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1 M As a manuscript MOSIN Alexey Gennadievich HISTORICAL ROOTS OF URAL FAMILIES" EXPERIENCE OF HISTORICAL AND ANTHROPONYMIC RESEARCH Specialty "Historiography, source study and methods of historical research" ABSTRACT of the dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY of the Ural State University, Yekater inburg Ekaterinburg 2002

2 The work was carried out at the Department of History of Russia, Ural State University. A. M. Rorkoy Official opponents: Leading institution: - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Schmidt S.O. - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Minenko NA. - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Doctor of Art History, Professor 11arfentyev N.P. - Institute of History of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences The defense of the dissertation will take place in 2002 at a meeting of the dissertation council D for the defense of dissertations for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences at the Ural State University. A.M. Gorky (620083, Hekaterinburg, K-83, Lenin Ave., 51, room 248). The dissertation can be found in the Scientific Library of the Ural State University. A.M. Gorky. The abstract was sent out to “u7 > 2002.” Scientific secretary of the dissertation council, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor V.A. Kuzmin

3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORK Relevance of the research topic. IN last years People's interest in ancestral roots and the history of their family has noticeably increased. Before our eyes, the movement known as “folk genealogy” is gaining strength: more and more new genealogical and historical genealogy societies are being created in different regions, a large number of periodical and ongoing publications are being published, the authors of which are not only professional genealogists, but also numerous amateur genealogists, taking the first steps in understanding family history. The opportunities that have opened up for studying the genealogy of almost every person, regardless of what class his ancestors belonged to, on the one hand, create a fundamentally new situation in the country in which interest in history among a huge number of people can arise at a qualitatively new level thanks to interest in history their families, on the other hand, require professional historians to actively participate in the development of scientific research methods and the creation of a source base for large-scale genealogical research. 1. The development of a historical approach to the study of surnames - a kind of “labeled atoms” of our family history - becomes extremely important. Linguistic researchers today have already done a lot to study Russian names and surnames as phenomena of language. A comprehensive study of the phenomenon of the surname as a historical phenomenon will make it possible to trace family roots several centuries deep into history, allow you to take a fresh look at many events in Russian and world history, and feel your blood connection with the history of the Fatherland and the “small homeland” - the homeland of your ancestors. The object of study is the surname as a historical phenomenon, reflecting the objective need of society to establish ancestral ties between representatives of different generations of the same clan." Two recently conducted dissertation studies are devoted to solving this problem in the genealogical and source study aspects: Antonov D.N., Restoring the history of families: method, sources , analysis. Thesis.... Candidate of Historical Sciences. M., 2000; Panov D.A. Genealogical research in modern historical science. Thesis.... Candidate of Historical Sciences. M.,

4 and representing a family name passed on from generation to generation. The subject of the study is the processes of formation of surnames among the population of the Middle Urals during the late 16th - early 18th centuries. and the specifics of their occurrence in different social environments, under the influence of various factors (direction and intensity of migration processes, conditions of economic and administrative development of the region, linguistic and ethnocultural environment, etc.). The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the historical core of the fund of Ural surnames, carried out on materials from the Middle Urals. At the same time, Uralic refers to all surnames that are historically rooted in the local anthroponymic tradition. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following main problems are expected to be solved. 1) To establish the degree of knowledge of anthroponymy on the scale of Russia and the Ural region and the availability of regional research with sources. 2) Develop a methodology for studying regional anthroponymy (using Ural materials) and organizing regional anthroponymic material 3) Based on the developed methodology: - determine the historical background for the appearance of surnames among the population of the Middle Urals; - identify the historical core of the region’s anthroponymic fund; - establish the degree of dependence of local anthroponymy on the direction and intensity of migration processes; - identify territorial, social and ethnocultural specifics in the process of formation of a regional anthroponymic fund; - determine the chronological framework for the formation of surnames among the main categories of the population of the region; - outline the circle of surnames formed from the names of the local non-Russian population and foreign words, identify their ethnocultural roots. Territorial scope of the study. The processes of formation and existence of Ural surnames are considered mainly in 4

5 within the Verkhshura district, as well as the Middle Ural settlements and forts of the Tobolsk district, which in relation to the administrative-territorial division of the late XVTII - beginning of the XX centuries. corresponds to the territory of Verkhoturye, Ekaterinbzfg, Irbit and Kamyshlovsky districts of the Perm province. The chronological framework of the work covers the period from the end of the 16th century, the time of the formation of the first Russian settlements in the Middle Urals, to the 20s. XVIII century, when, on the one hand, due to the transformations of the Peter the Great era, significant changes occurred in migration processes, and on the other hand, the process of forming surnames among the Russian population living by that time in the Middle Urals was basically completed. The use of materials from a later period, including confessional paintings and registry books of the first quarter of the 19th century, is caused primarily by the need to trace the destinies of those who arose at the beginning of the 18th century. surnames and the trends that emerged at the same time in the anthroponymy of layers of the population with a relatively late appearance of surnames (mining population, clergy). The scientific novelty and theoretical significance of the dissertation are determined primarily by the fact that this work is the first comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the surname as a historical phenomenon, conducted on materials from a separate region and based on a wide range of sources and literature. The study is based on the methodology for studying regional anthroponymy developed by the author. The study involved a large number of sources that were not previously used in works on Ural anthroponymy, while the surname itself is also considered as one of the most important sources. For the first time, the problem of studying the historical core of the regional anthroponymic fund is posed and solved; we are developing and applying a methodology for studying and organizing regional anthroponymic material in the form of historical onomasticons and dictionaries of surnames. The influence of migration processes on the rate of formation of the regional fund of surnames and its composition has been established, the specifics of the process of formation of surnames in different social environments and under the influence of various factors (economic, ethnocultural, etc.) have been identified. For the first time, the composition of local atropopimymic 5

6 of the fund is presented as an important socio-cultural characteristic of the region, and this fund itself is presented as a unique phenomenon that naturally developed during centuries of economic, social and cultural development of the region. Methodology and research methods. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of objectivity, scientificity and historicism. The complex, multifaceted nature of such a historical and cultural phenomenon as a surname requires the use of an integrated approach to the object of research, which is manifested, in particular, in the variety of research methods used. Among the general scientific methods, descriptive and comparative methods were widely used in the study. The use of historical (tracing the development of the processes of formation of surnames over time) and logical (establishing connections between processes) methods made it possible to consider the formation of the historical core of the anthroponymy of the Middle Urals as a natural historical process. The use of the comparative historical method made it possible to compare the course of the same processes in different regions (for example, in the Middle Urals and in the Urals), to identify the general and special in the Ural anthroponymy in comparison with the all-Russian picture. Tracing the destinies of individual surnames over a long period of time would have been impossible without the use of the historical and genealogical method. To a lesser extent, linguistic research methods - structural and etymological - were used in the work. Practical significance of the study. The main practical result of the work on the dissertation was the development and implementation of the “Ancestral Memory” program. As part of the program, the creation of a computer database on the population of the Urals of the late 16th - early 20th centuries began, 17 popular science publications were published about the history of surnames in the Urals and the problems of studying the ancestral past of the Urals. The dissertation materials can be used in the development of special courses on the history of Ural anthroponymy, for the preparation of teaching aids for school teachers and textbooks for schoolchildren on genealogy and historical onomastics using Ural materials. All this is intended to make ancestral memory part of the general 6

7 culture of the residents of the Ural region, actively contribute to the formation of historical consciousness starting from school age, which, in turn, will inevitably cause an increase in civic consciousness in society. Approbation of the obtained results. The dissertation was discussed, approved and recommended for defense at a meeting of the Department of Russian History, Faculty of History, Ural State University. On the topic of the dissertation, the author published 49 printed works with a total volume of about 102 copies. l. The main provisions of the dissertation were presented at meetings of the Academic Council of the Central Scientific Library of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as at 17 international, all-Russian and regional scientific and scientific-practical conferences in Yekaterinburg (1995", 1997, 1998, "l999, 2000, 2001), Penza (1995 ), Moscow (1997, 1998), Cherdyn (1999), St. Petersburg (2000), Tobolsk (2UOU) and 1 yumen ^2001). Structure of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and literature, a list of abbreviations and an appendix. MAIN CONTENT OF THE DISSERTATION The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic, the scientific significance and novelty of the dissertation research, formulates its purpose and objectives, defines the territorial and chronological framework, characterizes the methodological principles and research methods, as well as the theoretical and practical significance of the work. Chapter one “Historiographic, source study and methodological problems of research” consists of three paragraphs. The first paragraph traces the history of the study of anthroponymy in Russia and Russian surnames since the 19th century. to the present day. Already in publications the second half of the 19th century- beginning of the 20th century (A.Balov, E.P.Karnozich, N.Plikhachev, M.Ya.Moroshkin, A.I.Sobolevsky, A.Sokolov, NIKharuzin, NDchechulin) a significant amount of anthroponymic material has been accumulated and organized, mainly related to the history of princely, boyar and noble families and the existence of non-canonical (“Russian”) names, but no criteria have yet been developed 7

8 in the use of terminology, the very concept of “surname” is not defined; V. L. Nikonov’s remark addressed to A. I. Sobolevsky is fair that he “in vain recognized the family names of the boyars from the XTV century as surnames. Like the princely titles (Shuisky, Kurbsky, etc.), they were not yet surnames, although both served as models for subsequent surnames, and some of them actually became surnames. "" The result of this period in the study of Russian historical anthroponymy is summed up in a fundamental work N.M. Tupikova “Dictionary of Old Russian personal proper names.” In the preface to the dictionary “Historical sketch of the use of Old Russian personal proper names” N.M. Tupikov, noting that “in the history of Russian names we, one might say, are not yet HMeeM” J, substantiated the task of creating historical-anthropo-imrgic dictionaries and summed up the results of his study of ancient Russian anthroponymy. The author made valuable observations about the existence of non-canonical names, outlined ways for further study of Russian anthroponymy. N.M. Tupikov’s great merit is posing the question (which has not yet received a final resolution) on the criteria for classifying certain names as non-canonical names or nicknames.The first monograph dedicated to the surnames of one of the classes in Russia was V.V. Sheremetevsky’s book on the surnames of the clergy 4, which remains to this day the most complete set of data on the surnames of clergy and clergy , although a number of the author’s conclusions (in particular, about the absolute predominance of surnames of artificial origin in this environment) can be significantly clarified by introducing regional materials into circulation. A more than thirty-year break in the study of Russian anthroponymy ended in 1948 with the publication of A.M. Selishchev’s article “The Origin of Russian Surnames, Personal Names and Nicknames.” The author attributes the formation of Russian surnames mainly to the XVI-XV1I1 ^ Nikonov V. A. Geography of surnames. M., S. Tupikov N.M. Dictionary of Old Russian personal proper names. St. Petersburg, S Sheremetevsky V.V. Family nicknames of the Great Russian clergy in the 15th century!!! And XIX centuries. M., 1908.

