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Victory and defeat in the novel “Oblomov” and the story “The Fate of Man. Essay on the topic of the greatest victory: victory over oneself Argument on the topic victory over oneself |
Since the 2014-2015 academic year, the program of state final certification of schoolchildren has included a final graduation essay. This format differs significantly from the classic exam. The work is of a non-subject nature, relying on the graduate’s knowledge in the field of literature. The essay aims to reveal the examinee’s ability to reason on a given topic and argue his point of view. Mainly, the final essay allows you to assess the level of speech culture of the graduate. For the examination paper, five topics from a closed list are offered.
The final essay 2016-2017 requires a volume of 350 words or more. The time allotted for the examination work is 3 hours 55 minutes. Topics for the final essayThe questions proposed for consideration are usually addressed to the inner world of a person, personal relationships, psychological characteristics and the concepts of universal morality. Thus, the topics of the final essay for the 2016-2017 academic year include the following areas:
Here are concepts that the examinee will have to reveal in the process of reasoning, turning to examples from the world of literature. In the final essay 2016-2017, the graduate must identify the relationships between these categories based on analysis, construction of logical relationships and application of knowledge of literary works. One such theme is “Victory and Losing.” As a rule, works from the course school curriculum in literature - this is a large gallery different images and characters that can be used to write a final essay on the topic “Victory and Losing.”
Arguments for the theme “Victory and defeat” 2016-2017
The theme of victory and defeat itself is present in the war in its most obvious manifestation. War of 1812 - this is one of the largest and most significant events for Russia, during which the national spirit and patriotism of the population, as well as the skill of the Russian high command, were demonstrated. After the council in Fili, the Russian commander M.I. Kutuzov decided to leave Moscow. Thus, it was planned to save the troops and thereby Russia. This decision does not demonstrate defeat in military operations - but on the contrary: it proves the invincibility of the Russian people. After all, after the military, all its residents and representatives began to leave the city high society and nobility. The people demonstrated their disobedience to the French by leaving the city to the enemy rather than be under the rule of Bonaparte. Napoleon, who entered the city, did not meet resistance, but saw only burning Moscow, which people had abandoned, and realized not his seemingly victory, but defeat. Defeat from the Russian spirit.
In the work of I.S. Turgenev, the conflict of generations is manifested, in particular, in the confrontation between the young nihilist Evgeny Bazarov and the nobleman P.P. Kirsanov. Bazarov is a self-confident young man, he boldly judges everything, considering himself a man who made himself with his own work and mind. His opponent Kirsanov led a riotous lifestyle, experienced a lot, felt a lot, loved a secular beauty and thereby gained an experience that influenced him. He became more reasonable and mature. In the dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov, external victory is manifested young man- he is harsh, but at the same time maintains decency, and the nobleman does not restrain himself, breaking into insults. However, during the duel between the two heroes, the seemingly won victory of the nihilist Bazarov turns into a defeat in the main confrontation. He meets the love of his life and cannot resist his feelings, nor admit it, because he denied the existence of love. Yes, here Bazarov was defeated. Dying, he realizes that he lived his life denying everything and everyone, and at the same time lost the most important thing.
In the story by N.V. Gogol can be found as an example of how victory and defeat can be intertwined. The youngest son Andriy, for the sake of love, betrayed his homeland and Cossack honor, going over to the enemy side. His personal victory is that he defended his love by boldly deciding to do this kind of act. However, his betrayal of his father and homeland is unforgivable - and this is his defeat. The story demonstrates one of the most difficult battles - the spiritual struggle of a person with himself. After all, here we cannot talk about victory and defeat, since it is impossible to win without losing on the other side. Essay exampleAccompanies a person in life a large number of situations in which he has to resist something or someone. Often, these are some circumstances, specific conditions and a struggle where there are winners and losers. And sometimes these are more complex situations where victory and defeat can be viewed from different points of view. Let us turn to the treasury of arguments from Russian classical literature- the great work of Leo Tolstoy “War and Peace”. A significant part of the novel consists of military actions during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the entire Russian people stood up to defend the country from the French invaders. The theme of victory and defeat itself is present in the war in its most obvious manifestation. After the council in Fili, the Russian commander M.I. Kutuzov decided to leave Moscow. Thus, it was planned to save the troops and thereby Russia. This decision does not demonstrate defeat in military operations - but on the contrary: it proves the invincibility of the Russian people. After all, after the military, all its residents, representatives of high society and the nobility began to leave the city. The people demonstrated their disobedience to the French by leaving the city to the enemy rather than be under the rule of Bonaparte. Napoleon, who entered the city, did not meet resistance, but saw only burning Moscow, which people had abandoned, and realized not his seemingly victory, but defeat. Defeat from the Russian spirit. In the story by N.V. Gogol can be found as an example of how victory and defeat can be intertwined. The youngest son Andriy betrayed his homeland and honor for the sake of love Cossack army, going over to the enemy side. His personal victory is that he defended his feelings by boldly deciding to do this kind of act. However, his betrayal of his father and homeland is unforgivable - and this is his defeat. The story demonstrates one of the most difficult battles - the spiritual struggle of a person with himself. After all, here we cannot talk about victory and defeat, since it is impossible to win without losing on the other side. Thus, it is worth saying that victory does not always represent the superiority and confidence that we are accustomed to imagine. And, besides, often victory and defeat go side by side, complementing each other and shaping the characteristics of a person’s personality. Still have questions? Ask them in our VK group: “All victories begin with victory over yourself.” Essay on Victory and defeat Leonid Leonov said: “All victories begin with victory over oneself.” What did the author of these words want to say? This question cannot be answered