State Border Commission;

Also, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin is:

First Deputy Chairman of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the implementation of national projects and demographic policy (appointed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 10, 2008);

Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs (Vnesheconombank);

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union State of the Russian Federation and Belarus;

The current head of government, V. Putin, also serves as chairman parties"United Russia", while formally remaining non-partisan.

Procedure for appointment and dismissal

The Chairman of the Government is appointed by the President of Russia with the consent of the State Duma.

A candidate for the position of Chairman of the Government can only be a citizen of Russia who does not have citizenship of a foreign state.

Offer on the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government is submitted to the State Duma no later than two weeks deadline after the newly elected President of Russia takes office or after the resignation of the Chairman of the Government, or within a week from the date of rejection of the previous candidacy by the State Duma.

The State Duma considers the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government submitted by the President of Russia within a week from the date of submission offers about the candidacy.

After three times the State Duma rejects the presented candidates for the Chairman of the Government, the President of Russia appoints the Chairman of the Government, dissolves the State Duma and calls new elections. The State Duma cannot be dissolved on this basis only in the last six months of the president’s tenure in office and during a martial law or state of emergency throughout the state, as well as in the event of the State Duma initiating impeachment proceedings.

The Constitution does not provide for the dismissal by the President of the Prime Minister alone; the President decides to resign the entire Government.

The Chairman of the Government is dismissed from office by the President of Russia (Article 7 of the law), which simultaneously entails the resignation of the entire Government:

on your own resignation letter;

in the event that it is impossible for the Chairman of the Government to fulfill his powers (he does not specify what exactly the impossibility may be, leaving the possibility of interpretation to the president).

Also, according to Article 35 of the law, the President of Russia has the right to decide to resign the Government of Russia in the event of the State Duma expressing no confidence in the Government of Russia or the State Duma refusing to trust the Government.

In addition, according to paragraph 4 of Article 117 of the Basic Law of the State of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Government has the right to independently raise the issue of confidence in the Government with the State Duma. If the State Duma refuses confidence, the President must, within seven days, make a decision on the resignation of the Government or on the dissolution of the State Duma and calling new elections. It is worth noting that the President of Russia cannot dissolve the State Duma on this basis within a year after its election.

The President of Russia notifies the Federation Council and the State Duma of the dismissal of the Chairman of the Government on the day the decision is made.

Exercising the duties of the President

In all cases when the President of Russia is unable to fulfill his duties, they are temporarily performed by the Chairman of the Government. The acting President of Russia does not have the right to dissolve the State Duma, appoint, or make proposals for amendments and revisions of the provisions of the fundamental Law of the country of Russia.

ListPrime Ministerov

Below is a list of chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and those acting in their duties after 1991. The time spent in this position, “acting”, is indicated in brackets. means "acting in charge."

Yeltsin, Boris Nikolaevich - was not prime minister or... o., however, until June 15, 1992 he headed the Government of the Russian Federation as President of the Russian Federation (in connection with the implementation of radical economic reform).

Chernomyrdin, Viktor Stepanovich (December 14, 1992 - March 23, 1998); at the same time November 5—November 6, 1996 was i. O. President of the Russian Federation in connection with Yeltsin's heart surgery; again August 23-September 11, 1998 and. O. Chairman of the Government

Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich (August 16, 1999 - May 7, 2000); from August 9 onwards O. Chairman of the Government; from December 31 at the same time and. O. President of the Russian Federation;

Khristenko, Viktor Borisovich (February 24 - March 5, 2004), acting. O.; was not submitted to the Duma for approval

Fradkov, Mikhail Efimovich (March 5—May 7, 2004, again from May 12, 2004 to September 12, 2007); May 7—May 12, 2004 and. O. (resigned his powers to the newly elected President of the Russian Federation); September 12—September 14, 2007 and. O. (after resignation, until the appointment of a new Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation)

Zubkov, Viktor Alekseevich (September 14, 2007 - May 7, 2008), then until May 8 and. O. (after resignation, until the appointment of a new Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation)

Prime Minister of Ukraine

The Prime Minister of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Prem"єр-міністр Україні) is the head of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine - the highest executive body of Ukraine.

Appointment and removal from office

The Prime Minister is appointed by the Verkhovna Rada on the proposal of the President of Ukraine, who, in turn, makes a proposal based on the proposal of the parliamentary majority (coalition).

As a rule, approval is preceded by several days of consultations and meetings of the candidate with parliamentary factions. The approval of a candidate for the post of head of the cabinet of ministers is not a mere formality. Some candidates were approved with a small majority of votes, and the candidacy may even be rejected. For example, in 1999, Valery Pustovoitenko lacked only three votes to be re-confirmed as prime minister after he resigned due to the re-election of Leonid Kuchma as president. After this, Kuchma chose Viktor Yushchenko instead. Yuri Yekhanurov lacked three votes during the first vote on his candidacy, and therefore a repeat vote had to be held two days later.

The Prime Minister, like any other member of the Cabinet of Ministers, can resign voluntarily. After the adoption of the current fundamental Law of the State of Ukraine, only Pavel Lazarenko took advantage of this right.

The Verkhovna Rada can dismiss the prime minister by expressing a vote of no confidence in him. A vote of no confidence in the government cannot be held within 1 year from the date of approval of the government program. Thus, the Verkhovna Rada dismissed the offices of Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych. The latter, however, refused to resign, citing the fact that parliament had not fulfilled the requirement for a one-year deadline.

Authority

The Prime Minister directs the work of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and signs government resolutions.

In addition, the Prime Minister proposes candidates for ministers (with the exception of candidates for the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Defense) for consideration by parliament, and also proposes candidates for heads of regional administrations for consideration by the President.

Also, the Prime Minister has the right to countersign a number of presidential decrees. The main Law of the country, however, does not define clear requirements for this procedure.

The head of government is responsible for the implementation of government decree together with the relevant minister.

ListPrime Ministerov

Mykola Azarov December 7, 2004 - December 28, 2004 Acting Prime Minister during Yanukovych's vacation.

Prime Ministers of Belgium

The Prime Minister of Belgium is the head of government of the Kingdom of Belgium. Official job titles: French. Premier Minister, Netherlands Eerste Minister, German Premierminister.

Until 1918, the work of the government was led by the King of Belgium. After the First World War, the prime minister became the de facto head of state.

Prime Minister England

The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the head of government and exercises many of the executive functions nominally assigned to the Sovereign, who is the head of state. According to custom, the prime minister and the cabinet (which he heads) are responsible for their actions to the parliament of which they are members.

Since 2007, the post of Prime Minister has been held by Gordon Brown from the Labor political party. As the title of the position indicates, the Prime Minister is the chief advisor to the monarch. Historically, the First Minister could hold any of the senior government offices, such as Lord Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Steward, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord Privy Seal or Secretary of State. With the advent of cabinet government in the 18th century, its head was called the "Prime Minister" (sometimes also "Premier" or "First Minister"); to this day, the Prime Minister always occupies one of the ministerial seats (usually the position of First Lord treasury).

Sir Robert Walpole is generally considered the first Prime Minister in the modern sense of the word. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Monarch, who, according to constitutional custom, must choose the person with the greatest support of the House of Commons (usually the leader of the political party with the majority). In the event that the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the House of Commons (as indicated by passing a No Confidence Order), he or she is morally obliged to either resign (in which case the Sovereign may try to find another Prime Minister who has the confidence of the House) or ask the Monarch to calling new elections. Since the premiership is in some sense still a de facto office, the powers of the Prime Minister are largely determined by custom rather than law, deriving from the fact that the holder of the office can appoint (through the Sovereign) his cabinet colleagues and exercise the Royal Prerogatives, which can be executed either by the Prime Minister himself or by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. Some commentators have pointed out that, in practice, the Prime Minister has little accountability to the House.

Story

Historically, the government of the kingdom belonged to the Sovereign, who enjoyed the advice of Parliament and the Privy Council. The Cabinet evolved from the Privy Council as the monarch began to consult several Privy Councilors rather than the entire council at once. However, these bodies bore little resemblance to a modern cabinet of ministers; since they were not headed by one person, they often acted uncoordinated and were appointed and dissolved entirely at the will of the monarch, without parliamentary control.

The history of British Prime Ministers does not consist of legislation, but rather of the assumptions of historians. The origins of the term prime minister and the question of who can be called the first Prime Minister are unclear and are the subject of academic and political debate.

The first mention of the words "prime minister" in official government documents occurred in the time of Benjamin Disraeli. Since then the name has been used in documents, letters and speech. In 1905, the position of Prime Minister was designated in a royal certificate, indicating the order of precedence for senior dignitaries. In the list of seniority, the Prime Minister was ranked immediately after the Archbishop of York. Legal recognition of the title appears to have occurred by this time, as it was later mentioned in the Checkers Estate Act 1917 and the Crown Ministers Act 1937.

There is ample evidence that the position of "Prime Minister" was not clearly defined by an Act of Parliament, but rather was invented by historians. In 1741, the House of Commons declared that "According to our constitution, we cannot have a single and first minister... every... officer is responsible for his own department, and should not interfere with the affairs of other departments." At the same time, the House of Lords agreed that "We are convinced that the sole, or even the first minister, is an official unknown to British laws, incompatible with the constitution of the state, and dangerous to the freedom of any government." However, these were largely party assessments of that particular period.

On the other hand, in a conversation between Lord Melville and William Pitt in 1803, the latter argued that "the person usually called the First Minister" was absolutely necessary for the smooth functioning of the government and expressed the opinion that such a person should be the Minister in charge of finance. In 1806 the House of Commons declared that "the constitution does not tolerate the idea of ​​a Prime Minister," and even in 1829 the House of Commons again declared that "nothing can be more injurious and unconformable to the constitution than the recognition of the existence of such an office by an act of Parliament."

Beatson's Political index of 1786 gives a list of "Primes and Favorites from the accession of Henry VIII to the present time." From 1714, Beatson lists only one "Sole Minister", who was Robert Walpole. Subsequently, he singled out two, three or even four people as equal ministers, to whose advice the King listened, and who thus controlled the government of the country.

The first Act of Parliament to mention the office of Prime Minister was the Checkers Estate Act, which was assented to the King on 20 December 1917. It designated the Checkers estate, given to the Crown by Sir Arthur and Lady Leigh to serve as a country home for future Prime Ministers.