9th centuries, stipulating that “some surnames were more early origin, others arose only in the 19th century "5. Surnames are grouped by the author according to semantic characteristics" (an approach that was established in anthroponymics for many decades). In general, this work by A.M. Selishchev was of great importance for all subsequent studies of Russian surnames. Many provisions A.M. Selishchev’s articles were developed in the monograph by V.K. Chichagova. The author defines the concepts of “personal name” and “nickname”, but in practice this does not lead to a clear distinction between them (in particular, the latter include the names of the First, Zhdan, etc.). Trying to find a way out of this contradiction, V.K. Chichagov proposed to distinguish between two types of names - names in the proper sense (personal names) and names-nicknames, from which it follows that “the sources of surnames were patronymics themselves and nicknamed patronymics." Later, a more logical scheme was proposed by A.N. Miroslavskaya, who clearly identified two groups of names: primary (given to a person at birth) and secondary (received in adulthood) 8. It seems to us that V.K. Chichagov’s conclusion about the completion of the process of formation of surnames in the Russian literary language by the beginning of the 18th century “along with the cessation of being called by nicknames” 9. The only historian of the first half of the 20th century who seriously paid attention to Russian anthroponymy was Academician S.B. Veselovsky: published 22 years after his death author "Onomastics" 10 had a great influence on the subsequent development of methods of anthroponymic research in Russia, 5 Selishchsv A. M. Origin of Russian surnames, personal names and nicknames /7 Academic journal of Moscow University. T M, S Chichagov V .K. From the history of Russian names, patronymics and surnames (issues of Russian historical onomastics of the XV-XV1J centuries). M., Ibid. S See: Miroslavskaya A.N. About ancient Russian names, nicknames and nicknames // Prospects for the development of Slavic onomastics. M., p.212. "Chichagov V.K. From the history of Russian names... With Veselovsky S.B. Onomastics: Old Russian names, nicknames and surnames. M., 1974.

10 From the second half of the 60s. XX century a new, most fruitful stage in the theoretical and practical study of anthroponymy begins, both on all-Russian and regional material. Collections of materials from the First All-Union Anthroponymic Conference 11, Volga Region Conferences on Onomastics 12 and other publications 13 published numerous articles by different authors devoted to the etymology, semantics and historical existence of the names of many peoples of the Urals and adjacent regions: Bashkirs (T.M. Garipov, K.3.3 Akiryanov, F.F.Ilimbetov, R.G.Kuzeev, T.Khusimova, G.B.Sirazetdinova, Z.G.Uraksin, R.H.Khalikova, Z.Kharisova). Besermyans (T.I. Tegshyashina), Bulgars (A.B. Bulatov, I.G. Dobrodomov, G.E. Kornilov, G.V. Yusupov), Kalmyks (M.U. Monraev, G.Ts. Pyurbeev) , Komi-Permyaks (A.S. Krivoshchekova-Gantman), Mansi and Khanty (B.M. Kuanyshev, Z.L. Sokolova), Mari D.T. Nadyshn), Tatars (I.V. Bolshakov, G.F. Sattarov ), Udmurts (GAArkhipov, S.K.Bushmakin, R.ShDzharylgasinova, V.K.Kelmakov, DLLukyanov, V.V.Pimenov, S.V.Sokolov, T-I.Teplyashina, G.I.Yakovleva). The result of a series of articles by N.A. Baskakov on surnames of Turkic origin was monophafia 14, which remains to this day, despite certain shortcomings (an uncritical attitude to the information of genealogies of the 17th century, the involvement in the study of surnames “whose bearers are of Turkic origin,” etc. .), the most authoritative study in this area. These shortcomings are even more inherent in the book of A.Kh. Khalikov 15, who considers among the surnames of Bulgaro-Tatar origin "Anthroponymics. M, 1970; Personal names in the past, present, future: Problems of anthroponymics. M., Onomastics of the Volga region: Materials I Povolzhsky conference on onomastics. Ulyanovsk, 1969; Onomastics of the Volga region: Materials of the II Volga region conference on onomastics. Gorky, 1971; etc. 13 Onomastics. M., 1969; Prospects for the development of Slavic onomastics. M., 1980; and etc. 14 Baskakov N.A. Russian surnames of Turkic origin. M., 1979 (republished in 1993) 15 Khalikov A.Kh. 500 Russian surnames of Bulgaro-Tatar origin. Kazan

11 such surnames as Arsenyev, Bogdanov, Davydov. Leontyev. Pavlov and DR. The article by I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada is devoted to the general problems of the formation and development of anthroponymic systems 16. The principles of preparing an etymological dictionary of Russian surnames were developed by O.N. Trubachev 17. For the establishment of anthroponymics as a scientific discipline, the works of VANikonov, in which the basis for the need for an integrated approach to the study of surnames and the foundations of the future “Dictionary of Russian Surnames” are laid." important for our research are the works of the All-Russian Fund of Surnames 20. The works of S. Zinin are devoted to the study of the history of Russian personal names and the problems of registration of surnames. The conclusions made by the author on the materials of European Russia are that until the end of the 19th century the bulk of peasants did not have surnames 21, are of great importance for 16 Bestuzhev-Lada I.V. Historical trends in the development of anthroponyms // Personal names in the past... P.24-33, 17 Trubachev O.N. From materials for the etymological dictionary of Russian surnames (Russian surnames and surnames existing in Russia) // Etymology M., S Nikonov V.A. Tasks and methods of anthroponymy // Personal names in the past... P.47-52; It's him. Experience of a dictionary of Russian surnames // Etymology M., S; Etymology M., S; Etymology M., S; Etymology M., S; It's him. Name and society. M., 1974; It's him. Dictionary of Russian surnames / Comp. E.L. Krushelnitsky. M., Nikonov V.A. Before surnames // Anthroponymics. M., S. His numerous publications on this subject are combined in a consolidated monograph - the first experience in the comparative study of anthroponymy of various regions of Russia: Nikonov V.A. Geography of surnames. M., See: Zinin S.I. Russian anthroponymy XVI! XV11I centuries (based on the material of historical books of Russian cities). Author's abstract. dis.... cand. Philol. Sci.

12 comparative study of the processes of formation of surnames in different regions. S.I. Zinin also developed the principles of compiling dictionaries of Russian personal names and surnames 22. The major works of M. Benson, who collected about 23 thousand surnames 23, and B.-O. Unbegun are devoted to the systematization of the entire fund of Russian surnames, the study of their morphology and semantics , who operated with approximately 10 thousand names^4. In Russia, a generalizing work in this area of ​​research was published by A.V. Superanskaya and A.V. Suslova 25. Articles and monographs by V.F. Barashkov, T.V. Bakhvalova, N.N. are devoted to various aspects of the study of names, nicknames and surnames. Brazhnikova, V.T. Vanyushechkina, L.P. Kalakutskaya, V.V. Koshelev, A.N. Miroslavskaya, L.I. Molodykh, E.N. Polyakova, Yu. Kredko. A.A.Reformatsky, M.E.Rut, 1.Ya.Simina, V.P.Timofeev, A.A.Ugryumov, B.A.Uspensky, VLLTSrnitsyn and other authors. Several dictionaries of names" 1 have been published, as well as popular dictionaries of surnames of various authors, including those prepared on regional materials 27. Various research problems Tashkent, pp. 6, 15; Same. The structure of Russian anthroponyms of the 18th century (based on materials from the register books of the city. Moscow) // Onomastics. M., S. Zinin S.I. Dictionaries of Russian personal names // Works of graduate students of Tashkent State University: Literature and linguistics. Tashkent, S.; Aka. Principles of constructing the “Dictionary of Russian family nicknames of the 17th century” / / Prospects for the development of Slavic onomastics. M., With Benson M. Dictionary of Russian Personal Names, with a Guide to Stress and Morthology. Philadelphia, . 24 Unbegaun B. O. Russian Surnames. L., The book was published twice in Russian translation, in 1989 and 1995 2:1 Superanskaya A.V., Suslova A.V. Modern Russian surnames. M., Directory of personal names of peoples of the RSFSR. M, 1965; Tikhonov A.N., Boyarinova L.Z., Ryzhkova A.G. Dictionary of Russian personal names. M., 1995; Petrovsky N.A. Dictionary of Russian personal names. Ed. 5th, additional M., 1996; Vedina T.F. Dictionary of personal names. M., 1999; Torop F. Popular encyclopedia of Russian Orthodox names. M., First inheritance: Russian surnames. Name day calendar. Ivanovo, 1992; Nikonov V.A. Dictionary of Russian surnames...; Fedosyuk Yu.A. Russian surnames: Popular etymological dictionary. Ed. 3rd, corrected, and corrected. M., 1996; Grushko E.L., Medvedev Yu.M. Dictionary of surnames. Nizhny Novgorod, 1997; Surnames of the Tambov region: Dictionary-reference book / Comp. L.I.Dmitrieva and others 12

The dissertation research of M.N. Anikina is also devoted to Russian anthroponymy. T.V. Bredikhina, T.L. Zakazchikova, I.Yu. Kartasheva, V.A.Mitrofanova, R.D. Selvina, M.B Serebrennikova, T.L. Sidorova 28 ; The study of Ottoponomic surnames is also facilitated by the research of A. ALbdullaev and LG-Pavlova 29. Almost the only work in recent decades by a historian in the field of anthroponymy, devoted to its close connection with the genealogy of the princely, boyar and noble families of Rus' in the 15th-16th centuries, is a detailed article V.B. Kobrina 30. The author made a number of valuable observations about the relationship between the concepts of “non-calendar (non-canonical) name” and “nickname”, the methods of formation and the nature of the existence of both, about the mechanisms of formation of surnames in the upper 1 DC1 1W1 Tambov, 1998; Vedina T.F. Dictionary of surnames. M., 1999; Ganzhina I.M. Dictionary of modern Russian surnames. M., Anikina M.N. Linguistic and regional analysis of Russian anthroponyms (personal name, patronymic, surname). Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. M., 1988; Bredikhina T.V. Names of persons in the Russian language of the 18th century. Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. Alma-Ata. 1990; Kazachikova T.A. Russian anthroponymy of the XVI-XVII centuries. (based on monuments of business writing). Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. M., 1979; Kartasheva I.Yu. Nicknames as a phenomenon of Russian oral folk art. Dis.... cand. Philol. Sciences, M., S9S5; Mitrofanov V.A. Modern Russian surnames as an object of linguistics, onomastics and lexicography. Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. M., 1995; Selvina R.D. Personal names in Novgorod scribe books of the XV-XVJ centuries. Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. M., 1976; Serebrennikova M.B. Surnames as a source for studying the evolution and existence of calendar names in the Russian language. Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. Tomsk 1978; Sidorova T.A. Word formation activity of Russian personal names. Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. Kyiv, Abdullaev A, A, Names of persons formed from geographical names and terms in the Russian language of the 15th-16th centuries. Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. M., 1968; Pavlova L.G. Formation of names of persons at the place of residence (based on the names of residents Rostov region). Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. Rostov-on-Don, >0 Kobrin V.B. Geneshugia and anthroponymy (based on Russian materials of the 15th-15th centuries) // History and genealogy: S.B. Veselovsky and problems of historical and historical research. M, S