unambiguously, since this statement has deep meaning. Life is an endless overcoming of difficulties, the most difficult of which is victory over oneself. After all, we are all endowed not only positive qualities, but also negative ones, such as laziness, fear, envy, bad habits. A person, knowing his pros and cons, tries to eradicate these disadvantages in himself. If he was able to overcome himself, overcoming all the bad things, then this is already a victory over himself, since this requires much more effort than over someone else. Victory over oneself, over one’s weaknesses and shortcomings worried many writers, in particular I.A. Goncharova. It is dear to everyone, but does everyone reach the end, the goal that they set? This is not the hero of the novel Oblomov. Laziness dominates its master. She leads him so tightly that it seems that the hero is unable to get up from his sofa, to know about the affairs taking place on his own estate. The hero is not stupid and understands everything that happens to him, and thanks to Olga and his love for her, he became eager to change his life. In fact, Ilya Ilyich began to transform: he finally got up from the sofa, took up a book, took walks, and dreamed. But this did not last long. Oblomova’s laziness did not allow him to change his lifestyle and again returned the hero to his favorite sofa . That is why “Oblomov” has become a word denoting a lazy person, devoid of dreams and aspirations. Although Oblomov pondered the meaning of life, he understood that he could not live like this, but he himself did nothing to somehow change himself. He couldn't cope with himself challenging task: defeat yourself. He began to live quietly family life surrounded by care and warmth, but he failed to experience happiness. Dreams and hopes remained unfulfilled. The second striking example is the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin “Dubrovsky”. At the beginning of the novel, the relationship between Kirill Petrovich Troekurov and Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky is described. Both heroes are independent individuals. But Troekurov, unlike Dubrovsky, has many harmful vices. Narcissism, vindictiveness and spoiling by power in home life drowned out nobler feelings. Victory in court does not bring joy to Kirill Petrovich. The hero’s conscience torments him, and he decides to go to his old friend and apologize. I think that noble feelings prevailed over Troekurov’s cruelty and indifference. He conquered his pride, which means he conquered himself. To summarize what has been said, I want to say that life is a series of victories and defeats. But victory over oneself is the main victory, which cannot be compared with anything. Victory and defeat The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. The reasoning can be related as with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with a person's internal struggle with himself, its causes and results. Possible essay topics: 1.Can defeat become victory? 2. “The greatest victory is victory over oneself” (Cicero). 3. “Victory is always with those in whom there is agreement” (Publius). 4. “Victory achieved by violence is tantamount to defeat, because it is short-lived” (Mahatma Gandhi). 5. Victory is always desired. 6. Every small victory over oneself gives great hope in life. own strength! 7. The winning tactic is to convince the enemy that he is doing everything right. 8. If you hate, it means you have been defeated (Confucius). 9. If the loser smiles, the winner loses the taste of victory. 10. Only the one who defeats himself wins in this life. Who conquered his fear, his laziness and his uncertainty. 11. All victories begin with victory over yourself. 12. No victory will bring as much as one defeat can take away. 13. Is it necessary and possible to judge the winners? 14 Do defeat and victory taste the same? 15. Is it difficult to admit defeat when you are so close to victory? 16. Do you agree with the statement “Victory... defeat... these lofty words are devoid of any meaning.” 17. “Losing and winning taste the same. Defeat tastes like tears. Victory tastes like sweat." Possible abstracts on the topic:"Victory and Defeat" 1. Victory. Every person has the desire to experience this intoxicating feeling. Even as a child, we felt like a winner when we received our first A's. As they grew older, they felt joy and satisfaction from achieving their goals, defeating their weaknesses - laziness, pessimism, maybe even indifference. Victory gives strength, makes a person more persistent and active. Everything around seems so beautiful. 2. Everyone can win. You need willpower, the desire to succeed, the desire to become a bright, interesting person. 3. Of course, both a careerist who has received another promotion and an egoist who has achieved some benefits by bringing pain to others experiences a kind of victory. And what a “victory” a money-hungry person experiences when he hears the clink of coins and the rustle of banknotes! Well, everyone decides for themselves what they strive for, what goals they set, and therefore “victories” can be completely different. 4. A person lives among people, so the opinions of others are never indifferent to him, no matter how much some might want to hide it. A victory appreciated by people is many times more pleasant. Everyone wants others to share their joy. 5. Victory over oneself - this becomes a way of survival for some. People with disabilities make efforts on themselves every day and strive to achieve results at the cost of incredible efforts. They are an example for others. The performances of athletes at the Paralympic Games are striking in how great the will to win these people are, how strong in spirit they are, how optimistic they are, no matter what. 6. The price of victory, what is it? Is it true that “winners are not judged”? You can think about this too. If the victory was achieved dishonestly, then it is worthless. Victory and lies, toughness, heartlessness are concepts that exclude each other. Only fair game, a game according to the rules of morality, decency, only this brings true victory. 7. Winning is not easy. Much needs to be done to achieve it. What if you suddenly lose? What then? It is important to understand that in life there are many difficulties and obstacles along the way. To be able to overcome them, to strive for victory even after defeat - this is what distinguishes a strong personality. It’s scary not to fall, but not to get up later in order to move on with dignity. Fall and get up, make mistakes and learn from your mistakes, retreat and move on - this is the only way you should strive to live on this earth. The main thing is to move forward towards your goal, and then victory will definitely be your reward. 8. The victory of the people during the war is a sign of the cohesion of the nation, the unity of people who have a common destiny, traditions, history, and a single homeland. 9. How many great trials our people had to endure, what enemies we had to fight. Millions of people died during the Great Patriotic War, giving their lives for the Victory. They were waiting for her, dreaming about her, bringing her closer. 