Finally, the Ministers of the Crown (Royal Ministers) Act, which was approved by the King on 1 July 1937, gave official recognition to the office of Prime Minister and determined the pay of the "First Lord" treasury and Prime Minister" - two positions usually held by the prime minister. The Act made some distinction between the "position" of the Prime Minister and the "office" of the First Lord of the Treasury, emphasizing the unique nature of the position and recognizing the existence of a Cabinet. However, the sign on the Prime Minister's door still reads "First Lord of the Treasury."

The lack of official recognition of the position of Prime Minister has created problems in defining prime ministers in British history. Lists of British Prime Ministers may vary depending on the criteria chosen by the compiler. For example, failed attempts to form ministries, such as that of Lord Granville in 1746, are often ignored.

The first Prime Minister is usually considered to be Sir Robert Walpole, who took over the cabinet in 1721. His power was strengthened because George I did not actively participate in the English politics, taking care of his native Hannover. Walpole is considered the first Prime Minister not only because of his influence over the government, but also because he was able to persuade or force ministers to work together rather than intrigue against each other to increase their personal power. Walpole's position, First Lord of the Treasury, became associated with the leadership of government and became a position almost always held by prime ministers.

Although Walpole is considered the first prime minister, during his reign the words "prime minister" were used as a reproach and condemnation by his political opponents. His rule and power were based on the king's favor rather than the support of the House of Commons. Those who occupied his position after him were not as influential as he was; the power of the King remained predominant. However, the power of the king gradually decreased, while the power of the prime minister increased. During the last years of George II's life, policy was largely determined by ministers such as William Pitt the elder.

The period of the reign of George III, which began in 1760 after the death of George II, is particularly noticeable in the development of the office of Prime Minister. During his reign, the king sometimes had to, under pressure from parliament, appoint ministers that he did not personally like. However, he did not completely lose control over the composition of the Cabinet; in some cases, the king was able to prevent the appointment of politicians whom he had an aversion to (for example, Charles James Fox). Nevertheless, the monarch's influence continued to gradually decline; this trend became noticeable during the reign of William IV, the last king to appoint a Prime Minister against the will of Parliament. William attempted to impose his personal will in 1834 when he dismissed the Whig William Lamb and replaced him with the Tory Robert Peel. Peel, however, was unable to gain the support of the Whig-dominated House of Commons and resigned within a few months. Since the time of William IV, monarchs have not attempted to appoint a prime minister against the will of Parliament (although at the beginning of the Second World War wars Winston Churchill was appointed Prime Minister despite the fact that he was in the minority in Parliament at the time).

As the monarch's influence over ministerial appointments declined, the role of the House of Commons grew. At the beginning of the 20th century, the view began to take root that the prime minister should be answerable to the House of Commons rather than to the House of Lords. The custom therefore arose that the Prime Minister should himself belong to the House of Commons. The last Prime Minister entirely from the House of Lords was Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoigne-Cecil, third Marquess of Salisbury, who served from 1895 to 1902. In 1962, Lords Alexander Douglas-Home was appointed Prime Minister, but, having become Prime Minister, Douglas-Home renounced his peerage title of 14th Earl of Home, which he had held since his father's death in 1951, and was re-elected to the House of Commons as a deputy (the only such case in the history of parliament).

Job title

While this has not stopped Prime Ministers from doing their jobs in recent years, the official status of the Prime Minister is somewhat ambiguous. He has practically no legislatively defined power over other members of the Cabinet; all the work of governing the country is theoretically carried out by ministers, whose powers are more clearly defined by acts of Parliament. The Prime Minister himself simultaneously holds one of the ministerial positions - First Lord of the Treasury.

In the order of seniority determined by royal authority, the Prime Minister, excluding members of the royal family, is below only the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York and the Lord Chancellor.

In the regional governments of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the position corresponding to the prime minister is called First Minister.

Term of office

The essence of the office of Prime Minister is determined not by codified laws, but by unwritten and changing customs, known as constitutional customs, which have developed over the course of British history. Currently, these customs have come to the point that the Prime Minister and the Cabinet must have the support of a democratically elected part of the British Parliament: the House of Commons. The Sovereign, as a constitutional monarch, always acts in accordance with these customs, as does the Prime Minister himself.

When the position of Prime Minister becomes vacant, the Sovereign appoints a new Prime Minister. The appointment is formalized in a ceremony known as the Kissing of Hands. According to unwritten constitutional customs, the monarch must appoint a person who has the support of the House of Commons: usually the leader of the political party with a majority in the House. If no political party has a majority (a rare occurrence in the United Kingdom's electoral system), two or more groups can form a coalition whose leader becomes prime minister. the majority becomes "Her Majesty's Government" and the next largest political party "Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition". The head of the largest opposition political party becomes the "Leader of the Opposition" and bears the title of "Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition".

The term of office of the Prime Minister is linked to the term of the House of Commons. The maximum term of office of the chamber is five years; in practice, however, it is dissolved earlier by the Monarch at the request of the Prime Minister. Usually the prime minister chooses the most favorable moment for his political party to dissolve in order to get more votes in the elections. In some circumstances, the Prime Minister may be forced to either dissolve the House of Commons or resign. This occurs if the chamber expresses no confidence or refuses to express confidence. The same thing happens if the House of Commons refuses to pass, or some other particularly important part of the government's program. This, however, happened rarely: twice in 1924, and once in 1979. The first case occurred immediately after an uncertain election outcome and led to a change of government, the other two cases resulted in new general elections.

Whatever the reason - the expiration of a five-year term, the election of a Prime Minister or the defeat of the government in the House of Commons - dissolution is followed by a new general election. If the prime minister's political party loses its majority in the House of Commons, the prime minister resigns. The leader of the winning political party or coalition is appointed Prime Minister by the Monarch. The custom requiring the prime minister to resign immediately after an election is a relatively recent one. Previously, the prime minister could meet the new parliament and try to gain its confidence. This possibility has not completely disappeared and can be used in the event, say, when no one has a majority in the House of Commons. Something similar happened in 1974, when no political party won an absolute majority in the elections. Then Edward Heath chose not to resign immediately, but tried to negotiate with the third, Liberal political party on the formation of a coalition. However, after the failure of negotiations, Heath still had to resign.

Finally, losing an election is not the only event that can end a prime minister's term. For example, Margaret Thatcher left office because she lost the support of her own political party. The Prime Minister may leave office for personal reasons (such as health reasons). The last prime minister to die in office was Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (in 1865). The only prime minister to be assassinated was Spencer Perceval in 1812.

Power and its limitations

The main responsibility of the Prime Minister is to form a government, that is, to create a Cabinet that can maintain the support of the House of Commons after being appointed by the Monarch. He coordinates politics and the actions of the Cabinet and various government departments, representing the "face" of Her Majesty's Government. The monarch exercises many of the royal prerogatives on the advice of the prime minister.

The Commander-in-Chief of the British armed forces is the Monarch. However, in practice, the deployment and disposition of armed forces is usually de facto controlled by the prime minister. The Prime Minister can authorize the use of British nuclear weapons.

The Prime Minister also has great power in appointments. In most cases, the appointments themselves are made by the monarch, but the selection of candidates and recommendations are made by the prime minister. Ministers, Privy Councillors, Ambassadors and High Commissioners, senior officials, senior officers, members of important committees and commissions are selected and, in some cases, can be removed by the Prime Minister. In addition, on the advice of the Prime Minister, the Monarch grants peerages and knighthood. Formally, he also gives advice to the Monarch on the appointment of archbishops and bishops of the Church of England, but here he is limited by the existence of the Royal Commission on Appointments. The appointment of senior judges, although formally on the advice of the prime minister, is now decided through the work of independent bodies. Of the British awards, the Prime Minister does not control the Order of the Garter, the Order of the Thistle, the Order of Merit and the Order of Victoria, which are personal gifts from the Monarch. The distribution of power over appointments between the Monarch and the Prime Minister is unknown, but likely depends on the personal relationship between the Monarch and the current Prime Minister.

There are several limits on the power of the prime minister. First, he or she is (at least in theory) only first among equals in the Cabinet. The prime minister's leadership over the cabinet may be different. In some cases, the prime minister may only be the nominal head of the government, while the real power lies with another person. Weak or nominal prime ministers were common until the twentieth century; examples include William Cavendish, fourth Duke of Devonshire and William Cavendish-Bentinck, third Duke of Portland. In the opposite case, however, prime ministers can be so strong that they become "semi-presidents." Examples of strong prime ministers include William Gladstone, David Lloyd George, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair. The power of some prime ministers disappeared, depending on their energy, political skill or external events: Ramsay Macdonald, for example, was a strong prime minister in the Labor government, but under the "National government" his power was reduced so much that in recent years he remained only the nominal head of government.

The Prime Minister's power is also limited by the House of Commons, whose support he must maintain. The House of Commons controls the Prime Minister's actions in part through committee hearings and through Question Time, a time set aside once a week in which the Prime Minister must answer questions from the Leader of the Opposition and other members of the House. In practice, however, a government with a majority in the House need not particularly fear a “revolt of the backbenchers.”

Members of Parliament may hold ministerial positions (there are up to 90 positions at various levels) and fear removal from office if they do not support the prime minister. In addition, party discipline is very strong: a Member of Parliament can be expelled from his political party if he does not support his political party on important issues, and although this does not mean immediate loss of his seat in Parliament, it will make it very difficult for him to be re-elected. If the ruling political party has a significant majority in the House, then control due to the actions of the government on the part of the chamber, it is completely weakened. In general, the prime minister and his colleagues can pass almost any law.

The role and power of the Prime Minister has undergone significant changes over the past 50 years. There was a gradual transition from collective decision-making by the cabinet to dominance by the prime minister. Some commentators, such as Michael Foley, argue that there is a de facto "British Presidency". Many sources, such as former ministers, claim that in Tony Blair's government, the main decisions are made by Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, and the cabinet remains on the sidelines. Retired ministers such as Clare Short and Chris Smith have criticized this state of affairs. At the time of her resignation, Short condemned the "centralization of power in the hands of the prime minister and fewer and fewer advisers."

