Scale

Direct statements

Converse statements

Coefficient

Physical aggression

1, 25, 33, 48, 55, 62, 68

9, 17, 41

Indirect aggression

2, 18, 34, 42, 56, 63

10, 26, 49

Irritation

3, 19, 27, 43, 50, 57, 64, 72

11, 35, 69

Negativism

4, 12, 20, 23, 36

Resentment

5, 13, 21, 29, 37, 51, 58

Suspicion

6, 14, 22, 30, 38, 45, 52, 59

65, 70

Verbal aggression

7, 15, 28, 31, 46, 53, 60, 71, 73

39, 66, 74, 75

Guilt

8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 47, 54, 61, 67

Walls

Results in points

Interpretation

Physical aggression

Indirect aggression

Verbal aggression

Irritation

Negativism

Suspicion

Guilt

Resentment

0 - 20

low level

20 - 30

0 - 14

31 - 41

15 – 25

average level

42 -52

26 – 36

53- 63

37 – 47

increased level

64 -74

48 – 58

75 - 85

As mentioned above, physical, indirect and verbal aggression together form a total index of aggressive reactions, and resentment and suspicion form an index of hostility.

Using this technique, it is necessary to remember that aggressiveness, as a personality trait, and aggression, as an act of behavior, can be understood in the context of a psychological analysis of the motivational-need sphere of the individual. Therefore, the Bass-Darkey questionnaire should be used in conjunction with other methods: personality tests of mental states (Cattell , Spielberger ), projective techniques (Luscher ) and so on.