10. What gave you the strength to survive? Of course, love. Love for the homeland, loved ones and loved ones. 11. The first months of the war are a series of continuous defeats. How hard it was to realize that the enemy was advancing along native land further and further, approaching Moscow. Defeats did not make people helpless and confused. On the contrary, they united the people and helped them understand how important it is to gather all their strength to repel the enemy. 12. And how everyone rejoiced together at the first victories, the first fireworks, the first reports of the defeat of the enemy! The victory became the same for everyone, everyone contributed their share to it. 13. Man is born to win! Even the very fact of his birth is already a victory. You must strive to be a winner, the right person for your country, people, loved ones. Quotes and epigraphs The greatest victory is victory over yourself. (Cicero) Man was not created to suffer defeat... Man can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated. (Hemingway Ernest) The joy of life is learned through victories, the truth of life - through defeats. A. Koval. The consciousness of an honestly sustained struggle is almost higher than the triumph of victory. (Turgenev) Wins and losses travel in the same sleigh. (Russian last) Victory over the weak is like defeat. (Arabic last) Where there is agreement, there is victory. (Lat. seq.) Be proud only of the victories you have won over yourself. (Tungsten) You should not start a battle or war unless you are sure that you will gain more in victory than you will lose in defeat. (Octavian Augustus) No victory can bring as much as one defeat can take away. (Gaius Julius Caesar) Victory over fear gives us strength. (V. Hugo) To never know defeat means to never fight. (Morihei Ueshiba) No winner believes in chance. (Nietzsche) Victory achieved by violence is tantamount to defeat, because it is short-term. (Mahatma Gandhi) Nothing but a lost battle can compare even with half the sadness of a won battle. (Arthur Wellesley) The winner's lack of generosity reduces the meaning and benefits of victory by half. (Giuseppe Mazzini) The first step to victory is objectivity. (Tetcorax) The winners sleep sweeter than the losers. (Plutarch) World literature offers many arguments for victory and defeat: L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (Pierre Bezukhov, Nikolai Rostov); F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment (Raskolnikov’s act (the murder of Alena Ivanovna and Lizaveta) - victory or defeat?); M. Bulgakov " dog's heart"(Professor Preobrazhensky - did he defeat nature or lose to it?); S. Alexievich “War does not have a woman’s face” (the price of victory in the Great Patriotic War is crippled lives, the fate of women) I offer 10 arguments on the topic: “Victory and defeat” 1. A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit” 2. A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” 3. M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” 4. N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls” 5. I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov” 6. L.N. Tolstoy “Sevastopol Stories” 7. A.N. Tolstoy “Peter the First” 8. E. Zamyatin “We” 9. A.A. Fadeev “Young Guard” 10. B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet”
Examples of essays: There is nothing more courageous than victory over yourself. What is victory? Why is the most important thing in life to win over yourself? It is these questions that the statement of Erasmus of Rotterdam makes us think about: “There is nothing more courageous than victory over ourselves.” №2. Victory is always desired Victory is always desired. We are waiting for victory with early childhood while playing different games. We need to win at all costs. And the one who wins feels like the king of the situation. And someone is a loser because he doesn’t run so fast or the chips just fell out wrong. Is victory really necessary? Who can be considered the winner? Is victory always an indicator of true superiority? In Anton Pavlovich Chekhov's comedy “The Cherry Orchard” the conflict is centered on the confrontation between the old and the new. Noble society, brought up on the ideals of the past, has stopped in its development, accustomed to receiving everything without much difficulty, by right of birth, Ranevskaya and Gaev are helpless before the need for action. They are paralyzed, cannot make a decision, cannot move. Their world is collapsing, going to hell, and they are building rainbow projects, starting an unnecessary holiday in the house on the day of the estate auction. And then Lopakhin appears - a former serf, and now - the owner cherry orchard. Victory intoxicated him. At first he tries to hide his joy, but soon triumph overwhelms him and, no longer embarrassed, he laughs and literally shouts: My God, my God, The Cherry Orchard my! Tell me that I'm drunk, out of my mind, that I'm imagining all this... Hey musicians, play, I want to listen to you! Come and watch how Ermolai Lopakhin takes an ax to the cherry orchard and how the trees fall to the ground! In the story “The Garnet Bracelet” by Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin, the focus is on the fate of a young man who dared to fall in love with a woman outside his circle. G.S.J. He has long and devotedly loved Princess Vera. His gift - a garnet bracelet - immediately attracted the woman’s attention, because the stones suddenly lit up like “lovely, rich red living lights. “Definitely blood!” - Vera thought with unexpected alarm.” Unequal relationships are always fraught with serious consequences. The alarming premonitions did not deceive the princess. The need to put the presumptuous scoundrel in his place at all costs arises not so much from the husband as from Vera’s brother. Appearing in front of Zheltkov, representatives of high society a priori behave like winners. Zheltkov’s behavior strengthens them in their confidence: “his trembling hands ran around, fiddling with buttons, pinching his light reddish mustache, touching his face unnecessarily.” The poor telegraph operator is crushed, confused, and feels guilty. But only Nikolai Nikolaevich remembers the authorities to whom the defenders of the honor of his wife and sister wanted to turn, when Zheltkov suddenly changes. No one has power over him, over his feelings, except the object of his adoration. No authorities can prohibit loving a woman. And to suffer for the sake of love, to give one’s life for it - this is the true victory of the great feeling that G.S.Zh was lucky enough to experience. He leaves silently and confidently. His letter to Vera is a hymn to a great feeling, a triumphant song of Love! His death is his victory over the insignificant prejudices of pathetic nobles who feel like masters of life. Description of the presentation by individual slides: 1 slide Slide description: 2 slide Slide description: "The Tale of Igor's Campaign." A.S. Pushkin “The Battle of Poltava”; "Eugene Onegin". I. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons.” F. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.” L.N. Tolstoy “Sevastopol Stories”; “War and Peace”; "Anna Karenina". A. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”. A. Kuprin “Duel”; "Garnet bracelet"; "Olesya." M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”; "Fatal Eggs"; " White Guard"; "Master and Margarita". E. Zamyatin “We”; "Cave". V. Kurochkin “In war as in war.” B. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet”; "Don't shoot white swans." Yu. Bondarev “Hot Snow”; "The battalions are asking for fire." V. Tokareva “I am. You are. He is." M. Ageev “Romance with Cocaine.” N. Dumbadze “I, Grandmother, Iliko and Illarion” V. Dudintsev “White Clothes”. List of recommended literature in this area 3 slide Slide description: Official comment: The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning can be associated both with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with a person’s internal struggle with himself, its causes and results. Literary works often show the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of victory and defeat in different historical conditions and life situations. 4 slide Slide description: Methodological recommendations: The contrast between the concepts of victory and defeat is already inherent in their interpretation. From Ozhegov we read: “Victory is success in battle, war, complete defeat of the enemy.” That is, the victory of one implies the complete defeat of the other. However, both history and literature give us examples of how victory turns out to be defeat, and defeat turns out to be victory. It is about the relativity of these concepts that graduates are invited to speculate, based on their reading experience. Of course, it is impossible to limit ourselves to the concept of victory as the defeat of the enemy in battle. Therefore, it is advisable to consider this thematic area in different aspects. 5 slide Slide description: Aphorisms and sayings famous people: - - The greatest victory is victory over yourself. Cicero The possibility that we may be defeated in battle should not prevent us from fighting for a cause that we consider just. A. Lincoln Man was not created to suffer defeat... Man can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated. E. Hemingway Be proud only of the victories you have won over yourself. Tungsten 6 slide Slide description: Socio-historical aspect. Here we will talk about the external conflict of social groups, states, military operations and political struggle. Peru A. de Saint-Exupery comes up with a paradoxical, at first glance, statement: “Victory weakens the people - defeat awakens new forces in them...”. We find confirmation of the correctness of this idea in Russian literature. 7 slide Slide description: "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" - famous monument literature of Ancient Rus'. The plot is based on the unsuccessful campaign of the Russian princes against the Polovtsians, organized by the Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor Svyatoslavich in 1185. main idea- the idea of the unity of the Russian land. Princely civil strife, weakening the Russian land and leading to the ruin of its enemies, makes the author bitterly sadden and lament; victory over enemies fills his soul with ardent delight. However, this work of ancient Russian literature speaks about defeat, not victory, because it is defeat that contributes to rethinking previous behavior and gaining a new view of the world and oneself. That is, defeat stimulates Russian soldiers to victories and exploits. 8 slide Slide description: The author of the Lay addresses all the Russian princes in turn, as if calling them to account and demandingly reminding them of their duty to their homeland. He calls on them to defend the Russian land, to “block the gates of the field” with their sharp arrows. And therefore, although the author writes about defeat, there is not a shadow of despondency in the Lay. The “Word” is as laconic and terse as Igor’s addresses to his squad. This is the call before battle. The whole poem seems to be addressed to the future, permeated with concern for this future. A poem about victory would be a poem of triumph and joy. Victory is the end of the battle, but defeat for the author of the Lay is only the beginning of the battle. The battle with the steppe enemy is not over yet. Defeat should unite the Russians. The author of the Lay does not call for a feast of triumph, but for a feast of battle. D.S. writes about this in the article “The Tale of the Campaign of Igor Svyatoslavich.” Likhachev. Slide 9 Slide description: The “Lay” ends joyfully - with Igor’s return to the Russian land and the singing of his glory upon entering Kiev. So, despite the fact that the Lay is dedicated to the defeat of Igor, it is full of confidence in the power of the Russians, full of faith in the glorious future of the Russian land, in victory over the enemy. The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in wars. 10 slide Slide description: In the novel “War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Drawing the events of 1805-1807, Tolstoy shows that this war was imposed on the people. Russian soldiers, being far from their homeland, do not understand the purpose of this war and do not want to waste their lives senselessly. Kutuzov understands better than many that this campaign is unnecessary for Russia. He sees the indifference of the allies, the desire of Austria to fight with the wrong hands. Kutuzov protects his troops in every possible way and delays their advance to the borders of France. This is explained not by distrust of the military skill and heroism of the Russians, but by the desire to protect them from senseless slaughter. When the battle turned out to be inevitable, the Russian soldiers showed their always readiness to help the allies and take the main blow. 11 slide Slide description: For example, a detachment of four thousand under the command of Bagration near the village of Shengraben held back the onslaught of an enemy “eight times” outnumbered. This made it possible for the main forces to advance. The unit of officer Timokhin showed miracles of heroism. It not only did not retreat, but struck back, which saved the flanking units of the army. The real hero of the Battle of Shengraben turned out to be the courageous, decisive, but modest captain Tushin before his superiors. So, largely thanks to the Russian troops, the Battle of Schöngraben was won, and this gave strength and inspiration to the sovereigns of Russia and Austria. 12 slide Slide description: Blinded by victories, occupied mainly with narcissism, holding military parades and balls, these two men led their armies to defeat at Austerlitz. So it turned out that one of the reasons for the defeat of the Russian troops under the skies of Austerlitz was the victory at Schöngraben, which did not allow an objective assessment of the balance of forces. The entire senselessness of the campaign is shown by the writer in the preparation of the top generals for the battle of Austerlitz. Thus, the military council before the Battle of Austerlitz resembles not a council, but an exhibition of vanities; all disputes were conducted not with the goal of achieving a better and correct solution, but, as Tolstoy writes, “... it was obvious that the purpose... of the objections was mainly the desire to make General Weyrother feel , as self-confidently as he read his disposition to schoolchildren, that he was dealing not only with fools, but with people who could teach him in military affairs.” Slide 13 Slide description: And yet, we see the main reason for the victories and defeats of the Russian troops in the confrontation with Napoleon when comparing Austerlitz and Borodin. Speaking with Pierre about the upcoming Battle of