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Ministers of Foreign Affairs. Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. first minister of foreign affairs of the ussr |
Foreign Ministers of the USSR: who are they and what were they like? Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov(party pseudonym, real name- Scriabin) was born on February 25 (March 9), 1890 in the Kukarka settlement, Kukarka district, Vyatka province (now the city of Sovetsk Kirov region) in the family of Mikhail Prokhorovich Scriabin, clerk of the trading house of merchant Yakov Nebogatikov. At the June plenum of the CPSU Central Committee in 1957, V. M. Molotov spoke out against N. S. Khrushchev, joining his opponents, who were condemned as an “anti-party group.” Together with its other members, he was removed from the leadership of the party and removed from all government posts. Andrey Andreevich Gromyko(July 2, 1985 - October 1, 1988) Eduar Amvrosievich Shevardnadze(July 2, 1985 - December 20, 1990) Born on January 25, 1928 in the village of Mamati, Lanchkhuti district (Guria). Vorontsov Alexander Romanovich(1741-1805) - Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1802-1804. Graduated from the Strasbourg Military School. In 1761 - chargé d'affaires in Austria, in 1762-1764. - Minister Plenipotentiary in England and then in Holland. Subsequently, he held a number of government positions not related to foreign policy(President of the Commerce Collegium, etc.). As a member of the State Council (from 1787), he was one of the leaders of Russian foreign policy. Retired from 1792 to 1801. Since 1802 - State Chancellor. He considered his main task to be ensuring Russia's foreign policy independence from France. At the beginning of 1804 he retired due to health reasons. Czartoryski Adam Jerzy (Adam Adamowicz)(1770-1861) - Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia in 1804-1806. He belonged to one of the old aristocratic families of Poland. Since 1795 - in Russian service. Soon - adjutant of Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich, one of his closest advisers. After the coup of 1801 - one of the members of the Secret Committee. Since 1802 - Comrade Minister of Foreign Affairs. Since 1804 - minister. By his own admission, he considered his main task to be the creation of the most favorable conditions for the restoration of Poland's independence. To this end, in 1805 he put forward a project for separating Polish lands from Prussia and Austria with the subsequent annexation of former Polish territories belonging to Russia. Alexander I was to become the Polish king, and a dynastic union was established between Russia and Poland. Alexander I did not reject this project, but the subsequent Russian-Prussian rapprochement made it impossible. This caused Czartoryski's resignation. In 1815 he became part of the provisional government of the Kingdom of Poland. Soon he left him. During the Polish uprising of 1830-1831. took over the post of chairman of the rebel government. After the defeat of the rebels he left for Paris. Budberg Andrey Yakovlevich(1750-1812) - Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1806-1807. He was known for his anti-French orientation. This largely explains his appointment as minister during a period of maximum aggravation of relations between Russia and France. At his insistence, the Paris Peace Treaty with Napoleon, signed in 1806, was not approved by the State Council. After the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit with France, he resigned. Rumyantsev Nikolay Petrovich(1754-1826) - Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1807-1814. He began his diplomatic service as minister plenipotentiary in Frankfurt am Main at the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire and the Electoral District of the Lower Rhine. During the French Revolution he was a mediator between Catherine II and the Bourbons. Under Paul I he was in disgrace. From 1802 to 1808 he served as director of water communications and minister of commerce. His appointment as minister after the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit was supposed to demonstrate to Napoleon the favorable attitude of Alexander I towards him. In an effort to find points of mutual interests of the two countries, Rumyantsev in 1808 negotiated with the French Ambassador Caulaincourt on the terms of the division of Turkey between the two countries. He was a supporter of rapprochement with France even in the face of a new aggravation of relations with it. In 1809, he negotiated the conclusion of the Peace of Friedrichsham, for which he was awarded the title of chancellor. With the beginning of the Patriotic War, he asked for resignation, but received it only after the defeat of France. Veydemeyer Ivan Andreevich(1752-1820) - manager of the College of Foreign Affairs in 1814-1816. Actual Privy Councilor. Member of the State Council (1810). Nesselrode Karl Vasilievich(1780-1862) - Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1816-1856. He began his diplomatic career in 1801 as an official of the Russian mission in Berlin, from where he was soon transferred to The Hague, and then again to Berlin and Paris. With the beginning of the Patriotic War, he was in the army under Alexander I. After the resignation of Rumyantsev, he was appointed in 1814 as a rapporteur on the