writers whose creations are included in the FIPI list of works. In practice, this requirement is not directly reflected in the wording of the tasks themselves. It is understood that in tasks with detailed answers, as well as when writing an essay, the graduate can rely on facts known to him from the biography of writers and poets.

We invite you to read the full text of the current version of the codifier posted on the FIPI website:

To find out more about what the ticket structure will be, what tasks will be included in the 2019 KIM and how the exam is assessed, another document from FIPI will help you - specifications for the 2019 Unified State Exam in Literature:

Part 2. References

The 2019 Unified State Exam Literature Codifier also includes a list of all works that a graduate must read and know the content. In fact, when preparing for an exam, a student will not need all the books from the school curriculum.

From ancient Russian literature

From literature of the 18th century.

• DI. Fonvizin. The play "The Minor"
• G.R. Derzhavin. Poem "Monument"

From the literature of the first half of the 19th century.

• V.A. Zhukovsky. Poem "Sea"
• V.A. Zhukovsky. Ballad "Svetlana"
• A.S. Griboyedov. Play "Woe from Wit"
• A.S. Pushkin. Poems: “Village”, “Prisoner”, “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, “Poet”, “To Chaadaev”, “Song of the prophetic Oleg”, “To the sea”, “Nanny”, “K***” ( “I remember a wonderful moment...”), “October 19” (“The forest drops its crimson attire...”), “Prophet”, “Winter Road”, “Anchar”, “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night...”, “I you loved: love still, perhaps...", "Winter morning", "Demons", "Conversation of a bookseller with a poet", "Cloud", "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...", "The daylight has gone out...", "Desert sower of freedom ...”, “Imitations of the Koran” (IX. “And the tired traveler grumbled at God...”) “Elegy”, (“The faded joy of crazy years...”), “...I visited again...”
• A.S. Pushkin. Novel "The Captain's Daughter"
• A.S. Pushkin. Poem "The Bronze Horseman"
• A.S. Pushkin. Novel "Eugene Onegin"
• M.Yu. Lermontov. Poems: “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different...”, “Clouds”, “Beggar”, “From under the mysterious, cold half-mask...”, “Sail”, “Death of a Poet”, “Borodino”, “When the yellowing one worries Niva...", "Duma", "Poet" ("My dagger shines with a golden finish..."), "Three Palms", "Prayer" ("In a difficult moment of life..."), "Both boring and sad", "No, It’s not you that I love so passionately...", "Motherland", "Dream" ("In the midday heat in the valley of Dagestan..."), "Prophet", "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...", "Valerik", "I go out alone on the road…"
• M.Yu. Lermontov. Poem “Song about... merchant Kalashnikov”
• M.Yu. Lermontov. Poem "Mtsyri"
• M.Yu. Lermontov. Novel "Hero of Our Time"
• N.V. Gogol. The play "The Inspector General"
• N.V. Gogol. The story "The Overcoat"
• N.V. Gogol. Poem "Dead Souls"

From the literature of the second half of the 19th century.

• A.N. Ostrovsky. The play "The Thunderstorm"
• I.S. Turgenev. Novel "Fathers and Sons"
• F.I. Tyutchev. Poems: “Noon”, “There is melodiousness in the sea waves...”, “The kite rose from the clearing...”, “There is in the original autumn...”, “Silentium!”, “Not what you think, nature...”, “With the mind Russia cannot be understood...", "Oh, how murderously we love...", "We are not given the power to predict...", "K. B." (“I met you – and all the past…”), “Nature is a sphinx. And the more true it is...”
• A.A. Fet. Poems: “The dawn bids farewell to the earth...”, “With one push to drive away a living boat...”, “Evening”, “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Whisper, timid breathing ...", "The night was shining. The garden was full of moonlight. We were lying...", "It's still a May night"
• I.A. Goncharov. Roman "Oblomov"
• ON THE. Nekrasov. Poems: “Troika”, “I don’t like your irony...”, “Railroad”, “On the road”, “Yesterday, at six o’clock...”, “You and I are stupid people...”, “The Poet and the Citizen”, “Elegy” (“Let changing fashion tell us…”), “O Muse! I'm at the door of the coffin..."
• ON THE. Nekrasov. Poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”
• M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Fairy tales: “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals”, “The Wild Landowner”, “The Wise Minnow”
• M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Novel “The History of a City” (review study)
• L.N. Tolstoy. Epic novel "War and Peace"
• F.M. Dostoevsky. Novel "Crime and Punishment"
• N.S. Leskov. One piece (of the examinee’s choice)

From the literature of the late XIX – early XX centuries.