14 Of great importance for this study is the experience accumulated over the past decades in studying the anthroponymy of individual regions of Russia, including the Urals and Trans-Urals. The general patterns of the local existence of Russian anthroponyms are considered in the article by V.V. Palagina^". In addition to the above-mentioned V.A. Nikonov, issues of anthroponymy using materials from different regions were dealt with by: Vologda Territory - E.N. Baklanova, T.V. Bakhvalova, P.A. .Kolesnikov, I.Popova, Y.I.Chaikina, Pinega - G.Simina, Don - L.M.Shchetinin, Komi - I.L. and L.N. Zherebtsov, other places of European Russia - S.Belousov, V D. Bondaletov, N. V. Danilina, I. P. Kokareva, I. A. Koroleva, G. A. Silaeva and V. A. Lshatov, T. B. Solovyova, V. I. Tagunova, V. V. Tarsukov . E-F. Teilov, N.K. Frolov, different regions of Siberia - V.V. Papagina, O. N. Zhilyak, V. P. Klyueva. From the monographic studies it is necessary to highlight the work of L. Shchetinin, published under different names, which is interesting not only for specific material, but also the formulation of theoretical problems (defining the essence of the approach to the study of regional anthroponymy and the range of problems that can be solved with its help, introducing the concepts of “anthroponymic panorama”, “nuclear achroponymy”, etc.), as well as the dictionary of Vologda surnames by Yu. I. Chaikina 33 outlining the work methodology. Written on Siberian materials, the book by D.Ya. Rezun 34 is not actually a study of surnames; it is fascinatingly written popular essays about bearers of various surnames in Siberia at the end of the 16th-15th centuries. The anthroponymy of the Urals is actively researched by E.N. Polyakova, who dedicated separate publications to the names of the residents of Kungur and "" Palagin V.V. On the question of the locality of Russian anthroponyms of the late XVI-XVII centuries. // Questions of the Russian language and its dialects, Tomsk,! 968. S l Shchetinin L.M. Names and titles. Rostov-on-Don, 1968; It's him. Russian names: Essays on Don anthroponymy. Ed. 3rd. corr. and additional Rostov-on-Don, l Chaikina Yu.I. History of Vologda surnames: Textbook. Vologda, 1989; It's her. Vologda surnames: Dictionary. Vologda, l Rezun D.Ya. Pedigree of Siberian surnames: History of Siberia in biographies and genealogies. Novosibirsk,

15 Cherdshsky districts 35 and published a dictionary of Perm surnames 36, as well as young Perm linguists who prepared.!! a number of dissertations based on materials from the Urals. The works of V.P. Biryukova, N.N. Brazhnikova, E.A. Bubnova, V.A. Nikonov, N.N. Parfenova, N.G. Ryabkov are devoted to the study of the anthroponym of the Trans-Urals 38. Interregional connections of the Trans-Urals with the Urals and the Russian North on the material of nickname surnames ~" 5 Polyakova E.N. Surnames of Russians in the Kungur district in the 17th - early 18th centuries // Language and onomastics of the Kama region. Perm, pp. 87-94; Aka. Cherdyn surnames in the period of their formation (end of the 16th century) -XVI1 R.) // Cher.lyn and the Urals in the historical and cultural heritage of Russia: Materials of the scientific conference Perm, S "Polyakova E.N. To the origins of Perm surnames: Dictionary. Perm, "Medvedeva N.V. Landscape of the Kama region of the first half of the 15th century in a dynamic aspect (based on the materials of census documents on the estates of the Stroganovs). Diss.... Candidate of Philology. Sciences. Perm, 1999; Sirotkina T.A. Anthroponyms in lexical system of one dialect and their lexicography in a non-differential dialect dictionary (based on the dialect of the village of Akchim, Krasnovishersky district, Perm region). Diss.... Candidate of Philology. Sciences. Perm, 1999; Semykin D.V. Anthroponymy of the Cherdyn revision tale of 1711 ( to the problem of the formation of the official Russian anthroponym). Diss.... Candidate of Philological Sciences. Perm, Ural in its living word: Pre-revolutionary folklore / Collected and compiled by V.P. Biryukov. Sverdlovsk, S.; Brazhnikova N.N. Russian anthroponymy of the Trans-Urals at the turn of the 17th-17th centuries Ch Onomastics. P.93-95; Aka. Pre-Christian names at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 18th centuries //" Onomastics of the Volga region: Materials of the I Volga Conference... P.38- 42; It's her. Proper names in the writing of the Southern Trans-Urals in the 17th-18th centuries. // Personal names in the past... C; It's her. History of dialects of the Southern Trans-Urals according to surnames // "Anthroponymy. S; Bubnova E.A. Surnames of residents of the Belozersk volost of the Kurgan district for 1796 (according to the Kurgan regional archive) // Kurgan Land: past and present: Collection of local history. Issue 4 Kurgan, S.; Nikonov V.A. Nikonov V.A. Russian settlement of the Trans-Urals according to onomastics // Problems of historical demography of the USSR. Tomsk, S.; Aka. Geography of surnames. P.5-6, ; Parfenova N.N. Source study aspect of the study of Russian surnames in the Trans-Ural region (Article I) // Northern region: The science. Education. Culture. 2000, 2. P.13-24; Ryabkov N.G. About unofficial (street) surnames in the Ural village // Chronicle of the Ural villages: Abstracts. report regional scientific - practical conf. Ekaterinburg C s

16 were studied in the monograph by V.F. Zhitnikov." More likely to the Trans-Urals than to the Middle Urals, it can be attributed South part Talitsky district of the Sverdlovsk region, on the materials of which the dissertation research of P.T. Porotnikov^0 was carried out, which is of great interest as an experience in a comprehensive study of the anthroponymy of a small territory. For studying the origin of Ural surnames, the work of Ural genealogists, primarily carried out on materials from the Middle Urals 4, is of great importance. Thus, in the entire extensive historiography of Russian anthroponymy, there is still no historical research devoted to the origin of surnames in a particular region; no methodology for such research has been developed, and the surname itself is practically not considered as a historical source. Within the vast Ural region, the atroponymy of the Middle Urals remains the least studied. In the second paragraph, the source base of the study is identified and analyzed. The first group of sources used in the work consists of unpublished materials of civil and church records of the population of the Urals , identified by the author in archives, libraries and museums of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and Tobolsk. First of all, these are population censuses (census, scribe, sentinel books) "" Zhitnikov V.F. Surnames of the Urals and Northerners: Experience in comparing anthroponyms formed from nicknames based on dialectal appellatives. Chelyabinsk! Porotnikov P.T. Aptroponymy of a closed territory (based on the dialects of the Talitsky district of the Sverdlovsk region). Dis.... cand. Philol. Sci. Sverdlovsk, See: Panov D.A. Experience of generational painting of the Yeltsin family. Perm, J992; Ural genealogist. Issue 1-5. Ekaterinburg, S; Times intertwined, countries intertwined... Issue Yekaterinburg, ; INFO. 4 (“Wind of Time”: Materials for generational paintings of Russian clans. Urals). Chelyabinsk, 1999; Trans-Ural genealogy. Kurgan, 2000; Ural genealogy book: Peasant surnames. Ekaterinburg, 2000; Man and society in the information dimension: Regional materials. scientific-practical conf. Ekaterinburg, S

17 settlements and forts of Verkhoturye and Tobolsk districts of 1621,1624,1666, 1680, 1695, 1710 and 1719, as well as registered, wheel-drive, yasak and other books for different years HUL c. from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA, Sibirsky Prikaz and Verkhotursk Prikaznaya Izba), the State Archives of the Sverdlovsk Region (GASO) and the Tobolsk State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve (TGIAMZ). Tracing the historical roots of Ural surnames required the use of materials from population records of other regions (the Urals, the Russian North) from the collections of the RGADA and the Russian State Library (RSL, Department of Manuscripts). Actual material (mandatory records for peasants, petitions, etc.) was also brought in from the funds of the Vsrkhotursk administrative hut of the RGADA and the Verkhotursk voivodskaya hut of the Archive of the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPb FIRM RAS). From materials of church records of the first quarter of the 19th century. (Foundation of the Ekaterinburg Spiritual Administration of the State Social Society) registry books were used, as well as confessional paintings, which provide unique information about the distribution of surnames in different segments of the population of individual counties 42. The work also used published historical sources on the topic of research: materials from some censuses and registration of certain categories of the population ( mainly in the Urals and the Russian North), charters of governors, loose books of monasteries, etc. "On the information capabilities of this source, see: Mosin A.G. Confessional paintings as a historical source / 7 Chronicle of Ural villages... To name just a few , the most important publications of Ural materials: Historical Acts. T St. Petersburg, ; Shishonko V. Perm Chronicle from the city of Perm; Kaisarov's Scribe Book of 1623/4 to the Great Perm estates of the Stroganovs II Dmitriev A, Perm antiquity: Collection of historical articles and materials mainly about the Perm region. Issue 4, Perm, S; Verkhoturye charters of the late 16th - early 17th centuries. Issue! / Compiled by E.N. Oshanina. M., 1982; Lobby books of the Dalmatovsky Assumption Monastery (last quarter of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century) / Comp. I.L. Mankova. Sverdlovsk, 1992; Elkin M.Yu., Konovalov Yu.V. Source on the genealogy of the Verkhoturye townspeople of the late 17th century // Ural genealogist. Issue 2. Ekaterinburg, pp. 79-86: Konovalov Yu.V. Verkhoturskaya 17

18 The second group of sources consists of publications of anthroponymic material itself: dictionaries of names, nicknames and surnames (including the dictionary by N.M. Tupikov, “Onomastics” by SBBeselovsky, mentioned in the historiographical essay, regional dictionaries by E.N. Polyakova, Yu.I. Chaikina and etc.), telephone directories, the book “Memory”, etc. Data from this group of sources are valuable, in particular, for quantitative characteristics. The third group includes sources created by genealogists, primarily generational paintings of Ural clans. The use of data from these sources allows, in particular, to classify specific Ural surnames as monocentric (all bearers of which in a given area belong to the same clan) or polycentric (whose bearers within the region are descendants of several ancestors). This group of sources, generally defined as linguistic, consists of various dictionaries: Russian - explanatory (V.I. Dahl), historical (languages ​​of the 11th-15th centuries), etymological (M. Fasmer), dialectal (Russian folk dialects , Russian dialects of the Middle Urals), toponymic (A.K. Matveeva, O.V. Smirnova), etc., as well as foreign languages ​​- Turkic (primarily V.V. Radlov), Finno-Ugric and other languages ​​of peoples, living both in Russia and abroad. A specific and very important source of research is the surnames themselves, which in many cases carry information not only about the ancestor (his name or nickname, place of residence or ethnicity, occupation, appearance, character, etc.), but also about changes that occurred over time in their writing and pronunciation as a result of living in a particular environment. The source study value of surnames and their foundations is especially high if it is possible to study them in a specific cultural and historical context (ethnocultural and social environment, name book of 1632 // Ural Genealogical Book... P.3i7-330; Elkin M.Yu., Trofimov S.V. Pay-off books of 1704 as a source of peasant genealogies // Ibid., S.; Trofimov S.V. Source on the genealogy of artisans and working people of metallurgical plants of the Urals at the beginning of the 16th century. // Ural genealogy. Issue, 5 Ekaterinburg, S.