affairs of the foreign department, and in 1816 he was entrusted with heading the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After his dismissal in 1822, Kapodistrias became the sole head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. According to his contemporaries, he was not distinguished by his insightful mind and strong character. He broke all records for being the Minister of Foreign Affairs, holding it for 40 years. This was largely explained by the fact that, without having his own line in foreign policy, Nesselrode was an excellent conductor of the ideas of the monarchs, for which he was sometimes called “Kissel-like” with a grin. Nesselrode's biggest foreign policy mistake was an incorrect forecast of the reaction of leading European countries to a possible Russian war against Turkey in the early 50s. He believed that no one would interfere with Russia. As a result, Russia found itself in international isolation and under attack not only from Turkey, but also from England and France, which acted on its side. Immediately after the conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty, he was dismissed by Alexander II. Kapodistrias John (John Capo d'Istria)(1776-1831) - second secretary of state, manager of Asian affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1815-1822. Originally from o. Corfu. Graduated from the University of Padua. State Secretary of the Ionian Republic for Foreign Affairs. After Russia transferred the protectorate over the Ionian Islands to Napoleon (1807), he switched to Russian service. He considered the main task of Russian foreign policy to be the seizure of European possessions from Turkey and the creation of Christian states in the Balkans under Russian protectorate. To neutralize the Anglo-Austrian bloc formed after the Napoleonic wars, he proposed developing allied relations between Russia and France. After resigning, he went to Geneva, and from there to Greece, where he was elected president. During the protests provoked by England and France, he was killed on October 9, 1831. Gorchakov Alexander Mikhailovich(1798-1883) - Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1856-1882. State Chancellor. Most Serene Prince. One of the largest diplomats of the 19th century. His first diplomatic steps were taken as secretary of the embassy in London (1824), charge d'affaires in Florence (1829), and adviser to the embassy in Vienna (1832). As a representative at the German Confederation (from 1850), he sought to strengthen Russia's influence on the minor German states. Represented Russia at the Vienna Conference of 1855, where, in the conditions of Russia’s military defeat in Crimean War made a bet on the collapse of the Anglo-French alliance. For this purpose, he undertook separate negotiations with France, for which he was condemned by Minister Nesselrode. After the Paris Congress he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. His phrase from a directive to Russian ambassadors abroad is widely known: “They say Russia is angry. No, Russia is not angry, it is concentrating.” He managed to drive a wedge into the anti-Russian coalition of European powers. The result of this course was the abandonment of the enslaving articles of the Peace of Paris immediately after the overthrow of Napoleon III. Gorchakov always opposed revolutionary upheavals (the revolution of 1848 in France, Paris Commune and etc.). With the creation of the German Empire, he became more cautious in relations with Germany. He did not sympathize with the ideas of the “Union of Three Emperors” concluded by the heads of state of Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary. In 1875, Gorchakov's diplomatic position saved France from new German aggression. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. took a hesitant position, believing that Russia was not yet ready to occupy Constantinople and the war could only lead to “half peace.” This position largely determined the decline in Gorchakov’s popularity. In 1879, control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs passed to Giers. In 1882, Gorchakov received a formal resignation. Gire Nikolay Karlovich(1820-1895) - Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1882-1895. He began his service in the Asian Department of the Russian Foreign Ministry. In 1850-1875. held various diplomatic posts in the Middle East, and was envoy to Switzerland and Sweden. Since 1875 - manager of the Asian Department, comrade of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Since 1879, he actually headed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1882, he officially replaced Gorchakov as minister. He believed that foreign policy is a means of strengthening the internal position of the monarchy. He was the ideologist of the “peaceful decade” of Alexander III. He saw the main means of preserving peace in strengthening the alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Giers's pro-German orientation affected Russia's Balkan (especially Bulgarian) policy. Despite this, Guiret was forced to ensure a Franco-Russian rapprochement, which Alexander III considered as the most important instrument for ensuring security in Europe. Lobanov-Rostovsky Alexey Borisovich(1824-1896) - Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1895-1896. In the diplomatic service since 1844. In 1863 he retired and