Based on the novel “The Master and Margarita. Essay “The problem of moral choice in the prose of M. A. Bulgakov. Based on the novel “The Master and Margarita: Bulgakov’s moral lessons in general”

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When I read the novel “The Master and Margarita,” I had to re-read the chapters several times, because this novel is extremely difficult to understand, especially for a person who has very little reading experience. But at the same time, I learned some moral lessons for myself.
The most important conclusion for me from what I read was that in addition to material values, there are also spiritual ones, the latter are even much more important. Before reading the novel, I only thought about my own success, of course I thought about my family and helping my loved ones. But after I read The Master and Margarita, I tried to change my views, and I think I partially succeeded. I became friendlier and more sociable, I began to pay attention to the beauty that is around me, I began to appreciate every moment.
What is also important is that a person without faith degrades. A person needs some kind of faith. In the novel, everything is built on faith and non-belief in God. But I believe that in addition to faith in God, you also need to believe in tomorrow. Once upon a time, some time ago, I did not believe in God, which I really regret. But one day an incident occurred after which I could not help but believe in Him. I won't say that I saw Him, but I felt Him. After that, my life became brighter. What does the novel “The Master and Margarita” have to do with it? Despite the fact that the people in this novel were not free people. They only see what they are given to see. And so they see only what lies under their feet. They cannot, do not know how, they are not allowed to develop spiritually, and even materially.
In the novel, Woland knows the price of everything: ignorance and lack of spirituality, passion for money. He also recognizes what is truly true and valuable - the creativity of the Master, the love and dignity of Margarita, the repentance of Pontius Pilate. He has no contempt for people. Unlike the people themselves. People are unable to admit that spiritual values are much more important than material ones. It is possible that they are simply “not allowed” to believe in anything.
Bulgakov looked to the future, look at what is happening now in Ukraine - this is lack of faith. But this is all for a reason. Someone controls these people and also does not allow them to believe. More precisely, they are told to believe what the “main” people think is important. As the author wrote in the novel.
I'm glad I read this novel. He helped me look at life from different sides, and I saw what I had not noticed before.
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My discovery in the novel "The Master and Margarita"
“His punctured memory subsides, and until the next full moon no one will disturb the professor. Neither the noseless murderer of Gestas, nor the cruel fifth procurator of Judea, the horseman of Pontius Pilate.” This is how Mikhail Bulgakov ends his last, “sunset” novel, “The Master and Margarita.” In these lines the reader is informed about the fate of Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev after incredible events that occurred in Moscow, which were discussed in the work. The visit of Satan and his retinue did not go unnoticed. The lives of the people who met them changed dramatically or ended completely. And it seems that I myself am in the same state after reading: “He can’t cope with this full moon. As soon as it begins to approach, as soon as the luminary, which once hung above two five-candles, begins to grow and fill with gold, Ivan Nikolaevich becomes restless, nervous, loses appetite and sleep, and waits for the moon to ripen. And when the full moon comes, nothing will keep Ivan Nikolaevich at home. In the evening he goes out and goes to the Patriarch’s Ponds.” In the same place, on Patriarch's Street, the novel began. The ring composition used by the writer even more clearly emphasizes the changes that have occurred in Ivan Nikolaevich, with whom the plot began to unfold. Like him, when I opened the book, I was one person, and when I closed it, I was another.
Ivan, then still the poet Bezdomny, listens to every word of his comrade, a convinced atheist, Mikhail Berlioz. Ivan writes an anti-religious poem on his order, where, as expected, he exposes Jesus as a negative character. But it turns out that his poem still recognizes the very existence of God. Naturally, the customer does not like this, and with great interest he begins to prove the absurdity of such an opinion. Their conversation is heard by Woland, an unusual visitor to the capital, and, in fact, the devil himself. It is believed that he is punishing Berlioz (he will have his head cut off) and Bezdomny (he will end up in a mental hospital) for ignorance. Then the question arises, why did they commit the same sin, but paid for it differently? Therefore, I think that this order from Woland cannot be considered as a punishment. The ignorant not only denied the existence higher powers, but they also refuted all the evidence of this that was once given. So Woland decided to bring new ones, to convince them that there is something that is beyond the control of man, that his fate is in the hands of precisely this force. “Your head will be cut off!” - he proclaims to Berlioz, not to Ivan. The homeless man was given a chance to change his views, because he was not simply ignorant, he was in error (he did not himself “climb into the wilds” like Berlioz), he was misled.. Berlioz, fellow writers and the whole society (“In In our country, atheism does not surprise anyone." So to speak, by the method of persuasion, Woland is opposed to Yeshua Ha-Nozri, Bulgakovk’s Jesus. He says to Pilate, who was tormented by hemicrania: “You are not only unable to speak to me, but it is difficult for you to even look at me. And now I am unwittingly your executioner, which saddens me. You can’t even think about anything and dream only that your dog, apparently the only creature to which you are attached, will come. But your torment will now end, your headache will go away.” Both Woland and Yeshua prove the power of higher powers, but in different ways. Through these characters, Bulgakov shows the confrontation between God and the devil, light and darkness, good and evil.