19 existence, the nature of migration processes, the local way of life of the population, dialectic features of the language, etc.) 44. In terms of criticizing sources, working with anthroponymic material requires taking into account many factors, primarily subjective properties: possible mistakes scribes when recording anthroponyms from hearing or copying documents, distortion of surnames as a result of rethinking the meaning of their foundations (“folk etymology”), fixation of one person in different sources under different names (which could reflect the real situation or occur as a result of an error by the census compilers), “ correction” of a surname in order to give it greater euphony, “ennoble” it, etc. There was also a conscious concealment of its former name, which was not uncommon in the conditions of spontaneous colonization of Urat at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 18th centuries. Both internal analysis of the content of a specific document and the involvement of the widest possible range of sources, including those of more recent origin, help fill emerging information gaps and correct source data. In general, the state of the source base allows us to conduct a study of the anthroponymy of the Middle Urals at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 18th centuries. and solve the problems, and a critical approach to the information contained in them - to make the research conclusions more reasonable. The third paragraph discusses the methodology for studying the anthroponymy of a particular region (using materials from the Urals) and the organization of regional anthroponymy in the forms of a historical onomasticon and a dictionary of surnames. The purpose of compiling a regional onomasticon is to create the most complete ancient Russian non-canonical and non-Russian (foreign language) names and nicknames that existed and were recorded in sources within a given region and served as the basis for surnames. In the course of the work, the following tasks are solved: 1) identification of 44 On the source study potential of surnames, see in more detail: Mosin A.G., Surname as a historical source // Problems of the history of Russian literature, culture and public consciousness. Novosibirsk, S

20 unpublished and published sources of the widest possible range of personal names (Russian non-canonical and non-Russian) and nicknames that existed within a given region, from which surnames could be formed over time; 2) processing the collected material, compiling dictionary entries with the most accurate information possible about the time and place of recording of each anthroponym, the social affiliation of its bearer (as well as other essential biographical details: place of birth, father’s occupation, change of place of residence, etc.). d.), as well as indicating sources of information; 3) periodic publication of the entire set of anthroponyms that make up regional onomastics; Moreover, each subsequent edition must differ from the previous one both in quantitative terms (the appearance of new articles, new publications and previous articles) and in qualitative terms (clarification of information, correction of errors). When determining the structure articles of the regional osnomasticon, the dictionary of N.M. Tupikov was taken as a basis, but the experience of compiling the “Onomasticon” by S.B. Veselovsky was also taken into account. The fundamental difference between the regional onomasticon and both publications is the inclusion in it, along with Russian non-canonical names and nicknames, of the names of representatives other peoples, primarily indigenous to a given region (Tatars, Bashkirs, Komi-Permyaks, Mansi, etc.).The data of the regional onomasticon allows in many cases to trace the roots of local surnames, to more clearly imagine, in historical terms, the appearance of regional anthroponymy, to identify the unique features of this specific sphere of historical and cultural heritage of a given region.Preparation and publication of similar onomasticons based on materials from a number of regions of Russia (Russian North, Volga region, North-West, Center and South of Russia, Ural. Siberia) will eventually make it possible to publish an all-Russian onomasticon. The first step on this path was the release of the historical rap 20

21 onomasticons on 45 Ural materials, containing more than 2700 articles. The publication of a regional historical dictionary of surnames is preceded by the preparation and publication of materials for this dictionary. In relation to the Urals, as part of the preparation of the “Dictionary of Ural surnames”, it is planned to publish materials on the districts of the Perm province, the dictionary of which is compiled according to the confessional lists of the first quarter of the 19th century. In addition to these regular volumes, it is planned to publish separate volumes on other structural characteristics: territorial-temporal (population of the Ural settlements of the Tobolsk district of the 19th century), social (servicemen, mining population, clergy), ethnocultural (yasak population), etc. Over time, it is planned to also cover individual Ural districts of other provinces (Vyatka, Orenburg, Tobolsk, Ufa). The structure of regular volumes of materials for the dictionary and their constituent articles can be presented using the example of the published first volume 46. -In the preface to the entire multi-volume publication, the purpose and objectives of the publication are defined, the structure of the entire series and individual volumes is presented, and the principles of transferring names and surnames are specified etc.; in the preface to this volume contains a brief outline of the history of the settlement of the territory of Kamyshlovsky district, the patterns of intra- and interregional population migrations, features of local anthroponymy are noted, the choice of confessional paintings of 1822 as the main source is justified, and characteristics of other sources are given. The basis of the book consists of articles devoted to individual surnames (about two thousand full articles, not counting references for 45 Mosin A.G. Ural historical onomastics. Yekaterinburg, On the prospects for preparing a similar publication on Siberian materials, see: Mosin A.G. Regional historical onomasticons : problems of preparation and publication (based on materials from the Urals and Siberia) // Russian old-timers: Materials of the 111th Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 11-13, 2000, Tobolsk). Tobolsk; Omsk, S Mosin A.G. Ural surnames: Materials for the dictionary. G.1: Surnames of residents of the Kamyshlovsky district of the Perm province (according to confessional paintings of 1822). Yeatherinburg,

22 variants of spelling of surnames) and arranged in alphabetical order. Structurally, each complete article consists of three parts: the title, the text of the article and a toponymic key. In the text of the article, three semantic blocks can be distinguished, conditionally defined as linguistic, historical and geographical: in the first, the basis of the surname is determined (canonical/non-canonical name, Russian/foreign language, in full/derived form or nickname), its semantics is clarified with the widest possible range meanings, traditions of interpretation are traced in dictionaries of surnames and literature; the second provides information about the existence of the surname and its basis in Russia as a whole (“historical examples”), in the Urals and within this district; in the third, possible connections with toponymy - local, Ural or Russian (“toponymic parallels”) are identified, and toponymic names are characterized. The recording of surnames is carried out in three main chronological layers: lower (based on census materials of the 17th - early 18th centuries), middle (according to confessional paintings of 1822) and upper (according to the book “Memory”, which provides data for the 20th century) .). This makes it possible to identify the historical roots of the surnames of the Kamyshlovites, to trace the fate of the surnames on Ural soil throughout the three-upn.irv"y nrtspp pyanyatgzh"y"tt, irausrffhhfl and their NYAGSPYANI - ^ - -_- ;. _. _, ^ ^. The toponymic key refers to Appendix 1, which is a list of the composition of the parishes of the Kamyshlovsky district as of 1822, and at the same time is associated with that part of the dictionary entry, which sets out in detail in which parishes and settlements of the district this year bearers of this surname were recorded and to what categories of the population they belonged to. The income-by-arrival tables of Appendix 1 contain information about changes in the names of settlements and their modern administrative affiliation. Appendix 2 contains frequency lists of male and female names given by residents of the district to children born in 1822. For comparison, relevant statistical data for Sverdlovsk for 1966 and for the Smolensk region for 1992 are provided. Other appendices provide lists of literature, sources, abbreviations. 22

23 The materials in the appendices give reason to consider the volumes of materials for the regional dictionary of surnames as comprehensive studies of the onomastics of individual counties of the Perm province, moreover. that the main object of research remains surnames. A comparison of the composition of the surname funds (as of 1822) of Kamyshlovsky and Yekaterinburg districts reveals significant differences: the total number of surnames is about 2000 and 4200, respectively; surnames recorded in 10 or more parishes of counties - 19 and 117 (including those formed from the full forms of canonical names - 1 and 26). Obviously, this revealed the specificity of the Yekaterinburg district, expressed in a very significant proportion of the urban and mining population, in comparison with the Kamyshlovsky district, the absolute majority of the population of which were peasants, Chapter Two “ Historical background the appearance of surnames among the population of the Urals" consists of two paragraphs. The first paragraph defines the place and role of non-canonical names in the system of Russian personal proper names. One of the unresolved issues in historical onomastics today is the development of reliable criteria for classifying Old Russian names as non-canonical names or nicknames. An analysis of the materials available to the dissertation author showed that the confusion with definitions is largely due to the unfounded understanding found in the literature of the 15th-16th centuries. the concept of "nickname" in his modern meaning, whereas at that time it only meant that this is not the name given to a person at baptism, but that is what he is called (“nicknamed”) in the family or other environment of communication. Therefore, in the future, all names followed by patronymics are considered in the dissertation as personal names, even if in the sources they are defined as “nicknames”. Ural materials provide a lot of examples of the fact that under “nicknames” in the 16th-15th centuries. family names (surnames) were also understood. As shown in the dissertation, the degree of distribution in the Middle Urals of surnames formed from those that existed here at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 16th centuries. non-canonical names, the following data allow judging; out of 61 names, surnames were produced from 29,

24 recorded in the first quarter of the 19th century. in all four districts of the Middle Urals (Zerhogursky, Yekaterinburg, Irbitsky and Kamyshlovsky), its 20 names are reflected in surnames found in three of the four districts, and from only five names surnames known only in one of the four districts were formed. Moreover, two names (Neklyud and Ushak) are known in the Urals only from documents of the 16th century, six names - within the first quarter of the 17th century, and another 11 - until the middle of the 17th century. and 15 until the end of the 1660s. Only five names (Vazhen, Bogdan, Warrior, Nason and Ryshko) are known from documents from the early 16th century. All this indirectly indicates the early formation of surnames in the Urals. If in Kungur district by the beginning of the 15th century. surnames formed from non-canonical names accounted for 2% of the total number of 47, then in the Middle Urals at the beginning of the 19th century. this share is even higher - in different counties up to 3-3.5%. The dissertation author established that the use of non-canonical names in the Urals has regional specifics. From the top five of the frequency list of non-canonical names in the Urals, only two are included in the all-Russian top five (according to N.M. Tupikov’s dictionary) - Bogdan and Tretyak; two names of the Ural ten (Vazhen and Shesgak) are not included in the all-Russian top ten; the names Zhdan and Tomilo are less common in the Urals than in Russia as a whole, and the name Istoma, which was common among N.M. Tupikov, was generally recorded rarely in the Urals and no later than the first quarter of the 17th century. Also noteworthy is the generally higher frequency of numerical names in the Urals, which could reflect the specifics of family development in the conditions of colonization of the region, both among the peasantry (land relations) and among service people (the practice of moving “to a retired place” after the father ). An analysis of the Ural materials allowed the dissertation author to suggest that the name Druzhina (as a derivative of another) was given to the second sshu in the family and should also be classified as numerical." 47 See: Polyakova E.N. Surnames of Russians in Kungur district... C See: Mosin A.G. Pervusha - Druzhina - Tretyak: On the question of the forms of the non-canonical name of the second son in the family of pre-Petrine Rus' // Problems of the history of Russia. Issue 4: Eurasian borderland. Ekaterinburg, S