Privilege

The Prime Minister receives his salary not as Prime Minister, but as First Lord of the Treasury. As of 2006, it is £127,334, on top of what he receives £60,277 as an MP. The Prime Minister traditionally lives at 10 Downing Street in London, a house which George II gave to Robert Walpole as a personal gift. Walpole, however, agreed to accept it only as the official residence of the First Lords, and not as a gift to himself personally, and settled there in 1735. Although most First Lords lived at 10 Downing Street, some lived in their private homes. This was usually done by aristocrats who themselves owned large houses in central London. Some, such as Harold Macmillan and John Major, lived at Admiralty House while 10 Downing Street was being renovated. The adjacent 11 Downing Street houses the residence of the Second Lord of the Treasury. 12 Downing Street is the residence of the chief whip.

The Prime Minister may also use Checkers' country residence in Buckinghamshire.

The Prime Minister, like other cabinet ministers, is by custom a member of the Privy Council.

Prime Minister Canada

Prime Minister Canada(English: Prime Minister of Canada, French: Premier minister du Canada) is the head of the Canadian government, as usual, he is the head of the party with the largest number of seats in the House of Commons of Canada. The Prime Minister bears the title The Right Honorable for life.

The current Prime Minister is Stephen Harper; He took the oath of office on 6 February 2006 and became the 22nd prime minister after confederation, and his Conservative political party won 125 of the 308 seats in the 2006 federal elections. After new elections were announced in 2008, he remained in this post.

Every Canadian citizen with the right to vote (i.e., over the age of 18) can be Prime Minister. By custom, the Prime Minister is also an MP sitting in the House of Commons, although two Prime Ministers have ruled from the House of Congress: Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell. If the Prime Minister fails to win the seat, the minor MP in the uncontested constituency usually resigns to initiate a partial election for the Prime Minister to stand as a candidate and win the seat. However, if the head of the political party in power resigns shortly before an election, and the new head is not an MP, the latter usually waits until a general election is held before gaining a seat in the House of Commons. For example, John Turner served briefly as Prime Minister in 1984 without being a member of the House of Commons; Full of irony, he wins a seat in an election that removes him from power. The Prime Minister's official residence is 24 Sussex Alley in Ottawa, Ontario. Every prime minister since Louis Saint Laurent in 1951 has lived there. The prime minister also has a second residence at Harrington Lake in Gatineau Park near Ottawa.

There was once a tradition in which the monarch bestowed a knighthood on the Canadian prime minister. Thus, some of them have the title "Sir" (eight of the first prime ministers, only Alexander Mackenzie refused to become a knight). Following the Nickle decision in 1919, Canadian citizens were prohibited from receiving British titles of nobility; the last prime minister to be knighted is Robert Laird Borden, who was in power when Nickle's decision was made.

Term of office

The Prime Minister does not have a permanent term of office. The prime minister must resign only when the opposition political party wins a majority of seats in the House of Commons. If his political party loses a vote of confidence, the prime minister can resign (allowing another political party to form the government), but most often he asks the governor-general to dissolve parliament and call a general election. If a general election gives a majority of seats to an opposition political party, the out-of-control prime minister may try to gain the support of another political party to remain in power, or resign and allow the political party that wins the most seats to form the government. In modern times, the latter option is usually used, but this is not a mandatory constitutional rule.

Elections to the House of Commons (general elections) are announced no later than five years later (unless wars or uprisings) since the last general elections; however, the Prime Minister can ask the Governor-General to call an election at any time. No governor general has refused such a request since 1926 (see the King-Byng case). Usually, when there is a ruling majority in power, elections are held every 3 and a half to 5 years. If the ruling minority is in power, a vote of no confidence in the House of Commons can lead to a quick election (9 months in the case of Joe Clark's minority government in 1979-1980).

Role and rights

Considering that the Prime Minister is in any case the member of the Canadian government with the most power, he or she is sometimes erroneously referred to as the head of state. Canada's head of state is Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Prime Minister is the head of government.

The position of Prime Minister of Canada is not mentioned anywhere in the Canadian Basic Law, except for a recently added condition requiring him to meet with the Prime Ministers of the provinces. In modern Canada, however, his responsibilities broadly include duties that the Constitution establishes as being under the Governor General (acting in a dummy capacity). The office, duties, responsibilities and powers of the Prime Minister of Canada were established during the Canadian Confederation, following the example of the existing position of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Over time, the role of the Prime Minister of Canada has evolved, gaining more and more power.

The Prime Minister plays an important role in much of the legislation passed by the Parliament of Canada. Most Canadian laws originate in the Cabinet of Ministers of Canada, a corps appointed by the prime minister primarily from members of his own political party. The Cabinet must have "unanimous" agreement on all decisions it makes, but in practice it is the Prime Minister who decides whether unanimity has been achieved. An MP elected to the House of Commons of Canada is typically subject to the strict discipline of his or her political party, and voting against the political party line can have serious consequences, including expulsion from the political party. Most votes in the House of Commons are interpreted as votes of confidence, generating political solidarity out of strategic necessity.

The Prime Minister (and his cabinet) essentially controls appointments to the following positions:

all members of the Council of Ministers;

vacant seats on the Supreme Court of Canada;

vacant seats in US Senate Canada;

all persons managing crown companies who can be replaced by the Prime Minister at any time;

all ambassadors to foreign countries;

Governor General of Canada;

10 lieutenant governors of Canadian provinces and three commissioners of Canadian territories;

more than 3,100 other government positions; most of these appointments are delegated to members of his cabinet.

This significant expansion of authority in the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is attributed to former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, although evolution in this sense has been observed throughout Canadian history. The PMC comprises the prime minister's political and administrative employees, recruited entirely at the discretion of the prime minister. The CPM has significant influence in creating coordination of messages with other persons in the political arena, as well as with the central machine of the political party. Its positive effect may be a productive parliament, but it also gives rise to legitimate criticism for too centralized power in majority and CPM governments.

Criticism of the Prime Minister's Office

Recently, some Canadians and some MPs have begun to reflect on the powers that the Canadian Constitution ascribes to the Prime Minister. In particular, their aim is to find a means of changing the weakened role of MPs elected to the House of Commons, to create a parliamentary committee to review appointments to the Supreme Court and to abolish or radically reform US Senate. In The Friendly Dictatorship, published in 2001, chronicler of government affairs Geoffrey Simpson outlined the potential threats by listing what he claims is evidence of the near-absolute power granted to the prime minister.

The prime minister's power has limits. An outrage from a cabinet or caucus will bring down a prime minister fairly quickly, and even the threat of an outrage can force the prime minister to resign, as happened to Jean Chrétien in 2003. The prime minister is also constrained by an already weakened Senate. The US Senate can impose delays and obstructions on bills, which is what happened when Brian Mulroney introduced the Products and Services Tax (GST). In most cases, conflicts occurred because the U.S. Senate was dominated by members appointed by previous governments. The aforementioned prime ministers quickly changed the composition of the House of Congress in their favor with a barrage of senatorial appointments to ensure the passage of their bills.

The most frequently presented argument in favor of a prime minister relates to the country's federal structure. Canada is one of the most decentralized federations in the world, and provincial prime ministers have a lot of power. Provincial premiers must approve constitutional changes and be consulted on any new initiative in their area of ​​responsibility, including certain important sectors such as health and education. In light of regional forces such as the Quebec separatist movement, some argue that a state counterweight is needed to neutralize these pressures.

Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland

The Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland, or officially the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Prezes Rady Ministruw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) in accordance with the fundamental Law of the Republic of Poland dated April 2, 1997 (Article 148):

1. represents the Council of Ministers,

2. directs the work of the Council of Ministers,

3. issues orders,

4. ensures the implementation of the policy of the Council of Ministers and determines the methods for its implementation,

5. coordinates and controls the work of members of the Council of Ministers,

6. exercises supervision over territorial self-government within the limits and forms determined by the Constitution and laws,

7. is the supervisor of service for employees of the government administration.

Until 1922, the position was called “President of Ministers” (Polish: Prezydent Ministruw).

Prime Ministers of the Third Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (since 1989)

Prime Minister of France

Prime Minister of the French Republic (French: le Premier Minister de la République Française), head of the French government.

Until 1958, the official title of the position was Chairman of the Council of Ministers (French: Président du Conseil de Ministres).

Residence - Matignon mansion (French l "Hфtel Matignon) in Paris.

In the Fifth Republic, the Prime Minister is responsible for current domestic and economic policies. Unlike ministers, he has the right to issue decrees (French décrets) of a general nature. Considered personally responsible for government policies; its popularity directly depends on the current state of affairs in the state. During a period when the prime minister and the president represent different political parties, the prime minister usually has more independence in his actions.

The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic. The approval of his candidacy by the National Assembly is not required, but since the National Assembly has the right to declare a vote of no confidence in the government at any time, the prime minister usually represents the political party that has the majority of seats in the National Assembly (even if the president belongs to another political party). The Prime Minister draws up a list of the ministers of his cabinet and submits it to the President of the Republic for approval. To terminate the powers of the prime minister, a resignation letter from the cabinet is required; this decision cannot be made by the president alone.

The Prime Minister initiates the adoption of laws in the National Assembly and must ensure their implementation. He is responsible for national defense. The Prime Minister countersigns the acts of the President and replaces him as chairman in the councils and committees determined by Article 15 of the Basic Law of the State.

Prime ministers of France since the Fourth Republic

Fifth Republic

Prime Minister Japan

Prime Minister of Japan (Japanese: 内閣総理大臣, Naikaku so:ri daijin) - the traditional rendering of the title of the head of the Japanese government (modeled on the official English rendering - Prime Minister of Japan), although the literal translation of the Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet" . The Prime Minister is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after confirmation by Parliament. The Prime Minister has the right to dismiss and appoint ministers. The first prime minister of Japan was Ito Hirobumi. The current Prime Minister is Yukio Hatoyama. The post of Prime Minister was created in 1885 and took its final form with the adoption of the fundamental Law of the country in 1947.

Appointment to office

The future Prime Minister of Japan must be approved by the two houses of the Japanese Diet. For this purpose, voting takes place in the chambers on various candidates in order to identify a leader. In practice, the head of the political party representing the majority in parliament automatically becomes the prime minister. In theory, the House of Representatives of the Japanese Diet has the right to appoint any other member to the post of prime minister, but this has never happened. After approval by the Houses of Parliament emperor Japan signs a decree on the inauguration of a new prime minister.

Sources

ru.wikipedia.org Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia of political science. Dictionary. - PRIME MINISTER, prime minister, husband. (polit. official). In bourgeois countries, the chairman of the cabinet of ministers, the head of government. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

PRIME MINISTER- PRIME MINISTER, head of government. In the USSR, the post of Prime Minister officially existed in January August 1991.