lived in France. In 1878 he was appointed ambassador to Constantinople. Unlike Gorchakov, he believed that if Russia must make any concessions, then they should be made in favor of Turkey to relieve tensions in relations with it. He was one of the developers of the Treaty of Constantinople of 1879. In 1879-1882. - Ambassador to London, 1882-1895. - in Vienna. Over the years he has become one of the most influential ambassadors of Russia. In 1895 he was appointed ambassador to Berlin. After his death, Girsa became Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was a supporter of shifting the center of gravity in Russian foreign policy from Europe to the Far East. His first steps there brought success - Japan ceded the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula to Russia, and later an agreement was signed on a joint protectorate of Russia and Japan in Korea. However, it was precisely this activity of Russia that spurred Japan to begin preparing for war with it. Shishkin Nikolay Pavlovich(1830-1902) - Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia in 1896-1897. From 1852 he worked in the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1857 he was assigned to Paris, in 1859 to Bucharest, in 1861 to Adrianople, and in 1863 to Belgrade. Since 1875 - Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States of America. Since 1880 - in the same post in Greece. Since 1884 he was at the court of the King of Sweden and Norway. Actual Privy Councilor. Since 1891 - Comrade Minister of Foreign Affairs. From January 14, 1895 - temporary manager of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since March 24, 1896 - His Majesty's Secretary of State. He headed the ministry for a short period from August 19, 1896 to January 1, 1897. Since 1897, he has been a member of the State Council. Muravyov Mikhail Nikolaevich(1845-1900) - Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1897-1900. He began diplomatic service in 1864 in the office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1867, he served in Russian missions in Stuttgart, Stockholm, The Hague, Berlin, etc. After the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878. was appointed adviser to the embassy in Paris, and in 1884 - in Berlin. Since 1893 - envoy in Copenhagen. On January 1, 1897, he was appointed manager of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and on April 13 of the same year - Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Like Lobanov-Rostovsky, he believed that the center of gravity of Russia’s foreign policy should be shifted to Far East. Concluded an agreement with Austria-Hungary to maintain the status quo in the Balkans. He proposed actively developing Russian expansion into Korea. Under him, Russian warships and troops entered Port Arthur and Dalny. An agreement was concluded with China on the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway. In 1898, on behalf of Nicholas II, he proposed convening an international conference on disarmament. Negotiated with Spain about Russia's lease of Ceuta (Africa) to counter England. He intensified Russian policy in the Near and Middle East in conditions when England was busy with the war with the Boers. As a result, Russia restored direct relations with Afghanistan and strengthened its positions in Persia and Turkey. He proposed building Russia’s relations with China more carefully and carefully. Early years. Studies Andrei Andreevich Gromyko was born on July 18 (July 5, old style) 1909 in the Belarusian village of Starye Gromyki, Gomel district, Mogilev province. His father, peasant Andrei Matveevich Gromyko, was a participant in the Russo-Japanese and First World Wars. Since childhood, Andrei helped his father with agricultural work and earning money in the city - as a rule, at the logging site in Gomel. Already in early years the future minister read a lot, standing out among his peers with perseverance and determination. After graduating from a seven-year school, he entered a vocational school in Gomel, and then a technical school in Borisov. At the vocational school, Gromyko headed the Komsomol cell, and at the technical school, soon after joining the CPSU(b) in 1931, he became secretary of the party organization. After graduating from college, Gromyko entered the Minsk Economic Institute. In his second year, he began working as a teacher in a rural school near Minsk, and then took over the post of director of the same school. He continued his studies at the institute as an external student. Shortly before graduating from the institute, Gromyko received an offer from Minsk to continue his education in graduate school, which trained general economists. For some time he studied in Minsk, and at the end of 1934 he was transferred to Moscow. In 1936, Gromyko defended his Ph.D. thesis on agriculture USA and was sent to work at the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences as a senior researcher. During his graduate studies and writing his dissertation, Gromyko seriously studied English. The first years of work at NKID In parallel with his work at the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Gromyko taught political economy at the Moscow Institute of Engineers municipal construction. Then the journal “Problems of Economics” published his first scientific articles. At the end of 1938, Gromyko became