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But let's return to the poet. His name haunted me. Ivan. John. Disciple... of Jesus. Pardoned...by God. It turns out strange, Satan has mercy on John. Then it gets even stranger, stunned by the death of Berlioz, exactly as Woland predicted, Ivan rushes in pursuit of the company responsible for it and on the way grabs... an icon and a candle. But so far he doesn’t understand why. As I already wrote, he ends up in a psychiatric hospital. I immediately remember his conversation with Woland:
“Have you, citizen, ever been to a mental hospital?
<…>
- Happened, happened, and more than once! - he [Woland] cried, laughing, but without taking his unlaughing eyes off the poet, “where have I been!” It’s just a pity that I didn’t bother to ask the professor what schizophrenia is. So you yourself find out from him, Ivan Nikolaevich! It was Woland who sent him there. In the hospital, something even more incredible happens to Ponyrev - he splits. “The old Ivan” remained with his atheistic beliefs, and the “new” one already believed in “evil spirits” (“But this is the most interesting thing! The man was personally acquainted with Pontius Pilate, what do you need even more interesting?” “And instead of raising the stupidest fuss against the Patriarchs, wouldn’t it be smarter to politely ask about what happened next with Pilate, these arrested Ga-Notsri?” he says to old Ivan). The winner in this confrontation is new Ivan. Bulgakov says “unrecognizable Ivan”, Ivan believed... but in whom? In Woland or Yeshua? In God or the devil? For good or evil? This question tormented me until I came to the following lines:
“If you are coming to me, then why didn’t you greet me, former tax collector? - Woland spoke sternly.
“Because I don’t want you to be healthy,” answered the one who entered boldly.
“But you’ll have to come to terms with this,” Woland objected, and a grin twisted his mouth. “No sooner did you appear on the roof than you immediately made an absurdity, and I’ll tell you what it is - in your intonations.” You spoke your words as if you did not recognize shadows, and also evil. Would you be so kind as to think about the question: what would do your good, if evil did not exist, and what would the earth look like if shadows disappeared from it? After all, shadows come from objects and people. Here is the shadow of my sword. But there are shadows from trees and from living creatures. Don't you want to rip it all off? Earth, having swept away all the trees and all living things because of your fantasy of enjoying the naked light? You are stupid".
There is no one without the other! There is no light without shadow. There is no good without evil. By believing in God, you acknowledge the existence of the devil. And vice versa. "You'll have to come to terms with this." Ivanushka (as the author now calls Ivan) believed in Jesus after meeting Satan. Woland is the “spirit of evil” and “lord of shadows.” Yeshua is light itself, goodness itself. Their powers are equal, and their opposition is destined to be eternal. And it is carried out in the human heart. Therefore, “mercy sometimes knocks on their hearts,” and sometimes they are possessed by “satanic laughter.” Therefore, on equal terms they use the seemingly unremarkable phrases “damn it” and “for God’s sake” in everyday life. There is no one without the other! This explains the puzzling combinations that occurred in the novel: Woland in the clothes of a priest, pouring church-like light through the windows into the place where Satan resides, hiding from the light of Yeshua. Sometimes good prevails over evil, sometimes vice versa, but evil will never swallow up good, good will never cover up evil. This confrontation is eternal. Ga-Notsri is sure that all people are “good people,” but Woland sees in them only sins and vices. They are both right and wrong. People are both good and evil
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This means that in an evil person there is something bright, then it is worth recognizing that something bad is hidden in a good person. But if a person shows his good start in most cases, this does not mean that his evil side will never show up. And even if he turns off the right path, nothing will stop him from returning back. Every moral choice is not easy for a person, within him there is a struggle. You just need to remember that this choice is only part of the great confrontation. There is no need to idealize those who have done good, no need to judge those who have sinned.
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Olga! I have read and re-read your essay several times! No no! Not an essay! This is your view of the world through the lens of a novel. What I really wanted to feel! Now it is fashionable and important to talk about reflection. I don't like this word. I like the word catharsis. And that’s true! This is LITERATURE!!! It all starts with your phrase: “Like him, when I opened the book, I was one person, and when I closed it, I was another.” I read about what you wanted to say in class - all the time! - but this opportunity did not always present itself: you delicately fell silent when other children entered into conversation. And now... finally! What can I tell you? I am glad that I have such a student, smart, inquisitive, delicate and subtle, conducting a constant dialogue within herself! Such fresh, sincere work! Thank you! 5+++
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As I once promised you, Oksana Petrovna, I started reading, and now I like this matter. Thank you for this hotel!
Of course, I did not regret that the list of books I have read now includes M. A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita.” After reading, much remained unclear. In class, everything became clear to me thanks to your monologues. In general, misunderstanding of the content of Bulgakov’s works is very common, this is due to the fact that the information that the author wants to convey to the reader is hidden in the depths of his works, and does not lie on the surface of the lines, ready to be given to any person who opens the book. No. The book will be understood by those who read it completely. The book will be understood only by a spiritually developed and deeply thinking reader who is able to rethink what he has read and look through the prism of the work at the world. I am sure that I did not understand everything that the author wanted to convey. What discoveries did I make? What did this novel teach me?
The book makes you believe in mystical, otherworldly forces, which in the novel are personified in Woland and his retinue. Why did Woland appear in Moscow at all? And why in Moscow? I think that they visited Moscow because it is the capital of the USSR. In Moscow, people were intimidated by the authorities, they were driven and afraid to say anything, everyone thought only of themselves. And one of the main problems of the novel is the problem of cowardice. It was for cowardice that the Jewish procurator Pontius Pilate was punished with immortality. He was afraid of losing his high rank, and, succumbing to the opinion of the crowd (although his views differed from the views of the masses) sentenced Yeshua to death. Pilate’s conscience torments him and he will never have peace - he understands that Yeshua was right, and he showed cowardice and baseness of soul. At the end of the work, Yeshua forgives Pilate for this sin. God is merciful.
Woland wanted to see if people had changed, to find out if the temple had been built new faith, which Yeshua spoke about. It turned out that people had not changed at all. They are just as deceitful and greedy, cowardly and envious, greedy, they also do not believe in God, they have no moral values and “only sometimes mercy knocks on their hearts.” An example of this is the chapter “Black Magic and Its Exposure.” Throughout the entire work, Woland and his retinue expose the vices of human society and punish everyone according to their deserts. So Berlioz’s head was cut off by a tram for his lack of faith and spreading his wrong opinion about God, and Styopa Likhodeev was simply sent to Yalta for his drinking, Varenukha was made a vampire, but after some time he was released, on the condition that he would not be rude and lie in the future. telephone (later he again holds the position of administrator of Variety, and he becomes polite and responsive), Maximilian Andreevich Poplavsky gets off with a conversation with the Cat and a “good” farewell to Azazello for coveting his nephew’s apartment. In general, everyone gets what they deserve. The Moscow Society is based on material values, but where are the moral, spiritual values?