25 In general, Ural materials indicate that canonical and non-canonical names until the end of the 15th century. constituted a unified naming system, with a gradual reduction in the share of the latter, up to the prohibition of their use at the end of the century. The second paragraph traces the establishment of a three-member naming structure. The absence of a unified naming norm allowed the drafters of documents, depending on the situation, to name a person in more or less detail. The need to trace family succession (in land and other economic relations, service, etc.) helped to accelerate the process of establishing the family name, which was fixed in generations of descendants as a surname. Among the population of Verkhoturye district, family names (or already surnames) are recorded in large numbers already in the first census - the sentinel book of F. Tarakanov in 1621. The structure of names (with a few exceptions) is two-membered, but the second part is heterogeneous, in it four main ones can be distinguished groups of anthroponyms: 1) patronymic (Romashko Petrov, Eliseiko Fedorov); 2) nicknames from which the surnames of descendants could be formed (Fedka Guba, Oleshka Zyryan, Pronka Khromoy); 3) names that could become surnames, thanks to the final -ov and -in, without any changes (Vaska Zhernokov, Danilko Permshin); 4) names that, by all indications, are surnames and can be traced from this time to the present day (Oksenko Babin. Trenka Taskin, Vaska Chapurin, etc., in total, according to far from complete data - 54 names). The last observation allows us to conclude that in the Middle Urals the processes of establishing a three-member structure of naming and the formation of surnames developed in parallel, and the consolidation of generic names in the form of surnames actively occurred within the framework of the dominance in practice of a two-member structure. In the materials of the 1624 census, as established by the author, the proportion of three-degree names is already very significant; among the archers - 13%, among the townspeople - 50%, among the suburban and Tagil coachmen - 21%, among the suburban, arable peasants - 29%, among the Tagil peasants - 52%, among 25

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I. Census materials
Yaik/Ural Cossacks:

Revision tale of 1817:

II. My publications:

Part 4 “About the dictionary of the surnames of the Ural (Yaik) Cossacks” from this book:

Dictionary of surnames of the Ural Cossacks:

Letter B (you are now on this page)

© A. I. Nazarov, reprinting prohibited

Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is the main military cathedral. Opened in 1850
Closed in 1929. In 1933, a theater of satire and comedy was located here. IN
1938 The building burned down. After the fire, it was not subject to restoration either.
the walls were blown up. A bust of V.I. was installed on the site of the cathedral. Chapaeva

This page presents the surnames of the Ural Cossacks starting with the letter B, accompanied by historical and etymological information. According to the plan, all this will be included in the “Dictionary of the surnames of the Ural (Yaik) Cossacks” that I am preparing. The spelling of surnames is close to the spelling in the sources. Only letters excluded from Russian graphics under the 1918 reform were omitted or changed.

Babylin. From a male patronymic. baptismal name Vavila– possibly from the name of the city of Babylon. The name was reflected in the patronymic of one of the Yaik Cossacks, rewritten in 1632: Ofonasiy Vavilov Nizhny Novgorod. Localization: Iletsky town (1833, 1876), Mustaevsky farm (1876), Mukhranovsky farm/outpost (1832, 1876), Uralsk (1833), Chagan outpost (1833, 1834, 1877). ). In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 11 subscribers.

Vavilov. From patronymic from colloquial form Vavil male baptismal name Vavila(see article Babylin). A document from 1717 mentions the Yaitsk esaul Ivan Vavilov [Karpov 1911, 502]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 4 subscribers.

Vaevotkin. Surname variant Voevodkin(cm.).

Valadin. Surname variant Valodin(cm.).

Valogin. Surname variant Vologin(cm.). Localization: Abinsk outpost (1833, 1834), Kolovertnoy farm (1834)

Valodin. 1. Possibly, from a patronymic from a diminutive. forms Valodya male baptismal name Vladimir(see article Vladimirov). 2. Possibly, a phonetic version of the surname Valogin(cm.). According to N.M. Maleche, in the speech of the Urals G sporadically turns into d[Malecha 1954, 10]. 2. A connection with dialect words is possible to rage, to rage‘to be healthy, to act, to function’ (Ivanovo, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Voronezh, Arkhangelsk, Kostroma dialects), volodny‘fat’ (Olonets, Arkhangelsk dialects) [SRNG, V, 47].

Valushev. 1. Possibly, the basis is associated with the word val, which in the dialect of the Ural Cossacks means 'a long pile of hay formed from several rows of mown and dried grass', 'an embankment on melon fields along which water is released for irrigation', 'the name of the gross ( edge, general) mowing', 'long hill, high ridge' [Malecha, I, 191]. In Penza and Vologda dialects - ‘a nodule from a bruise or a thick scar on the body from a wound’. 2. Possibly, the stem is associated with a dialect verb knock down‘to castrate, castrate’ (Vladimir, Kursk, Voronezh, Kazan, Terek, Tambov dialects), ‘to beat, pound’ (Smolensk dialects). [SRNG IV, 31]. In the very dialect of the Ural Cossacks, words with the same root as this verb are noted valukh‘castrated ram’ and Valushok‘diminutive to valukh(not yet castrated ram)’ [Malecha, I, 192]. 3. Poss. stem related to dialect adjective gross‘fat, clumsy’ [SRNG IV]. 4. Possibly, the stem is associated with a personal name Volodymyr- old form of name Vladimir(cm. Vladimirov). From it using a diminutive suffix -sh-, extended by a vowel -u-, a form could form *Walush. Likewise: Anton > Antush, Klim > Klimush, Mark > Markush[Unbegaun 1989, 67]. Surname Valushev, obviously connected by variant relations with the surname Valyshev(cm.). Localization: Abinsky outpost (1833), Rannikh khutor (1833), Uralsk (1833), Kolovertnykh khutor (1834), Guryev (1876), Kirsanovskaya village (1876), Rannevsky village (1877). Compare: Grigory Valushev, newly baptized Moscow interpreter, ca. 1650; Ivan Lyubanov son Valushin, 1613 [Tupikov 2004, 499].

Valuschikov. Like other Russian surnames -shchikov, derived from the name of the profession. Valushchik- this can be ‘a worker hired for gross, general mowing (a type of public haymaking among the Ural Cossacks)’, and ‘one who castrates sheep’ (from the Ural-Cossack dialect valukh‘castrated ram’, see: [Malecha, I, 192]). Localization: Uralsk (1876).

Valyshev. Obviously a variant of the surname Valushev(cm.). However, it could have developed independently of it from the word shaft or personal name Volodymyr using a suffix -sh-, extended by a vowel -s-. Compare: Valysh, peasant of the Pazherevitsky churchyard, 1539 [Tupikov 2004, 80].

Varabyov. Surname variant Vorobiev(cm.).

Varazheykin. Surname variant Vorozheikin(cm.). Localization: Uralsk (1832), Kozhekharovsky outpost (1834).

Varganov. 1. Perhaps the stem is related to the word Jew's harp in the meaning of ‘an ancient self-sounding reed instrument’ [MES 1991, 95]. Same as zubanka[Dal, I, 165]. The word in this meaning is reflected in the folklore of the Ural Cossacks [Malecha, I, 194]. 2. Perhaps the stem is related to the verb harp‘make noise, knock’ (Kostroma dialects), ‘do something somehow’ (Ryazan, Kursk, Voronezh dialects), ‘boil, boil’ (Vologda dialects) [Dal, I, 165]. Localization: Iletsk town (1833, 1862). Wed: Vargan Grigoriev, Moscow clerk (1537), Ivan Varganov, Moscow clerk (1620) [Tupikov 2004, 80, 499], the surname Varganov from a native of Azerbaijan [Book of Memory of Almaty, II, 546].

Varnakov. 1. From a derivative from a patronymic Varnak male baptismal name Barnabas- from Aramaic. bar‘son’ + lahama‘ corpulence, corpulence’ or laham'bread'. Derivations in -ak from baptismal names are not uncommon in Russian: Maxim > Maksak, Peter > Petrak, Simon > Simak and others [Unbegaun 1989, 61]. 2. The stem can also be associated with the word Varnak‘convict, prisoner’ [Vasmer, I, 275], ‘convict’ (Siberian dialects) [Dal, I, 166]. 3. A connection with a dialect verb is possible Varnakat‘to lie, talk idle talk, grind, talk hollow’ (Ryazan, Kursk dialects) [Dal, I, 166]. Wed: the surname Varnakov among the natives Nizhny Novgorod and Nizhny Novgorod province [Book of Memory of Nizhny Novgorod residents, I, 574; II, 241], among residents of the Tambov region [FTO].

Varobiev. Surname variant Vorobiev(cm.).

Varozheykin. Surname variant Vorozheikin(cm.).

Varonzhev. Surname variant Voronzhev(cm.). Localization: Sakmara town (1832), Uralsk (1833), Kirsanov outpost (1833).

Varonzhev. Surname variant Voronzhev(cm.).

Varochkin. 1. From patronymic from personal name Varochka, which is a diminutive form of a number of male baptismal names - Varadat, Varak, Barbarian, Barnabas, Barsava, Varul, Bartholomew, Uar(colloquial forms - Uvar, Var), as well as a woman's baptismal name Varvara[Petrovsky 1966, 257]. Of those listed, only the name Bartholomew(from Aramaic Bar-Tolmay‘son of Tolmai, Ptolemy’) was reflected in the patronymic of one of the Yaik Cossacks in the 1632 census materials: Martynko Vorfemeev. 2. Can be derived from a dialect word boil– diminutive for cooking. The latter is noted in the dialects of the Ural languages ​​in the meanings of ‘the name of the head of some animals (any fish, cow, bull, saiga, ram, geese, chicken)’ and ‘a mocking name for the head of a person’ [Malecha, I, 195–196].

Varychkin. Surname variant Varochkin(cm.). Localization: Guryev (1834).

Vasiliev. From the patronymic from the male baptismal name Basil- from Greek basileios‘royal, royal’. Among the ancestors of the Ural Cossacks, this name was very common: in the materials of the 1632 census, the name Basil and its variants Vaska, Vasko, Vaska worn by 51 Cossacks - 5.4% of the sample (2nd place in the frequency list of personal names). Localization: Sakmara town (1833), Borodino outpost (1876), Ilek village (1832, 1833), Studensky/Studensky outpost (1832, 1833), Stone umet (1834), Red umet (1876). Vasiliev– one of the most common Russian surnames. In the so-called “List of 250 typical Russian surnames” it ranks 13th.

Vatyakov. Phonetic variant of the surname Votyakov(cm.). Localization: Uralsk (1776), Shchapovykh khutor (1832).

Vakhmin. Possibly a variant of the surname Vakhnin(cm.). Transition n > m could have occurred as a result of similarity to surnames Kuzmin, Salmin. However, the letter after X the source is illegible. It could be n. And yet, the surname Vakhmin discovered in the surveyed area - presented in the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003 for one subscriber. Compare: the surname Vakhmin among the natives of Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod province [Book of Memory of Nizhny Novgorod People, II, 322].

Vakhnin. From the patronymic from the male baptismal name Basil(cm. Vasiliev) or any other name starting with Va-(For example, Bartholomew). Indication of connection with dialect vakhnya‘cod’ in this case would not be correct, since this type of fish is found only in the northern part Pacific Ocean. Localization: Krasny Umet (1877), Uralsk (1876). Compare: Ivashko Vakhna, northeastern Rus' (1684) [Tupikov 2004, 81]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 5 subscribers.

Vashurin. Following the authors of the dictionary “Surnames of the Tambov Region” [FTO, III, 28], we accept that the surname is formed from the patronymic from the diminutive form Vashura male baptismal names Basil(for etymology, see article Vasiliev) or Ivan(for etymology, see article Ivanov). Localization: Guryev (1828, 1876, 1877), Uralsk (1877). Wed. surname Vashurin in the Tambov region [FTO, III, 28], among the natives of Nizhny Novgorod [Book of Memory of Nizhny Novgorod, I, 248]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 3 subscribers.