acting. O. Scientific Secretary at the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The authorities planned to send him as a scientific secretary to the Far Eastern Branch of the Academy of Sciences, but circumstances turned out to be such that Gromyko was invited to work at the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. The foreign policy department suffered greatly as a result of the repressions of the late 1930s and experienced a catastrophic shortage of personnel. At the beginning of 1939, the party commission headed by V. M. Molotov selected a group of candidates to work in the People's Commissariat, which included Gromyko. Soon, the young native of the Belarusian hinterland was offered the post of head of the Department of American Countries - this was an extraordinary career takeoff. In a responsible position, Gromyko established himself as a good analyst, a competent employee and a convinced communist, which was noted by Molotov and Stalin. A few months after joining the NKID, Stalin personally received Gromyko in the Kremlin and approved his appointment as adviser to the USSR Embassy in Washington. In August 1943, Gromyko became ambassador to the United States and concurrently envoy to Cuba. In this post, he established close relations with US President F. D. Roosevelt and some representatives of the American ruling circles. Gromyko made efforts to strengthen the anti-Hitler coalition and persuade the allies to open a second front in Europe, took part in the preparation and conduct of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, and was a member of the Soviet delegations at these conferences. At the conferences in Dumbarton Oaks and San Francisco, he headed the USSR delegations. During his years of work in Washington, Gromyko mastered the English language perfectly. Gromyko personally participated in the development of the Charter of the United Nations. This document bears his signature. In 1946, he was appointed the first permanent representative of the USSR to the UN. At 22 sessions of the General Assembly, Gromyko was part of the Soviet delegation or headed it. First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs In August 1948, after eight years in the United States, he returned to Moscow and was soon appointed to the post of First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. Both Stalin and Molotov valued Gromyko as an effective worker. In 1952, at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, he was elected as a candidate member of the Central Committee, but, however, soon, causing Stalin’s displeasure, he was removed from his post and sent as an ambassador to Great Britain as “punishment.” He returned to Moscow after Stalin’s death: Molotov, who again headed the Foreign Ministry, recalled Gromyko from London and reinstated him as first deputy minister. Under Molotov, Gromyko became chairman of the Information Committee at the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a body created to analyze and develop recommendations on various aspects global situation, which included representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the KGB and the Ministry of Defense. With N.S. Khrushchev coming to power, he entered into confrontation with Molotov. He chose Gromyko as his support in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - he accompanied Khrushchev during an important trip to India and a “conciliatory” visit to Yugoslavia. In 1956, at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the deputy minister became a member of the Central Committee. In February 1957, D. T. Shepilov, who briefly held the post of head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, moved to the post of Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. He suggested Gromyko or V.V. Kuznetsov to Khrushchev as a successor. Giving characteristics to both applicants, Shepilov compared the first to a bulldog: “If you tell him, he will not unclench his jaws until he completes everything on time and accurately.” The Secretary General settled on Gromyko's candidacy, and the 47-year-old diplomat took the post of Foreign Minister. Minister of Foreign Affairs under Khrushchev Under Khrushchev, who independently shaped the country's foreign policy, Gromyko, as head of the Foreign Ministry, did not have freedom of action and played the role of a loyal executor. Most of the key steps in the foreign policy of the USSR at that time - a break with China and reconciliation with Yugoslavia, proposals at the UN on granting independence to colonial countries and peoples and on general and complete disarmament, the disruption of the summit meeting of four states in Paris in 1960 - were consequences of personal Khrushchev's intervention. Gromyko did not always share these initiatives. This was the case in October 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis - Gromyko was initially skeptical of Khrushchev’s intention to place Soviet missiles in Cuba, predicting a “political explosion” in the United States. The Foreign Minister personally participated in negotiations with American President John Kennedy. He later recalled that these were the most difficult negotiations in his diplomatic career. Then, as during the Berlin crisis of 1961, diplomatic efforts played a key role in resolving the tense situation. Minister of Foreign Affairs under Brezhnev In 