• A.P. Chekhov. Stories: “Student”, “Ionych”, “Man in a Case”, “Lady with a Dog”, “Death of an Official”, “Chameleon”
• A.P. Chekhov. Play "The Cherry Orchard"

From the literature of the first half of the 20th century.

• I.A. Bunin. Stories: “Mr. from San Francisco”, “Clean Monday”
• M. Gorky. The story "Old Woman Izergil"
• M. Gorky. The play "At the Bottom"
• A.A. Block. Poems: “Stranger”, “Russia”, “Night, street, lantern, pharmacy...”, “In a restaurant”, “The river spreads out. Flows, lazily sad...” (from the cycle “On the Kulikovo Field”), “On the Railway”, “I Enter Dark Temples...”, “Factory”, “Rus”, “About Valor, About Deeds, About Glory...” , “Oh, I want to live crazy…”
• A.A. Block. Poem "Twelve"
• V.V. Mayakovsky. Poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Lilichka!”, “Anniversary”, “Sat over”, “Here!”, “Good attitude towards horses”, “An extraordinary adventure , who was with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha”, “Giveaway”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”
• V.V. Mayakovsky. Poem "Cloud in Pants"
• S.A. Yesenin. Poems: “Go you, Rus', my dear!..”, “Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to the mother,” “The feather grass is sleeping. Dear plain...", "You are my Shagane, Shagane...", "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry...", "Soviet Rus'", "The road was thinking about the red evening...", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Rus" , “Pushkin”, “I am walking through the valley. On the back of the head is a cap...", "A low house with blue shutters..."
• M.I. Tsvetaeva. Poems: “To my poems, written so early...”, “Poems to Blok” (“Your name is a bird in the hand...”), “Who is created from stone, who is created from clay...”, “Longing for the homeland! A long time ago...", "Books in red binding", "To Grandmother", "Seven hills - like seven bells!.." (from the series "Poems about Moscow")
• O.E. Mandelstam. Poems: “Notre Dame”, “Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails...", "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries...", "I returned to my city, familiar to tears..."
• A.A. Akhmatova. Poems: “Song of the Last Meeting”, “I clenched my hands under a dark veil...”, “I have no need for odic hosts...”, “I had a voice. He called comfortingly...", "Native Land", "Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...", "Seaside Sonnet", "Before spring there are days like this...", "I am not with those who abandoned the earth...", "Poems about St. Petersburg ", "Courage"
• A.A. Akhmatova. Poem "Requiem"
• M.A. Sholokhov. Novel "Quiet Don"
• M.A. Sholokhov. The story "The Fate of Man"
• M.A. Bulgakov. Novel "The White Guard" (choice allowed)
• M.A. Bulgakov. Novel “The Master and Margarita” (choice allowed)
• A.T. Tvardovsky. Poems: “The whole essence is in one single covenant...”, “In memory of the mother” (“In the land where they were taken in droves...”), “I know, it’s not my fault...”
• A.T. Tvardovsky. Poem “Vasily Terkin” (chapters “Crossing”, “Two Soldiers”, “Duel”, “Death and the Warrior”)
• B.L. Parsnip. Poems: “February. Get some ink and cry!..”, “Definition of poetry”, “I want to achieve everything...”, “Hamlet”, “Winter Night” (“It’s chalk, it’s chalk all over the earth...”), “There will be no one in the house... ", "It's snowing", "About these poems", "Loving others is a heavy cross...", "Pines", "Rime", "July"
• B.L. Parsnip. The novel “Doctor Zhivago” (review study with analysis of fragments)
• A.P. Platonov. One piece (of the examinee’s choice)
• A.I. Solzhenitsyn. The story "Matrenin's yard"
• A.I. Solzhenitsyn. The story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”

From the literature of the second half of the twentieth century.

• Prose of the second half of the 20th century. F. Abramov, Ch.T. Aitmatov, V.P. Astafiev, V.I. Belov, A.G. Bitov, V.V. Bykov, V.S. Grossman, S.D. Dovlatov, V.L. Kondratyev, V.P. Nekrasov, E.I. Nosov, V.G. Rasputin, V.F. Tendryakov, Yu.V. Trifonov, V.M. Shukshin (works by at least three authors of your choice)
• Poetry of the second half of the 20th century. B.A. Akhmadulina, I.A. Brodsky, A.A. Voznesensky, V.S. Vysotsky, E.A. Evtushenko, N.A. Zabolotsky, Yu.P. Kuznetsov, L.N. Martynov, B.Sh. Okudzhava, N.M. Rubtsov, D.S. Samoilov, B.A. Slutsky, V.N. Sokolov, V.A. Soloukhin, A.A. Tarkovsky (poems by at least three authors of your choice)
• Drama of the second half of the twentieth century. A.N. Arbuzov, A.V. Vampilov, A.M. Volodin, V.S. Rozov, M.M. Roshchin (work of one author's choice)

Requirements for the level of training of graduates, verified by CMM tasks

1 Know/understand:

• the figurative nature of verbal art;
• the content of the studied literary works;
• basic facts of the life and work of classical writers of the 19th–20th centuries, stages of their creative evolution;
• historical and cultural context and creative history works being studied;
• the main laws of the historical and literary process, information about individual periods of its development, features of literary trends and trends;
• basic theoretical and literary concepts.