Vedeniktov. Surname variant Venidiktov(cm.). Localization: Baksay region. (1833).

Vedenichtov. Surname variant Venidiktov(cm.). Localization: Topolinskaya region. (1834).

Vedernikav. Surname variant Vedernikov(cm.).

Vedernikov. Derived from the name of the profession bucket– in the dialect of the Ural Cossacks “bucket master” [Malecha, I, 200]. The Yaik Cossack Ivan Vedernikov is mentioned in a document of 1718 in the list of prisoners in Khiva [Karpov 1911, 547]. Localization: Guryev (1832, 1877), Talovsky farm (1877), Uralsk (1876), Tsarevo-Nikolsky outpost (1876). Wed: Sozonko Vedernik, peasant (1495), Family Kalinin son Vedernik, Perm townsman (1606), Foma Ivanov son Vedernikov, Mogilev tradesman (1654) [Tupikov 2004, 81, 500], peasant Trofim Vedernikov , Nizhny Novgorod (1600) [Veselovsky 1974, 64], peasant of the village of Zabolotye Osinovaya on the river. Malaya Usolka Ivashko Semenov son of Vedernikov (1623) [Polyakova 1997, 46], the surname Vedernikov among natives of Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions [Book of Memory of Nizhny Novgorod, I, 51–52], Kursk and Sverdlovsk regions [Book of Memory of Almaty, II, 525; III, 548], among the Don Cossacks [Shchetinin 1978, 105], among the residents of the Tambov region [FTO].

Giants. From patronymic from nickname Giant, which a tall person could get. The Yaik Cossack Kondraty Velikanov is mentioned in a document of 1718 [Karpov 1911, 547]. Localization: Uralsk (1776, 1828, 1833, 1876), Sakmara village (1832), Ozerny town (1833, 1876), Chuva outpost (1833). Wed: Giant Yakimov's son, peasant, north-east of Rus' (1621) [Tupikov 2004, 82], the surname of the Giants among the natives of Nizhny Novgorod [Book of Memory of Nizhny Novgorod, I, 52], Almaty [Book of Memory of Almaty, II, 526 ], among the Don Cossacks [Shchetinin 1978, 126], among the residents of the Tambov region [FTO]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 14 subscribers.

Venediktov. Surname variant Venidiktov(cm.). In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 2 subscribers.

Venidiktov. From the patronymic from the male baptismal name Venidict(from lat. benedictus'blessed').

Verevkin*. The bearer of this surname is Major General (later Lieutenant General) Nikolai Aleksandrovich Verevkin, former ataman of the Ural Cossack army from June 9, 1865 to 1876. This surname is not noted among natural Ural Cossacks. The surname is based on the word rope. In addition to the main meaning of “a product made of twisted or twisted in several rows of long strands of hemp or other twisted material”, other meanings are noted in its dialects, for example, “rogue, hooligan” (Northern Dvina dialects), “shock of bread” (Tula, Oryol dialects). Wed: Verevka Mokeev, landowner of the Tigodsky churchyard (ca. 1500), Kanev tradesman Verevka (1552), governor in Perm Gavrilo Mikhailovich Verevkin (1622), old man Yakim Verevkin (1660) [Tupikov 2004, 82, 501].

Verin. Most likely from a patronymic from a diminutive form Faith male baptismal name Averky(for its interpretation, see the article Verushkin). Against the connection of the basis of a surname with a woman’s baptismal name Faith indicates the existence of a personal name Faith among males, for example: peasant of the Belsky churchyard Vera Ivanov (1539) [Tupikov 2004, 100]. Localization: Guryev (1876, 1877). Wed. the surname Verin in the Tambov region [FTO, III, 28], among natives of Nizhny Novgorod [Book of Memory of Nizhny Novgorodians, II, 41]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 3 subscribers.

Vertyachkin. From patronymic from nickname Twirly, formed from the adjective fidgety‘fussy, scraggly, fidgety, restless’ or from a noun fidgety‘dizziness’, ‘fidgety woman’ [Dal, I, 182, 183]. Localization: Kalmykovskaya village (1876), Krasnoyarsk outpost (1876). Compare: Danilo Vertyachiy, landowner in the Sitensky churchyard (1495), Ivan Vertyachiy, Voluychenin (d. about 1689), Timoshka Vertyakin, Starodub tradesman (1656) [Tupikov 2004, 84, 502], surname Vertikhin in the Tambov region [FTO]. This surname is not in the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, but there are similar surnames Vertunov, Vertushenkov, Vertyankin.

Verushkin. Most likely, from a patronymic from a diminutive form Veruschka male baptismal name Averky[Petrovsky 1966, 261]. Translated from Lat. means either ‘to retain, attract; holding’ [CPC 1994, 61; Superanskaya 1998, 103], or ‘removing; put to flight’ [Petrovsky 1966, 36; CPC 1994, 61]. Name Averky existed among the Yaik Cossacks back in the first third of the 17th century, for example: Cossacks Overka Semenov, Overka Spiridonov Belyavin (both recorded in 1632). Connection with female baptismal names Vera, Veronica less likely. Localization: Iletsk town (1833). A well-known bearer of the surname is the Cossack Makar Egorovich Verushkin (1860–1923), a teacher in the Iletsk village. He was one of the companions of the writer V.G. Korolenko during a trip through the Urals to Ilek. From 1900 to 1913, correspondence between V. G. Korolenko and M. E. Verushkin continued [Korolenko 1983; Unknown letters 1963]. In the telephone directory of Uralsk for 2003, I met one subscriber.

Vershinin. From patronymic from nickname Vertex, formed from the word vertex. In the dialect of the Ural Cossacks it means ‘upper reaches’, ‘elevation’, ‘the upper part of a stack, a sweep with a special dense stack of hay’ [Malecha, I, 211]. Like in Vologda dialects, the nickname Vertex could be obtained by a tall person [SRNG, IV, 173]. The list of Yaik Cossacks for 1632 includes Ivashka Ostafiev Vershina Nizhny Novgorod. Localization: Iletsk town (1833, 1876), Mukhranovsky outpost (1832, 1834), Zatonny outpost (1876), Studenovsky outpost (1869, 1877). Compare: Ivashko Vershina, cook of the Simonov Monastery, northeastern Rus' (1st half of the 16th century), Obroska Vershinin, Balakhon clerk (1663) [Tupikov 2004, 84, 502], peasant of the village of Usoltsev Danilko Vasiliev’s son Vershinin (1547) [Polyakova 1997, 49], the surname Vershinin among natives of the Vladimir, Volgograd, Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod regions, Nizhny Novgorod [Book of Memory of Nizhny Novgorod, I, 52], Semipalatinsk region [Book of Memory of Almaty, I, 343], among residents of the Tambov region [FTO]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 5 subscribers.

Veselov. From patronymic from nickname Funny, formed from a noun funny‘buffoon, singer, musician, dancer’ [SlRYA, II, 112] or adjective funny. In addition to the main meaning ‘imbued with fun’, other meanings are also noted in the dialects, in particular, ‘friendly, affectionate’ (Smolensk dialects), ‘fast, quick’ [SRNG, IV, 181]. Localization: Uralsk (1781), Karshevsky outpost (1828), Kozhekharovsky outpost (1828), Kalenovsky outpost (1833), Sugar fortress/stanitsa (1833, 1876, 1877), Chagansky outpost ( 1876), Goryachinskaya village (1877). Wed: Vesely Ivanov's son, servant, north-eastern Rus' (1525), Vasily Luchaninov son of Veselovo, boyar son in Novgorod (1567) [Tupikov 2004, 84, 502], Alexey Stepanovich Vesely-Sobakin (1613 .) [Veselovsky 1974, 66], resident of Vologda Petrushka Vesely (1629) [Chaikina 1995, 21], the surname Veselov among natives of Nizhny Novgorod [Book of Memory of Nizhny Novgorod, I, 52], Kalinin regions, Altai Territory[Book of Memory of Almaty, I, 343; II, 373], among residents of the Tambov region [FTO], among peasant migrants from Samara province. to the Ural region In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 13 subscribers.

Vidernikov. Surname variant Vedernikov(cm.). Localization: Teply Umet (1832, 1833, 1834), Uralsk (1876).

Vizgalin. From patronymic from nickname Squealed, formed from the verb scream‘make a squeal’. The dialect of the Ural Cossacks also includes the noun squealer‘screamer, screamer (about a person)’ [Malecha, I, 230]. Localization: presumably Goryachinsky outpost (1876), Irtetsky outpost (1832), Uralsk (1876). Compare: Mikhalko Vizgunov, Pelym archer (1610) [Tupikov 2004, 503], the surname Vizgalov among natives of the Penza region [Book of Memory of Almaty, III, 551], Nizhny Novgorod [Book of Memory of Nizhny Novgorod, I, 575]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 4 subscribers. Another 2 have the surname Vizgalov.

Vikulin. From patronymic from colloquial form Vikula male baptismal name Vikul: from Greek boukolos'shepherd'. According to B.A. Uspensky, in the pre-Nikon monthbooks of the 16th–17th centuries. it was only written Vikull, in southwestern monthlies – usually Vukol (Vukul). As a result of the reforms of the 17th century. the southwestern form became the canonical form Vukol, while the Old Believers retained the form as canonical Vikul[Uspensky 1969, 152–153]. True, in modern calendars of the Old Believers, along with the form Vikul(before February 6) there is also a form Vukol(before February 3). Most of the Ural Cossacks were Old Believers, so they used the form Vikul(for example, in two newborns noted in the metric book of the Ural Old Believer Chapel for 1833). Accordingly, surnames are not noted among the Ural Cossacks Vukolov or Vukolin. Name Vikula existed among the Yaik Cossacks back in the first third of the 17th century: Cossack Vikula Ivanov (1632). Localization: Kruglovsky outpost (1876). Wed: the surname Vikulov among residents of the Tambov region [FTO], among natives and residents of Almaty [Book of Memory of Almaty, I, 344; TS 1991, I, 65], the surnames Vikulin, Vikulovsky among residents of Almaty [TS 1991, I, 65]. In the telephone directory of Uralsk for 2003, I met one subscriber.

Vilikanov. Surname variant Giants(cm.).

Vinikov. Surname variant Vinnikov(cm.).

Vinnikav. Surname variant Vinnikov(cm.).

Vinnikov. I. From the nickname Vinnik, the source of which could be different words: 1. Adjective wine– in the dialect of the Ural Cossacks “guilty, guilty” [Malecha, I, 232]. 2. Noun Vinnik, meaning ‘wine producer’ (Don dialects) or ‘cabman contracted to transport wine’ [SRNG, IV, 286]. II. Possibly developed as a result of the truncation of the surname Podavinnikov. Localization: Gnilovsky outpost (1832), Sakmara village (1832), Uralsk (1833, 1876, 1877). Compare: Vinnikovs, landowners, second half of the 16th century. and later, Kolomna [Veselovsky 1974, 68], the Vinnikov surnames in the Smolensk region [Koroleva 2003, 83], in the Tambov region [FTO], among natives of the Crimean region, Almaty region, Almaty [Book of Memory of Almaty, I, 344; II, 527; III, 552]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 3 subscribers.