Borodino, Andrei Bolkonsky recalls the reason for the defeat at Austerlitz: “The battle is won by the one who is determined to win it. Why did we lose the battle at Austerlitz?.. We told ourselves very early that we lost the battle - and we lost. And we said this because we had no need to fight: we wanted to leave the battlefield as quickly as possible. “If you lose, then run away!” So we ran. If we hadn’t said this until the evening, God knows what would have happened. And tomorrow we won’t say this.” Slide 14 Slide description: L. Tolstoy shows a significant difference between the two campaigns: 1805-1807 and 1812. The fate of Russia was decided on the Borodino field. Here the Russian people had no desire to save themselves, no indifference to what was happening. Here, as Lermontov said, “we promised to die, and we kept the oath of allegiance in the Battle of Borodino.” Another opportunity to speculate on how victory in one battle can turn into defeat in a war is provided by the outcome of the Battle of Borodino, in which Russian troops gain a moral victory over the French. The moral defeat of Napoleon's troops near Moscow was the beginning of the defeat of his army. 15 slide Slide description: The Civil War turned out to be such a significant event in the history of Russia that it could not help but be reflected in fiction. The basis for graduates’ reasoning can be “Don Stories”, “ Quiet Don» M.A. Sholokhov. When one country goes to war with another, terrible events occur: hatred and the desire to defend themselves forces people to kill their own kind, women and the elderly are left alone, children grow up orphans, cultural and material values, cities are being destroyed. But the warring parties have a goal - to defeat the enemy at any cost. And any war has a result - victory or defeat. Victory is sweet and immediately justifies all losses, defeat is tragic and sad, but it is the starting point for some other life. But "in civil war every victory is defeat" (Lucian). 16 slide Slide description: The life story of the central hero of M. Sholokhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don” by Grigory Melekhov, reflecting the dramatic nature of destinies Don Cossacks, confirms this idea. War cripples from the inside and destroys all the most precious things that people have. It forces the heroes to take a fresh look at the problems of duty and justice, to look for the truth and not find it in any of the warring camps. Once among the Reds, Gregory sees the same cruelty, intransigence, and thirst for the blood of his enemies as the Whites. Melekhov rushes between the two warring sides. Everywhere he encounters violence and cruelty, which he cannot accept, and therefore cannot take one side. The result is logical: “Like a steppe scorched by fires, Gregory’s life became black...”. Slide 17 Slide description: Moral-philosophical and psychological aspects Victory is not only about success in battle. To win, according to the dictionary of synonyms, is to overcome, overcome, overcome. And often not so much the enemy as yourself. Let us consider a number of works from this point of view. 18 slide Slide description: A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". The conflict of the play represents the unity of two principles: public and personal. Being an honest, noble, progressive-minded, freedom-loving person, the main character Chatsky opposes Famus society. He condemns the inhumanity of serfdom, recalling “Nestor of the noble scoundrels,” who exchanged his faithful servants for three greyhounds; he is disgusted by the lack of freedom of thought in noble society: “And who in Moscow was not silenced at lunches, dinners and dances?” He does not recognize veneration and sycophancy: “For those who need it, they are arrogant, they lie in the dust, and for those who are higher, they wove flattery like lace.” Slide 19 Slide description: Chatsky is full of sincere patriotism: “Will we ever be resurrected from the foreign power of fashion? So that our smart, cheerful people, even by language, do not consider us to be Germans.” He strives to serve the “cause” and not individuals; he “would be glad to serve, but it’s sickening to be served.” Society is offended and, in defense, declares Chatsky crazy. His drama is aggravated by a feeling of ardent but unrequited love for Famusov’s daughter Sophia. Chatsky makes no attempt to understand Sophia; it is difficult for him to understand why Sophia does not love him, because his love for her speeds up “every beat of his heart,” although “to him the whole world seemed like dust and vanity.” Chatsky can be justified by his blindness by passion: his “mind and heart are not in harmony.” 20 slide Slide description: Psychological conflict turns into a social conflict. Society unanimously comes to the conclusion: “crazy in everything...”. Society is not afraid of a madman. Chatsky decides to “search the world where there is a corner for an offended feeling.” I.A. Goncharov assessed the ending of the play this way: “Chatsky is broken by the amount of old power, inflicting it in turn death blow quality of new power." Chatsky does not give up his ideals, he only frees himself from illusions. Chatsky’s stay in Famusov’s house shook the inviolability of foundations Famusov society. Sophia says: “I’m ashamed of myself, the walls!” Therefore, Chatsky’s defeat is only a temporary defeat and only his personal drama. On a social scale, the victory of the Chatskys is inevitable.” The “past century” will be replaced by the “present century”, and the views of the hero of Griboyedov’s comedy will win. 21 slides Slide description: A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". Graduates can reflect on the question of whether Katherine's death is a victory or a defeat. It is difficult to give a definite answer to this question. Too many reasons led to the terrible ending. The playwright sees the tragedy of Katerina’s situation in the fact that she comes into conflict not only with Kalinov’s family morals, but also with herself. The straightforwardness of Ostrovsky's heroine is one of the sources of her tragedy. Katerina is pure in soul - lies and debauchery are alien and disgusting to her. She understands that by falling in love with Boris, she violated the moral law. “Oh, Varya,” she complains, “sin is on my mind! How much I, poor thing, cried, no matter what I did to myself! I can't escape this sin. Can't go anywhere. After all, this is not good, this is a terrible sin, Varenka, why do I love someone else?” 22 slide Slide description: Throughout the entire play there is a painful struggle in Katerina’s consciousness between the understanding of her wrongness, her sinfulness and a vague, but increasingly powerful sense of her right to human life. But the play ends with Katerina’s moral victory over the dark forces that torment her. She atones for her guilt immensely, and escapes from captivity and humiliation through the only path that was revealed to her. Her decision to die, rather than remain a slave, expresses, according to Dobrolyubov, “the need of the emerging movement of Russian life.” And this decision comes to Katerina along with internal self-justification. She dies because she considers death the only worthy outcome, the only opportunity to preserve that highest thing that lived in her. Slide 23 Slide description: The idea that