2 Be able to:

• reproduce the content of a literary work;
• analyze and interpret a literary work using information on the history and theory of literature (artistic structure; themes; problems; moral pathos; system of images; features of composition, artistic time and space; visual and expressive means of language; artistic detail); analyze an episode (scene) of the studied work, explain its connection with the problems of the work;
• correlate fiction with the facts of social life and culture; reveal the role of literature in the spiritual and cultural development of society;
• reveal the specific historical and universal content of the studied literary works; connect literary classics with the time of writing, with modernity and tradition; identify “cross-cutting themes” and key problems of Russian literature;
• correlate the work being studied with the literary direction of the era; highlight the features of literary movements and movements when analyzing a work;
• determine the genre and generic specificity of a literary work;
• compare literary works, as well as their various artistic, critical and scientific interpretations;
• identify the author’s position, characterize the features of the writer’s style;
• reasonably formulate your attitude to the work you read;
• write essays on literary topics.

Secondary general education

UMK ed. B. A. Lanina. Literature (10-11) (basic, advanced)

Literature

Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2019 in literature

Download demo version of the Unified State Exam 2019 along with the codifier and specification at the link below:

Follow the information about our webinars and broadcasts on the YouTube channel; very soon we will discuss preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian language and literature.

The book contains materials for successfully passing the Unified State Exam: brief methodological comments on all topics, assignments different types and difficulty levels, training versions of the Unified State Exam, a dictionary of literary terms, as well as answers to all tasks. Students will not have to search for additional information on the Internet and buy other textbooks. In this book they will find everything they need to independently and effectively prepare for the exam.

Analysis of a demo version of control measuring materials for the Unified State Exam in Literature in 2019

The examination paper on literature consists of two parts and includes 17 tasks. Part 1 includes two sets of tasks. The first set of tasks relates to a fragment of an epic, or lyric epic, or dramatic work: 7 tasks with a short answer (1–7) and 2 tasks with a detailed answer in the amount of 5–10 sentences (8, 9).

The second set of tasks relates to the analysis of a lyrical work: 5 tasks with a short answer (10–14) and 2 tasks with a detailed answer in the amount of 5–10 sentences (15, 16). Answers to tasks 1–7 and 10–14 are written according to the samples below in the form of a word, or phrase, or sequence of numbers. Answers are written in the answer field in the text of the work without spaces, commas and other additional characters, and then transferred to answer form No. 1.

Part 2 includes 4 tasks (17.1–17.4), from which you need to choose only ONE and give a detailed, reasoned answer to it in the genre of an essay on literary theme of at least 200 words.

Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks 1–9.

“Here we are at home,” said Nikolai Petrovich, taking off his cap and shaking his hair. “The main thing is now to have dinner and rest.”

“It’s really not bad to eat,” Bazarov remarked, stretching, and sank onto the sofa.

- Yes, yes, let's have dinner, have dinner quickly. – Nikolai Petrovich stamped his feet for no apparent reason. - By the way, Prokofich.

A man of about sixty entered, white-haired, thin and dark, wearing a brown tailcoat with copper buttons and a pink scarf around his neck. He grinned, walked up to Arkady’s handle and, bowing to the guest, retreated to the door and put his hands behind his back.

“Here he is, Prokofich,” began Nikolai Petrovich, “he has finally come to us... What? how do you find it?

“In the best possible way, sir,” said the old man and grinned again, but immediately frowned his thick eyebrows. – Would you like to set the table? - he said impressively.

- Yes, yes, please. But won’t you go to your room first, Evgeny Vasilich?

- No, thank you, there is no need. Just order my suitcase to be stolen there and these clothes,” he added, taking off his robe.

- Very good. Prokofich, take their overcoat. (Prokofich, as if in bewilderment, took Bazarov’s “clothes” with both hands and, raising it high above his head, walked away on tiptoe.) And you, Arkady, will you go to your room for a minute?