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, the Law “On the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus and subordinate state bodies”, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus - the Government of the Republic of Belarus - is the central government body of the Republic of Belarus

The government in its activities is accountable to the President of the Republic of Belarus and responsible to the Parliament of the Republic of Belarus.

The Government resigns its powers to the newly elected President of the Republic of Belarus.

The Government of the Republic of Belarus consists of the Prime Minister, his deputies and ministers. The Government may also include heads of other republican government bodies.

The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic of Belarus with the consent of the House of Representatives. A decision on this issue is made by the House of Representatives no later than two weeks from the date of submission of the proposal for the candidacy of the Prime Minister.

In the event of a two-time refusal to give consent to the appointment of the Prime Minister by the House of Representatives, the President of the Republic of Belarus has the right to appoint an acting Prime Minister, dissolve the House of Representatives and call new elections.

The work of the Government is led by the Prime Minister.

Prime Minister:

1) directly manages the activities of the Government and bears personal responsibility for its work;

2) signs Government resolutions;

3) within two months after his appointment, submits to Parliament the program of the Government’s activities, and in case of its rejection, submits a repeated program of the Government’s activities within two months;

4) informs the President about the main directions of the Government’s activities and all its most important decisions;

5) performs other functions related to the organization and activities of the Government.

The Government or any member of the Government has the right to announce their resignation to the President if they consider it impossible to further fulfill the duties assigned to them. The Government announces its resignation to the President if the House of Representatives expresses a vote of no confidence in the Government.

The Prime Minister may raise before the House of Representatives a question of confidence in the Government on a presented program or on a specific issue. If the House of Representatives refuses confidence, the President has the right, within ten days, to make a decision on the resignation of the Government or on the dissolution of the House of Representatives and calling new elections. If the resignation is rejected, the Government continues to exercise its powers.

The President has the right, on his own initiative, to decide on the resignation of the Government and to dismiss any member of the Government from office.

In the event of resignation or resignation, the Government of the Republic of Belarus, on behalf of the President, continues to exercise its powers until the formation of a new Government.

Government of the Republic of Belarus:

manages the system of government bodies and other executive authorities subordinate to him;

develops the main directions of domestic and foreign policy and takes measures for their implementation;

develops and submits to the President for submission to Parliament a draft republican budget and a report on its implementation;

ensures the implementation of a unified economic, financial, credit and monetary policy, state policy in the field of science, culture, education, healthcare, ecology, social security and remuneration;

takes measures to ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens, protect the interests of the state, national security and defense capability, protect property and public order, and fight crime;

acts on behalf of the owner in relation to property that is the property of the Republic of Belarus, organizes the management of state property;

ensures the implementation of the Constitution, laws and decrees, decrees and orders of the President;

repeals acts of ministries and other republican government bodies;

exercises other powers assigned to him by the Constitution, laws and acts of the President.

The Government of the Republic of Belarus issues regulations that are binding throughout the territory of the Republic of Belarus.

The Prime Minister issues orders within his competence.

More on the topic of Executive power. Government - Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus:

1. 1.2. Appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation: specifics of the Russian model
2. 2.1. Characteristics of the structure of integration bodies in the post-Soviet space
3. 1.3. CIRCUMSTANCES TO BE PROOF WHEN DISCOVERING AND INVESTIGATING ABUSE OF POWER OR OFFICIAL POWERS.

The Government, as the highest executive body, is vested with broad powers, which are enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Presidential Decree, which has the force of the Constitutional Law, “On the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan” dated December 18, 1995. The task is set to create an “electronic Government”. President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev said that “... it’s time to actually start forming an “electronic Government.” This is a small Government, transparent in its activities. It will reduce contacts between the population and officials, improve the quality and reduce the time it takes to provide services. This will lead to a new administrative reform and reduction of the state apparatus. To carry out such work, a large program is needed to eliminate computer illiteracy and ensure public access to the Internet.”

In the field of economics, the Government is developing the main directions of state economic policy, strategic and tactical measures for its implementation; economic programs, the republican budget and draws up a report on its implementation, ensures its implementation; develops and implements measures to strengthen the financial system of the Republic; ensures state control over compliance with the rule of law in the formation and use of state currency, financial and material resources; implements structural and investment policies; develops and implements state pricing policy, establishes a range of products, goods and services for which state-regulated prices are applied; organizes the management of state property and ensures its protection. In the social field, the Government develops the main directions of state policy and state programs; determines the system and conditions of remuneration, social security of citizens, state social security and social insurance; provides solutions to issues of social development of regions; contributes to solving problems of youth, physical culture and sports, tourism, social partnership. In the field of science, technology, education and culture, the government develops and implements plans for scientific and technological development; determines and implements state policy on the development of science and technology, the introduction of new technologies, culture, and education. In the field of administrative and political management, the Government forms and abolishes consultative and advisory bodies, manages the activities of ministries, state committees, central executive bodies not included in the Government, controls their implementation of laws, acts of the President and the Government, appoints and dismisses deputy ministers, appoints to office and dismisses heads of central executive bodies that are not part of the Government. The grounds for this are established and specified by legislative acts on civil service and the procedure for its completion. Issues of resignation of the specified officials: persons who are not members of the Government are not regulated by Article 70 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Government also manages the activities of local executive bodies on issues of public administration, monitors their implementation of laws. In the field of strengthening law and order, the Government ensures the implementation of legal reform: develops and implements measures to protect and protect the rights and freedoms of citizens, ensure law and order, security and defense capability of the Republic, territorial integrity and protection of state borders. In the field of foreign policy, the Government makes decisions on negotiating and signing intergovernmental agreements; ensures the development of relations between the Republic and foreign states, international and regional organizations; develops measures to implement foreign economic policy; takes measures I to develop foreign trade; carries out cooperation and interaction with international financial organizations. In contrast to the competence of the Parliament, the Constitution in Art. 66 defines the competence of the Government in the form of an open list of functions and powers, completed by clause 10, according to which the Government “performs other functions assigned to it by the Constitution, laws and acts of the President.”

According to this article of the Constitution, the Government develops the main directions of the state's socio-economic policy, its defense capability, security, ensuring public order and organizes their implementation.

In the sphere of economics and budgetary relations, the Government develops and submits to Parliament the republican budget and a report on its execution, ensures execution of the budget, and organizes the management of state property.

In the legislative sphere, the Government is vested with the right of legislative initiative. It submits draft laws to the Mazhilis and ensures the implementation of laws; gives opinions on bills that provide for a reduction in government revenues or an increase in government spending; carries out the instructions of the President to introduce bills. In addition, it provides control over the implementation of laws by ministries, state committees and other central departments and local executive bodies.

The government is also developing measures to implement the republic’s foreign policy.

In the field of public administration, the Government directs the activities of ministries, state committees, and other central and local executive bodies, cancels or suspends, in whole or in part, the acts of these bodies, appoints and dismisses heads of central executive bodies that are not members of the Government.

The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on issues within its competence, issues decrees that are binding throughout the territory of the republic. Government resolutions must not contradict the Constitution, legislative acts, decrees and orders of the President of the Republic. These provisions of Art. 69 of the Constitution do not prevent the Government from issuing acts on issues not regulated by the above-mentioned higher acts, and therefore, Government decisions are not necessarily of a subordinate nature.

“Article 9. Competence of the Government of the Republic The Government of the Republic:

• 1) develops the main directions of the state’s socio-economic policy, its defense capability, security, ensuring public order and organizes their implementation
• 2) submits state programs to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan for approval;
• 3) approves the forecast of socio-economic development;
• 4) develops measures to implement the foreign policy of the Republic;
• 5) in the manner determined by the President of the Republic, participates in the development of the republican budget and its amendments, submits the republican budget and a report on its execution to Parliament, ensures the execution of the budget;
• 6) develops and implements measures to strengthen the financial system of the Republic; ensures state control over compliance with the rule of law in the formation and use of state currency, financial and material resources;
• 7) implements structural and investment policies;
• 8) develops state pricing policy; establishes the range of products, goods and services for which state-regulated prices are applied;
• 9) organizes the management of state property, develops and implements measures for its use, ensures the protection of state property rights;
• 10) forms the system and conditions of remuneration, social security of citizens, state social security and social insurance
• 11) develops the main directions of state regional policy; provides solutions to interregional problems and issues of socio-economic development of regions;
• 12) forms state policy on the development of science and technology, the introduction of new technologies, culture, education, healthcare, tourism and sports;
• 13) develops and implements measures to ensure the rational use and protection of natural resources and the environment;
• 14) ensures the implementation of legal policy; develops and implements measures to protect and protect the rights and freedoms of citizens, ensure law and order, security and defense capability of the Republic, territorial integrity and protection of the state borders of the Republic;
• 15) makes decisions on holding negotiations and signing intergovernmental agreements; ensures the development of relations between the Republic and foreign states, international and regional organizations; develops measures to implement foreign economic policy; takes measures to develop foreign trade; carries out cooperation and interaction with international financial organizations;
• 16) performs other functions assigned to him by the Constitution, laws and acts of the President.”;
• 2) paragraph 1 of Article 19 shall be stated as follows:

"1. Prime Minister of the Republic:

• 1) organizes the work of the Government and distributes functional responsibilities among members of the Government;
• 2) represents the Government or entrusts the representation of the Government in relations with the President of the Republic, Parliament, the Constitutional Council, the Supreme Court, the Prosecutor General's Office and other government bodies;
• 3) represents the Government or entrusts the representation of the Government in international relations and signs intergovernmental treaties and agreements;
• 4) makes proposals to the President of the Republic: on the structure and composition of the Government; on the formation, reorganization and abolition of ministries and central executive bodies that are not part of the Government; on candidates for appointment to the position of minister, with the exception of the ministers of foreign affairs, defense, internal affairs, justice; on the dismissal of a minister, including those who do not agree with the policy pursued by the Government or who do not pursue it, with the exception of the ministers of foreign affairs, defense, internal affairs, and justice;
• 5) submits for approval to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan a unified system of financing and remuneration of workers for all bodies maintained at the expense of the state budget of the Republic;
• 6) reports to the President on the main directions of the Government’s activities;
• 7) hears reports from members of the Government, heads of central and local executive bodies;
• 8) establishes and abolishes consultative and advisory bodies under the Government;
• 9) performs other functions related to the organization and management of the activities of the Government.”;
• 3) paragraph 1 of Article 22 shall be stated as follows:

"1. The Ministry is the central executive body of the Republic, which manages the relevant branch (sphere) of public administration, as well as, within the limits provided for by law, intersectoral coordination.