Katerina’s death is in fact a moral victory, a triumph of the real Russian soul over the forces of the “dark kingdom” of the Dikikhs and Kabanovs, is also strengthened by the reaction to her death of the other characters in the play. For example, Tikhon, Katerina’s husband, for the first time in his life expressed his own opinion, for the first time decided to protest against the stifling foundations of his family, entering (even if only for a moment) into the fight against “ dark kingdom" “You ruined her, you, you...” he exclaims, turning to his mother, before whom he trembled all his life. 24 slide Slide description: I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The writer shows in his novel the struggle between the worldviews of two political directions. The plot of the novel is based on the contrast between the views of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov, who are prominent representatives two generations who cannot find mutual understanding. Disagreements on various issues have always existed between youth and elders. So here, the representative of the younger generation Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov cannot, and does not want to understand the “fathers”, their life credo, principles. He is convinced that their views on the world, on life, on relationships between people are hopelessly outdated. “Yes, I will spoil them... After all, this is all pride, lionish habits, foppishness...” In his opinion, the main purpose of life is to work, to produce something material. 25 slide Slide description: That is why Bazarov disrespects art and sciences that do not have a practical basis. He believes that it is much more useful to deny what, from his point of view, deserves denial, than to watch indifferently from the outside, not daring to do anything. “At the present time, the most useful thing is denial - we deny,” says Bazarov. And Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is sure that there are things that cannot be doubted (“Aristocracy... liberalism, progress, principles... art..."). He values habits and traditions more and does not want to notice the changes taking place in society. 26 slide Slide description: Bazarov is a tragic figure. It cannot be said that he defeats Kirsanov in an argument. Even when Pavel Petrovich is ready to admit defeat, Bazarov suddenly loses faith in his teaching and doubts his personal need for society. “Does Russia need me? No, apparently I don’t,” he reflects. Of course, most of all a person manifests himself not in conversations, but in deeds and in his life. Therefore, Turgenev seems to lead his heroes through various trials. And the strongest of them is the test of love. After all, it is in love that a person’s soul reveals itself fully and sincerely. And here it's hot and passionate nature Bazarova swept away all his theories. He fell in love with a woman whom he valued highly. Slide 27 Slide description: “In conversations with Anna Sergeevna, he expressed his indifferent contempt for everything romantic even more than before, and when left alone, he was indignantly aware of the romanticism in himself.” The hero is experiencing severe mental discord. “... Something... took possession of him, which he never allowed, which he always mocked, which outraged all his pride.” Anna Sergeevna Odintsova rejected him. But Bazarov found the strength to accept defeat with honor, without losing his dignity. 28 slide Slide description: So, did the nihilist Bazarov win or lose? It seems that Bazarov is defeated in the test of love. Firstly, his feelings and he himself are rejected. Secondly, he falls into the power of aspects of life that he himself denies, loses ground under his feet, and begins to doubt his views on life. His life position turns out to be a pose in which, however, he sincerely believed. Bazarov begins to lose the meaning of life, and soon loses life itself. But this is also a victory: love forced Bazarov to look at himself and the world differently, he begins to understand that in no way does life want to fit into a nihilistic scheme. And Anna Sergeevna formally remains among the winners. She was able to cope with her feelings, which strengthened her self-confidence. In the future, she will find a good home for her sister, and she herself will marry successfully. But will she be happy? Slide 29 Slide description: F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Crime and Punishment is an ideological novel in which non-human theory collides with human feelings. Dostoevsky, a great expert on human psychology, a sensitive and attentive artist, tried to understand modern reality, to determine the extent of the influence of the ideas of revolutionary reorganization of life and individualistic theories that were popular at that time on a person. Entering into polemics with democrats and socialists, the writer sought to show in his novel how the delusion of fragile minds leads to murder, shedding of blood, maiming and breaking young lives. 30 slide Slide description: Raskolnikov's ideas were generated by abnormal, humiliating living conditions. In addition, the post-reform disruption destroyed the centuries-old foundations of society, depriving human individuality of connection with the long-standing cultural traditions of society and historical memory. Raskolnikov sees a violation of universal human rights at every step. moral standards. It is impossible to feed a family with honest work, so the petty official Marmeladov finally becomes an alcoholic, and his daughter Sonechka is forced to sell herself, because otherwise her family will die of starvation. 31 slides Slide description: If unbearable living conditions push a person to violate moral principles, then these principles are nonsense, that is, they can be ignored. Raskolnikov comes to approximately this conclusion when a theory is born in his fevered brain, according to which he divides all of humanity into two unequal parts. On the one hand, these are strong personalities, “super-men” like Mohammed and Napoleon, and on the other, a gray, faceless and submissive crowd, which the hero rewards with the contemptuous name - “trembling creature” and “anthill”. 32 slide Slide description: The correctness of any theory must be confirmed by practice. And Rodion Raskolnikov conceives and carries out a murder, removing the moral prohibition from himself. His life after the murder turns into real hell. A painful suspicion develops in Rodion, which gradually turns into a feeling of loneliness and isolation from everyone. The writer finds a surprisingly accurate expression characterizing internal state Raskolnikov: it was “as if he had cut himself off from everyone and everything with scissors.” The hero is disappointed in himself, believing that he did not pass the test of being a ruler, which means, alas, he belongs to the “trembling creatures.” Slide 33 Slide description: Surprisingly, Raskolnikov himself would not want to be the winner now. After all, to win means to die morally, to remain with your spiritual chaos forever, to lose faith in people, yourself and life. Raskolnikov's defeat became his victory - a victory over himself, over his theory, over the Devil, who took possession of his soul, but failed to forever displace God in it. Slide 34 Slide description: M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". This novel is too complex and multifaceted; the writer touched on many topics and problems in it. One of them is the problem of the struggle between good and evil. In The Master and Margarita, the two main forces of good and evil, which, according to Bulgakov, should be in balance on Earth, are embodied in the images of Yeshua Ha-Notsri from Yershalaim and Woland - Satan in human form. Apparently, Bulgakov, in order to show that good and evil exist outside of time and that people have lived according to their laws for thousands of years, placed Yeshua at the beginning of modern times, in the fictional masterpiece of the Master, and Woland, as the arbiter of cruel justice, in Moscow in the 30s. XX century. 