1964 general secretary The Central Committee of the CPSU became L. I. Brezhnev. Gromyko, and before Brezhnev came to power, supported with him a good relationship, found it quickly mutual language with Khrushchev's successor. Brezhnev, especially in the first years of leading the country, willingly listened to the experienced diplomat. In the first decade of the reign of the new Secretary General of the USSR, the West managed to achieve recognition of the post-war borders in Europe as the basis of European and world peace. The turning point was the conclusion of the Moscow Treaty with Germany in 1970. Gromyko’s personal contribution in this case was more than significant: in the process of developing the text of the treaty, he had to hold 15 meetings with the adviser to the German Chancellor on foreign policy, E. Bahr, and the same number with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany, W. Scheel. In 1975, the process of recognition of the territorial status quo in Europe was completed at a pan-European meeting in Helsinki. In 1968, the Soviet Union signed another major international treaty - on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Gromyko also took part in his preparation Active participation. Against this background, there was an improvement in relations between the USSR and the USA. In 1972, Brezhnev and Gromyko held negotiations with R. Nixon and G. Kissinger in Moscow, and in 1973 in Washington. As a result, a number of important documents were signed, including the document “On the fundamentals of relations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America,” a kind of code for the peaceful coexistence of the two superpowers; Treaty on the Limitation of Missile Defense Systems; Interim Agreement on Certain Measures for the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT I); Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War. Most of the signed documents on the Soviet side were prepared by Gromyko and members of the Foreign Ministry staff together with the Ministry of Defense and the KGB of the USSR. In 1974, Gromyko and Brezhnev held two-day negotiations with Kissinger and the new US President D. Ford. The culmination of the efforts of the USSR and the Warsaw Pact countries to strengthen détente was the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in Helsinki in 1975. On the USSR side, the process of preparing a charter for peaceful cooperation in Europe, which was adopted in Helsinki, was supervised by Foreign Ministry officials headed by Gromyko. In 1971, Gromyko signed the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation between the USSR and India during Brezhnev's visit to that country. In 1973, together with Yu. V. Andropov and A. A. Grechko, Gromyko became a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. Late 1970s - early 1980s In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Brezhnev's health deteriorated sharply, and he began to gradually withdraw from the actual leadership of the country. Under the current conditions, Gromyko began to almost single-handedly determine the vector of the USSR’s foreign policy. The minister's uncompromising attitude and his suspicion of foreign policy initiatives not coming from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs began to negatively affect the international position of the USSR. The activity of the country's foreign policy has noticeably subsided. Water in the background Soviet troops Soviet-American relations deteriorated sharply in Afghanistan in 1979. Many of the achievements of previous years were nullified - the United States refused to ratify the SALT-2 treaty, and the atmosphere of the Cold War re-established itself in the dialogue between states. Gromyko's statements about the United States in the early 1980s were harsh. On the eve of the next presidential election in the United States, in September 1984, Gromyko spoke with R. Reagan, who took the initiative to resume political contacts with the leadership of the USSR. According to Gromyko, the conversation went correctly, but both participants remained unconvinced. Diplomat A. M. Aleksandrov-Agentov, assessing the American direction of the USSR’s foreign policy in the early 1980s, wrote: “In general, perhaps, we can say that in these years A. A. Gromyko, even calling for the normalization of Soviet- American relations and agreements with the United States, proceeded from the fact that these would be agreements with the enemy rather than cooperation with a partner.” In relations with the Warsaw Pact countries, as well as with China, Gromyko did not show due flexibility. Since October 1982, the USSR and China have held political consultations on the prospects for the development of bilateral relations. The Soviet side proposed concluding a treaty on non-aggression or non-use of force, signing a document on the principles of relations, but the Chinese were not satisfied with this option. Gromyko was reserved about development economic ties with China, fearing the strengthening of that country's military potential. Last years Gromyko was one of those who actively contributed to the rise of M. S. Gorbachev to the leadership of the state and party. At the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, he supported Gorbachev’s candidacy. In July 1985, he resigned from the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. According