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In contrast to this rotten society, the author creates Margarita. She is merciful, and her love is real and sincere. She sacrifices herself to see the Master, who, in despair, leaves Margarita without telling her anything. She becomes the queen at Satan's ball and endures terrible torment. She gives her soul to the devil in the name of love. But when the time comes to say her wish, she asks Woland to stop Frida’s torment. Woland fulfills Margarita's wish, and for mercy gives her a second one. Later, Yeshua asks Woland to give Margarita and the Master peace of mind and deprive them of earthly worries. And this is the merit of Margarita, and for the fact that the Master did not insist on his own, gave up and even began to burn the novel, they were only promised peace. The most difficult thing is to remain yourself under any circumstances and not change your own views, not give up. After all, Yeshua did not give up his words, realizing that this would have saved his life. This, according to the author, is the most important thing, and I share this point of view. There are many more lessons in the story, but I wanted to talk about these. They, in my opinion, are the most important.
These are the lessons the novel “The Master and Margarita” taught me.
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Denis, there are speech defects and rough edges that are not typical for you. I think that's the cost of writing on a blog. I liked the essay. Sincere, rethought, felt. 5. As for untimeliness, you are far from the last. Almost in the forefront. You just have more responsibility, and that makes me very happy!
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Sabina, I would be very grateful if you duplicated your essay here on the page. Why? It is unusually deep. With meaning. From the point of view of today, it is so relevant, because you have your own vision of the problems of the novel, but not in isolation from the novel, but on the BASIS of the novel, on the basis of rethinking. A very interesting take on Margarita. And in the light of the current times, issues of living in a multicultural world, respect for faith, national and religious identity, human responsibility, your work is a clear evidence of a highly developed person, capable of experiencing pain and feeling desire - constant! - to self-improvement. I saw the main thing: children like you feel the need for peace, love, harmony and respect for PERSON. regardless of his religion. This is what is so important today, in today's world. And we learn from the BEST jobs! Is it true?
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Oksana Petrovna, your feedback on the essay is the best praise! Your opinion is very important to me, thank you for teaching me to think deeply.
"Moral Lessons novela: my discoveries"
Every person at least once thinks about what truth, honor, love, faith are? After reading the novel by M.A. Bulgakov’s “The Master and Margarita” we ask ourselves the question: does the person himself really control his life and everything that happens in it? This was Bezdomny’s answer to Woland’s question “If there is no God, then who controls human life?” Then another question from Woland immediately arises: “How can a person manage everything if he cannot even vouch for his own tomorrow?”
What moral discoveries can you make for yourself by analyzing the novel? We understand that for every sin there is a punishment, that a person must be responsible for his thoughts, desires, actions, first of all, before the Almighty.
Bulgakov reveals the vices of the inhabitants of Moscow in the 30s through the appearance of the devil and his retinue in the city. Through conversations, suggestions, and subsequently punishment, the author tries to convey to the reader: no matter what actions a person commits, only he himself will be responsible for them, and this is inevitable.
The homeless person appears to us as an ordinary average resident of the USSR with his atheistic beliefs, who freely, without any fear of the Almighty, admits this. Drawing a parallel, we understand that our time is not much different from that time. People also love money, lie, commit sins every minute, considering them insignificant. Many do not believe in God and convince others of this - they rewrite the holy books, distorting God's covenants to suit their beliefs.
Margarita leaves her husband, although he did nothing bad to her, “he was honest and adored his wife.” She did not need wealth and luxury and she decides to go to the master, but, not finding her lover, Margarita returns again to her unloved husband. So if she was unhappy, why did she return to him? And why didn’t she immediately leave him, because “since she got married, she hasn’t known happiness.” Based on this act, we can make the assumption that she is still drawn to these conveniences. After all, this is human nature - to get used to good things.
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Why does Margarita sell her soul to the devil? Out of love for the master? After all, love is given by God, and only he unites hearts. This desperate act can be explained by the fact that she does not think about the seriousness of the decision and its irreparable consequences. This proves her spiritual underdevelopment or self-sacrifice to the “wrong forces.” The temptation of love became for her a disastrous step into the world of Satan.
Faith in the Almighty and keeping God's covenants is the road to salvation - light.
Thanks to Prince Vladimir, the baptism of Rus' took place. People opened their hearts to God and thereby took the path of truth, learned mercy and compassion. But at the beginning of the 20th century, after a change of power in Russia, abnormal human values replaced God's covenants. Destruction of churches, physical violence, murder, deception - all this took possession of human hearts. By abandoning God, man opened the “door” to the devil. All this led to chaos, wars (Civil War, First World War, Second World War). Over the years, several generations have grown up who have only seen massacres, hatred of each other and human vices. But the words of the Prophet Muhammad, “The Day of Judgment will come when there is not a single believer left on Earth,” prove that even if the Day of Judgment did not come during this period, there were still hearts in which the fire of faith in the Almighty burned. Faith, which has been formed and maintained for years, cannot be taken away from a person by prohibition or propaganda of unbelief. There are cases that prove the fact that even a non-believer becomes a believer when difficult times overtake him. life situation. And this situation helps a person find the truth that comes through faith in God.
So what controls a person? No, not the person himself, but the One whom he will accept into his heart. Whether it is the Almighty or the devil is everyone’s business. By letting God into your heart, you acquire knowledge of the truth, spiritual development, freedom coupled with responsibility before Him. You find the right path that will lead you to the light. Having accepted the devil, you will experience all worldly pleasures, they will take you captive, feelings such as cowardice, envy, anger, and pride will appear. They will distance you from God, you will get stuck in them, and then it will be difficult to find the path of truth and light.
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Sabina,
1. "abnormal human values" - speech error(the word abnormal) or put it in quotation marks.
2. in the sentence “they prove that, if during this period the Day of Judgment did not come, then there were still hearts in which the fire of faith in the Almighty burned” - a comma is needed before the conjunctive word, which is not needed before if, because with the confluence conjunctions (in particular, what if) are not used in the presence of the word then. And vice versa. If there is no word, a comma is added. Do you remember?
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In literature lessons, we, students, reason in different topics from the works we have read. And from every lesson and work we draw our own moral lessons and discoveries. We recently finished studying Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita. In this work, various themes are revealed to us: both basic and cross-cutting. The most important themes of this work, in my opinion, are: the theme of the love of the Master and Margarita, the theme of human greed, the theme of sin and punishment for it. I would like to reflect on the theme of love in this novel. It all started when they simply met on the street and immediately fell in love with each other. They both realized that they had found the people they had loved a long time ago. This feeling appeared so quickly that even we, the readers, cannot believe that this could happen. After this, Margarita began to secretly, in secret from her unloved husband, go to the basement of the small house where the Master lived. By that time, the Master had already finished writing his work about Pontius Pilate. This novel became for Margarita everything that is in her life. When the Master takes his novel to the editor, he is refused permission to publish the work. And there are even articles in newspapers that criticize the novel with enormous criticism. Subsequently, the Master loses the meaning of life, not realizing that the real meaning of life for him is Margarita. The master is so disappointed with what is happening that he decides to burn his novel, but Margarita takes the last bundle of sheets out of the fire. Isn't this a manifestation true love and faith in the Master? Even after the Master disappeared from Margarita’s life, specially ending up in a clinic for the mentally ill, Margarita never lost her thoughts about the Master, she sincerely, truly loves him and wants to find him in her favorite ways. She makes a deal with the devil to return the missing Master, she becomes a witch, and then the queen of the Satanic ball, thereby signing herself up for heartbreaking torment. But she endures them in the name of love. As a result, the devil fulfilled his promise; he found a Master for Margarita. Margarita appears before us as a symbol of true, true love. She is ready to do anything for her lover. The discovery of this work, for me, is the true love between the Master and Margarita, they continue to love each other no matter what. In my opinion, if a person truly loves, he is ready to do anything to preserve love. After all, true love “inspires” a person, he wants to fly. For me, the love of the master and Margarita is the main discovery in my life, as well as the standard of true love, this is the kind of love a person should strive for!
Trofimov Misha
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Anastasia Prokopyeva
Bulgakov wrote his novel “The Master and Margarita” in last years life, but he did not have time to finish the novel to the end, and after his death, the novel was finished by his wife. The novel “The Master and Margarita” was not recognized at first - only a few people understood that this was a Great work, among these people was Maria Tsvetaeva. Many years later, after Bulgakov's death, this novel brought world fame to its creator. “The Master and Margarita” is a novel about love and duty, about the inhumanity of evil, about true creativity, which is always overcoming untruth and fooling people in society, about good and evil, about the true values of man, as well as about society, which puts its own interests are above all, for which the most important thing is money, fame, in other words, the novel “The Master and Margarita” is about those eternal values that are dear to every moral person, as well as to society as a whole.
In the novel “The Master and Margarita”, the author talks about many problems that concern him. One of them are problems such as justice and human moral choice. But what is morality? For me personally, morality is nothing more than indoor installation individuals to act according to their conscience and free will, but, in my opinion, main idea is that free will and freedom of choice are the basis of moral or immoral affairs. Only our willingness to act according to our conscience or vice versa for the sake of our own goals, without thinking about others. It is all these qualities that can determine our spiritual and moral level. Bulgakov also asks this question and shows us the answers to them in his novel.
So, the problem of justice is connected with the image of Woland and his retinue. Bulgakov’s contemporary Moscow is depicted by the writer as the embodiment of hell on earth, where all the vices known to mankind reign, thus Woland came to Moscow in order to check whether people have changed. It is they who act as judges, bringing fair retribution to everyone according to his merits: punished for bribery Nikonor Ivantoich Bosoy, for lying - Varenukha, for idleness and debauchery - Styopa Likhodeev, for denunciations - Baron Meigel, for bureaucracy - the head of the branch, for fraud - the barman, for bad and mediocre poetry - Ivan Bezdomny.
The idea of mercy is connected in the novel with the image of Margarita. It is this woman, far from a saint, who sold her soul to the devil, who suddenly shows mercy. Being the queen of Satan's ball and having the opportunity to ask Woland to fulfill her cherished desire, Margarita makes an unexpected request.
Of course, her greatest dream was to be reunited with the Master. However, at the ball this woman saw a man who, in her opinion, needed help more than herself. This was the unfortunate Frida, who strangled her child with a handkerchief. The prom queen asks the woman to be forgiven. And Frida receives it and, thus, Margarita made her moral choice in favor of another person, and not for her own sake, she put the feelings of another person, completely unknown to her, above her feelings.
Each person decides for himself moral problems.But only some people make a choice in favor not only, thinking about themselves and for themselves, now in our time there are a lot of such people, but also in favor of another person, such people may imagine themselves in their place and ask the question “A How hard is it for them now and how do they feel?” and such a person in the novel was Margarita. Thus, I believe that the novel “The Master and Margarita” will be relevant, both today and many years later, since it touches on the main problems in the life of each of us, problems that cannot but pass by...

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In literature lessons we study and analyze various works of fiction. One of these works is the novel by Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”. I believe that after reading it, absolutely no impressions can arise. It must be admitted that Bulgakov’s novel is very complex, and in some places simply confusing. It contains a lot of secrets, mysteries and ambiguities, about which many critics still argue. But this is precisely what makes it so interesting and relevant in our time.
Of course, much in the novel is not understood, but the novel carries within itself an extremely deep meaning and, oddly enough, this meaning is contained in two heroes who say things that make you think: Yeshua Ha-Nozri and Woland. Everyone who read this novel formed their own opinion, everyone took something from this work that they needed for themselves, and, of course, many questions arose in connection with the work. The same question arose for me, namely: “What is truth? In my opinion, the truth is present in every line of this novel. And Satan Woland is the one who carries it. Truth is that which is created by God and is not defiled. What has not been touched by the hand of a person who always does everything for his own good. It is unlikely that we will ever know what it is. And if we do find out, we will not be able to explain it to others, because it is inside us.
Each hero of the novel experienced the “meeting” with Woland and his retinue in his own way. In The Master and Margarita, Woland appears as a bearer of truth, like Yeshua, but unlike him, he punishes people for bad deeds. And the bribe-taker Bosoy, the financial director and director of the Variety Rimsky and Likhodeev, and the entertainer Georges Bengalsky, and the bartender Sokov. All of them were severely punished by Woland’s retinue, however, in my opinion, they wondered why everything was happening to them. There is no need to even talk about the poet Ivan Bezdomny, who in the course of the novel radically changed his views on life. The meeting with the Master made him reconsider a lot. They all had unpleasant memories of meeting Satan and his retinue.
The novel “The Master and Margarita” depicts true life and false life. Bulgakov contrasts these two lives with each other. In the epilogue, he shows the life of the city, which seems to be closing in a circle. The city has lost everything spiritual and talented, which left it along with the Master. I lost everything beautiful and eternally loving, gone with Margarita. He has lost everything that was true. Finally, Woland left with his retinue, who, oddly enough, is also the hero of true life, because it is he who exposes the lies and pretense of the inhabitants of Moscow. What is left in the city as a result? People living an ordinary, devoid of any feelings, untrue life. Those people who are doomed to communicate only with the material side of life. A feat truly worthy of respect is accomplished by Margarita. She overcomes her own fear, desperately believes in the Master’s talent and makes self-sacrifice, giving her soul to the devil. Therefore, Margarita creates her own destiny, guided by high moral principles. Probably, this is precisely the kind of behavior that Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” teaches.