Vintovkin. From patronymic from nickname Rifle. Its sources could be: 1. Noun rifle‘military handgun’. This word appeared in Russian in the 17th century. The official name for this type of weapon was adopted in 1856. Until the 19th century. It was not widely used in the armies of the world; at first, rifles were used only on the ramparts. Therefore, the appointment of a person at that time as a rifle shooter could be a sharp distinctive feature and become the motive for assigning him a nickname Rifle. 2. Verb from the dialect of the Ural Cossacks screw‘to spin’ [Malecha, I, 232]. Perhaps it was brought to Yaik from the Russian North, where the noun is noted rifle in the meaning of ‘Vertushka’ (Olonets dialects) [SRNG, IV, 290]. 3. Verb from the dialect of the Ural Cossacks feint‘to bend, break (boots)’ [Malecha, IV, 360]. Transition f > v in this case it is quite possible and it is noted in the dialect of the Ural Cossacks in pair screw/stick[Malecha, I, 232]. 4. V. I. Dal gives the verb screw, some of whose meanings are marked Ryazan, he accompanies with question marks - ‘to ride, to ride’, ‘to wag, to play, to ride’. He thought it was better feint And feint[Dal, I, 206]. It is possible that the basis of the surname in question was reflected precisely by these verbs, which in the past in these meanings could have been known among the Ural Cossacks. 4. Dialectal noun rifle‘kind of longboat’ (Volga dialects) [SRNG, IV, 290]. Localization: Uralsk (1833, 1876).

Vintofkin. Surname variant Vintovkin(cm.). Localization: Uralsk (1832).

Vinnikov. Surname variant Vinnikov(cm.).

Virshenin. Surname variant Vershinin(cm.).

Viskov. 1. From patronymic from nickname Temple, whose source is a noun temple: in the dialect of the Ural Cossacks ‘hair in general (on the head)’, ‘hair behind the ears, forelock’ [Malecha, I, 233]. 2. From patronymic from diminutive form *Visco male baptismal name Vissarian- from Greek bēssariōn'forest'. N.A. Petrovsky gave a version parallel to it Viska[Petrovsky 1966, 264]. Localization: Uralsk (1828), Iletsky town (1833, 1876), Student outpost (1876). Compare: the surname Viskov among residents of the Tambov region [FTO], among a native of Verny [Book of Memory of Almaty, II, 528].

Visyalov. Surname variant Veselov(cm.). This spelling more accurately conveys the pronunciation of the surname by the Ural Cossacks: in their speech the word funny pronounced like vis''aloy[Malecha, I, 213]. Localization: Sakharnovskaya fortress (1833, 1876), Chagansky outpost (1876), Vladimirsky farm (1876), Karshi outpost (1876).

Vitashnav. Surname variant Vitoshnov(cm.). Localization: Kashevsky outpost (1834).

Vitikov. Most likely, a phonetic version of the surname Votyakov(cm.).

Vitoshnov. 1. The stem can go back to an adjective rag related to a noun rags‘rags, cast-offs’ [Dal I, 188]. 2. Can also go back to adjectives vitoshny, vitosheny, which indicate objects made by whirling. This is, for example, whitish‘braiding, flagellum, a thing twisted from any strands or fibers’. In the same time whitish- this is also a synonym for the word rags(see previous interpretation) [Dal I, 208]. 3. In the dialects of the Ural Cossacks there are also words to which the basis of the surname in question can be traced back: rag‘wadding and rare fabric stitched together’, rags‘last year’s unmown grass’, vitushka ‘a bread product made from wheat flour like a girl’s braid’ or ‘strips of dried melon woven in the form of a braid’, ornate‘intended for making curls’, vitushny- from ornate, ornate[Malecha, I, 217, 218, 234]. 4. We cannot exclude the possibility of a connection between the stem of the surname and the male baptismal name. Victor(from lat. victor‘winner’), from which diminutive forms are formed Vitosha, Vitoshenka, Vitoshechka, Vitoshka[Petrovsky 1966, 264]. Name Victor existed among the Ural Cossacks already in the first third of the 19th century, both among co-religionists and Old Believers. Localization: Studensky farms (1832), Uralsk (1833), Prorvinsky farms (1833), Krasnoyarsk outpost (1834, 1870, 1872), Lbischensky outpost (1834, 1876), Chagan outpost ( 1876, 1877). Compare: peasant Onisko Vetoshka (1653), dragoon Boris Vetoshkin (1682), Cherdyn Posad Grigory Vetoshev (1683) [Tupikov 2004, 84, 502]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 5 subscribers. There are also options Vetoshnov(1 subscriber), Vitashnav(2 subscribers), Vitoshnev(1 subscriber).

Vityakov. Most likely, a phonetic version of the surname Votyakov(cm.). Localization: Shchapovykh khutor (1832).

Vladimirov. From patronymic from baptismal name Vladimir(traditionally interpreted as slav., consisting of the basics own And world; A.V. Superanskaya considers it an alteration of ancient German. name Valdemar; according to A.V. Superanskaya component mari was reimagined as world. In the monuments of Russian writing the name Vladimir first recorded in 970 by the Laurentian Chronicle: Volodymer son of Svyatoslav [Tupikov 2004, 87]. Name Vladimir existed among the Yaik Cossacks back in the first third of the 17th century. In the materials of the 1632 census, Volodko Ontipin Dmitrovets was noted. In addition, in patronymics: Sava Volodimirov Lugovskoy, Foma Volodimirov. Localization: Uralsk (1828). In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 13 subscribers. Vladimirov– one of the most common Russian surnames. In the so-called “On the list of 250 typical Russian surnames,” the surname ranks 186th.

Vlasov. From a patronymic from a male name Vlas Vlasiy(from Greek blasios‘simple, rough’). Name Vlas existed among the Yaik Cossacks back in the first third of the 17th century. In the materials of the 1632 census it is noted: Vlas Ivanov (twice). In addition, in patronymics: Dmitry Vlasov Alatorets, Senko Vlasov Nizhny Novgorod. Localization: Borodino outpost (1876), Goryachinsky outpost (1834, 1876), Iletsky town (1833, 1876), Kindilinsky outpost (1832, 1833, 1834), Kolovertnykh farms (1833), Mergenevsky farm (1833, 1834, 1876), Skvorkinykh farm (1833), Uralsk (1776, 1781, 1828, 1876). In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 43 subscribers. Vlasov– one of the most common Russian surnames. In the so-called “List of 250 typical Russian surnames” it ranks 103rd.

Vodeniktov. From a patronymic from a male name Vodenikt- folk form of a baptismal name Venidict(for etymology, see the article on the surname Venidiktov). In the speech of the Ural Cossacks the name Venidict usually it was like Vodenikt/Vodinikt. Localization: Round Lake Outpost (1833). In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 3 subscribers.

Vodenichtov. Surname variant Vodeniktov(cm.). Transition k > x before T noted in some other surnames: Lokhtev(from Loktev), Dekhterev(from Degtyarev), Akhtushin(from Aktushin).

Vodiniktov. Surname variant Vodeniktov(cm.). Localization: Baksay region. (1876), Topolinskaya region. (1876), Uralsk (1833).

Divers. From patronymic from nickname Diver diver‘a person who corrects some matter under water’ [Dal I, 220]. In the Urals, when the water receded (beginning of June), a partition (uchug) was erected, which did not allow large fish to pass upward, above Uralsk. In the fall, the uchug was removed. At times the pressure of the fish was so strong that it broke the fishing rod, which had to be repaired. Obviously, some Cossacks, the most skilled in diving, specialized in underwater work during the installation and repair of the vessel. In addition, divers were in demand in fishing using nets. The nickname was assigned to the divers Diver. There were apparently many of these among the Ural Cossacks. Hence the rather high frequency of the surname Divers in modern Uralsk. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 19 subscribers. Localization: Vladimirsky farm (1876), Skvorkinsky farm (1876), Uralsk (1828, 1876, 1877).

Vodyniktov. Surname variant Vodeniktov(cm.).

Voevodin. From patronymic from nickname Voivode. The source of the nickname is a common noun voivode. The main meaning of this word is ‘leader of the army, military leader, senior in the army’; in the past it also meant ‘mayor, governor’ [Dal I, 231]. According to the fair remark of I. M. Ganzhina, the adjective voevodin, which became a surname, probably indicated not a relationship to the father (the son of a governor), but a dependence [Ganzhina 2000, 108]. Among the Ural Cossacks voivode meant ‘chief of a military detachment’ [Malecha I, 248]. Therefore, if we admit that the nickname of the Ural Cossacks Voivode appeared in the Urals itself, it is quite acceptable to assume that the ancestors of the bearers of the surname Voevodin they really were the “children of the governor.” In some dialects of the Russian language the word voivode has other meanings: ‘the most honorable person from the groom’s retinue (in wedding ceremonies)’, ‘a lively person, agile in work’ (Smolensk), ‘a hooligan, a pugnacious person’ (Karakalpakstan) [SRNG 5, 354]. If the nickname Voivode brought to the Urals from outside, it is possible that it could have been formed from the word voivode in one of these values. In the dialects of the Ural Cossacks themselves, these meanings of the word voivode not marked. Thus, in the description of the wedding ceremony of the Ural Cossacks [Korotin 1981, 154–175] the concept voivode absent. The other two meanings could either have been lost in the early stages of the development of the Yaitsky army, or fell out of sight of dialectologists. The basis for this conclusion is that the Ural Cossacks are connected both with the Smolensk region (several people moved to Yaik from there) and with Karakalpakia (several thousand Ural Cossacks were evicted there after 1874; word voivode meaning ‘hooligan, pugnacious person’ could have been brought to Karakalpakia precisely by the Ural Cossacks). Localization: Uralsk (1832). Compare: landowners Alexey, Mordvin and Sych Voevodin, 1495, Novgorod [Veselovsky 1974, 69], merchant Ivashko Voevodin, 1646, northeastern Rus' [Tupikov 2004, 505], peasant of the village of Na Selah Ivashko Afanasyev son Voevodin, 1647 [Polyakova 1997, 51]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 2 subscribers.

Voevodkin. From patronymic from nickname Voevodka, formed using the suffix -ka from a common noun voivode(for its meanings, see the article on the surname Voevodin). Localization: Guryev (1828), Rannevskikh hamlets (1876), Uralsk (1828, 1832, 1876, 1877). Compare: Ivashko Voevodkin, 1624, Verkhoturye [Parfenova 2001, 142], the surname Voevodkin among peasant migrants from Samara province. to the Ural region In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 10 subscribers.

Voevotkin. Surname variant Voevodkin(cm.). It represents assimilative deafening of a voiced d under the influence of a deaf person. Localization: Dirty sweep (1833).

Voznikovtsov. Surname variant Vyaznikovtsev(cm.). Localization: Kalmykovsky district (1872), Uralsk (1876).