Stimulus material of the Bassa-Darki questionnaire

1. At times I cannot control the desire to harm others. Not really

2. Sometimes I gossip about people I don’t like. Not really

3. I get irritated easily, but calm down quickly. Not really

4. If they don’t ask me kindly, I won’t do it. Not really

5. I don't always get what I'm supposed to. Not really

6. I don't know what people say about me behind my back. Not really

7. If I don't approve of my friends' behavior, I let them feel it. Not really

8. When I happened to deceive someone, I experienced painful remorse. Not really

9. It seems to me that I am not capable of hitting a person. Not really

10. I never get so irritated that I throw things. Not really

11. I am always forgiving of other people's shortcomings. Not really

12. If I don’t like the established rule, I want to break it. Not really

13. Others know how to almost always take advantage of favorable circumstances. Not really

14. I am wary of people who treat me a little more friendly than I expected. Not really

15. I often disagree with people. Not really

16. Sometimes thoughts come into my mind that I am ashamed of. Not really

17. If someone hits me first, I will not answer him. Not really

18. When I get irritated, I slam doors. Not really

19. I am much more irritable than I think. Not really

20. If someone imagines himself to be a boss, I always act against him. Not really

21. I am a little saddened by my fate. Not really

22. I think that many people don't like me. Not really

23. I can't resist arguing if people don't agree with me. Not really

24. People who shirk work should feel guilty. Not really

25. Anyone who insults me and my family is asking for a fight. Not really

26. I am not capable of rude jokes. Not really

27. I get angry when people make fun of me. Not really

28. When people pretend to be bosses, I do everything so that they do not become arrogant. Not really

29. Almost every week I see someone I don't like. Not really

30. Quite a lot of people are jealous of me. Not really

31. I demand that people respect me. Not really

32. It depresses me that I don’t do enough for my parents. Not really

33. People who constantly harass you are worth getting punched on the nose. Not really

34. I am never gloomy with anger. Not really

35. If people treat me worse than I deserve, I don’t get upset. Not really

36. If someone makes me angry, I don't pay attention. Not really

37. Although I don’t show it, I am sometimes consumed by envy. Not really

38. Sometimes it seems to me that they are laughing at me. Not really

39. Even if I am angry, I do not resort to “strong” expressions. Not really

40. I want my sins to be forgiven. Not really

41. I rarely fight back, even if someone hits me. Not really

42. When things don’t go my way, I sometimes get offended. Not really

43. Sometimes people irritate me just by their presence. Not really

44. There are no people whom I truly hate. Not really

45. My principle: “Never trust “strangers.” yes / no

46. ​​If someone annoys me, I am ready to say what I think about him. Not really

47. I do a lot of things that I later regret. Not really

48. If I get angry, I might hit someone. Not really

49. Since childhood, I have never shown outbursts of anger. Not really

50. I often feel like a powder keg ready to explode. Not really

51. If everyone knew how I felt, I would be considered a difficult person to work with. Not really

52. I always think about what secret reasons force people to do something nice for me. Not really

53. When people shout at me, I start shouting back. Not really

54. Failures make me sad. Not really

55. I fight no less and no more often than others. Not really

56. I can remember times when I was so angry that I grabbed something that came into my hand and broke it. Not really

57. Sometimes I feel like I'm ready to start a fight. Not really

58. Sometimes I feel that life treats me unfairly. Not really

59. I used to think that most people tell the truth, but now I don’t believe it. Not really

60. I only swear out of anger. Not really

61. When I do wrong, my conscience torments me. Not really

62. If I need to use physical force to protect my rights, I use it. Not really

63. Sometimes I express my anger by banging my fist on the table. Not really

64. I can be rude to people I don’t like. Not really

65. I have no enemies who would like to harm me. Not really

66. I don’t know how to put a person in his place, even if he deserves it. Not really

67. I often think that I have lived wrong. Not really

68. I know people who can bring me to a fight. Not really

69. I don't get upset over little things. Not really

70. It rarely occurs to me that people are trying to make me angry or insult me. Not really

71. I often only threaten people, although I do not intend to carry out the threats. Not really

72. Lately I have become a bore. Not really

74. I usually try to hide my bad attitude towards people. Not really

75. I would rather agree with something than argue. Not really

By creating your own questionnaire differentiating manifestations of aggression and hostility, A.Bass And A.Darki The following types of reactions have been identified:

• Physical aggression– the use of physical force against another person.
• Indirect- aggression directed in a roundabout way at another person or not directed at anyone.
• Irritation– readiness to express negative feelings at the slightest excitement (hot temper, rudeness).
• Negativism– an oppositional manner of behavior from passive resistance to active struggle against established customs and laws.
• Resentment– envy and hatred of others for real and fictitious actions.
• Suspicion– ranging from distrust and wariness of people to the belief that other people are planning and causing harm.
• Verbal aggression– expression of negative feelings both through form (screaming, screeching) and through the content of verbal responses (curses, threats).
• Guilt– expresses the subject’s possible belief that he is a bad person, that he is doing evil, as well as the remorse of conscience he feels.

The following principles were used when compiling the questionnaire:

• The question may only apply to one form of aggression.
• questions are formulated in such a way as to weaken to the greatest extent the influence of public approval of the answer to the question.

The questionnaire consists of 75 statements to which the subject answers “yes” or “no.”