The Ministry carries out strategic, regulatory, implementation and control and supervisory functions within its competence.”;

4) Article 23 should be stated as follows:

“Article 23. Central executive body not included in

composition of the Government

1. The central executive body, which is not part of the Government, is formed, reorganized and abolished by the President of the Republic on the proposal of the Prime Minister of the Republic.

The central executive body, which is not part of the Government, carries out strategic, regulatory, implementation and control and supervisory functions.

• 2. The central executive body, which is not part of the Government, manages the relevant branch (sphere) of public administration, as well as, within the limits provided for by law, intersectoral coordination.
• 3. The structure of the central executive body, which is not part of the Government, is approved by the executive secretary and, as a rule, consists of departments and directorates.

The set of departments and directorates of the central executive body, which is not part of the Government, is the apparatus of the central executive body, which is not part of the Government.

• 4. Under the head of the central executive body, which is not part of the Government, a collegium is formed, which is a consultative and advisory body. The numerical and personal composition of the board is approved by the head of the central executive body, which is not part of the Government.
• 5. Acts of the central executive body that is not part of the Government are orders of the head of the central executive body that is not part of the Government.”;
• 5) paragraph 4 of Article 24 shall be stated as follows:

"4. The department, within the competence of the central executive body of the Republic, can carry out regulatory, implementation and control and supervisory functions, as well as participate in the implementation of the strategic functions of the central executive body within the competence of the department.”

Article 2. This Constitutional Law shall come into force upon the expiration of ten calendar days after the day of its first official publication.

1. General information about the Prime Minister

2. Prime ministers (heads of government) of the USSR

3. Prime Ministers of the Russian Federation

Authority

Procedure for appointment and dismissal

Exercising the duties of the President

List of Prime Ministers

4. Prime Minister of Ukraine

Appointment and removal from office

Authority

List of Prime Ministers

5. Prime Ministers of Belgium

6. Prime Minister of Great Britain

Story

Job title

Term of office

Power and its limitations

Privilege

7. Prime Minister of Canada

Term of office

Role and rights

Criticism of the Prime Minister's Office

8. Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland

9. Prime Minister of France

10. Prime Minister of Japan

Prime Minister(from French le premier - first) - This first, chief minister, head of government in countries where this position is separate from the post of head of state.

Prime Minister- This the title of the position of the head of government in Australia, Belarus, Great Britain, Italy, Canada, Latvia, Lithuania, Namibia, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France, Estonia, Japan and a number of other countries.

General information aboutPprime ministere

In many countries it is elected by universal suffrage; in others, it is approved by parliament on the proposal of the head of state; or appointed by the head of state (United Kingdom).

In Russia, the position of Prime Minister since 1993 has been officially called the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; in Latvia - the President of Ministers; in Germany - chancellor; in Bulgaria - minister-president.

The position of prime minister appeared at the turn of the 16th - 17th centuries in Western Europe. Prime Minister is literally translated as First Minister. In France, from the 16th-17th centuries, there was a position of chief minister of state.

Prime ministers (heads of government) of the USSR

Chairman (Council of People's Commissars) of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - head of the government of the Soviet Union, who in 1923-1946 were called Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and in 1946-1991 - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Only for a few months in 1991, the post of head of government, which was then occupied by V.S. Pavlov, was officially called “Prime Minister of the USSR” (and the government, accordingly, “Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR”). For several months between the failure of the August putsch and the collapse of the USSR, the Committee for the Operational Management of the National Economy of the USSR operated.

The heads of the executive authorities of the USSR were necessarily members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the party and chaired meetings of the Politburo (this tradition was broken only by N. S. Khrushchev in the mid-1950s, after the removal of Malenkov).

Actual state power was vested in the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks/CPSU (in 1953-1966 - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee). Some leaders of the Soviet Union (N.S. Khrushchev) combined these posts.

The October (1964) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, which removed Khrushchev from all posts, decided that in the future combining the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers with the post of First Secretary of the Party Central Committee is inappropriate, since it leads to too strong a concentration of power in one hand. In the second half of the 1960s, the post lost its former significance.

September 5, 1991 - September 20, 1991: Chairman of the Committee for Operational Management of the National Economy of the USSR

September 20, 1991 - November 14, 1991: Chairman of the Inter-Republican Economic Committee of the USSR

November 14, 1991 - December 26, 1991: Chairman of the Interstate Economic Committee of the USSR - Prime Minister of the Economic Community

Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation

The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, in accordance with Article 24 of the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Government of the Russian Federation,” heads the Government of the Russian Federation, determines the main directions of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation and organizes its work.

The position of the Chairman of the Government is the second most important public position in the Russian Federation after the position of the President.

The President of Russia, in accordance with Article 83 of the Constitution, has the right to chair government meetings, despite the fact that he is not a member of the government. In addition, the President of Russia, according to Article 32 of the Law, directs the activities of federal executive bodies in charge of issues of defense, security, internal affairs, foreign affairs, emergency prevention and disaster management, although the heads of some of the relevant departments (such as : Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Internal Affairs, etc.) are part of the Government.

Until December 23, 1993, the position of the head of the Russian government was called Chairman of the Council of Ministers - Government of the Russian Federation; after the adoption of the 1993 Constitution, she began to be called the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. Informally, she is often called the Prime Minister, although there is no such name in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The procedure for appointment, powers and duties of the Chairman of the Government of Russia are determined by Articles 110-117 of the Constitution of Russia.

Since May 8, 2008, the Chairman of the Government is Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, who previously held this position in 1999-2000, and was the President of Russia in 2000-2008.

Authority

In accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Government of the Russian Federation” and the Regulations of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Government performs the following functions:

determines, in accordance with the constitution, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and presidential decrees, the main directions of government activity;

submits to the President proposals on the structure of federal executive bodies, on the appointment and dismissal of Deputy Prime Ministers (Deputy Prime Ministers) and federal ministers, on the imposition of disciplinary sanctions on them and on their encouragement;

represents the government within and outside the state;

organizes the work of the government and conducts its meetings, having the right to vote;

systematically holds meetings with members of the Government, heads of federal services and other federal executive bodies, bodies and organizations under the Government, at which it reviews the progress of implementation of programs and plans of the Government, instructions of the President of the Russian Federation to the Government, makes decisions on operational issues;

signs government regulations (decrees and orders);

distributes responsibilities among members of the Government;

systematically informs the President of the Russian Federation about the work of the Government.

The Chairman of the Government is included by position in:

Security Council of the Russian Federation;

Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Independent States;

Supreme State Council of the Union State of Russia and Belarus;

Council of Heads of Government of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO);

Interstate Council of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC);

In addition to the main duties and functions of the head of government prescribed by law, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin heads the following coordination and advisory bodies under the Government of the Russian Federation:

Government Commission for Control of Foreign Investments;

Government Competitiveness and Enterprise Council;

Government Commission on Budget Projects for the next financial year and planning period;

State Border Commission;

Also, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin is:

First Deputy Chairman of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the implementation of national projects and demographic policy (appointed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 10, 2008);

Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs (Vnesheconombank);

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union State of Russia and Belarus;

The current head of government, V. Putin, also serves as chairman of the United Russia political party, while formally remaining non-partisan.

Procedure for appointment and dismissal

The Chairman of the Government is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation with the consent of the State Duma.

A candidate for the position of Chairman of the Government can only be a citizen of the Russian Federation who does not have citizenship of a foreign state.

A proposal for a candidacy for the Chairman of the Government is submitted to the State Duma no later than two weeks after the newly elected President of the Russian Federation takes office or after the resignation of the Chairman of the Government, or within a week from the date of rejection of the previous candidacy by the State Duma.

The State Duma considers the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government presented by the President of the Russian Federation within a week from the date of submission of the proposal for the candidacy.

After the State Duma has rejected the submitted candidates for the Chairman of the Government three times, the President of the Russian Federation appoints the Chairman of the Government, dissolves the State Duma and calls new elections. The State Duma cannot be dissolved on this basis only in the last six months of the President’s tenure and during a martial law or state of emergency throughout the state, as well as in the event of the State Duma initiating impeachment proceedings.

The Constitution does not provide for the dismissal by the President of the Prime Minister alone; The President decides to resign the entire Government.

The Chairman of the Government is dismissed from office by the President of the Russian Federation (Article 7 of the Law), which simultaneously entails the resignation of the entire Government:

on your own resignation letter;

if it is impossible for the Chairman of the Government to fulfill his powers (what exactly the impossibility may be, the law does not specify, leaving the possibility of interpretation to the President).

Also, according to Article 35 of the Law, the President of the Russian Federation has the right to decide on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation in the event of the State Duma expressing no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation or the State Duma refusing to trust the Government.

In addition, according to paragraph 4 of Article 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Government has the right to independently raise the issue of confidence in the Government with the State Duma. If the State Duma refuses confidence, the President must, within seven days, make a decision on the resignation of the Government or on the dissolution of the State Duma and calling new elections. It is worth noting that the President of the Russian Federation cannot dissolve the State Duma on this basis within a year after its election.

The President of the Russian Federation notifies the Federation Council and the State Duma of the dismissal of the Chairman of the Government on the day the decision is made.

Exercising the duties of the President

In all cases when the President of the Russian Federation is unable to fulfill his duties, they are temporarily performed by the Chairman of the Government. The Acting President of the Russian Federation does not have the right to dissolve the State Duma, call a referendum, or make proposals for amendments and revisions to the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

ListPrime Ministerov

Below is a list of chairmen of the Russian Government and those acting in their duties after 1991. The time spent in this position, “acting”, is indicated in brackets. means "acting in charge."

Yeltsin, Boris Nikolaevich - was not prime minister or... o., however, until June 15, 1992 he headed the Government of Russia as President of Russia (in connection with the implementation of radical economic reform).