Volkov. From a patronymic from a non-church personal name Wolf- from the common Russian name for a wild animal wolf‘a carnivorous animal of the canine family’. Localization: Boldyrevsky farm (1876), Budarinsky outpost (1834), Guryev (1828), Iletsky town (1833). Compare: Wolf of Ukhtomsky, 1483, Moscow; peasant Epifanik Volkova, 1495 [Tupikov 2004, 90, 507]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 46 subscribers. Volkov– one of the most common Russian surnames. In the so-called “List of 250 typical Russian surnames” it ranks 11th.

Volnov. Surname variant Volnov(cm.). Localization: Kharkinsky outpost (1833, 1834).

Vologin. From the patronymic name of a person Vologa. The origin of the latter is unclear. Perhaps it is derived from the word vologist. In other Russian this is what they called ‘pottage, food’ [Vasmer, I, 340]. In Russian in dialects it means 'moisture, water, liquid' (Smolensk, Pskov, Novgorod), 'all liquid food' (Vologda, Olonets, Novgorod, Yaroslavl), 'seasoning for food' (Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Pskov, Kostroma, Tambov, etc. ), 'sour cream for fermenting milk' (Ryazan), 'fat, butter' (Vologda, Novgorod, Smolensk, Pskov), 'all sorts of food, foodstuffs' (Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, etc.), 'generally all local vegetables' (Arkhangelsk, Kostroma) [SRNG, 5, 46–47]. The meanings of “intoxication from wine” (Arkhangelsk), “the disposition of a person in which he is especially kind, soft-hearted” (Arkhangelsk) are also noted [SRNG, 5, 47]. The ancestors of the Ural Cossacks come from the territory of distribution of all the listed dialects, therefore it is necessary to take into account all the specified meanings of the word vologist. In addition, researchers of Tambov surnames suggested that Vologa- a derivative of Christian baptismal names Vladimir(cm. Vladimirov), Vsevolod(art. Russian, from all + own) or a rare name Rogvold(early borrowing from Scand. language). And if with the rise to names Vladimir And Vsevolod You can agree, then the connection between the basis of the surname Vologin With name Rogvolod is doubtful, because during the period of formation of Russian. Russians hardly had surnames like this. After the 12th century it is not found in the sources [Tupikov 2004, 337]. Explanation of the basis of the Ural-Cossack surname Vologin from Vladimir or Vsevolod all the more justified that in almost all the villages of the Ural Cossacks, dialectologists noted the replacement of the soft d to soft G, i.e. the transition is quite possible *Volodin(Volodya) in Vologin. Localization: Kolvertny farms (1832). In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 17 subscribers. Wed: Vologa (Volocha) Ivan Osipov, peasant, 1592 (1593?), Arzamas [Veselovsky 1974, 71], Cherdyn resident Timoshka Vologin, 1683 [Polyakova 1997, 53], surname Vologin among residents of the Tambov region [FTO], among peasants -immigrants from Samara province. to the Ural region

Volodikhin. From maternal patronymic Volodikha– ‘Volodka’s wife’ – from a man’s baptismal name Vladimir(cm. Vladimirov).

Volokhov. From patronymic from name or nickname Volokh. The source of the latter could be the word Volokh– the old name of the Romance peoples (Romanians, Moldavians). There is historical evidence of this. Thus, it is known that oxen actually came across Yaik. For example, as Cossack Semyon Cheldybakov showed during the census of 1723, his father was a Volokh, taken prisoner by the Nogai Tatars in 1657 [UVV, 1869, No. 22, p. 3]. Another source of name or nickname Volokh could be a dialect word Volokh: in the dialects of the Ural Cossacks “young ram” [Malecha, I, 257], in the Novgorod dialects “pot lid” [Vasmer, I, 345]. Wed: Volokh, a slave in the Ozeretsky churchyard, 1500; Andrey Volokhov, fellow countryman, 1495 [Tupikov 2004, 93, 507], the surname Volokhov in the Smolensk region [Koroleva 2006, 197], among peasant migrants from the Nizhny Novgorod province. to the Ural region In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 3 subscribers.

Volshchikov. This is either a variant of the surname Valuschikov(see), or an independent surname. In the second case, it arose from a patronymic from a name or nickname Volshchik, the origin of which is unclear. Russian surnames -shchikov are formed from the names of professions on -schik. Perhaps the source of the name or nickname was the word feller, which in the dialects of the Ural Cossacks means ‘fuller’ [Malecha, I, 193]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 2 subscribers.

Volnov. From patronymic from name or nickname Free, whose source is adjective free, i.e. ‘free, independent, not a serf’ or ‘voluntary, agreeing with desire’. Free people are also not members of any community; beans; Ushkuiniki. In the dialects of the Ural Cossacks it is also “willful, disobedient, mischievous” [Malecha, I, 258]. Considering that among the ancestors of the Ural Cossacks there were also people from Yaroslavl province, it should be noted that in Yaroslavl dialects the noun Free used as a euphemism for the word goblin, so the name Free sometimes they could be given as a talisman against evil forces. Localization: Kozhekharovsky outpost (1834), Krasnoyarsk outpost (1870, 1872, 1877), Kushumsky farm (1876), Kharkinsky outpost (1833, 1834, 1872). Compare: Fedka Volnoy, Moscow archer, 1605 [Tupikov 2004, 94]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 10 subscribers.

Vorazheikin. Phonetic variant of the surname Vorozheikin(cm.).

Vorobiev. From patronymic from name or nickname Sparrow sparrow. According to S. B. Veselovsky, naming Sparrow, Vorobiev were very common in the 15th–17th centuries. Localization: Pishchanykh Khutor (1833). Compare: Efimko Vorobey, peasant of the Kolomna churchyard, 1495; Yuri Vorobyov, Moscow scribe, 1353 [Tupikov 2004, 94, 508]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 23 subscribers. Vorobyov is one of the most common Russian surnames. In the so-called “On the list of 250 typical Russian surnames,” the surname ranks 20th.

Vorovkin. From patronymic from nickname Thief, the source of which could be a verb steal‘to cheat, cheat, deceive; steal someone else's. In a word thief in the old days they called swindlers, slackers, deceivers, traitors, robbers. However, a connection with a dialect adjective is not excluded thief‘agile, agile, lively, lively’ (Arkhangelsk, Olonets, Novgorod and other dialects) [SRNG, 5, 107]. In Simbirsk dialects the adjective is known with the same meaning thief[SRNG, 5, 106].

Vorozheikin. From patronymic from nickname Sorceress, the source of which is the word fortune teller– in the dialects of the Ural Cossacks “fortune teller, fortune teller” [Malecha, I, 261]. Fortune tellers traded in conspiracies, whispers, and healing. Localization: Uralsk (1776, 1789, 1828), Kozhekharovsky outpost (1833), Suslinykh farms (1833). Compare: Trenka Vorozheikin, Uglitsky townsman, 1591 [Tupikov 2004, 508]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 15 subscribers.

Voronzhev. Surname variant Voronzhev(cm.). Localization: Sakmara town (1832), Iletsk town (1833), Topolinskaya fortress (1876), Uralsk (1828, 1876).

Voronov. From patronymic from name or nickname Crow, the source of which is the name of the bird crow. In the North, this word could be used to mean ‘greedy, evil’ [SRNG, 5, 111]. As V. A. Nikonov noted, in writing Voronov the patronymic from a non-church name was also mixed Voronoi[Nikonov 1993, 27]. According to S. B. Veselovsky, naming Raven, Voronov were very common in the 15th–17th centuries. The Cossack Osipko Petrov Voronov is noted in the materials of the census of Yaik Cossacks in 1632. Compare: Vasko Raven, peasant of the Vlazhensky churchyard, 1495; Martyusha Voronov, peasant, 1495 [Tupikov 2004, 96, 509]. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 6 subscribers. In the so-called “The list of 250 typical Russian surnames” surname Voronov occupies 121st place.

Voronzhev. Apparently, this surname is based on a toponym Voronezh. This is indicated, firstly, by the form of the surname itself. Suffix -ev in this case could only join on a basis -and. Secondly, there is historical evidence that among the ancestors of the Ural Cossacks there were people from Voronezh: in the materials of the census of the Yaik Cossacks of 1632, Mikitko Ivanov Voronezhets, Treshka Eremeev Voronezhets, Yakimko Grigoriev Voronezhets are noted. Possibly naming Voronezhets And Voronezh existed in parallel. The last name formed the basis of the surname. Over time, the surname lost the vowel e stem. In the Uralsk telephone directory for 2003, it was found among 3 subscribers. Topolinskaya fortress (1834), Sakmara town (1832).

Vtolkachev. Surname variant Tolkachev.

Second From a patronymic from a non-church personal name Second second(For example, Second-hand), were very common [Veselovsky 1974, 74]. They are also found in the materials of the census of Yaik Cossacks in 1632: Vtoroyko Ivanov, Vtorishka Pavlov Temnikovets. Localization: Iletsky town (1833), Uralsk (1876). Wed. Moscow clerk Spiridonko Vtorov (1649) [Tupikov 2004, 511], Ivan Vtorov (1646, Verkhoturye) [Parfenova 2001, 111], the surname Vtorov among the natives of Nizhny Novgorod [Book of Memory of Nizhny Novgorod, I, 577; II, 46].

Secondary From a patronymic from a non-church personal name Secondary, indicating the sequence of birth of children in the family. Names formed from an adjective second, are also found in the materials of the census of the Yaik Cossacks of 1632 (see. Vtorov).

Vykhlyantsov. From patronymic from nickname Vykhlyanets/Vykhlyanets– 1) from an adjective wobbly'cunning, fidgety, fickle' or noun wobble'vilyun, a fickle person, inclined to change his decisions', 'a type of bustard bird', 'a person with an uneven, staggering gait, fidgety' [Malecha, I, 231, 235]; 2) possible connection with river names Vikhlyaets, Vikhlyayka(both in the Tsna River basin in the Tambov region) [Smolitskaya 1976, 250], toponyms Vikhlyantsevo(village in Volgograd region), Vikhlyantsevsky(farm in the Volgograd region), Viflyantsev(farm in the Rostov region); in this case, the name could be assigned according to the name of the previous place of residence, before moving to Yaik.

Vyurkov. From a patronymic from a non-church personal name reel- from the word reel: 1) ‘top’ [Malecha, I, 319]; 2) ‘a stick with two holes or a tube’ [Malecha, I, 319]; 3) the name of the bird – mountain sparrow, sandpiper or any small bird; 4) figuratively ‘an efficient, lively person’. Localization: Topolinskaya fortress (1876), Kulaginskaya fortress (1876), Guryev (1877).

Vyaznikovtsev. The basis goes back to the katoikonym Vyaznikovets, indicating the previous place of residence. Vyazniki is a city in the Vladimir region. At least 5 people moved from there to Yaik [Malecha 1955, 284]. Localization: Kalmykov (1876).

PS. Some surnames are missing here because dictionary entries for them are not yet ready. I will list them: Volskov (the spelling in the source is unclear), Vorontsov, Vorochkin, Vostryakov, Vostyakov, Votyakov, Voyavotkin, Vyrovshchikov, Vystryakov, Vytyakov. In addition, it is possible that not all surnames begin with the letter IN reflected in the historical documents I examined.

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