Test material

1. At times I cannot control the urge to harm others
2. Sometimes I gossip about people I don't like
3. I get irritated easily but calm down quickly
4. If they don't ask me kindly, I won't do it.
5. I don't always get what I'm supposed to
6. I don't know what people say about me behind my back
7. If I don't approve of my friends' behavior, I let them feel it.
8. Whenever I deceived someone, I felt painful remorse
9. It seems to me that I am not capable of hitting a person
10. I never get angry enough to throw things.
11. I am always forgiving of other people's shortcomings
12. If I don't like a rule, I want to break it
13. Others know how to almost always take advantage of favorable circumstances
14. I am wary of people who treat me a little more friendly than I expected
15. I often disagree with people
16. Sometimes thoughts come into my mind that I'm ashamed of
17. If someone hits me first, I won't hit him back
18. When I'm annoyed I slam doors
19. I'm much more irritable than I think
20. If someone imagines himself to be a boss, I always act against him
21. I'm a little sad about my fate
22. I think a lot of people don't like me
23. I can't help but argue if people don't agree with me.
24. People who shirk work should feel guilty
25. Anyone who insults me and my family is asking for a fight.
26. I'm not capable of rude jokes
27. I get angry when people make fun of me
28. When people pretend to be bosses, I do everything to prevent them from becoming arrogant
29. Almost every week I see someone I don't like
30. Quite a lot of people are jealous of me
31. I demand that people respect me
32. I'm depressed that I don't do enough for my parents.
33. People who constantly harass you are worth getting punched on the nose.
34. I'm never gloomy with anger
35. If I'm treated worse than I deserve, I don't get upset
36. If someone makes me angry, I don't pay attention
37. Although I don't show it, I sometimes get jealous
38. Sometimes I feel like they're laughing at me
39. Even if I'm angry, I don't use strong language
40. I want my sins to be forgiven
41. I rarely fight back even if someone hits me
42. When things don't go my way, I sometimes get offended
43. Sometimes people irritate me just by their presence
44. There are no people I truly hate
45. My principle: “Never trust “strangers”
46. If someone annoys me, I'm ready to say what I think about him
47. I do a lot of things that I later regret
48. If I get angry I might hit someone
49. Since childhood I have never shown outbursts of anger
50. I often feel like a powder keg ready to explode
51. If everyone knew how I felt, I would be considered a difficult person to work with
52. I always think about the secret reasons that make people do something nice for me.
53. When people yell at me, I start yelling back.
54. Failures make me sad
55. I fight no less and no more often than others
56. I can remember times when I was so angry that I grabbed something that came into my hand and broke it.
57. Sometimes I feel like I'm ready to start a fight
58. Sometimes I feel like life is treating me unfairly
59. I used to think that most people were telling the truth, but now I don't believe it.

Test for determining aggressiveness and hostility

Instructions: Put “yes” (+) in the answer form next to the numbers of those provisions with which you agree. “No” (-) - next to the numbers of those provisions with which you do not agree.