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The novel “The Master and Margarita”, in my opinion, is the most confusing work of M.A. Bulgakov. This novel is considered mystical, since it made just such an impression on most readers. But in fact, for me this novel became something special, not mystical. The novel “The Master and Margarita” teaches us a lot as readers. M.A. Bulgakov reveals in his novel the bitter truth about people, about their happiness. People are very greedy and selfish, their happiness is in money. And many may not agree with this, but this is how it has always been and will always be.
I would like to talk about people and how they pay for their sins, namely how Woland punishes them. At the beginning of the novel, Woland appears before Berlioz and Ivanov Bezdomny at the Patriarch's Ponds. Berlioz and Bezdomny at this time judged Christ and rejected his existence. Woland kindly joined them, as he was very surprised that they were talking about such an important topic. He tried to convince them that God and the Devil exist. But Berlioz was soon punished for what he said. And we, the readers, understand that Woland is the Devil.
Woland's retinue consisted of such strange creatures: the Behemoth cat, Bassoon, Azazello. All of them obeyed only the Devil. Woland and his retinue provoke Muscovites to do bad things, and then punish them themselves. I liked the episode " Black magic and its exposure." This episode takes place at the Variety Theater. Woland introduced himself to everyone as a black magician and that evening he had a performance in this very theater. Woland and his retinue walked onto the stage, he quietly ordered that a chair be brought to him, and at that very second a chair appeared on the stage. The audience was amazed at the chair that appeared out of thin air. Woland, sitting down on a chair, began to talk with Fagot about people. He noticed that the people had changed in appearance as well as the city itself. Afterwards the performance itself began. At the end of the performance, boutiques with imported expensive clothes appeared on the stage itself. Bassoon convinced the entire public that all the clothes in these boutiques are absolutely free. After these words, everyone rushed to the stage to pick up their clothes. People were and will be greedy, Woland was convinced of this, and that is why he punished those people who showed this greed. When they left the theater, all the things they took from those expensive boutiques were gone. These people were left on the street wearing only their trousers.
M.A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” is absolutely unique work. The author gives an accurate description and assessment of Muscovites and people in general, their essence, habits and morals. People are capable of both evil and good. I’m ashamed to talk about this, but still, I probably relate specifically to these Muscovites of the thirties of the twentieth century.

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Nikita Zyabiltsev
Each of the works that we study in literature lessons is unique. And absolutely each one teaches us something... In literature lessons we discuss and analyze themes of love, various actions of heroes and much more, but after reading the novel by M.A. Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita" I saw something new in literature, something that I had never encountered in works of fiction. These are peculiar parallels drawn between good and evil by Bulgakov. Undoubtedly, many people find it difficult to read this novel, but reading the novel did not cause any difficulties for me; on the contrary, it was very interesting to find out how the plot ends. This novel is one of the most mysterious works of Bulgakov, and perhaps among all the works of various authors of that time. It talks about what we cannot imagine in reality, it talks about Satan in the image of a “Foreigner”, or, as it seemed, about the inconspicuous Yeshua Ha-Nozri in the image of Jesus. This moral novel teaches a moral lesson to everyone and, in my opinion, no one will remain indifferent after reading it. I am sure that everyone who read it made a very deep conclusion within themselves.
I also made this conclusion for myself: there is only one truth - this is Jesus (Yeshua), and Woland is one of those who restores justice. Despite the fact that this novel was easy for me to read, a deep rethinking was going on inside me.

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When Margarita receives a magic cream as a gift from Azazello, she, feeling the power, decides to take revenge on Latunsky, who once criticized the master’s novel: “But it’s him! It was he who destroyed the master.” With this thought, Margarita destroyed the critic’s apartment. “They say that to this day the critic Latunsky turns pale, remembering this terrible evening.” If he had been at home that evening and met an embittered guest, who knows what kind of torment Latunsky would have experienced from Margarita, who had received the power of the Devil, and it is unlikely that the heroine herself would be able to live with this sin in her heart. Bulgakov wanted to say that what Margarita wanted to do was not her path, which once crossed, you cannot return back. God protected Margarita from this fate, and maybe Woland himself, because it was he who cut off the head of Berlioz, at whose funeral the critic was present that evening.

There is a constant battle going on in the hearts of each of us. The struggle between good and evil, God and the Devil. This war has been going on for many years, from the beginning of humanity to this day, and this dispute is unlikely to subside, for such is the human essence - “Mercy sometimes knocks on their hearts,” but not always. The world maintains a balance of good and evil, and each of them depends on the other: if there were no good, chaos would reign in the world; if there were no evil, people would be mortally bored with life. However, I don’t remember the second in the history of mankind, which cannot be said about the first.
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” displays this internal struggle within Margarita, which impresses us throughout the entire novel, although we cannot talk about the absence of evil in her soul.
When Margarita receives a magic cream as a gift from Azazello, she, feeling the power, decides to take revenge on Latunsky, who once criticized the master’s novel: “But it’s him! It was he who destroyed the master.” With this thought, Margarita destroyed the critic’s apartment. “They say that to this day the critic Latunsky turns pale, remembering this terrible evening.” If he had been at home that evening and met an embittered guest, who knows what kind of torment Latunsky would have experienced from Margarita, who had received the power of the Devil, and it is unlikely that the heroine herself would be able to live with this sin in her heart. Bulgakov wanted to say that what Margarita wanted to do was not her path, which once crossed, you cannot return back. God protected Margarita from this fate, and maybe Woland himself, because it was he who arranged the death of Berlioz, at whose funeral the critic was present that evening.
Despite her sins, Margarita is still a positive character. After Woland's ball, she was offered the fulfillment of any desire. First, she asked Woland to lift the curse of Frida, the woman whom Margarita met for the first time. She donated by one's own desire in favor of a stranger - and it’s worthy, good deed. Not every person is capable of self-sacrifice...
Very strange. Sometimes we can notice that Satan plays the role of God: he forgives sins (Frida and her damned handkerchief), he can build human destinies (the death of Berlioz), and thanks to this we like Woland and his retinue. But still, this is the Devil, how can he be liked mentally? adequate person. And you catch yourself thinking: “Is everything okay with me!?”

While reading this novel, I realized one thing main idea: There are no ideal people, all people are sinful. An ideal person- this is only a model that we can imagine and describe, but it will not reflect reality. Jesus, of course, can be considered ideal. This is why he is God, to be ideal, to carry the word of God, to show the way to the salvation of humanity. However, not everyone perceives Jesus as a real person...