to A. M. Aleksandrov-Agentov, this departure was “logical and, one might say, historically inevitable.” Gromyko's new position was the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1989, the former head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs retired and died a few months later. Shortly before his death, he completed work on his memoirs, “Memorable.” The former Minister of Foreign Affairs was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow. Personal qualities Colleagues recalled Gromyko as energetic, very hard-working, organized person. He had a good memory and was knowledgeable in the issues that he dealt with as part of his job. Gromyko was always disciplined and loyal towards leaders - this was seen by his contemporaries as one of the main reasons for his political longevity. Without appearing outwardly to be an intellectual and without being good speaker, Gromyko showed great interest in literature and painting, met with famous figures art and science, which he readily wrote about in his memoirs. He was socially constrained and did not have a good sense of humor. Gromyko was the author of a number of scientific works. In 1957, under the pseudonym G. Andreev, his book “Export of American Capital” was published. From the history of US capital exports as a tool of economic and political expansion,” which was based on materials collected by Gromyko during his years of diplomatic service abroad. For this essay, the author was awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Economic Sciences. In 1981, Gromyko’s book “The Expansion of the Dollar” was published, in 1983 - the monograph “External Expansion of Capital: History and Modernity”. For his scientific research, Gromyko was twice awarded the USSR State Prize. In 1958-1987, Gromyko was the editor-in-chief of the magazine International Affairs. He was married to Lydia Dmitrievna Grinevich (1911-2004). Son - Anatoly Andreevich Gromyko (born 1932), diplomat and scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Historical Sciences. Daughter - Emilia Andreevna, married to Piradova. For many millennia, the fate of states and the peoples inhabiting them has very often been decided not on the battlefield, but in the course of diplomatic negotiations. That is why today no country can do without the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the same time, as experience shows, successful work this department is often associated with personal qualities, as well as with the professionalism and organizational skills of its leader. To be convinced of what has been said, it is worth finding out who previously held this high post, and which Russian foreign ministers have special services to our country. Ambassadorial orderIt is not known for certain when a permanent diplomatic service appeared in Russia. However, the oldest surviving document - the decree appointing Ivan Viskovaty as clerk of the embassy order - dates back to 1549. Apparently, this official zealously took up the matter, since after he took this position, papers relating to diplomatic activities in the first years of the reign of Ivan the Terrible were brought into full order, and he himself soon became the keeper of the state seal. Viskovaty led by embassy order 21 years old, after which he was suspected of treason and executed. Disgrace also befell Vasily Shchekalov, who replaced him in the position, and the new clerk - Afanasy Vlasyev - became famous for officially representing the groom of False Dmitry I during his engagement to Marina Mnishek. Ambassadorial BoardAlthough the exchange of permanent diplomatic representatives between Russia and some foreign states took place already in 1673, the formation of a foreign policy department on the European model began in 1706 with the founding of the Ambassadorial Campaign Office. 12 years later it was transformed into the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and from its founding for the next 17 years it was headed by Gavriil Golovkin. This extraordinary personality was the closest associate of Peter the Great and played a fateful role in the issue of Anna Ioannovna’s accession to the throne. In subsequent years, the high post of President of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs was occupied by A. Osterman, A. Cherkassky, A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. The latter especially distinguished himself, ensuring the triumph of Russian diplomacy in the Elizabethan era and taking the post of chancellor. In addition, a service for reviewing the correspondence of foreign ambassadors was created under him. In 1758, A. Bestuzhev, who had been exiled, was replaced as head of the foreign policy department by M. Vorontsov, who soon fell out of favor and went “for treatment abroad.” At the same time, his duties were assigned to Count Nikita Panin. Then the cabinet leapfrog began, when the chairmen of the board were replaced by those first present (corresponding to the status of interim). Ministry of Foreign Affairs under Alexander the FirstEverything fell into place when a new foreign policy department was organized on the basis of the Ambassadorial Collegium (they existed in parallel for some time). The first Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov, received this position thanks to his brother, who was respected in English