Chernomyrdin, Viktor Stepanovich (December 14, 1992 - March 23, 1998); at the same time November 5-November 6, 1996 was and. O. President of the Russian Federation in connection with Yeltsin's heart surgery; again August 23-September 11, 1998 and. O. Chairman of the Government

Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich (August 16, 1999 - May 7, 2000); from August 9 onwards O. Chairman of the Government; from December 31 at the same time and. O. President of the Russian Federation;

Khristenko, Viktor Borisovich (February 24 - March 5, 2004), acting. O.; was not submitted to the Duma for approval

Fradkov, Mikhail Efimovich (March 5-May 7, 2004, again from May 12, 2004 to September 12, 2007); May 7-May 12, 2004 and. O. (resigned his powers to the newly elected President of the Russian Federation); September 12-September 14, 2007 and. O. (after resignation, until the appointment of a new Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation)

Zubkov, Viktor Alekseevich (September 14, 2007 - May 7, 2008), then until May 8 and. O. (after resignation, until the appointment of a new Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation)

Prime Minister of Ukraine

The Prime Minister of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Prem-Minister of Ukraine) is the head of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine - the highest executive body of Ukraine.

Appointment and removal from office

The Prime Minister is appointed by the Verkhovna Rada on the proposal of the President of Ukraine, who, in turn, makes a proposal based on the proposal of the parliamentary majority (coalition).

As a rule, approval is preceded by several days of consultations and meetings of the candidate with parliamentary factions. The approval of a candidate for the post of head of the cabinet of ministers is not a mere formality. Some candidates were approved with a small majority of votes, and the candidacy may even be rejected. For example, in 1999, Valery Pustovoitenko lacked only three votes to be re-confirmed as prime minister after he resigned due to the re-election of Leonid Kuchma as president. After this, Kuchma chose Viktor Yushchenko instead. Yuri Yekhanurov lacked three votes during the first vote on his candidacy, and therefore a repeat vote had to be held two days later.

The Prime Minister, like any other member of the Cabinet of Ministers, can resign voluntarily. After the adoption of the current Constitution of Ukraine, only Pavel Lazarenko exercised this right.

The Verkhovna Rada can dismiss the prime minister by expressing a vote of no confidence in him. A vote of no confidence in the government cannot be held within 1 year from the date of approval of the government program. Thus, the Verkhovna Rada dismissed the offices of Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych. The latter, however, refused to resign, citing the fact that parliament had not complied with the one-year requirement.

Authority

The Prime Minister directs the work of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and signs government resolutions.

In addition, the Prime Minister proposes candidacies of ministers for parliamentary consideration (with the exception of candidacies for the ministers of foreign affairs and defense), and also proposes candidacies of heads of regional administrations for consideration by the President.

Also, the Prime Minister has the right to countersign a number of presidential decrees. The Constitution, however, does not define clear requirements for this procedure.

The head of government is responsible for the implementation of government decree together with the relevant minister.

ListPrime Ministerov

Mykola Azarov December 7, 2004 – December 28, 2004 Acting Prime Minister during Yanukovych's vacation.

Prime Ministers of Belgium

The Prime Minister of Belgium is the head of government of the Kingdom of Belgium. Official job titles: French. Premier Minister, Netherlands Eerste Minister, German Premierminister.

Until 1918, the work of the government was led by the King of Belgium. After the First World War, the prime minister became the de facto head of state.

Prime Minister of Great Britain

The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the head of government and exercises many of the executive functions nominally assigned to the Sovereign, who is the head of state. According to custom, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet (which he heads) are responsible for their actions to the Parliament of which they are members.

Since 2007, the post of Prime Minister has been held by Gordon Brown from the Labor Party. As the title of the position indicates, the Prime Minister is the chief advisor to the monarch. Historically, the First Minister could hold any of the senior government offices, such as Lord Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Steward, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord Privy Seal or Secretary of State. With the advent of cabinet government in the 18th century, its head was called the "Prime Minister" (sometimes also "Premier" or "First Minister"); to this day, the Prime Minister always occupies one of the ministerial seats (usually the position of First Lord of the Treasury).

Sir Robert Walpole is generally considered the first Prime Minister in the modern sense of the word. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Monarch, who, according to constitutional custom, must choose the person with the greatest support of the House of Commons (usually the leader of the party with the majority). In the event that the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the House of Commons (as indicated by passing a No Confidence Order), he or she is morally obliged to either resign (in which case the Sovereign may try to find another Prime Minister who enjoys the confidence of the House) or ask the Monarch to calling new elections. Since the premiership is in some sense still a de facto office, the powers of the Prime Minister are largely determined by custom rather than law, deriving from the fact that the holder of the office can appoint (through the Sovereign) his cabinet colleagues and exercise the Royal Prerogatives, which can be executed either by the Prime Minister himself or by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. Some commentators have pointed out that in practice the Prime Minister has little accountability to the House.

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Historically, power over the government of the kingdom rested with the Sovereign, who was advised by Parliament and the Privy Council. The Cabinet evolved from the Privy Council as the monarch began to consult several Privy Councilors rather than the entire council at once. However, these bodies bore little resemblance to a modern cabinet of ministers; since they were not headed by one person, they often acted uncoordinated and were appointed and dissolved entirely at the will of the monarch, without parliamentary control.

The history of British Prime Ministers does not consist of legislation, but rather of the assumptions of historians. The origin of the term Prime Minister and the question of who can be called the first Prime Minister are unclear and are the subject of scientific and political debate.

The first mention of the words "Prime Minister" in official government documents occurred in the time of Benjamin Disraeli. Since then the name has been used in documents, letters and speech. In 1905, the position of Prime Minister was designated in a royal certificate, indicating the order of precedence for senior dignitaries. In the list of seniority, the Prime Minister was ranked immediately after the Archbishop of York. Legal recognition of the title appears to have occurred by this time, as it was later mentioned in the Checkers Estate Act 1917 and the Crown Ministers Act 1937.

There is ample evidence that the position of "Prime Minister" was not clearly defined by an Act of Parliament, but rather was invented by historians. In 1741, the House of Commons declared that “According to our government, we cannot have a single and first minister. . . each. . . the official is responsible for his own department, and should not interfere in the affairs of other departments." At the same time, the House of Lords agreed that "We are convinced that the sole, or even the first minister, is an official unknown to British laws, incompatible with the constitution of the state, and dangerous to the freedom of any government." However, these were largely party assessments of that particular period.

On the other hand, in a conversation between Lord Melville and William Pitt in 1803, the latter argued that "the person usually called the First Minister" was absolutely necessary for the smooth functioning of the government and expressed the opinion that such a person should be the Minister in charge of finance. In 1806 the House of Commons declared that "the constitution does not tolerate the idea of ​​a Prime Minister," and even in 1829 the House of Commons again declared that "nothing can be more injurious and unconformable to the constitution than the recognition of the existence of such an office by an act of Parliament."

Beatson's publication Political Index of 1786 gives a list of "Primes and Favorites from the accession of Henry VIII to the present time." From 1714, Beatson lists only one "Sole Minister", who was Robert Walpole. In the subsequent period he singled out two, three or even four men as equal ministers, whose advice the King took, and who thus controlled the government of the country.

The first Act of Parliament to mention the office of Prime Minister was the Checkers Estate Act, which was assented to the King on 20 December 1917. It designated the Checkers estate, given to the Crown by Sir Arthur and Lady Leigh to serve as a country home for future Prime Ministers.

Finally, the Ministers of the Crown (Royal Ministers) Act, which was approved by the King on 1 July 1937, gave official recognition to the office of Prime Minister and determined the pay of the "First Lord of the Treasury and the Prime Minister", the two positions usually held by the Prime Minister. The Act made some distinction between the "position" of the Prime Minister and the "office" of the First Lord of the Treasury, emphasizing the unique nature of the position and recognizing the existence of a Cabinet. However, the sign on the Prime Minister's door still reads "First Lord of the Treasury."

The lack of official recognition of the position of Prime Minister has created problems in defining prime ministers in British history. Lists of British Prime Ministers may vary depending on the criteria chosen by the compiler. For example, failed attempts to form ministries, such as that of Lord Granville in 1746, are often ignored.

The first Prime Minister is generally considered to be Sir Robert Walpole, who took charge of the cabinet in 1721. His power was strengthened because George I did not actively participate in English politics, focusing on his native Hanover. Walpole is considered the first Prime Minister not only because of his influence over the government, but also because he was able to persuade or force ministers to work together rather than intrigue against each other to increase their personal power. Walpole's position, First Lord of the Treasury, became associated with the leadership of government and became a position almost always held by prime ministers.

Although Walpole is considered the first prime minister, during his reign the words "prime minister" were used as a reproach and condemnation by his political opponents. His rule and power were based on the king's favor rather than the support of the House of Commons. Those who occupied his position after him were not as influential as he was; the power of the King remained predominant. However, the power of the king gradually decreased, while the power of the prime minister increased. During the last years of George II's life, policy was largely determined by ministers such as William Pitt the elder.

The period of the reign of George III, which began in 1760 after the death of George II, is particularly noticeable in the development of the office of Prime Minister. During his reign, the king sometimes had to, under pressure from parliament, appoint ministers that he did not personally like. However, he did not completely lose control over the composition of the Cabinet, and in some cases the king was able to prevent the appointment of politicians whom he had an aversion to (for example, Charles James Fox). Nevertheless, the monarch's influence continued to gradually decline; this trend became noticeable during the reign of William IV, the last king to appoint a Prime Minister against the will of Parliament. William attempted to impose his personal will in 1834 when he dismissed the Whig William Lamb and replaced him with the Tory Robert Peel. Peel, however, was unable to gain the support of the Whig-dominated House of Commons and resigned within a few months. Since the time of William IV, monarchs have not attempted to appoint a prime minister against the will of Parliament (although at the outbreak of the Second World War, Winston Churchill was appointed prime minister despite his party being in the minority in Parliament at the time).

As the monarch's influence over ministerial appointments declined, the role of the House of Commons grew. At the beginning of the 20th century, the view began to take root that the Prime Minister should be answerable to the House of Commons rather than to the House of Lords. The custom therefore arose that the Prime Minister should himself belong to the House of Commons. The last Prime Minister entirely from the House of Lords was Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoigne-Cecil, third Marquess of Salisbury, who served from 1895 to 1902. In 1962, Lords Alexander Douglas-Home was appointed Prime Minister, but, having become Prime Minister, Douglas-Home renounced his peerage title of 14th Earl of Home, which he had held since his father's death in 1951, and was re-elected to the House of Commons as a deputy (the only such case in the history of parliament).