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Moral lessons of the novel: my discoveries
Do all our thoughts materialize? And which ones do it faster? Like ours internal dialogue, our desires, which we do not always talk about, come true? Who helps us in this, God or Satan? These questions arose for me after reading Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita.” At first, the course of events in the novel seemed to me like another satire. A few months later, I accidentally watched the film “The Secret,” which touched on the topic of our consciousness. Having looked at the scientific point of view, I decided to re-read Bulgakov’s novel again and compare the information received. The film proved that our thoughts materialize thanks to physical laws. From Bulgakov’s point of view, our internal dialogue is heard by God, and rash desires spoken out loud are heard by Satan. And rash desires come true much faster than those that you don’t, that you don’t voice. Why? Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov in his novel “The Master and Margarita” explains this by saying that Satan is always close to us. He hears us more often. And God helps us weed out the husks of our desires and helps us fulfill our deepest desires.
Since ancient times, people have become accustomed to thinking that the human soul is susceptible to radical changes. The most dangerous manifestation of this mood is the belief that a change in the social structure of society will automatically entail a transformation of the human soul. That is why Woland appears in Moscow to see how society has changed since the meeting of Yeshua Ha-Nozri and Pontius Pilate. Having compared the people of that era with modern Muscovites (30s), Woland comes to the following conclusion: “Well... they are people like people. They love money, but this has always been the case... Humanity loves money, no matter what it is made of, whether leather, paper, bronze or gold. Well, they are frivolous... well... and mercy sometimes knocks on their hearts... ordinary people... In general, they resemble the old ones...” Years, centuries, millennia pass, eras change, the world of things surrounding a person changes, but the people themselves remain the same - this is the thought to which Bulgakov persistently leads the reader. To confirm this idea, the novel draws a parallel between the Yershalaim era and “modern” Moscow. However, Voladn and his retinue (according to many) are doing evil. But it seems to me that, by punishing people, they expose their true essence, exposing for everyone to see the vices hidden in human society. Having made such a small conclusion, the meaning of the tricks in Variety becomes clear to us. Woland and his retinue test Muscovites for frivolity (our rash desires), hypocrisy ( major vice society), greed, gluttony (and these are deadly sins) and mercy. However, in Chapter 12 (Black Magic and Its Exposure), during the performance, rash words are heard from the audience, and the poor entertainer Bengalsky's head is torn off. The public is horrified, but only one female voice“suddenly, covering the din, sounded from the box” and asked to return the head to the poor entertainer. And this (at first) single voice blocked all the vices of Muscovites. The head was immediately returned to its place. Which once again proves that Satan fulfills our every desire. But at the same time, as Yeshua said, all people are good, only they are forced to hide the goodness in themselves: the situation that has developed in the world of hypocrisy and fear is not conducive to mercy. But it is worth noting that the Bible is an instruction manual for life. To quote the Bible, we are conscious of the image and likeness of God. Is not it? “The Master and Margarita” is a complex but immortal work, because the problems raised in this novel are always relevant. Problems of good and evil, lies, love, freedom, conscience. Each hero in this novel commits actions that his conscience tells him.
In order to understand what people are like now and how the human soul is being transformed, Bulgakov's Satan Woland arrives in Moscow.
Comparing the people of the era of Jesus and the Muscovites of the 20s, we come to the conclusion that people are no different: “They love money, but this has always been the case... humanity loves money... In general, they resemble the previous ones...” Years will pass, centuries will change era, but the people will remain the same. The chapter “Execution” describes the scene of the execution of Yeshua. The execution is carried out according to open place, under the scorching sun, there is “hellish heat”, but this does not scare anyone from the crowd who wants to watch the spectacle.
The same thirst for spectacle is inherent in people two millennia later. After a black magic session at Variety, a kilometer-long crowd gathered outside the theater building. “By ten o’clock in the morning there was a line of people thirsty for tickets until the air reached the point where rumors about her reached the police...” Both in ancient Yershalim and in modern Moscow, people have an inherent love for money and the blessings of life. The chapter “Black Magic and Its Exposure” tells how, during the performance, money rained down on the audience and the audience began to catch pieces of paper, checking their authenticity, showing through the watermarks, fun and amazement gripped the theater. “A voice was heard on the mezzanine: “What are you grabbing? That's mine! It was flying towards me!” In this episode, it is clear what money can transform people into, how quickly someone obsessed with becoming the owner of pieces of paper loses their pride and dignity.
But mercy sometimes knocks on people’s hearts. During the execution, the executioner gives Yeshua something to drink, and he asks the robber hanging on a nearby pillar to drink. In the face of death, Yeshua cares for the man who hates. In Moscow, we see an expression of mercy in the same Variety Show, when the audience asks to forgive Bengalsky, whose head was torn off by Behemoth, and in Margarita’s request to forgive Frida, who killed a child.
Woland's idea that people do not change internally is repeatedly confirmed throughout the novel.
The author proposes a solution to the problem of good and evil by destroying evil. But Woland, in response to Matthew Levi, says: “You said your words as if you did not recognize shadows, as well as evil... what would your good do if evil did not exist?” Matthew Levi has nothing to object to this, and it’s true, everything is known by comparison. You can appreciate good only by knowing about evil. So can he refuse violent intervention in life or accept the world as it is?

Answer Delete

Subject: Biblical chapters and their role in solving moral problems in M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita.”

Goals and objectives of the lesson.

1. Find out for what purpose M. Bulgakov introduces biblical stories and their heroes into his novel? How does he see and portray the main biblical characters of Jesus Christ and Pontius Pilate?

2. Determine what philosophical and moral problems the author raises and solves in the Yershalaim chapters? What does it warn us about, what does it warn us against?

3. Fostering a sense of responsibility for one’s actions, awakening the concepts of goodness, mercy, conscience, etc.

Lesson form  discussion of problems at a round table, discussion ( research based on the texts of the Bible and novels).

Decor:

1. Portrait of M. Bulgakov (performed by 11th grade students).

2. Bible, Gospel of Matthew.

3. M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”.

4. Illustrations for the scenes “Trial”, “Execution” (performed by 11th grade students).

5. Set up a stand with the works of last year’s graduates:

a) abstract “Biblical chapters and their role in solving the philosophical and aesthetic problems of M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”;

b) the essay “Letter to the Procurator of Judea Pontius Pilate”;

c) a report on the life and work of M. Bulgakov.

Epigraph for the lesson:“Yes, take any five pages from any of his novels, and without any identification you will be convinced that you are dealing with a Writer” (M. Bulgakov.)

Posters for the lesson:

1. “Cowardice is an extreme expression of inner subordination, lack of freedom of spirit, main reason social meanness on earth." (V. Lakshin.)

2. "Conscience   atonement for guilt, the possibility of internal cleansing" (E. V. Korsalova).

Lesson steps(On the desk):

1. Comparison of Bulgakov's plot with the gospel basis. The purpose of conversion and rethinking of the biblical story.

2. Pontius Pilate. Contrasts in the depiction of the main character of the Yershalaim chapters.

3. Yeshua Ha-Nozri. Sermons of a wandering philosopher: nonsense or the pursuit of truth?

4. Philosophical and moral problems raised in the Yershalaim chapters. Central problem.

5. Novel-warning. Creative problem solving.

During the classes.

1. Organizational moment.

2. Introduction to the lesson.

Teacher's word. I would like to start our first lesson on M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” with lines from the article by Elena Vladimirovna Korsalova - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of Literature - “Conscience, Truth, Humanity...”

“Finally, this talented Russian novel has come to school, embodying the author’s thoughts about his era and eternity, man and the world, the artist and power, a novel in which satire, subtle psychological analysis and philosophical generalizations..."

As a teacher, I completely agree with Elena Vladimirovna and will gladly repeat her words: “Finally, this talented Russian novel has come to school...” And I’ll add on my own behalf: the novel is complex, requiring deep thought and certain knowledge.

Today we begin to study it.

The topic of the first lesson is:

"Biblical chapters and their role in solving the philosophical and aesthetic problems of M. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita."

When you read this novel for the first time in the summer, I’m sure you noticed its composition. And this is no coincidence. The composition of the novel is original and multifaceted. Within the framework of one work, two novels interact in a complex manner:

1st - a story about the life fate of the Master,

2nd - a novel about Pontius Pilate created by the Master.

It turned out to be a novel within a novel.

The chapters of the insert novel tell about one day of the Roman procurator. They are dispersed in the main narrative about the Moscow life of the main character, the Master, and the people around him. There are only four of them (2, 16, 25 and 26 chapters). They wedge themselves into the mischievous Moscow chapters and differ sharply from them: in the severity of the narrative, the rhythmic beginning, the antiquity (after all, they take us from Moscow in the 30s of the twentieth century to the city of Yershalaim, also in the 30s, but in the first century).

Both lines of a single work modern and mythological explicitly and implicitly echo each other, which helps the writer to show his contemporary reality more broadly and to comprehend it (and this is one of the most important tasks of the writer M. Bulgakov, which he solves in all his works.)

Objectives of our lesson:

Draw parallels, check modern reality with the experience of world culture at the level eternal values, universal moral principles.

And the foundations of this moral experience are laid in Christianity. Anyone who reads the Bible can learn about them.

Compare Bulgakov's plot with the gospel basis, understand why Bulgakov turns to biblical plots, why he reinterprets and changes them;

Determine what philosophical and moral problems the author raises and solves, what he warns about.

I understand the complexity of the task for the first lesson, but I hope that by working with the texts of the Gospel and the novel at home, answering homework questions, with my help in class, at this round table together we can discuss many important issues and try to draw conclusions .

I ask you to boldly express your opinions, even if they are not entirely correct, controversial, listen carefully to the answers of your comrades, use signal cards (!) so that I can notice your desire to speak out in time. That is, I expect full-fledged work of thought and speech from you and I promise to be a good helper to you.

So let's get startedStage 1lesson. All three groups received the task.

1. Comparison of Bulgakov's plot with the gospel basis. Purpose of appeal and rethinking the biblical story.

introduction: To those who do not know the Bible, it seems that the chapters of Yershalaim paraphrase gospel history the trial of the Roman governor in Judea Pontius Pilate over Jesus Christ and the subsequent execution of Jesus. But a simple comparison of the Gospel basis with Bulgakov’s text reveals many significant differences.

1 question: What are these differences?