“Yes, we need to clean ourselves,” Arkady answered and was about to go to the door, but at that moment a man of average height, dressed in a dark English suit, a fashionable low tie and patent leather ankle boots, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, entered the living room. He looked about forty-five years old: his short-cropped gray hair shone with a dark shine, like new silver; his face, bilious, but without wrinkles, unusually regular and clean, as if carved with a thin and light incisor, showed traces of remarkable beauty; The light, black, oblong eyes were especially beautiful. The whole appearance of Arkady's uncle, graceful and thoroughbred, retained youthful harmony and that desire upward, away from the earth, which for the most part disappears after the twenties.

Pavel Petrovich took his trousers out of his pocket beautiful hand with long pink nails - a hand that seemed even more beautiful from the snowy whiteness of the sleeve, fastened with a single large opal, and handed it to his nephew. Having previously performed the European “shakehands,” he kissed him three times, in Russian, that is, touched his cheeks with his fragrant mustache three times, and said: “Welcome.” Nikolai Petrovich introduced him to Bazarov: Pavel Petrovich slightly tilted his flexible figure and smiled slightly, but did not offer his hand and even put it back in his pocket.

“I already thought that you wouldn’t come today,” he spoke in a pleasant voice, swaying courteously, twitching his shoulders and showing his beautiful white teeth. - Did something happen on the road?

“Nothing happened,” answered Arkady, “so, we hesitated a little.”

(I.S. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)

Analysis Unified State Exam results literature shows that difficulties arise when performing tasks that require knowledge of the content of works of fiction (names of characters, names of places of events, significant details, etc.), as well as tasks to establish various correspondences: between characters and their characteristics, authors and the names of their works, characters and their remarks. This is explained by insufficient attention to the literary text itself when preparing for the exam. Often, schoolchildren try to replace reading the full text of a literary work with materials containing general information about its plot and poetics or a condensed retelling, as well as by turning to film adaptations and theatrical productions.

Therefore, when preparing for the Unified State Exam in literature, it is necessary to focus on basic knowledge about a literary work, relating to:

1. Genre variety and generic affiliation of the work.
2. The presence of epigraphs and dedications.
3. The affiliation of a work to a specific literary movement.
4. Arrangements of images in the storyline.
5. Features of the conflict of the work, the main theme and idea of ​​the work.

Ultimately, students' reading of literary works should be aimed at building a system of character images. It is necessary to be able to navigate the characters, the peculiarities of their interaction with each other, and identify conflict situations, since they are the ones who determine the problems of a work of art.

Exercise 1

What genre does the work of I.S. belong to? Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"?

Analysis of the task

This task requires updating such literary concepts as types and genres of literature.

Literary works can be divided into three types - epic, lyric and drama. The division into genera is due different approaches to the depiction of the world and man: the epic objectively depicts a person, the lyrics are characterized by subjectivism, and the drama depicts a person in action, and the author’s speech has an auxiliary role.

Epic (in Greek means narrative, story) is a narration about events in the past, focused on an object, on the image of the external world. The main features of the epic are: literary kind events and actions appear as the subject of the image (eventfulness). In an epic, an impartial, objective narrator or storyteller plays an important role. Sometimes the narrator tells the story from the words of the narrator.

Lyrics (from the Greek lyra - a musical instrument to the sound of which poems and songs were performed), in contrast to epic and drama, which depict complete characters acting in various circumstances, depicts the individual states of the hero at individual moments of his life. The lyrics depict the inner world of the individual in its formation and change of impressions, moods, and associations.

Drama depicts a person in action, in a conflict situation, but there is no detailed narrative-descriptive image in the drama. Its main text is a chain of statements by characters, their remarks and monologues. Most dramas are built on external action, which is associated with confrontation, the confrontation of heroes. But internal action can also predominate (the characters do not so much act as they experience and reflect, as in the plays of Chekhov and Gorky). Dramatic works, like epic works, depict events, the actions of people and their relationships, but drama lacks a narrator and descriptive depiction. The main text of a dramatic work consists of monologues and dialogues of characters that create the illusion of the present time.

Thus, the epic tells, consolidates external reality, events and facts in words, drama does the same, but not on behalf of the author, but in direct conversation, dialogue between themselves characters, the lyrics focus their attention not on the external, but on the internal world.

The division into genera is the first division in the classification of literary works. The next step is to divide each type into genres. Genre is a historically established type of literary work. Genres are: epic (novel, story, short story, essay, parable), lyrical (lyric poem, elegy, message, epigram, ode, sonnet) and dramatic (comedy, tragedy, drama). Finally, genres usually receive further subdivisions (for example, domestic novel, adventure novel, psychological novel and so on.). In addition, all genres are usually divided by volume into large (novel, epic), medium (story, poem) and small (short story, short story, essay).