Job title

While this has not stopped Prime Ministers from doing their jobs in recent years, the official status of the Prime Minister is somewhat ambiguous. He has practically no legislatively defined power over other members of the Cabinet; all the work of governing the country is theoretically carried out by ministers, whose powers are more clearly defined by acts of Parliament. The Prime Minister himself simultaneously holds one of the ministerial positions - First Lord of the Treasury.

In the order of seniority determined by royal authority, the Prime Minister, excluding members of the royal family, is below only the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York and the Lord Chancellor.

In the regional governments of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the position corresponding to the prime minister is called First Minister.

Term of office

The essence of the office of Prime Minister is determined not by codified laws, but by unwritten and changing customs, known as constitutional customs, which have developed over the course of British history. Currently, these customs have come to the point that the Prime Minister and the Cabinet must have the support of a democratically elected part of the UK Parliament: the House of Commons. The Sovereign, as a constitutional monarch, always acts in accordance with these customs, as does the Prime Minister himself.

When the position of Prime Minister becomes vacant, the Sovereign appoints a new Prime Minister. The appointment is formalized in a ceremony known as the Kissing of Hands. According to unwritten constitutional customs, the monarch must appoint a person who has the support of the House of Commons: usually the leader of the party with a majority in the House. If no party has a majority (a rare occurrence in the United Kingdom's electoral system), two or more groups can form a coalition whose leader becomes prime minister. The majority party becomes "Her Majesty's Government" and the next largest party "Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition". The head of the largest opposition party becomes "Leader of the Opposition" and bears the title of "Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition".

The term of office of the Prime Minister is linked to the term of the House of Commons. The maximum term of office of the House is five years; in practice, however, it is dissolved earlier by the Monarch at the request of the Prime Minister. Usually the prime minister chooses the most favorable moment for his party to dissolve in order to get more votes in the elections. In some circumstances, the Prime Minister may be forced to either dissolve the House of Commons or resign. This occurs if the chamber expresses no confidence or refuses to express confidence. The same thing happens if the House of Commons refuses to pass a budget, or some other particularly important part of the government's programme. This, however, happened rarely: twice in 1924, and once in 1979. The first case occurred immediately after an uncertain election outcome and led to a change of government, the other two cases resulted in new general elections.

Whatever the reason - the expiration of a five-year term, the election of a prime minister or the defeat of the government in the House of Commons - dissolution is followed by a new general election. If the prime minister's party loses its majority in the House of Commons, the prime minister resigns. The leader of the winning party or coalition is appointed Prime Minister by the Monarch. The custom requiring the prime minister to resign immediately after an election is a relatively recent one. Previously, the prime minister could meet the new parliament and try to gain its confidence. This possibility has not completely disappeared and can be used in the event, say, when no one has a majority in the House of Commons. Something similar happened in 1974, when no party received an absolute majority in the elections. Then Edward Heath chose not to resign immediately, but tried to negotiate with the third, Liberal Party, to form a coalition. However, after the failure of negotiations, Heath still had to resign.

Finally, losing an election is not the only event that can end a prime minister's term. For example, Margaret Thatcher left office because she lost the support of her own party. The Prime Minister may leave office for personal reasons (such as health reasons). The last prime minister to die in office was Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (in 1865). The only prime minister to be assassinated was Spencer Perceval in 1812.

Power and its limitations

The main responsibility of the Prime Minister is to form a government, that is, to create a Cabinet that can maintain the support of the House of Commons after being appointed by the Monarch. He coordinates the policies and actions of the Cabinet and various government departments, representing the "face" of Her Majesty's Government. The monarch exercises many of the royal prerogatives on the advice of the prime minister.

The Commander-in-Chief of the British armed forces is the Monarch. However, in practice, the deployment and disposition of armed forces is usually de facto controlled by the prime minister. The Prime Minister can authorize the use of British nuclear weapons.

The Prime Minister also has great power in appointments. In most cases, the appointments themselves are made by the monarch, but the selection of candidates and recommendations are made by the prime minister. Ministers, Privy Councillors, Ambassadors and High Commissioners, senior officials, senior officers, members of important committees and commissions are selected and, in some cases, can be removed by the Prime Minister. In addition, on the advice of the Prime Minister, the Monarch grants peerages and knighthood. Formally, he also gives advice to the Monarch on the appointment of archbishops and bishops of the Church of England, but here he is limited by the existence of the Royal Commission on Appointments. The appointment of senior judges, although formally on the advice of the prime minister, is now decided through the work of independent bodies. Of the British awards, the Prime Minister does not control the Order of the Garter, the Order of the Thistle, the Order of Merit and the Order of Victoria, which are personal gifts from the Monarch. The distribution of power over appointments between the Monarch and the Prime Minister is unknown, but likely depends on the personal relationship between the Monarch and the current Prime Minister.

There are several limits on the power of the prime minister. First, he or she is (at least in theory) only first among equals in the Cabinet. The power of the prime minister over the cabinet varies. In some cases, the prime minister may only be the nominal head of the government, while the real power lies with another person. Weak or nominal prime ministers were common until the twentieth century; examples include William Cavendish, fourth Duke of Devonshire and William Cavendish-Bentinck, third Duke of Portland. In the opposite case, however, prime ministers can be so strong that they become "semi-presidents." Examples of strong prime ministers include William Gladstone, David Lloyd George, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair. The power of some prime ministers disappeared, depending on their energy, political skill or external events: Ramsay Macdonald, for example, was a strong prime minister in the Labor government, but under the "National government" his power was reduced so much that in recent years he remained only the nominal head of government.

The Prime Minister's power is also limited by the House of Commons, whose support he must maintain. The House of Commons controls the Prime Minister's actions in part through committee hearings and through Question Time, a time set aside once a week in which the Prime Minister must answer questions from the Leader of the Opposition and other members of the House. In practice, however, a government with a majority in the House need not particularly fear a “revolt of the backbenchers.”

Members of Parliament may hold ministerial positions (there are up to 90 positions at various levels) and fear removal from office if they do not support the prime minister. In addition, party discipline is very strong: a member of parliament can be expelled from his party if he does not support his party on important issues, and although this does not mean immediate loss of his seat in parliament, it will make it very difficult for him to be re-elected. If the ruling party has a significant majority in the chamber, then control over the actions of the government by the chamber is completely weakened. In general, the prime minister and his colleagues can pass almost any law.

The role and power of the Prime Minister has undergone significant changes over the past 50 years. There was a gradual transition from collective decision-making by the cabinet to dominance by the prime minister. Some commentators, such as Michael Foley, argue that there is a de facto "British Presidency". Many sources, such as former ministers, claim that in Tony Blair's government, the main decisions are made by Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, and the cabinet remains on the sidelines. Retired ministers such as Clare Short and Chris Smith have criticized this state of affairs. At the time of her resignation, Short condemned the "centralization of power in the hands of the prime minister and fewer and fewer advisers."

Privilege

The Prime Minister receives his salary not as Prime Minister, but as First Lord of the Treasury. As of 2006, it is £127,334, on top of his £60,277 salary as an MP. The Prime Minister traditionally lives at 10 Downing Street in London, a house which George II gave to Robert Walpole as a personal gift. Walpole, however, agreed to accept it only as the official residence of the First Lords, and not as a gift to himself personally, and settled there in 1735. Although most First Lords lived at 10 Downing Street, some lived in their private homes. This was usually done by aristocrats who themselves owned large houses in central London. Some, such as Harold Macmillan and John Major, lived at Admiralty House while 10 Downing Street was being renovated. The adjacent 11 Downing Street houses the residence of the Second Lord of the Treasury. 12 Downing Street is the residence of the chief whip.

The Prime Minister may also use Checkers' country residence in Buckinghamshire.

The Prime Minister, like other cabinet ministers, is by custom a member of the Privy Council.

Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister of Canada (English: Prime Minister of Canada, French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the head of the Canadian government, and is usually the head of the political party with the largest number of seats in the House of Commons of Canada. The Prime Minister bears the title The Right Honorable for life.

The current Prime Minister is Stephen Harper; He took the oath of office on 6 February 2006 and became the 22nd prime minister since confederation, and his Conservative Party won 125 of the 308 seats in the 2006 federal elections. After new elections were called in 2008, he remained in this post.

Every Canadian citizen with the right to vote (i.e., over the age of 18) can be Prime Minister. By custom, the Prime Minister is also an MP sitting in the House of Commons, although two Prime Ministers have ruled from the Senate: Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell. If the Prime Minister fails to win the seat, the minor MP in the uncontested constituency usually resigns to initiate a partial election for the Prime Minister to stand as a candidate and win the seat. However, if the head of the party in power resigns shortly before the election, and the new head is not an MP, the latter usually waits until a general election is held before taking a seat in the House of Commons. For example, John Turner served briefly as Prime Minister in 1984 without being a member of the House of Commons; Full of irony, he wins a seat in an election that removes him from power. The Prime Minister's official residence is 24 Sussex Alley in Ottawa, Ontario. Every prime minister since Louis Saint Laurent in 1951 has lived there. The prime minister also has a second residence at Harrington Lake in Gatineau Park near Ottawa.

There was once a tradition in which the monarch bestowed a knighthood on the Canadian prime minister. Thus, some of them have the title "Sir" (eight of the first prime ministers, only Alexander Mackenzie refused to become a knight). Following the Nickle decision in 1919, Canadian citizens were prohibited from receiving British titles of nobility; the last prime minister to be knighted is Robert Laird Borden, who was in power when Nickle's decision was made.

Term of office

The Prime Minister does not have a permanent term of office. The prime minister must resign only when the opposition party wins a majority of seats in the House of Commons. If his party loses a vote of confidence, the prime minister can resign (allowing another party to form the government), but most often he asks the governor-general to dissolve parliament and call a general election. If a general election gives a majority to the opposition party, the outgoing prime minister may try to gain the support of another party to remain in power, or resign and allow the party with the most seats to form the government. In modern times, the latter option is usually used, but this is not a mandatory constitutional rule.

Elections to the House of Commons (general elections) are called no later than five years (except in cases of war or insurrection) after the last general election; however, the Prime Minister can ask the Governor-General to call an election at any time. No governor general has refused such a request since 1926 (see the King-Byng case). Usually, when there is a ruling majority in power, elections are held every 3 and a half to 5 years. If the ruling minority is in power, a vote of no confidence in the House of Commons can lead to a quick election (9 months in the case of Joe Clark's minority government in 1979-1980).