1. At times I cannot control the urge to harm others.

2. Sometimes I gossip about people I don't like.

3. I get irritated easily, but calm down quickly.

4. If I am not asked in a good way, I will not fulfill the request.

5. I don't always get what I'm supposed to.

6. I know that people talk about me behind my back.

7. If I don't approve of my friends' behavior, I let them feel it.

8. If I happened to deceive someone, I experienced painful remorse.

9. It seems to me that I am not capable of hitting a person.

10. I never get irritated enough to throw things.

11. I am always forgiving of other people's shortcomings.

12. If I don't like a rule, I want to break it.

13. Others know how (better than I) to almost always take advantage of favorable circumstances.

14. I am wary of people who treat me a little more friendly than I expected.

15. I often disagree with people.

16. Sometimes thoughts come into my mind that I am ashamed of.

17. If someone hits me first, I won't hit him back.

18. When I get irritated, I slam doors.

19. I'm much more irritable than people think.

20. If someone pretends to be a boss, I always act against him.

21. I'm a little saddened by my fate.

22. I think a lot of people don't like me.

23. I can't resist arguing if people don't agree with me.

24. People who shirk work should feel guilty.

25. Anyone who insults me or my family is asking for a fight.

26. I'm not capable of rude jokes.

27. I get angry when people make fun of me.

28. When people pretend to be bosses, I do everything so that they do not become arrogant.

29. Almost every week I see someone I don't like.

30. Quite a lot of people are jealous of me.

31. I demand that people respect my rights.

32. It depresses me that I don't do enough for my parents.

33. People who constantly harass you are worth a punch on the nose.

34. I am sometimes gloomy from anger.

35. If I'm treated worse than I deserve, I don't get upset.

36. If someone makes me angry, I don't pay attention to them.

37. Although I don't show it, sometimes I get jealous.

38. Sometimes I feel like they are laughing at me.

39. Even if I'm angry, I don't use “strong” language.

40. I want my mistakes to be forgiven.

41. I rarely fight back, even if someone hits me.

42. When things don't go my way, I sometimes get offended.

43. Sometimes people irritate me simply by their presence.

44. There are no people I truly hate.

45. My principle: “Never trust strangers.”

46. If someone annoys me, I'm ready to say everything I think about him.

47. I do a lot of things that I later regret.

48. If I get angry, I might hit someone.

49. Since I was ten years old, I have never shown an outburst of anger.

50. I often feel like a powder keg ready to explode.

51. If everyone knew how I felt, I would be considered someone who was not easy to get along with.

52. I always think about what secret reasons make people do something nice for me.

53. When people yell at me, I start yelling back.

54. Failures make me sad.

55. I fight no less and no more often than others.

56. I can remember a time when I was so angry that I grabbed something that came into my hand and broke it.

57. Sometimes I feel like I'm ready to start a fight.

58. Sometimes I feel like life is treating me unfairly.

59. I used to think that most people were telling the truth, but now I don't believe it.

60. I swear out of anger.

61. When I do wrong, my conscience torments me.

62. If I need to use physical force to protect my rights, I use it.

63. Sometimes I express my anger by banging the table with my fist.

64. I can be rude towards people I don't like.

65. I have no enemies who would like to harm me.

66. I don't know how to put a person in his place, even if he deserves it.

67. I often think that I have lived wrong.

68. I know people who can bring me to a fight.

69. I don't get angry over little things.

70. It rarely occurs to me that people are trying to make me angry or insult me.

71. I often just threaten people, although I have no intention of carrying out the threats.

72. Lately I've become a bore.

73. When arguing, I often raise my voice.

74. I usually try to hide my bad attitude towards people.

75. I would rather agree with something than argue.

Bassa-Darki test keys

TreatmentThe Bass-Darki questionnaire is produced using indices of various forms of aggressive and hostile reactions, which are determined by summing up the responses received.

1 . Physical aggression:

"yes" - No. 1, 25, 33, 48, 55, 62, 68 "no" - No. 9, 17, 41

2 . Indirect aggression:

"yes" - No. 2, 18, 34, 42, 56, 63 "no" - No. 10, 26, 49

3 . Irritation:

"yes" - No. 3, 19, 27, 43, 50, 57, 64, 72 "no" - No. 11, 35, 69

4 . Negativism:

“yes”— No. 4, 12, 20, 23, 36----

5 . Resentment:

"yes" - No. 5,13,21,29,37,51,58 "no" - No. 44

6 .Suspicion:

"yes" - No. 6, 14, 22, 30, 38, 45, 52, 59 "no" - No. 65, 70, 30

7. Verbal aggression:

“yes” - No. 7, 15, 23, 31, 46, 53, 60, 71, 73 “no” - No. 39, 66, 74, 75

8 . Remorse, guilt:

“yes” - No. 8, 16, 24, 32,40, 47, 54, 61, 67----

The questionnaire identifies the following forms of aggressive and hostile reactions.

Physical aggression (assault) - the use of physical force against another person.

Indirect aggression - this term understands both aggression, which is directed in a roundabout way at another person (gossip, malicious jokes), and aggression, which is not directed at anyone - explosions of rage, manifested in screaming, stomping, beating the table with fists, etc. d. These explosions are characterized by lack of direction and disorder.

Tendency to irritation(in short - irritation) - readiness to display temperament, harshness, and rudeness at the slightest excitement.

Negativism- an oppositional measure of behavior, usually directed against authority or leadership; this behavior can increase from passive resistance to active struggle against established laws and customs.

Resentment- envy and hatred of others, caused by a feeling of bitterness, anger at the whole world for real or imaginary suffering.

Suspicion- distrust and caution towards people, based on the belief that others intend to cause harm.

Verbal aggression- expression of negative feelings both through form (quarrel, screaming, screeching) and through the content of verbal responses (threats, curses, swearing).

Remorse(feelings of guilt) - answers to questions on this scale express the restraining influence of feelings of guilt on the manifestation of forms of behavior that are usually prohibited (by social norms). This item expresses the degree to which the subject is convinced that he is a bad person who does wrong things, and whether he has remorse.

Physical aggression, indirect aggression, irritation and verbal aggression together form a total index of aggressive reactions, and resentment and suspicion - hostility index.

Blank Bassa - Darky

Full name_________________ Age___

Date of examination _________________

Description of the technique

The Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (abbr. BDHI) is designed to identify the level of aggressiveness of respondents. The questionnaire consists of 75 statements. A.A. is standardized in Russian. Hwang, Yu.A. Zaitsev and Yu.A. Kuznetsova in 2005.