Epic genres

Novel(from French romanorconteroman - a story in the Romance language) - a large form of the epic genre, a multi-issue work depicting a person in the process of his formation and development. The action in a novel is always full of external or internal conflicts or both together. Events in the novel are not always described sequentially; sometimes the author breaks the chronological sequence (“Hero of Our Time” by Lermontov).

Novels can be divided by theme (historical, autobiographical, adventure, satirical, fantastic, philosophical, etc.) and by structure (novel in verse, novel-pamphlet, novel-parable, novel-feuilleton, epistolary novel and others ).

Epic novel(from the Greek epopiia - a collection of legends) - a novel with a broad depiction of folk life in critical historical eras. For example, “War and Peace” by Tolstoy, “Quiet Don” by Sholokhov.

Tale - epic work medium or large form, constructed in the form of a narrative about events in their natural sequence. Sometimes a story is defined as an epic work, a cross between a novel and a short story - it is larger than a story, but smaller than a novel in terms of volume and number of characters. But the boundary between a story and a novel should be sought not in their volume, but in the features of composition. Unlike a novel, which tends toward an action-packed composition, the story presents the material chronically. In it, the artist does not get carried away with reflections, memories, details of the analysis of the feelings of the characters, unless they are strictly subordinated to the main action of the work. The story does not pose problems of a global historical nature.

Story- small epic prose form, a small work with a limited number of characters (most often the story is about one or two heroes). A story usually poses one problem and describes one event. For example, in Turgenev’s story “Mumu” ​​the main event is the story of Gerasim’s acquisition and loss of a dog. A short story differs from a short story only in that it always has an unexpected ending (OTenry’s “The Gift of the Magi”), although in general the boundaries between these two genres are very arbitrary.

Feature article- small epic prose form, one of the types of short stories. The essay is more descriptive and touches mainly on social problems.

Parable- small epic prose form, moral teaching in allegorical form. A parable differs from a fable in that it draws its artistic material from human life(gospel parables, Solomon's parables).

Lyrical genres

Lyric poem- a small genre form of lyrics, written either on behalf of the author (“I loved you” by Pushkin) or on behalf of a fictional lyrical hero (“I was killed near Rzhev...” by Tvardovsky).

Elegy(from the Greek elegos - plaintive song) - a small lyrical form, a poem imbued with a mood of sadness and sadness. As a rule, the content of elegies consists of philosophical reflections, sad thoughts, and grief.

Message(from the Greek epistole - letter) - a small lyrical form, a poetic letter addressed to a person. According to the content of the message, there are friendly, lyrical, satirical, etc. The message can be addressed to one specific person or group of people.

Epigram(from the Greek epigramma - inscription) - a small lyrical form, a poem ridiculing a specific person. The emotional range of the epigram is very wide - from friendly ridicule to angry denunciation. Characteristic features are wit and brevity.

Oh yeah(from the Greek ode - song) - a small lyrical form, a poem, distinguished by the solemnity of style and sublimity of content.

Sonnet(from the Italian soneto - song) - a small lyrical form, a poem, usually consisting of fourteen verses.

Poem(from the Greek poiema - creation) - a medium lyro-epic form, a work with a plot-narrative organization, in which not one, but a whole series of experiences are embodied. The poem combines the features of two literary genres - lyricism and epic. The main features of this genre are the presence of a detailed plot and, at the same time, close attention to the inner world of the lyrical hero.

Ballad (from the Italian ballada - to dance) is a medium lyric-epic form, a work with a tense, unusual plot, a story in verse.

Dramatic genres

Comedy(from the Greek homos - cheerful procession and ode - song) - a type of drama in which characters, situations and actions are presented in funny forms or imbued with the comic. In terms of genre, there are satirical comedies (“The Minor” by Fovizin, “The Inspector General” by Gogol), high comedy (“Woe from Wit” by Griboyedov), and lyrical (“The Cherry Orchard” by Chekhov).

Tragedy(from the Greek tragodia - goat song) - a type of drama, a work based on an irreconcilable conflict in life, leading to the suffering and death of the heroes. For example, Shakespeare's play Hamlet belongs to the tragedy genre.

Drama- a play with an acute conflict, which, unlike the tragic one, is not so sublime, more mundane, ordinary and can be resolved one way or another. The specificity of the drama lies, firstly, in the fact that it is based on modern, not ancient material, and secondly, the drama establishes a new hero who rebels against circumstances.