Let's look at your homework:

Age (Jesus - 33 years old, Yeshua - 27 years old);

Origin (Jesus son of God and Holy Virgin Mary, Yeshua is the father Syrian, and mother  woman of questionable behavior; he doesn’t remember his parents);

Jesus is god, king; Yeshua - poor wandering philosopher (position in society);

Absence of students;

Lack of popularity among the people;

He did not ride on a donkey, but entered on foot;

Changed the nature of the sermon;

After death, the body is kidnapped and buried by Matthew Levi;

Judas did not hang himself, but was killed by order of Pilate;

The divine origin of the Gospel is disputed;

The lack of predestination of his death on the cross in the name of atonement for the sins of mankind;

There are no words “cross” and “crucified”, but there are rough words “pillar”, “hang”;

main character not Yeshua (whose prototype is Jesus Christ), but Pontius Pilate.

2 Question: Why does M. Bulgakov turn to biblical stories and their heroes in his novel?  on the one hand and on the other  why, for what purpose does he rethink them?

The image of Yeshua Ha-Nozri depicts not the son of God, but the son of man, i.e. a simple person, although endowed with high moral qualities;

M. Bulgakov pays attention not to the idea of divine predestination, the predestination of death in the name of atonement for human sins, but to the earthly idea of power and social injustice;

By making Pontius Pilate the main character, he wants to convert Special attention on the problem of a person’s moral responsibility for what is happening around them;

Appeals to biblical stories and heroes to emphasize the importance of everything that will be discussed and the problems that will be solved.

Conclusion: Turning to the biblical story emphasizes the importance of what is described in the Yershalaim chapters, and the author’s rethinking of them is due to his desire to bring universal moral ideals closer to the earthly problems of power and human responsibility for happening.

Stage 2 of the lesson. Group 1 prepared materials for the question.

Pontius Pilate. Contrasts in the depiction of the main character of the Yershalaim chapters.

Teacher: I propose to start working on the image of Pontius Pilate from the text. Let us read the lines telling about the appearance in the palace of this significant and complex figure: "In a white cloak..."

Comments: One cannot help but feel the significance and special emotional content of this phrase even by ear. But then comes a phrase that immediately removes this aura of significance, emphasizing the hero’s earthly weaknesses, somewhat grounding him:

“More than anything in the world... since dawn” (p. 20, 2 paragraphs)

Conclusion: Thus, throughout the entire novel, the image of Pilate will combine the majestic features of a strong and intelligent ruler and signs of human weakness.

Let's turn to the text and find other examples of contrast there main artistic technique, which the author Bulgakov uses in his depiction of Pontius Pilate.

Majestic features of a ruler.

Human weaknesses.

1. In the past, a fearless warrior, the rider of the "golden spear".

2. Externally - the majestic figure of the all-powerful procurator.

3. Instills fear in everyone, calls himself “fierce”

monster."

4. Surrounded by a crowd of servants and guards.

5. Wants to be fair and help Yeshua.

6. Called upon to decide the destinies of people.

7. Sees that Yeshua is not guilty.

8. Delivered a verdict.

1. Hates the smell of rose oil.

2. Inside - Strong headache.

3. He is afraid of Caesar, hides cowardice, and is afraid of denunciations.

4.Lonely, only friend Bang the dog.

5. Lost faith in people, afraid of losing his career.

6. Sends an innocent person to his death.

7. Accuses you of things you don’t believe yourself.

believes.

8. He suffers in dreams and in reality.

Question: Why is there so much contrast in the image of the procurator Pontius Pilate?

Bulgakov wants to show how the good and evil principles fight in a person, how Pilate wants to be fair and commits evil.

Let's leave Pontius Pilate for a while and turn to another hero of the Yershalaim chapters Yeshua Ha-Nozri.

Stage 3 of the lesson.

Yeshua Ha-Nozri. Sermons of a wandering philosopher. Delirium or the pursuit of truth? (group 2).

Teacher: Let’s turn to the text again and see how the second hero of the Yershalaim chapters appears in the palace and in the novel.

"This man..." (p. 22).

"Bound instantly..." (p. 24).

"The arrested man staggered..." (p. 29).

Comments: This description creates an image of a pathetic, physically weak person who finds it difficult to endure bodily torture.

Question: What is this hero like internally? Is he as weak in spirit as in body?

Let's look at the text:

1. What is Ga-Notsri accused of?

2. What does he really preach? What does it claim?

The main accusations are in the words of the procurator: “So you were going to destroy the temple building and called on the people to do this?”

Sermons of Yeshua:

1. “All people are good,” “There is only one God... in Him I believe.”

2. "... the temple of the old faith will collapse and a new temple of truth will be created."

3. "... all power is violence over people and that the day will come when there will be no power, neither Caesars, nor any other power. Man will move into the kingdom of truth and justice, where no power will be needed at all."

Teacher: Let's talk about Yeshua's statements. Let's look at them through the eyes of Pontius Pilate.

1. Which of his statements is perceived by Pontius Pilate as nonsense, as harmless eccentricity?

2. Which of them is considered easily disputable?

3. What makes him tremble or fear? Why?

Pilate considers the first statement nonsense and disputes it in his own way: physically - with the help of the Rat Slaughterer, morally a reminder of the betrayal of Judas;

The second statement makes him mock: “What is truth?” The question should destroy the interlocutor, because... it is not given to man to know either the truth, or even what the truth is. For people this is a complex, abstract concept. How can you answer this question?

What would you answer?

You can expect a stream of abstract, vague words.

BUT: “The truth, first of all, is that you have a headache, and it hurts so much that you are cowardly thinking about death,” Yeshua's answer is simple and clear, the truth comes from a person and is closed on him.

This is a piece of truth that Pontius Pilate cannot dispute.

The 3rd statement caused fear in the procurator, because he is afraid of denunciations, afraid of losing his career, afraid of Caesar's reprisal, afraid of the pillar, i.e. afraid for himself.

Question: Is Yeshua afraid for himself? How is he behaving?

Yeshua is afraid of bodily torture. But he does not deviate from his convictions, does not change his views.

Question: What qualities of the hero are revealed to you in his preaching and behavior?

The main qualities of Yeshua: kindness, compassion, courage.

Teacher: In revealing the image of the second hero of the Yershalaim chapters, the technique of contrast is also used. The physically weak Yeshua Ha-Nozri turns out to be strong in spirit.

Teacher: Let's go back to the interrogation scene and see What does the Jewish philosopher think about the wandering philosopher? procurator?

Questions: 1. Did Pontius Pilate understand that Yeshua was not guilty? Is he sure about this?

Yes. “A formula was formed in the bright and light head of the procurator. It was as follows: the hegemon examined the case of the wandering philosopher Yeshua, and did not find any corpus delicti in it.”

2. Does he want to save him from a painful death? To be fair?

Yes. Pontius Pilate gave hints to Yeshua so that he would renounce his words about Caesar, sending a “hinting glance,” etc.

3. What feeling conquers all others in Pontius Pilate? How does this happen?

At first, Pilate wants to be fair and save the philosopher. But the latter’s reasoning about power plunges him into horror. "Dead!" then: “They died!” He makes an attempt to persuade Yeshua to renounce his words, but to no avail.

Fear turns out to be stronger than desire to be fair. He wins.

4. Find the words of the procurator in which the death sentence sounds.

- “You think, unfortunate... I don’t share” (p. 35)

Teacher: So, the internal struggle in Pontius Pilate between good and evil, between the desire to be fair or to pass a death sentence on the innocent is over.

The all-powerful procurator, an intelligent, wise ruler, became afraid, became cowardly, and became cowardly.

He goes through states: from fear - to cowardice - to meanness.

Question: Tell me at what stage of this logical chain you could still understand And justify Pilate? When not?

Fear is a physiological feeling (equal to fright), characteristic of all living beings, it is reflexive, like the instinct of self-preservation.

Those. Pilate could have experienced a feeling of fear, this is normal, not condemnable.

But man is a rational being. He is responsible for his actions. Pilate must not give in to fear, defeat cowardice, and remain completely true to himself and his convictions.

Sentence of death to an innocent person This is already meanness. And meanness it's immoral.

Accent: Cowardice  between fear and meanness. Fear does not always lead to cowardice, but cowardice to meanness is 1 step.

Conclusion: "Cowardice - undoubtedly one of the most terrible vices," Yeshua said so.

“No, philosopher, I object to you: this is the most terrible vice,” the inner voice of Pontius Pilate.