Theoretical basis

• as an innate human reaction to “protect the occupied territory” (Lorenz, Ardrey);
• as an attitude towards domination (Morrison);
• as an individual’s reaction to the surrounding reality that is hostile to a person (Horney, Fromm).

Theories linking aggression and frustration have become very widespread (Miller, Doob, Dollard).

Aggression is understood as a property, a quality of personality, characterized by the presence of destructive tendencies, mainly in the field of subject-subject relations. Probably, the destructive component of human activity is necessary in creative activity, since the needs of individual development inevitably form in people the ability to eliminate and destroy obstacles, to overcome what opposes this process.

Aggression has qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Like any property, it has varying degrees of expression: from almost complete absence to its extreme development. Each personality must have a certain degree of aggressiveness. Its absence leads to passivity, submissiveness, conformity, etc. Its excessive development begins to determine the entire appearance of the personality, which can become conflicting, incapable of conscious cooperation, etc. Aggression itself does not make the subject consciously dangerous, since, on the one hand, the existing connection between aggressiveness and aggression is not rigid, and, on the other, the act of aggression itself may not take consciously dangerous and disapproved forms. In everyday consciousness, aggressiveness is synonymous with “malicious activity.” However, destructive behavior in itself does not have “malevolence”; what makes it so is the motive of the activity, those values ​​for the sake of achieving and possessing which the activity unfolds. External practical actions may be similar, but their motivational components are directly opposite.

Based on this, we can divide manifestations of aggression into two main types: the first is motivational aggression, as an intrinsic value, the second is instrumental, as a means (implying that both can manifest themselves both under the control of consciousness and outside it, and are associated with emotional experiences (anger, hostility). Practical psychologists should be more interested in motivational aggression as a direct manifestation of the implementation of destructive tendencies inherent in a person. Having determined the level of such destructive tendencies, it is possible with a high degree of probability to predict the possibility of manifestation of open motivational aggression. One of these diagnostic procedures is the Bass-Darkey questionnaire.

Validation

The standardization sample consisted of 646 adolescents aged 16–17 years living in the city of Novokuznetsk, studying in secondary schools (400 people), gymnasiums (180 people), and orphanages (66 people). With this selection of subjects, we sought to ensure the representativeness of the sample.

This sample was tested for normal distribution. The values ​​were calculated separately for each scale of the questionnaire, in two versions:

1. for “raw” points, where 1 point is awarded for each match with the key
2. “raw” points are multiplied by the proposed coefficient

Both indicators do not exceed three times their representativeness error, from which we can conclude that the distribution does not differ from normal. Thus, it can be argued that the introduction of a coefficient does not distort the data.

To check the stability of the distribution, the half distribution (obtained on half the sample) was checked. The robustness of a distribution is tested to determine the ability of a sample to simulate the distribution of the population. The assumption is that if the half distribution models the configuration of the whole distribution well, then the whole distribution will also model the population distribution well. 323 questionnaires were randomly selected from the sample and calculated in the manner described above. The results obtained also indicate that the distribution does not differ from normal.

“Raw” points are converted into “walls”. The arithmetic mean in “raw” scores is taken as the starting point. Intervals equal to ½ standard deviation are measured to the right and left.

When comparing the types of distribution, it was found that the distributions of the scales physical aggression, verbal aggression, negativism and guilt are significantly different from the distributions of the scales indirect aggression, irritation, suspicion, and resentment.

In addition, a correlation comparison was made between all scales of the questionnaire. Almost all scales are positively correlated with each other, at a significance level of p = 0.01 and p = 0.05. No correlation was found between the scales: physical aggression/guilt, verbal aggression/resentment, verbal aggression/guilt, and negativism/guilt. The strongest positive correlation was found between the scales: indirect aggression/irritation (0.52), suspicion/resentment (0.48), verbal aggression/irritation (0.45).