35 slide Slide description: The latter came to Earth to restore harmony where it had been broken in favor of evil, which included lies, stupidity, hypocrisy and, finally, betrayal, which filled Moscow. Good and evil in this world are surprisingly closely intertwined, especially in human souls. When Woland, in a scene in a variety show, tests the audience for cruelty and beheads the entertainer, and compassionate women demand to put her in her place, the great magician says: “Well... they are people like people... Well, frivolous... well, well... and mercy sometimes knocks on their hearts... ordinary people... - and loudly orders: “Put on your head.” And then we watch how people fight over the ducats that fell on their heads. 36 slide Slide description: The novel “The Master and Margarita” is about man’s responsibility for the good and evil that happens on earth, for his own choice life paths leading to truth and freedom or to slavery, betrayal and inhumanity. It is about all-conquering love and creativity, elevating the soul to the heights of true humanity. The author wanted to proclaim: the victory of evil over good cannot be the end result of social and moral confrontation. This, according to Bulgakov, is not accepted by human nature itself, and the entire course of civilization should not allow it. Slide 37 Slide description: Of course, the range of works in which the thematic direction of “Victory and Defeat” is revealed is much wider. The main thing is to see the principle, to understand that victory and defeat are relative concepts. R. Bach wrote about this in the book “Bridge over Eternity”: “The important thing is not whether we lose in the game, but what matters is how we lose and how we will change because of this, what new things we will learn for ourselves, how we can apply this in other games.” . In a strange way, defeat turns out to be victory.” Slide 38 Slide description: Sample essay on thematic area Victory and defeat: True defeat comes not from the enemy, but from oneself (Romain Rolland) Defeat and the pangs of conscience that inevitably follow, reproachful self-doubts, hostility that reaches the point of self-loathing - these feelings are familiar to everyone thinking person to one degree or another. A person who has made a mistake has suffered defeat in the eyes of others, but their reproaches, the triumph of enemies, the condemnation of the crowd are nothing compared to internal experiences. It is the reproaches of one’s own conscience that become a true defeat. Inner life a person, his thoughts, feelings, experiences, vision of the world inevitably influence his actions. Sometimes ideas that arise in a person’s thoughts grow into large-scale projects that require implementation. Slide 39 Slide description: So, a little push, encouragement is needed, and then, like a snowball, the idea acquires details, contours, a plan is nurtured, and finally implemented. The fact that a person was wrong comes later. Often, having accepted internal defeat, a person does not understand how such a thing could even come to mind; thoughts, reflection - this is the source of both great discoveries and terrifying mistakes. For example, in Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment,” the real drama of the main character Rodion Raskolnikov is depicted. The idea that wanders into his head about how to save the world grows and becomes a fixed idea, but the hero himself does not fully believe in the possibility of its implementation. Let us remember the dream he had on the eve of the murder. Having woken up, he exclaims with horror and despair: “Am I really going to take an ax and hit him on the head like that?!” 40 slide Slide description: However, the idea, like a web, envelops the entire being of the hero, random coincidences they seem to him to be conventional signs, inadvertently overheard conversations in a tavern, a scream outside the window, involuntarily received information at the market that at such and such an hour the old woman will be home alone, an invitingly flashing ax in the slightly open door of the janitor's room - all this seems to push Rodion, like someone's hand. A noble crime turns into a bloody double murder, and this blood falls on the hero’s conscience as a heavy burden, he immediately realizes that he was deeply mistaken, that his idea failed, that he committed a terrible, irreparable act, and new thoughts and torment surround him. “Did I kill the old lady? I killed myself!” – these piercing words come from the very depths of the hero’s soul. 41 slides Slide description: Alexander Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm” also shows mental turmoil main character Katerina Kabanova. Being a freedom-loving girl, she cannot come to terms with life with an unloved husband and an overbearing mother-in-law. She makes a mistake by cheating on her husband, and it is this sin that does not allow her to live on, the pangs of conscience weigh heavily on her, and in despair she commits suicide. Thus, our reasoning allows us to formulate the following conclusion: a person’s true defeat occurs precisely in himself; he himself is the strictest judge of his own actions 42 slide Slide description: Essay: What does Katerina's suicide mean - her victory or defeat ("The Thunderstorm" Ostrovsky) To answer the question: "What does Katerina's suicide mean - her victory or defeat?", it is necessary to examine the circumstances of her life, study the motives of her actions, reverse Special attention on the complexity and contradictory nature of the heroine and the extraordinary originality of her character. Katerina is a poetic person, full of deep lyricism. She grew up and was brought up in a bourgeois family, in a religious atmosphere, but she absorbed all the best that the patriarchal way of life could give. She has a sense of self-esteem, a sense of beauty, and she is characterized by the experience of beauty, which was brought up in her childhood. 43 slide Slide description: N.A. Dobrolyubov saw the greatness of Katerina’s image precisely in the integrity of her character, in her ability to be herself everywhere and always, to never betray herself in anything. Arriving at her husband’s house, Katerina was faced with a completely different way of life, in the sense that it was a life in which violence, tyranny, and humiliation of human dignity reigned. Katerina’s life changed dramatically, and the events took on a tragic character, but this might not have happened if not for the despotic character of her mother-in-law, Marfa Kabanova, who considers fear to be the basis of “pedagogy”. Her life philosophy- to frighten and keep in obedience with fear. She is jealous of her son towards the Young Wife and believes that he is not strict enough with Katerina. She is afraid that she will youngest daughter Varvara can be “infected” by such a bad example, and how would she future husband I didn’t later reproach my mother-in-law for not being strict enough in raising my daughter. 