And indeed: “Cowardice is an extreme expression of internal subordination, lack of freedom of spirit, the main cause of social meanness on earth.”

So it was with Pontius Pilate: he committed meanness out of fear, out of cowardice. But that's not all. Pontius Pilate will save both his life and his career. But he will deprive himself of something very important.

What is this?

Pontius Pilate lost his peace. His conscience will torment him.

Did Pilate try to correct what he had done, how?

Yes. Orders to kill Judas. He will want to benefit Matthew Levi.

Will this calm him down?

No. “For about two thousand years he sits on this platform and sleeps, but when the moon comes, ... he is tormented by insomnia” (p. 461).

“He has no peace under the moon... he claims that he didn’t agree on something then... with the prisoner Ga-Notsri... more than anything in the world he hates his immortality and unheard-of glory.”

“Twelve thousand moons for one moon once upon a time, isn’t that too much?” asked Margarita.

Let's finish our conversation about the heroes of the biblical chapters and turn to their problems.

Stage 4 of the lesson. Group 3 prepared materials for the question.

Philosophical and moral-aesthetic problems raised in the Yershalaim chapters.

Teacher: Now I want to turn to group No. 3.

Their homework was a question about the problems of the novel posed by the author in the Yershalaim chapters. Listening to and participating in the statements in today's lesson, I think they were able to complete their homework sketches. And I give the floor to them.

Among all the problems of the novel “The Master and Margarita” we want to highlight two separate groups, which we could call: “philosophical” and “moral-aesthetic”.

Moreover, we noticed that these groups are different in quantitative terms. Because philosophy the science of the most general laws development of nature, society and thinking, then the philosophical problems, in our opinion, raised in these chapters, are also connected with the most general laws.

Therefore, we have identified the following problems of a philosophical nature:

What is good and evil?

What is truth?

What's the point human life?

Man and his faith.

Considering that “...morality this is a rule that determines behavior, spiritual and mental qualities necessary for a person in society, as well as the implementation of these rules, behavior,” we highlight the moral and aesthetic problems of the novel raised in the Yershalaim chapters:

Spiritual freedom and spiritual dependence.

A person's responsibility for his actions.

Man and power.

Social injustice in human life.

Compassion and mercy.

Question: Which of the problems posed by the author is, in your opinion, central?

The problem of a person’s responsibility for his actions, i.e. problem of conscience.

E.V. Korsalova confirms this idea in her article. She also talks about why conscience is given to man: “Conscience a person’s internal compass, his moral judgment of himself, the moral assessment of his actions. Conscience atonement for guilt, the possibility of internal cleansing."

Remember, children, these words.

Question for everyone: Which of these problems can be called contemporary to us, today?

All.

Conclusion. M. Bulgakov raised eternal, undying problems in his novel. His novel is addressed not only to his contemporaries, but also to his descendants.

We will continue to work on these issues in the next lesson.

Stage 5 of the lesson.

Romance warning. Creative problem solving.

"Roman Warning" This is a bitter writer’s prediction of what pictures could become reality if the current life spiral continues to unwind.”

These words from the critic’s article also apply to the novel by M. Bulgakov, who wants to warn us, all living people, against dealings with conscience, against spiritual lack of freedom.

I asked you to approach this issue creatively and solve it in an original way.

What came of it?

Group 1 prepared a drawing illustration for the scene "Court";

Group 2 prepared a drawing illustration for the "Execution" scene;

Group 3 completed last year’s work: 1) abstract “The role of the Yershalaim chapters in solving the moral and philosophical problems of the novel”; 2) the essay “Letter to the Roman procurator Pontius Pilate.”

And the guys also wrote poems, let them complete our lesson.

Summing up the lesson- assessments.

1. I am satisfied (not satisfied)… With what?

2. We coped with the tasks (we failed).

3. Difficulty of the topic and problem.

4. Collaborative work. Ratings for group members.

Homework:

2. For the topic “Satire in the Novel”, select material for the question: “Who does Woland punish and for what?”

3. Evil, greed, indifference, selfishness, heartlessness, lies their examples are in the Moscow chapters.

Poem "Pilate's Dream"

N.P. Borisenko

Pilate again has an endless dream:

The court is administered by the procurator, he is close to the truth.

In the past, the valiant Horseman of the Golden Spear,

How will he glorify his reign today?

Before him is kind and bright, radiant with kindness,

Like virtue itself, together with truth itself.

Good people, is this his crime?

That he walks around the world, sowing peace and goodness?

What brings healing through the walls of palaces

How does revelation itself see the world without fetters?

The procurator wrinkles his forehead. Be brave, hegemon,

Is the damned fear generated in you?

Innocent, you know, so say it, don’t be silent.

Whose fate are you deciding on this moonlit night?

He remained silent... did not correct... did not save him from the pillar...

And he sent himself, not him, to torment.

And there is no peace for the soul - the punishment is terrible:

To be immortal to the hero and his vice.

Cowardice, meanness out of fear the most terrible vice!

Conscience is your chopping block,

Cross - immortality period!

Behind the lesson line

In preparation for this lesson The class was divided into three working groups, each of which received a specific task: one big question (see questions 2, 3, 4 in the “Lesson Stages” section) and a general task (see question 1).

A creative solution to the problem of a novel-warning (see question 5) is designed to individual abilities students (in poetry, fine arts, etc.).

2. The assignment for the next lesson on the novel is also advanced in nature. Questions 1 and 2 are given to the whole class, but Question 3 can be assigned to groups or given as an individual task.

With his story M.A. Bulgakov wanted to show his attitude to the events taking place in the early 20s in Russia. He reflected on the topic of revolution and what the new society would be like. That's why he came up with it scientific experiment allegedly carried out by a certain professor Preobrazhensky.

The professor imagined himself to be God because he decided that he could create people. He transplanted a human pituitary gland into a stray dog. The person for this experiment was chosen poorly, since the pituitary gland of a drunkard and rowdy would not bring anything good. As a result, the professor created a man named Polygraph Sharikov, who had the most terrible heart. He adopted all the habits and manners of that same alcoholic. He ridiculed the intelligentsia and successful people.

Bulgakov wanted to convey to the reader the idea that if the country is ruled by the likes of Sharikov, then the country is doomed. Preobrazhensky realized that it is possible to create any person, even a scientist, but what is the point? God himself decides where and when a man of genius should be born. The professor regretted his experiment. He says that in order to be a real person, you must not just look like a person, but have certain moral values.

M.A. Bulgakov showed that a person cannot become related to the Lord. The laws of nature should not be violated in the world. A person must think about upbringing, culture and education. Only educated and intelligent people will lead the state to prosperity.

>Essays on the work Heart of a Dog

Moral lessons of the story

The plot of the story “Heart of a Dog” is based on the principles of science fiction. At the same time, this is one of those works that dared to be “real” and touch on current events. M. A. Bulgakov wrote it as a response to the cultural and social situation in Soviet Russia in the 1920s. The author touches not only on the issues of the revolution, the fate of the intelligentsia against its background and the development of the new government, but also the problem of morality. Questions of good and evil, crime and punishment, responsibility for one’s actions and the fate of people have always worried Russian writers.

The story “Heart of a Dog” compares different social strata and examines their interaction. On the one hand, this is the intelligentsia represented by Professor Preobrazhensky, whom Dr. Bormental, without exaggeration, calls the luminary of modern medicine. And on the other hand, this is a “new society” in the person of the chairman of the house committee Shvonder and the scoundrel Sharikov, whom the professor himself gave birth to in the course of an erroneous experiment. This experiment turned out to be important and dangerous at the same time. Having turned a stray dog into a man with the appendages of a former criminal, the professor had no idea how this could turn out.

Over time, the new creature not only learned to speak, but also joined the class of proletarians. Comrade Shvonder, as Sharikov’s spiritual mentor, advises him to read Engels, register and demand part of the apartment from the professor. When Philip Phillipovich realizes his fiasco, he begins to think about how to correct this monstrous mistake. Soon Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, the former stray dog Sharik, began stealing the professor’s personal belongings, starting drunken brawls, breaking neighbors’ windows, chasing after cooks, even got a job in the department for clearing Moscow of stray animals and was going to get married. He brought a lot of problems and inconveniences to his creator, and the professor, it would seem, endured everything. The last straw was the arrival of people in police uniforms with a denunciation from Sharikov, Shvonder and Pestrukhin. Then Preobrazhensky decided on another operation to turn Sharikov back into a dog.