Internal structure

A. Bass, who adopted a number of provisions of his predecessors, separated the concepts of aggression and hostility and defined the latter as: “... a reaction that develops negative feelings and negative assessments of people and events.” When creating their questionnaire differentiating manifestations of aggression and hostility, A. Bass and A. Darkey identified the following types of reactions:

1. Physical aggression– the use of physical force against another person.
2. Indirect- aggression directed in a roundabout way at another person or not directed at anyone.
3. Irritation– readiness to express negative feelings at the slightest excitement (hot temper, rudeness).
4. Negativism– an oppositional manner of behavior from passive resistance to active struggle against established customs and laws.
5. Resentment– envy and hatred of others for real and fictitious actions.
6. Suspicion– ranging from distrust and wariness of people to the belief that other people are planning and causing harm.
7. Verbal aggression– expression of negative feelings both through form (screaming, screeching) and through the content of verbal responses (curses, threats).
8. Guilt– expresses the subject’s possible belief that he is a bad person, that he is doing evil, as well as the remorse of conscience he feels.

The following principles were used when compiling the questionnaire:

• The question may only apply to one form of aggression.
• questions are formulated in such a way as to weaken to the greatest extent the influence of public approval of the answer to the question.

Procedure

Instructions

Listen carefully to the statements. If you agree with the statement, then put a “+” sign; if not, put a “-” sign.

Processing the results

The hostility index includes scales 5 and 6, and the aggressiveness index (both direct and motivational) includes scales 1, 3, 7.

According to Rogov E.I., the value of the indicators of hostility and aggressiveness is equal to the sum of the indicators of their component scales:

• Hostility= Resentment + Suspicion;
• Aggressiveness= Physical aggression + Irritation + Verbal aggression.

According to Khvan A.A. et al., the value of these indicators is equal to the arithmetic mean of the component indicators (since the maximum level in all cases is 100 standard points):

• Hostility= (Resentment + Suspicion)/2
• Aggressiveness= (Physical aggression + Irritation + Verbal aggression)/3

Interpretation of results

According to Rogov E.I., the norm for aggressiveness is its index value equal to 21 ± 4, and for hostility – 6.5-7 ± 3. At the same time, attention is drawn to the possibility of achieving a certain value indicating the degree of manifestation of aggressiveness.

Khvan A.A. et al. offers a more complex scheme. The raw scores for each scale must be multiplied by a coefficient, the purpose of which is to bring the maximum value for each scale to 100 points. These points are then converted into walls:

As mentioned above, physical, indirect and verbal aggression together form a total index of aggressive reactions, and resentment and suspicion form an index of hostility.

Using this technique, it is necessary to remember that aggressiveness, as a personality trait, and aggression, as an act of behavior, can be understood in the context of a psychological analysis of the motivational-need sphere of the individual. Therefore, the Bass-Darki questionnaire should be used in conjunction with other methods: personality tests of mental states (Cettell, Spielberger), projective methods (Lusher), etc.

Literature

1. Workshop on the psychology of states: Textbook / Ed. prof. O.A. Prokhorova. – St. Petersburg: Speech, 2004
2. Practical psychodiagnostics. Methods and tests. Textbook. - Samara: Publishing House "Bakhrakh", 1998
3. Semenyuk L.M. Psychological characteristics of aggressive behavior in adolescents. - M.-Voronezh, 1996
4. Khvan A.A., Zaitsev Yu.A., Kuznetsova Yu.A. Standardization of the questionnaire by A. Bass and A. Darka./Psychological diagnostics, 2008, No. 1, - p. 35-58.

An aggressive reaction is one of the ways in which a person solves the problems facing him. As a rule, it occurs in difficult and complex circumstances in which the individual feels psychological tension. Aggressive behavior can be directed directly at a target or expressed through aggressive actions.

Purpose of the test

The Bass-Darki technique was developed to examine the level of manifestation of the main symptoms of aggression and hostility. The test includes situations that happen to an individual in interaction with family members, while studying or at work. The test examines the main destructive tendencies, relationships, negative experiences, as well as assessments of events.

What is aggression

Aggression is a type of behavior that is intended to cause harm to someone. It is usually a response to unpleasant conditions created by others, frustrating conditions that prevent a person from achieving what he wants. Aggressive behavior is divided into two types: direct, when a person openly expresses his hostility; and also indirect, when irritation is hidden under malicious ridicule, irony, and hostile attitude.