Role and rights

Considering that the Prime Minister is in any case the member of the Canadian government with the most power, he or she is sometimes erroneously referred to as Canada's head of state. Canada's head of state is Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Prime Minister is the head of government.

The Canadian Constitution does not mention the office of Prime Minister of Canada anywhere, except for a recently added condition requiring him to meet with provincial premiers. In modern Canada, however, his responsibilities broadly include duties that the constitution establishes as being under the governor general (acting in a dummy capacity). The office, duties, responsibilities and powers of the Prime Minister of Canada were established during the Canadian Confederation, following the example of the existing position of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Over time, the role of the Prime Minister of Canada has evolved, gaining more and more power.

The Prime Minister plays an important role in much of the legislation passed by the Parliament of Canada. Most Canadian laws originate in the Cabinet of Ministers of Canada, a body appointed by the prime minister, mainly from members of his own party. The Cabinet must have "unanimous" agreement on all decisions it makes, but in practice it is the Prime Minister who decides whether unanimity has been achieved. A member elected to the Canadian House of Commons is typically subject to the strict discipline of his party, and voting against the party line can have serious consequences, including expulsion from the party. Most votes in the House of Commons are interpreted as votes of confidence, creating a climate of political solidarity out of strategic necessity.

The Prime Minister (and his cabinet) essentially controls appointments to the following positions:

all members of the Council of Ministers;

vacant seats on the Supreme Court of Canada;

vacant seats in the Canadian Senate;

all persons managing crown companies who can be replaced by the Prime Minister at any time;

all ambassadors to foreign countries;

Governor General of Canada;

10 lieutenant governors of Canadian provinces and three commissioners of Canadian territories;

more than 3,100 other government positions; most of these appointments are delegated to members of his cabinet.

This significant expansion of authority in the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is attributed to former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, although evolution in this sense has been observed throughout Canadian history. The PMC comprises the prime minister's political and administrative employees, recruited entirely at the discretion of the prime minister. The CPM has significant influence in creating coordination of messages with other persons in the political arena, as well as with the central party machine. Its positive effect may be a productive parliament, but it also gives rise to legitimate criticism for too centralized power in majority and CPM governments.

Criticism of the Prime Minister's Office

Recently, some Canadians and some MPs have begun to reflect on the powers that the Canadian Constitution ascribes to the Prime Minister. In particular, their aim is to find a means of changing the weakened role of MPs elected to the House of Commons, to create a parliamentary committee to review appointments to the Supreme Court and to abolish or radically reform the Senate. In The Friendly Dictatorship, published in 2001, chronicler of government affairs Geoffrey Simpson outlined the potential threats by listing what he claims is evidence of the near-absolute power granted to the prime minister.

The prime minister's power has limits. An outrage from a cabinet or caucus of a political party will bring down a prime minister fairly quickly, and even the threat of an outrage can force the prime minister to resign, as happened to Jean Chrétien in 2003. The prime minister is also constrained by an already weakened Senate. The Senate can impose delays and obstructions on bills, as happened when Brian Mulroney introduced the Products and Services Tax (GST). In most cases, conflicts occurred because the Senate was dominated by members appointed by previous governments. The aforementioned prime ministers quickly changed the composition of the Senate in their favor with a barrage of senatorial appointments to ensure the passage of their bills.

The most frequently presented argument in favor of a prime minister relates to the country's federal structure. Canada is one of the most decentralized federations in the world, and provincial premiers have a lot of power. Provincial premiers must approve constitutional changes and be consulted on any new initiative in their area of ​​responsibility, including certain important sectors such as health and education. In light of regional forces such as the Quebec separatist movement, some argue that a state counterweight is needed to neutralize these pressures.

Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland

The Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland, or officially the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Prezes Rady Ministrów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) according to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997 (Article 148):

1. represents the Council of Ministers,

2. directs the work of the Council of Ministers,

3. issues orders,

4. ensures the implementation of the policy of the Council of Ministers and determines the methods for its implementation,

5. coordinates and controls the work of members of the Council of Ministers,

6. exercises supervision over territorial self-government within the limits and forms determined by the Constitution and laws,

7. is the supervisor of service for employees of the government administration.

Until 1922, the position was called “President of Ministers” (Polish: Prezydent Ministrów).

Prime Ministers of the Third Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (since 1989)

Prime Minister of France

Prime Minister of the French Republic (French: le Premier Minister de la République Française), head of the French government.

Until 1958, the official title of the position was Chairman of the Council of Ministers (French: Président du Conseil de Ministers).

Residence - Matignon mansion (French l "Hôtel Matignon) in Paris.

In the Fifth Republic, the Prime Minister is responsible for current domestic and economic policies. Unlike ministers, he has the right to issue decrees (French décrets) of a general nature. Considered personally responsible for government policies; its popularity directly depends on the current state of affairs in the state. During a period when the prime minister and the president represent different parties, the prime minister usually has more independence in his actions.

The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic. The approval of his candidacy by the National Assembly is not required, but since the National Assembly has the right to declare a vote of no confidence in the government at any time, the prime minister usually represents the party that has the majority of seats in the National Assembly (even if the president belongs to another party). The Prime Minister draws up a list of the ministers of his cabinet and submits it to the President of the Republic for approval. To terminate the powers of the prime minister, a resignation letter from the cabinet is required; this decision cannot be made by the president alone.

The Prime Minister initiates the adoption of laws in the National Assembly and must ensure their implementation. He is responsible for national defense. The Prime Minister countersigns the acts of the President and replaces him as chairman in the councils and committees specified in Article 15 of the Constitution.

Prime ministers of France since the Fourth Republic

Fifth Republic

Prime Minister of Japan

Prime Minister of Japan (Japanese: 内閣総理大臣, Naikaku so:ri daijin) - the traditional rendering of the title of the head of the Japanese government (modeled on the official English rendering - Prime Minister of Japan), although the literal translation of the Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet" . The Prime Minister is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after confirmation by Parliament. The Prime Minister has the right to dismiss and appoint ministers. The first prime minister of Japan was Ito Hirobumi. The current Prime Minister is Yukio Hatoyama. The post of prime minister was created in 1885 and took its final form with the adoption of the constitution in 1947.

Appointment to office

The future Prime Minister of Japan must be approved by the two houses of the Japanese Diet. For this purpose, voting takes place in the chambers on various candidates in order to identify a leader. In practice, the head of the party representing the majority in parliament automatically becomes the prime minister. In theory, the House of Representatives of the Japanese Diet has the right to appoint any other member to the post of prime minister, but this has never happened. After the approval of the houses of parliament, the Emperor of Japan signs a decree on the assumption of office by the new prime minister.

Sources

ru.wikipedia.org Wikipedia – the free encyclopedia

www.smoney.ru Analytical business weekly

dic.academic.ru Dictionaries and encyclopedias on Academician

1. The government exercises executive power of the Republic of Kazakhstan, heads the system of executive bodies and manages their activities.

2. The government is a collegial body and in its activities is responsible to the President of the Republic and Parliament.

3. Members of the Government are accountable to the Chambers of Parliament in the case provided for in subparagraph 6) of Article 57 of the Constitution.

4. The competence, order of organization and activities of the Government are determined by constitutional law.

1. The government is formed by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the manner prescribed by the Constitution.

2. Proposals on the structure and composition of the Government are submitted to the President of the Republic by the Prime Minister of the Republic within ten days after the appointment of the Prime Minister.

3. Members of the Government take the oath to the people and the President of Kazakhstan.

Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan:

1) develops the main directions of the state’s socio-economic policy, its defense capability, security, ensuring public order and organizes their implementation; in agreement with the President of the Republic, approves state programs and also ensures their implementation;

2) submits the republican budget and a report on its execution to Parliament, ensures the execution of the budget;

3) submits draft laws to the Mazhilis and ensures the implementation of laws;

4) organizes the management of state property;

5) develops measures to implement the foreign policy of the Republic;

6) manages the activities of ministries, state committees, other central and local executive bodies;

7) cancels or suspends, in whole or in part, the effect of acts of ministries, state committees, other central and local executive bodies of the Republic;

8) excluded by the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 10.03.2017 No. 51-VI;

9.1) in agreement with the President of the Republic, approves a unified system of financing and remuneration of workers for all bodies maintained at the expense of the state budget;

10) performs other functions assigned to him by the Constitution, laws and acts of the President.

Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan:

1) organizes and manages the activities of the Government, is personally responsible for its work;

3) signs Government resolutions;

4) reports to the President and Parliament on the main directions of the Government’s activities and on all its most important decisions;

5) performs other functions related to the organization and management of the activities of the Government.

1. Members of the Government are independent in making decisions within their competence and bear personal responsibility to the Prime Minister of the Republic for the work of state bodies subordinate to them. A member of the Government who does not agree with the policy pursued by the Government or does not carry it out shall resign or be subject to dismissal from his position.

2. Members of the Government do not have the right to be deputies of a representative body, hold other paid positions other than teaching, scientific or other creative activities, carry out entrepreneurial activities, or be members of the governing body or supervisory board of a commercial organization, except in cases where this is their official responsibilities in accordance with the law.

1. The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on issues within its competence, issues decrees that are binding throughout the territory of the Republic.

2. The Prime Minister of the Republic issues orders that are binding throughout the territory of the Republic.

3. Decrees of the Government and orders of the Prime Minister must not contradict the Constitution, legislative acts, decrees and orders of the President of the Republic.

1. The Government resigns its powers before the newly elected Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic.

2. The government and any of its members have the right to declare their resignation to the President of the Republic if they consider it impossible to further carry out the functions assigned to them.

3. The Government announces its resignation to the President of the Republic in the event that the Mazhilis of Parliament or the Parliament expresses a vote of no confidence in the Government.

4. The President of the Republic, within ten days, considers the issue of accepting or rejecting the resignation.

5. Acceptance of resignation means termination of the powers of the Government or its corresponding member. Acceptance of the Prime Minister's resignation means the termination of the powers of the entire Government.

6. If the resignation of the Government or its member is rejected, the President entrusts him with the further implementation of his duties.

7. The President of the Republic has the right, on his own initiative, to decide to terminate the powers of the Government and dismiss any of its members. The dismissal of the Prime Minister means the termination of the powers of the entire Government.