Until the last moment, the professor sees the inadmissibility of a violent solution to this problem. Only after realizing that individuals like Sharikov are socially dangerous and are a real threat to culture does he decide to correct his mistake. He believes that “the devastation is not in the closets, but in the heads” and if subjects from the lower strata are allowed to power, then “devastation” will follow. In his opinion, one cannot gain power before culture and education, otherwise there will be monstrous consequences. After all, there are many people like Sharikov in society. They only have human form, but they have a dog's heart. And in order to be a human being, it is not enough to walk on two legs and be able to speak words, you also need to have moral convictions.

Department of Education of the Administration of the Municipal District named after Lazo of the Khabarovsk Territory

Municipal Budget General Educational Institution Average Comprehensive school Bichevaya village Municipal district named after Lazo, Khabarovsk Territory

UMC. Literature.9 grade 2 (level)

Lesson (second on the topic) of literature in 9th grade based on the story “Heart of a Dog.” In the first lesson, students got acquainted with the biography of the writer, the history of the creation of the story and its fate, analyzed key episodes. Compiled character characteristics. Revealed author's position to the problems identified in the story.

Literature:

1. UMK Literature

2. Supplement to the magazine “First of September”. Literature

3. “Heart of a Dog”

5. “Glossary of terms”

Different points of view create the conditions for an active discussion, during which students learn to express their thoughts, argue and defend their point of view, and draw conclusions. And also listen to another point of view, accept it or challenge it. The problem of reorganizing the world is the main problem of the second lesson (to consider this problem with different positions The priest of the Candlemas parish, Father Maxim, was invited to the lesson).

Lesson topic: Moral issues of M. Bulgakov’s story “Heart of a Dog”

Lesson objectives:

· Understanding the content of the story “Heart of a Dog”

· Expanding and deepening students’ understanding of M. Bulgakov as a master of artistic expression.

· The ability to highlight the main problems raised by the author in the work.

Lesson objectives:

· Involve students in independent research and creative activities.

· Contribute to the development of skills to formulate the problems of a work and argue one’s point of view.

· Encourage children to think about morality.

Methodical techniques:

· Creation of a problematic situation.

· Work with text.

· Conversation on the content of the story.

· Analysis of key episodes.

Equipment:

Portrait of the writer, texts of the story, dictionary of literary terms,

Film based on the story “Heart of a Dog”.

Epigraph:

Morality is taking responsibility for one's own

actions. The highest capital of a nation is the moral qualities of the people.

Words:

· Moral

· Humanism

· Compassion

· Philanthropy

During the classes:

· Organizing time.

· Hello guys. I'm glad to meet you. Today there will be a serious conversation on moral issues.

· Teacher's word.

· The problem of reorganizing the world has existed at all times. People dreamed of a life without violence and evil, war and hatred. But the world has always been imperfect. People were mired in sins: they betrayed their neighbors, killed, denounced, out of envy and pride they did not notice the suffering of others, they stopped respecting their elders. Was it possible to save humanity from destruction? What is his salvation?

· What do representatives of the Orthodox Church see as the salvation of humanity? The floor is given to Father Maxim.

· Question: “The essence of Jesus Christ’s ascension to the scaffold.” Was his sacrifice in vain?

· Teacher.

So, more than 2000 years have passed since the crucifixion of Christ. Has society become better? And the idea of rebuilding the world again takes possession of the minds of individuals. This idea immediately found a response in fiction. There were disagreements among the writers: some recognized the revolutionary transformation of society, i.e. change the system by force, “drive humanity into happiness.” Others welcomed the evolutionary path of development of society, i.e. through spiritual and moral education.

Bulgakov’s “Heart of a Dog” is an attempt by the writer to show how violent intervention in the laws of nature will affect society. Is it possible to create moral society in a revolutionary way? In 1918, Maxim Gorky, in his article “Untimely Thoughts,” called V. Ulyanov-Lenin a great experimenter of the people, comparing him to a chemist conducting experiments.

It is no coincidence that Bulgakov’s hero bears the name Preobrazhensky; he is a plastic surgeon who transforms a person’s appearance. And so he decides on another scientific experiment.

· Creating a problem situation:

The teacher sets the following tasks for the students ( The class is divided into micro groups, discussion, work with a dictionary, expressing your opinion.)

· Group 1: identify the purpose of Professor Preobrazhensky’s experiment.

· Group 2: what is necessary for education moral person?

· Group 3: in what conditions was the “homosapien” Sharikov? Have all the conditions been created for it? moral development?

· Group 4: what is the result of this experiment? Why did he fail?

After the discussion and group presentations, the floor is given to Father Maxim, who answers the problematic questions of the lesson:

· What is the basis of moral education?

· What laws should a person live by?

· Is it possible to forcibly create an ideal society and moral personality?

Lesson summary. Teacher's word.

It is no coincidence that we talked about morality today. You're on the threshold adult life, more than once you will have to make decisions yourself, without anyone’s prompting, to make a choice. From what life principles you will be guided, your fate, the fate of your loved ones, the fate of the country depends.

Bulgakov's story, written at the beginning of the last century, is still relevant today and serves as a warning to future generations. Bulgakov warns us: “The heart of a dog in alliance with the human mind is the main threat of our time.” The author of the story believes that the new society should adhere to humanistic principles in the relationships between people, which are based on respect for their culture, work, and knowledge. Morality lags behind and does not correspond to the new system, so the problem of preserving and reviving spirituality and morality remains unresolved.

It will be a long time before the Sharikovs disappear from our lives. But I really want to believe that this time will come.

Lesson marks:

Reflection: which of the problems posed by M. Bulgakov in the story seemed especially relevant to you in our time? How did it affect you?

Homework: Write an essay on a topic (optional)

1. “What feelings does Sharikov the man evoke?”

2. “What kind of people does the hero of the story Shvonder personify?”

3. “Is a moral society a utopia or a reality?”

Lesson appendix

Expected responses from microgroups(brief commentary on assignment issues)

· The purpose of Professor Preobrazhensky's experiment?

The professor plans to improve the human breed, to create a new person, by transplanting part of the human brain into a dog.

· What is necessary for the moral education of a person?

What is needed is love, attention, respect, kindness and care for the young and old, a humane attitude towards the world, honesty and sincerity in relationships, mutual understanding and mutual assistance, the ability to sympathize, hear and forgive..

· Were conditions created for Sharikov’s moral education?

Preobrazhensky, being an intelligent man, believes in the power of art and goodness. He surrounds Sharikov with care and attention, tries to instill in him the rules of behavior in society, to accustom him to a culture of behavior. Both he and Bormenthal cannot understand why ignorance and rudeness have become ubiquitous with the advent of the new government, and they are trying to eradicate the bad habits of the donor in their brainchild.

· What is the result of the experiment?

The experiment failed! Sharikov, aka Poligraf Poligrafych, inherited the worst qualities of his donors: aggressiveness, lack of education, lack of spirituality, rudeness and rudeness. The life of the apartment's inhabitants turned into a living hell: swearing, cigarette butts on the floor, stench. Sharikov's confidence in his rightness and impunity is supported by Shvonder, chairman of the house committee, Sharikov's ideological mentor. Sharikov quickly learned the main rule of the masters of life: rob the loot, divide everything equally, destroy; from a stray dog he turned into an orderly to cleanse the city of his own kind, without recognizing kinship. Neither Preobrazhensky, nor Bormental, nor Zinochka were able to instill in him such concepts as conscience, morality, shame, respect for women. Meanness, hatred, malice - this is the portrait of a new person. Good intentions Preobrazhensky turned into a tragedy that almost cost the creator his life. He manages to correct his mistake, returning Sharikov to his previous state.

· Why did Professor Preobrazhensky's experiment fail?

Because you cannot create an ideal society by force. “You cannot drive humanity into happiness with an iron river.” Where there is evil, violence, there can be no talk of moral personality, about a moral society."

M. Bulgakov, with his story “The Heart of a Dog,” warned about the destructive transformations that would follow after the 1917 revolution. Its result is a totalitarian regime that has existed in our country for decades; deep-rooted and widespread Sharikovism, manifested in the rudeness and indifference of officials towards their people. And today we are experiencing the results of a failed experiment to become a happy nation. The Sharikovs have penetrated into all spheres of life: judges condemn innocent people, doctors refuse to help the sick, old people find themselves homeless and without the care of loved ones, mothers abandon their children, officials, deaf to the needs of the people, care only about their own well-being.

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