At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish aggression (specific actions directed against other people) from aggressiveness (a personality trait manifested in a willingness to demonstrate hostile behavior). It is believed that a person does not possess this trait from birth. Researchers argue that aggressiveness is acquired during ontogenesis and is a special form of behavior that is largely related to social learning.

Two types of aggression

Using the Bassa-Darki technique, it is possible to quantify the various manifestations of aggressiveness in an individual. A. Bass proposed to distinguish between two types of reactions: those that manifest themselves externally in relation to specific individuals (he called this type “aggressiveness”), as well as a reaction that consists in a person’s general distrust of others. The latter was called "hostility" by the researcher.

The phenomenon of aggression

The description of the Bassa-Darka technique will be of interest primarily to psychologists, teachers, and internal organ workers. For a long time, scientists could not give an exact definition of this widespread phenomenon. Researchers Bass and Darkey were the first to consider hostility as a complex phenomenon.

Test used worldwide

Currently, the Bassa-Darki technique is widely used both in domestic psychological practice and abroad. This test is of particular value also because the manifestation of aggression must be correlated with its motivation, the internal intentions of the aggressor. This is what most researchers think.

Motivation for aggression

Scientists also agree that causing harm is not necessarily the main goal of aggressive behavior. The attacker may be guided by other motives - to control the situation, dominate the individual, or form in the victim an identity that will be more favorable to them. The results of the Bass-Darki technique make it possible to judge both the severity of a single symptom of hostile behavior and the motivation of the individual. Of course, it cannot be denied that in some cases behavior can be determined by the simultaneous action of different types of motivation. An aggressor can seek to assert his power by any means.

Principles of the questionnaire

When compiling the questionnaire, scientists relied on the following principles:

1. One question relates to only one part of aggressive behavior.
2. Questions are designed in such a way as to reduce as much as possible the influence of possible approval or disapproval of society on the subject’s answer.

The latter in the Bassa-Darki aggression method is achieved using the following methods. Firstly, in each of the answers there is already an assumption that a state disapproved by society (for example, indignation or anger) has already occurred, and the subject must give an answer only regarding the ways of expressing it. Thus, the individual does not need to evaluate the causes of this condition and only describe it.

Information obtained during the survey

The questions are designed so that the study participant does not blame himself for hostile behavior. Thirdly, the test uses familiar colloquial expressions and cliches. The Bass-Darki technique allows you to assess various forms of hostile and aggressive behavior. Using this test, you can make sure that it has different severity in different categories of subjects.

Motivation Research

The questionnaire also allows you to obtain information about the direction in which an individual is ready to act. The results obtained when using the Bass-Darki technique for diagnosing aggressiveness also indicate aspects of the subject’s motivational sphere. After all, the choice of a certain model of behavior is always carried out in interaction with real meaning-forming motives. This technique is of particular value when working with aggressive teenagers and criminals, as it helps to clarify the motivation of actions.

Types of reactions in the test

The Bassa-Darki aggressiveness technique allows you to evaluate 8 types of different reactions.

1. Irritability is a person’s readiness to express negative experiences even with a low level of psycho-emotional arousal (hot temper).
2. Negativism is a manner of communication in which an individual takes the oppositional side.
3. Resentment is anger at others for their real or imagined actions.
4. Suspicion. It ranges from distrust of other people, a desire to stay away from society, to a strong belief that people constantly cause harm and do bad things.
5. Manifestations of physical aggression. One of the most important scales in research using the Bass-Darka method.
6. Indirect - a reaction that is directed at strangers or at no one from the environment.
7. Verbal (speech) aggression. Expressed both through sounds (squeals or screams) and through verbal responses.
8. Guilt. This is a person's belief that he is inherently bad and his actions are evil. This attitude is subjectively felt as remorse.

Bassa-Darki technique for diagnosing aggressive behavior

The instructions to the subject are very simple: you need to write “yes” next to those statements with which he agrees, and “no” that do not correspond to his opinion about himself.