The generic affiliation of a work is easier to determine than its genre. If we take into account the volume of the work, then “Fathers and Sons” can be called a story, since this work is smaller in volume than the novel “Oblomov” by Goncharova, and “Crime and Punishment” by Dostoevsky.

This means that it is not the volume, but other features of this work that allow us to classify it as a novel. This is, first of all, a pressing issue. Despite the fact that Turgenev himself, at the beginning of his work, called his work a story: “...I began to work little by little; I conceived a new big story - will something come out?..” (letter from I. A. Turgenev to Countess E. E. Lambert, August 6 (18), 1860).”

What is the difference between a novel and a story?

The novel reflects social and historical events, and in the story they serve only as a background for the story. The life of the characters in the novel is presented in a socio-psychological or historical context. And in a story, the image of the main character can only be revealed in certain circumstances. The novel has one main plot and several minor ones, which form a complex structure. The story in this regard is much simpler and is not complicated by additional plot lines. The action of the novel takes place in a large time period, and the story - in a very limited one. The novel's themes include big number questions, and the story touches on only a few of them. The heroes of the novel express ideological and social ideas, and in the story the inner world of the character and his personal qualities are important.

Answer: novel.

Task 2

What is the name of the ideology of complete denial of generally accepted values, cultivated by Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov?

Analysis of the task

To correctly answer questions of this type, you need to have a good knowledge of the text of the literary work and its main issues.

The features of this ideology (nihilism) are manifested in the behavior of the heroes, in the way Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov position themselves.

In Russian literature, the word “nihilism” was first used by N. I. Nadezhdin in the article “Host of Nihilists” (magazine “Bulletin of Europe”, 1829)

It became popular after I. S. Turgenev, in the novel “Fathers and Sons” (1862), called Bazarov a “nihilist,” who denied the views of the “fathers.” The enormous impression made by the novel “Fathers and Sons” also made the term “nihilist” popular. In his memoirs, Turgenev said that when he returned to St. Petersburg after the publication of his novel - and this happened during the famous St. Petersburg fires of 1862 - the word “nihilist” was already picked up by many, and the first exclamation that escaped from the lips of his first acquaintance , met by Turgenev, was: “Look what your nihilists are doing: they are burning St. Petersburg!”

Answer: nihilism.

Task 3

Bazarov's internal and external democracy is in tune with the spirit of the era described by the author. Indicate the name of the leader of the thoughts of the revolutionary-democratic youth of those years - the literary critic to whose memory “Fathers and Sons” is dedicated.

Analysis of the task

I.S. Turgenev dedicated his novel “Fathers and Sons” to the memory of V.G. Belinsky.

The dedication of the novel to Belinsky caused even greater controversy in the press: there was not a single Russian magazine that responded to the publication of this work. The multidimensionality of Bazarov’s image was created precisely at a time when responses, assessments, reviews were “correlated” with that time and with the specific person to whom the novel was dedicated.

The novel “Fathers and Sons” was dedicated to V. G. Belinsky. The image of Bazarov is a collective one, so its probable prototypes include those public figures whom Turgenev considered “true deniers”: Bakunin, Herzen, Dobrolyubov, Speshnev and Belinsky. The novel “Fathers and Sons” is dedicated to the memory of the latter. The complexity and inconsistency of Bazarov’s views does not allow us to recognize any specific person as the source of the image: only Belinsky or only Dobrolyubov.

Answer: Belinsky.

Task 4

Establish a correspondence between the characters appearing in this fragment and the facts of their future fate: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Analysis of the task

This task tests knowledge of the text of the work, its storylines. According to statistics, many more errors are made in this task than in answers to other questions.

Answer: A – 3, B – 4, C – 1.

Task 5

What is the name of a significant detail that is a means artistic characteristics(for example, Bazarov’s robe and Pavel Petrovich’s English suite, noted by the author)?

Analysis of the task

A hint for completing this task is the word “detail.” Remember, if the word “detail” appears in a task, it means we are talking about an artistic detail.

A detail is an important and significant tool for constructing images; This is a detail that carries a huge ideological, emotional and semantic load. Not all writers used these elements masterfully. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov and other literary artists actively used them in their work.

There are several classifications of this element. For example, the domestic literary critic and philologist - Andrey Borisovich Esin in his book “ Literary work» identifies three large groups of details: psychological, descriptive, plot.

Answer: detail.

Task 6

The elder Kirsanov and Bazarov are opposed to each other from the first pages of the work. What is the name of the technique of sharp contrast used in a work of art?

Antithesis (from the Greek antithesis - opposition) is one of the stylistic figures: a turn of poetic speech in which, to enhance expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, and character traits of the characters are sharply contrasted.