society and could contribute to rapprochement with Great Britain. Such an alliance was necessary for success in the confrontation with France, where Napoleon reigned. The biography of Russian Foreign Minister Vorontsov is also notable for the fact that he helped A. N. Radishchev in preparing the draft of the first Constitution. After the resignation of Alexander Romanovich, A. Budberg occupied the post of minister for several months, but the signing of the Tilsit Treaty was the collapse of his diplomatic career. During the difficult period of the war with Napoleon, the foreign policy department was headed by N. Rumyantsev. This minister initiated the signing of several important international treaties, including the Friedrichsham Treaty, according to which Finland became part of Russia, and the St. Petersburg Treaty on peace with Sweden. After his resignation, Alexander the First himself headed the department for some time, and then transferred the affairs to K. Nesselrode. If previously Russian foreign ministers changed on average every 5-6 years, then this experienced diplomat served for almost 4 decades. His resignation was honorable, and a decree on it was signed by Alexander the Second in 1856, after the death of Nicholas the First. Russian Foreign Ministers from 1856 to 1917Among those who held the post of head of the foreign policy department after K. Nesselrode and before his abolition, the following deserve mention:
The last person to be included in the list under the heading “Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Russia” was Nikolai Pokrovsky, arrested during the days of the February Revolution. Foreign Ministry of the Russian RepublicThe Ministry of Foreign Affairs was formed by the provisional government on March 15, 1917. It was decided that it would be led by cadet P. Milyukov. Thanks to his titanic efforts, many states recognized the Kerensky government. However, when it became known about his promise to the Entente governments to wage war until victory, he was removed from office due to protests from the Petrograd garrison. He was replaced by M. Tereshchenko, who was arrested on November 8 in the Winter Palace. The former Russian foreign minister escaped arrest and died in Monaco in 1956. People's CommissariatThe new government abolished the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It was replaced by the People's Commissariat, the first head of which was the well-known L. Trotsky. In March 1918, he refused this position, as he was opposed to the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty. He was replaced by G. Chicherin, who came from a family of hereditary diplomats and was able to strengthen the precarious position of the young Republic in the international arena. After his retirement from 1930 to 1939, the People's Commissar was M. Litvinov, who was subsequently removed from his duties due to the failure of the Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations. The next head of the foreign policy department was V. Molotov. He had to work as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in the most difficult pre-war years and during the Second World War. It was he who read the famous appeal to the Soviet people on June 22, 1941, and shortly before that he signed the infamous Pact with Ribbentrop. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSRA notable figure in the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs was A. Gromyko, who held this position for 28 years and handed over his post to Eduard Shevardnadze. The latter was M. Gorbachev's closest ally and conductor of his foreign policy. In 1991, the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR was abolished. Foreign policy department after the collapse of the USSRIn 1991, the functions of the Union Ministry were transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR, which was headed by A. Kozyrev, and after his resignation, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was headed by E. Primakov. His successor was I. Ivanov. As a result of the resignation of Kasyanov's government, he gave up his affairs, and the question of appointing a new head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs became acute. As a result, in 2004 it was announced that new minister Foreign Affairs of Russia - Sergey Lavrov. He began his career in 1972 as an intern at the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was respected by his colleagues. Russian Foreign Minister: Lavrov (biography)The diplomat was born in Moscow in 1950. After graduating from an English special school (completed his studies with a silver medal), he entered MGIMO. Since 1972 he worked in the USSR Foreign Ministry. He held the positions of attaché at the embassy in Sri Lanka, senior adviser to the Mission of the Soviet Union to the UN, etc. From 1994 to 2004, he was the permanent representative of our country to the United Nations. Today, Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov is recognized as one of the most influential and respected diplomats and an excellent negotiator, capable of reconciling even opponents who have been unable to reach a consensus for decades. Now you know who is different years headed Russian diplomacy, and to whom we owe the ups and downs of the Russian foreign policy over the last 400 years. |
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