1. Sometimes I can't fight the urge to physically harm other people.
2. From time to time I gossip about people who are unpleasant to me.
3. I quickly get irritated, but just as easily come to a state of calm.
4. If they don’t ask me in a nice way, I won’t do it.
5. I don't get what I need every time.
6. I'm sure people gossip behind my back.
7. If I don't like my friends' behavior, I let them know about it.
8. If I needed to deceive someone, then after that I felt pangs of conscience.
9. I think I am incapable of striking a man.
10. I never get angry enough to throw things.
11. I am always forgiving of other people's weaknesses.
12. If I don’t like a rule set by someone, I always try to break it.
13. Others are much better at taking advantage of favorable circumstances than I am.
14. I am always wary of those who behave more friendly towards me.
15. I often disagree with others.
16. From time to time, thoughts come into my mind that make me feel ashamed.
17. If someone strikes me first, I will not respond.
18. When I'm annoyed, I slam doors indoors.
19. I get much more irritated than people around me might think.
20. If someone tries to pretend to be a leader, I will always act against him.
21. My life makes me a little sad.
22. I'm sure a lot of people don't like me.
23. I can't help but argue when others disagree with my opinions.
24. Those who try to shirk work should feel guilty and ashamed.
25. People who insult me ​​or my family members are asking for a fight.
26. I am incapable of making rude jokes.
27. When people laugh at me, I get furious.
28. When people start imagining themselves as leaders, I do everything I can to stop them being arrogant.
29. Almost every week I come across someone I don't like.
30. Many people are jealous of me.
31. I demand from others that they respect my dignity and rights.
32. I am upset that I cannot properly support my parents financially.
33. People who always get on my nerves are worth hitting.
34. Because of my anger, I often feel gloomy.
35. I am not disappointed if someone treats me worse than I deserve.
36. If someone tries to piss me off, I won't pay attention to it.
37. Despite the fact that I don’t show it, I’m often consumed by feelings of envy.
38. I often feel like people are laughing at me.
39. Even if I'm angry, I won't use swear words in conversation.
40. I would like to be forgiven for my mistakes.
41. Even if someone raises a hand against me, I rarely fight back.
42. If something doesn't turn out the way I would like, I get offended.
43. Often, just by their presence, some people make me feel irritated.
44. There are no people I really hate.
45. My motto is: “Never trust strangers.”
46. If someone makes me feel irritated, I am ready to express everything I think about him.
47. I do a lot of things that I later regret.
48. If I'm angry and irritated, I might hit someone.
49. Since I was 10 years old, I have never shown anger.
50. Sometimes I feel like a powder keg that will explode at any second.
51. If other people had information about how I feel, they would consider me a very difficult person to get along with.
52. I often think about what makes other people do good things for me.
53. If they raise their voice at me, I start doing it in response.
54. Failures upset me.
55. I get into fights no more or less often than others.
56. I can remember such cases when, out of anger, I grabbed the first object I came across and broke it.
57. Sometimes I feel like I can initiate a fight.
58. I am often treated unfairly.
59. I used to think that most people always tell the truth, but now I don’t think so.
60. I swear out of anger and irritation.
61. If I do wrong things, my conscience begins to torment me.
62. If in order to protect my rights I need to use physical force, I will do it.
63. I often express my anger by slamming my fist on the table.
64. I often behave rudely towards those I don't like.
65. I have no enemies who would like to harm me.
66. I can't even put in place someone who deserves it.
67. Often it seems to me that I have lived wrong.
68. I know people who can even drive me into a fight with their words.
69. I don't get irritated by unimportant things.
70. I very rarely think that someone wants to intentionally insult me ​​or make me angry.
71. I often threaten others, although I have no intention of carrying out my threats.
72. Over the past few years I have become a real bore.
73. In an argument, I often raise my voice.
74. As a rule, I try to hide my negative attitude towards people.
75. I'd rather agree with something than get into an argument.

Bassa-Darka technique - interpretation

By summing up the answers obtained as a result of the study, the psychologist determines the level of various types of manifestations of aggressiveness.

So, if you wish, you can not put it off and try to take the test yourself right here and now.