They got along. Wave and stone
Poetry and prose, ice and fire
Not so different from each other...

(A.S. Pushkin, Evgeny Onegin.)

Antithesis is a technique of opposition.

Answer: antithesis.

Task 7

“Fathers and Sons” figuratively and thematically echoes famous work I.A. Goncharov, named after the surname of the main character. Indicate the surnames of two Goncharov characters, one of whom is in some way internally close to Bazarov, and the other, like the elder Kirsanov, is his complete opposite.

Analysis of the task

A clue to the answer to this question is contained in its wording.

Answer: Oblomov and Stolz.

Task 8

How is the main conflict of the work outlined in this episode of “Fathers and Sons”?

When answering the question, it is necessary to show the place and role of the episode (scene) in the overall structure of the work (analysis of the fragment), reveal plot-compositional, figurative-thematic and stylistic features analyzed text, summarize your observations in a literary context.

Memo to students

When preparing written answers to questions, do not forget the main thing:

1. Answer the question asked, rather than write everything you know about the work.
2. Don't forget that your analysis should be based on the proposed fragment of the work.
3. Clarify all the concepts that make up this question. For example, “main conflict”. (the main conflict is the conflict between fathers and children, representatives of different generations). How, in what way does it manifest itself? (the conflict can manifest itself in dialogues, in actions, in an obvious clash of conflicting parties).

Based on the analysis of the assessment criteria for task 8, it is possible to formulate performance requirements for its implementation.

Maximum score– 6 points.

Example sample answer

In this scene, the conflict between Evgeny Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is only emerging and is manifested primarily in the behavior of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, who did not shake hands with Bazarov, but hid it in his pocket, thereby demonstrating that he was unpleasant that Arkady brought a guest with him . This detail attracts the reader’s attention, since a scene earlier Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, Pavel Petrovich’s brother, was the first to extend his hand to Bazarov as a sign of hospitality.

In the portrait of Pavel Petrovich, Turgenev emphasizes his breed and noble origin. The idea of ​​Bazarov that we get from of this fragment, exactly the opposite. “Just order my suitcase to be stolen there and these clothes,” he says to Nikolai Petrovich. Bazarov does not attach any importance to his appearance. He talks about his things in a humorous and derogatory manner.

Analyzing the above fragment, we can assume that when they met, the characters felt a personal dislike for each other, bordering on contempt. Subsequently, the conflict will worsen even more and go beyond personal dissatisfaction with each other.

Task 9

Which works of Russian classics depict the conflict between representatives of different generations, and in what ways can these works be compared with Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons”?

In this task, it is traditionally required to compare the analyzed work with other works of Russian classics. To compare means to compare in order to obtain some conclusions. By comparing, we can note both similarities and differences.

Algorithm for comparative analysis of works

1. Find similarities between two texts at the level:
   plot or motive;
   figurative system;
   vocabulary;
   visual media;
   syntactic constructions;
   other parameters suggested by the texts themselves.
2. Find differences at the same levels.

Several characteristic conflicts are clearly expressed in literature: love, ideological, philosophical, social and everyday, symbolic, psychological, religious, military.

The conflict of generations can be everyday and unfold within the same family, as for example in Ostrovsky’s “The Thunderstorm”: Dikaya and Kabanov on the one hand; Boris, Katerina, Tikhon, Varvara, Kudryash - on the other. Dikoya and especially Kabanikh accuse the younger generation of lack of respect for elders. Real suffering is brought to Kabanikha by the thought that her children are living incorrectly, not following her example. Tikhon left, but Katerina “doesn’t howl for him.” Kabanikha sees neither support nor support in her children. In “Fathers and Sons” one can also give an example of a family conflict between Pavel Petrovich, Nikolai Petrovich and Fenechka. Nikolai Petrovich does not dare to marry the mother of his child, Fenechka, because of his brother. It seems to him that Pavel Petrovich would never approve of this. But this is not the main conflict of the novel.

The main contradiction is associated with such heroes as Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich, who enter into an argument with each other for ideological reasons.

A similar conflict is depicted in Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” Chatsky opposes himself to the entire Famus society. He openly criticizes the political system of Russia, the moral character of the nobles and landowners, accusing them of sycophancy and hypocrisy.

Bazarov and Chatsky are close in one thing: they do not see anything positive in the Russia of their “fathers.” “Without noticing about yourself, what’s older is worse,” Griboedov’s hero categorically declares in one of his monologues. I think that if Bazarov had not denied literature, then Chatsky’s words would have pleased him.