44 slide Slide description: Katerina, humble in appearance, becomes for Marfa Kabanova the personification of a hidden danger that she feels intuitively. So Kabanikha seeks to subjugate, break Katerina’s fragile character, force her to live according to her own laws, and so she sharpens her “like rusty iron.” But Katerina, endowed with spiritual gentleness and trepidation, is capable in some cases of showing both firmness and strong-willed determination - she does not want to put up with this situation. “Eh, Varya, you don’t know my character!” she says. “Of course, God forbid this happens! And if I get really tired of being here, you won’t be able to hold me back with any force. I’ll throw myself out the window, throw myself into the Volga. I don’t want to be here.” I won’t live like that, even if you cut me!” 45 slide Slide description: She feels the need to love freely and therefore enters into a struggle not only with the world of the “dark kingdom”, but also with her own beliefs, with her own nature, incapable of lies and deception. A heightened sense of justice makes her doubt the correctness of her actions, and she perceives the awakened feeling of love for Boris as a terrible sin, because, having fallen in love, she violated those moral principles that she considered sacred. But she also cannot give up her love, because it is love that gives her the much-needed feeling of freedom. Katerina is forced to hide her dates, but living a life of deception is unbearable for her. Therefore, she wants to free herself from them by her public repentance, but only further complicates her already painful existence. Katerina’s repentance shows the depth of her suffering, moral greatness, and determination. 46 slide Slide description: But how can she continue to live, if even after she repented of her sin in front of everyone, it did not become easier. It is impossible to return to your husband and mother-in-law: everything there is foreign. Tikhon will not dare to openly condemn his mother’s tyranny, Boris is a weak-willed man, he will not come to the rescue, and continuing to live in the Kabanovs’ house is immoral. Previously, they couldn’t even reproach her, she could feel that she was right in front of these people, but now she is guilty in front of them. She can only submit. But it is no coincidence that the work contains the image of a bird deprived of the opportunity to live in the wild. For Katerina, it is better not to live at all than to put up with the “miserable vegetation” that is destined for her “in exchange for her living soul.” Slide 47 Slide description: N.A. Dobrolyubov wrote that Katerina’s character “is full of faith in new ideals and selfless in the sense that it is better for him to die than to live under those principles that are disgusting to him.” To live in a world of “hidden, quietly sighing sorrow... prison, deathly silence...”, where “there is no space and freedom for living thought, for sincere words, for noble deeds; a heavy tyrant ban is imposed on loud, open, widespread activity "There is no way for her. If she cannot enjoy her feeling, her will legally, “in broad daylight, in front of all the people, if something that is so dear to her is snatched away from her, then she doesn’t want anything in life, she doesn’t even want life...” . Katerina did not want to put up with the reality that kills human dignity, could not live without moral purity, love and harmony, and therefore got rid of suffering in the only way possible in those circumstances. 48 slide Slide description: “... Simply as a human being, we are glad to see Katerina’s deliverance - even through death, if there is no other way... A healthy personality breathes upon us with joyful, fresh life, finding within itself the determination to end this rotten life at any cost !..” - says N.A. Dobrolyubov. And therefore, the tragic ending of the drama - Katerina’s suicide - is not a defeat, but an affirmation of the strength of a free person, - this is a protest against Kabanov’s concepts of morality, “proclaimed under domestic torture, and over the abyss into which the poor woman threw herself,” this is “a terrible challenge to the tyrant power ". And in this sense, Katerina’s suicide is her victory. An example of a final essay in the direction of “Victory and Defeat.” “Only the one who defeats himself wins in this life,” these words from Viktor Suvorov’s book “Aquarium” contain a deep meaning. Victories over hordes of the enemy are not as difficult as overcoming one’s own vices. Demosthenes, the great orator of antiquity, suffered from tongue-tiedness since childhood. However cherished dream- speaking before the public, leading the masses, forced him to tirelessly practice eloquence. Victory over himself was won - legends still circulate about the performances of the brilliant rhetorician, and his name lives on for centuries. The fate of Demosthenes - good example for those who are convinced that it is useless to fight shortcomings. This is certainly an erroneous judgment. With a strong desire, each of us is capable of much, including victory over our weaknesses: laziness, uncertainty, fears. Another thing is that such desires often remain just desires. But to make a dream come true, you need to make efforts, and sometimes considerable ones. But there is no limit to self-improvement, and if you work hard, the result will definitely come. Oblomov, the hero of the novel by I.A. Goncharov, was never able to defeat himself. Ilya Ilyich is accustomed to a half-asleep existence; he is lazy and passive. At some point, he wanted to correct himself, this was during his romantic relationship with Olga Ilyinskaya. Oblomov tried to defeat himself - and was defeated. Laziness turned out to be stronger - the hero was never able to completely leave his beloved sofa... The reason, in my opinion, is that Oblomov did not know how to work at all: in the estate of his childhood, Oblomovka, this was not accepted. What is the result? Ilya Ilyich’s life passed colorlessly and aimlessly, and the dreams that worried him in his youth remained dreams. There are also counter examples in the literature. Alexey Meresyev, the hero of “The Tale of a Real Man” by B. Polevoy, can be considered a true hero, a Man with a capital “M”. Meresyev's plane, making a combat mission, was shot down by the enemy. Miraculously, the surviving pilot made it to his own people, but doctors were forced to amputate his gangrene-affected legs. Alexey did not lose heart, did not wilt, did not become a burden to his loved ones - he learned to walk again, and then returned to duty and continued to fight the Nazis. Meresyev’s admirable feat is nothing more than a victory over himself - brilliant and grandiose. F.M. Dostoevsky wrote in the novel “Demons”: “If you want to conquer the whole world, conquer yourself.” It's hard to disagree with the classic. Conquering your weaknesses and shortcomings is not easy. But the one who has won it is able to conquer the world. |
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