Requirements for completing task 9

1. The first work is named and its author is indicated, the work is compared with the proposed text in a given direction of analysis, author's position not distorted (2 points)
2. The second work is named and its author is indicated, the work is compared with the proposed text in a given direction of analysis, the author’s position is not distorted (2 points)
3. For argumentation, the texts of the two selected works are used at the level of analysis of fragments, images, micro-themes, details, etc. that are important for completing the task, there are no factual errors (4 points)
4. There are no logical or speech errors (2 points)

Maximum score – 10.

Read the work below and complete tasks 10–16.

Again, like in the golden years,
Three worn out harnesses flutter,
And the painted knitting needles knit
Into loose ruts...

Russia, poor Russia,
I want your gray huts,
Your songs are windy to me -
Like the first tears of love!

I don't know how to feel sorry for you
And I carefully carry my cross...
Which sorcerer do you want?
Give me your robber beauty!

Let him lure and deceive, -
You won’t be lost, you won’t perish,
And only care will cloud
Your beautiful features...

Well? One more concern -
The river is noisier with one tear,
And you are still the same - forest and field,
Yes, the patterned board goes up to the eyebrows...

And the impossible is possible
The long road is easy
When the road flashes in the distance
An instant glance from under a scarf,
When it rings with guarded melancholy
The dull song of the coachman!..

(A.A. Blok, 1908)

The answers to tasks 10–14 are a word, or a phrase, or a sequence of numbers. First, indicate the answers in the text of the work, and then transfer them to ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the number of the corresponding task, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters. Write each letter (number) in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.

Task 10

Name the modernist poetic movement, one of the prominent representatives of which was A.A. Block.

Answer: symbolism.

Analysis of the task

Updating knowledge in literary areas

Literary direction is artistic method, forming general ideological and aesthetic principles in the work of many writers at a certain stage in the development of literature.

Classicism (from the Latin classicus - exemplary) is a literary movement of the 17th century. (in Russian literature - the beginning of the 18th century), which is characterized by the following features:

Perception of ancient art as a standard of creativity, a role model.

Raising reason into a cult, recognizing the priority of enlightened consciousness. The aesthetic ideal is a person endowed with high social and moral consciousness and noble feelings, capable of transforming life according to the laws of reason, subordinating feelings to reason.

Sentimentalism (from the French sentiment - feeling) is a literary movement of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries, which arose as a reaction to the rigid principles of classicism and recognizes the basis of human nature not as reason, but as feelings. Main features of sentimentalism:

The subject of the image is private life, movements of the soul, human experiences.

The leading genres are travel, novel (including novel in letters), diary, elegy, epistle.

Romanticism (French romantisme, English romanticism) is a literary movement of the late 18th - early 19th centuries, which is based on the author’s subjective position in relation to what is depicted, the author’s desire not so much to recreate the surrounding reality in his work, but to rethink it. Leading features of romanticism:

Perception of individual freedom as the highest value.

Perception of man as the greatest mystery, and the purpose of human life as the solution to this mystery.

Portrayal of an exceptional individual in exceptional circumstances.

Realism (from the Latin Realis - material) is a literary trend that arose at the beginning of the 19th century, following which the writer depicts life in accordance with objective reality, truthfully reproduces “typical characters in typical circumstances with fidelity to the details” (F. Engels). Realism is based on historical thinking - the ability to see historical perspectives, the interaction of the past, present and future, social analysis - the depiction of phenomena in their social conditioning, as well as social typification.

Symbolism (French symbollisme, Greek symbolon - sign, identifying mark) is a direction that opposes itself to realism; arose in the late 80s of the 19th century; The philosophical concept of symbolism is based on the idea of ​​the unknowability of the world and man in a scientific, rational way and by means of realistic depiction:

The imperfect real world is just a weak reflection of the ideal world.

Acmeism (from the Greek acme - highest degree something, flourishing) is a literary movement of the 1910s, opposing symbolism, proclaiming the desire for “joyful admiration of being.” Principles of Acmeism:

Liberating poetry from symbolist appeals to the ideal, returning it to clarity;

Refusal of mystical nebula, acceptance of the earthly world in its diversity, concreteness, sonority, colorfulness.

Appeal to a person, to the “authenticity” of his feelings.

“Visibility”, objectivity and clarity artistic image, precision of details.

Simplicity and clarity of poetic language.

Futurism (from Latin futurum - future) is a literary movement of the early 20th century, characterized by a demonstrative break with traditional culture and classical heritage; its main features:

Rebellious worldview.

An attempt to create “the art of the future”

Task 11

Indicate the number of the stanza (ordinal number in the nominative case) in which the poet uses anaphora.

Answer: sixth.

Analysis of the task

Updating knowledge on the topic “Expressiveness of Russian speech”