Topic: “Heroic epic of the peoples of the world” (lesson 1/2)
Municipal budgetary educational institution Sadovskaya secondary comprehensive school branch of Lozovoye village, Lozovoye village, Tambov district, Amur region
MHC. 8th grade Compiled by teacher of Russian language and literature Efimova Nina Vasilievna

Checking homework. What does the term "multiculturalism" mean? How does cultural diversity manifest itself? Tell us about the tea ceremony. What is ikebana? What do its components mean? What is the significance of Japanese gardens? Name their types.

Epic (from Greek - “word, narration”) is one of three kinds literature that tells about various events that happened in the past.
In the history of world culture, a special place belongs to the heroic epic, which artistically reflected ideas about the historical past, recreating holistic pictures of people's life.
N.K. Roerich. Illustration for the Mongolian heroic epic “Bum-Erdeni” 1947.

The heroic epic of the peoples of the world is the only witness to a distant era.

Heroic Epic
legends
about historical events
about the exploits of legendary heroes
The heroic epic of the peoples of the world reflects the depths of people's memory. Getting acquainted with the artistic traditions of the peoples of the world, we turn specifically to the heroic epic, to hoary antiquity.
Hercules
Alexander Nevskiy
Ilya Muromets

“The first victories over nature aroused in him (among the people - G.D.) a feeling of his stability, pride in himself, a desire for new victories and prompted him to create a heroic epic.” A.M. Bitter
The heroic epic dates back to ancient myths and reflects man’s mythical ideas about nature and the world around him.
A.M.Gorky (1868-1936)

The epic was formed in oral form, passed on from mouth to mouth, from one generation of storytellers to another. Then it acquired new subjects and images. Later it was consolidated in book form and has come down to us in the form of extensive works.
Guslars
Chronicler Nestor (mid 11th century - early 12th century)

The heroic epic is the result of collective folk art; we do not know the names of its creators. But there are works that were created by individual storytellers or singers. The famous “Iliad” and “Odyssey”, as we know, were written by a single author - Homer.
Covers of audiobooks "Iliad" and "Odyssey"
Homer (8th century BC)

The story “The Kemean Singer” very accurately recreates the picture of the creation of the epic in a conversation between the Greek youth Meges and the ancient old man-storyteller
French writer A. France (1844-1924)

Monuments of the heroic epic of the peoples of the world
The outstanding monuments of the heroic epic include the Sumerian epic “The Tale of Gilgamesh” (c. 1800 BC). One of the most poetic works tells about the brave folk hero Gilgamesh, who went in search of wisdom, happiness and immortality.
Statue of Gilgamesh with a lion from the palace of Sargon II at Dur Sharrukin. 8th century BC.
Gilgamesh and Enkidu

An interesting Indian folk epic is the Mahabharata, created in the middle of the 1st millennium AD in Sanskrit, the oldest Indian language. literary language. It was formed on the basis of tales and legends and tells about the battle of two clans and their allies for dominance in the kingdom located in the upper reaches of the Ganges River.
"Mahabharata" - book illustrations

In the Middle Ages, many peoples Western Europe A heroic epic emerged, reflecting the knightly ideals of valor and honor.

The most significant include
Beowulf in England
"Song of the Nibelungs" in Germany
Elder Edda in Iceland
Karelo-Finnish epic "Kalevala"
"The Song of Roland" in France
"Song of my Sid" in Spain

Folk-heroic French epic "The Song of Roland".
Roland receives the sword Durandal from the hands of Charlemagne
Death of Roland.

Fixing the material. What does the word "epic" mean? What's happened heroic epic? How did the heroic epic of the peoples of the world arise and develop? What were the people who “spoke” called? Name the monuments of the heroic epic of the peoples of the world. Who does the Sumerian epic “The Tale of Gilgamesh” tell us about?

Literature. Textbook "World artistic culture". Grades 7-9: Basic level. G.I. Danilova. Moscow. Bustard. 2010 World artistic culture(lesson planning), 8th grade. N.N.Kutsman. Volgograd. Corypheus. year 2009. http://briefly.ru/_/pesn_o_rolande/ Wikipedia – https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%BE_%D0%93 %D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5 Wikipedia – https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ %D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0 %B5

A myth is an ancient folk tale about legendary gods, heroes and incredible natural phenomena. Myth means legend and legend, hence the current purpose of myth as a separate literary genre.

Myth and its place in literature

Similar stories arose in primitive society, and therefore all kinds of early elements of philosophy, religion, and art are intertwined in myths. Distinctive feature myth is that it has recurring themes and similar motifs that can be found in myths different nations and times.

It is believed that myths were the main way of understanding the world in primitive society, since they reflected acceptable explanations for many natural phenomena.

This is due to the fact that in myths nature appeared in the form of symbols, which were sometimes in the form of a person. Mythology is close to literary literature in the form of figurative storytelling, so they say that mythology had a huge influence on the development of literature as such.

IN works of art Mythological motifs are very common and many plots are based on myths. An example of this is such literary works as “The Magic Mountain” by T. Mann and “Nana” by E. Zola.

Heroic epic of different nations and heroes of the epic

Each nation is characterized by a certain heroic epic, which reveals the life and customs of certain nations, their values ​​and views on the world. This is a genre of medieval literature in which folk heroes and their exploits were glorified. Often the epic was formed in the form of songs.

Heroic epic Eastern Slavs represented by the epic "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber." The hero Ilya Muromets is the central figure of the entire Russian epic; he is presented as a defender of the people and his native land. This is the reason that this particular character has become a popular favorite - after all, he reflects the main values ​​of the Russian people.

The famous poem "Davil of Sasun" belongs to the Armenian heroic epic. This piece depicts the struggle Armenian people against the invaders, and its central figure is the personification of the national spirit striving to free itself from foreign conquerors.

A reminder of the German heroic epic is the “Song of the Nibelungs” - a legend about the knights. The main character of the work is the brave and powerful Siegfried. This is a fair knight who becomes a victim of betrayal and treason, but despite this he remains noble and generous.

"The Song of Roland" is an example of a French heroic epic. The main theme of the poem is the struggle of the people against enemies and conquerors. Knight Roland acts as the main character, noble and brave. This poem is close to historical reality.

The English heroic epic is represented by numerous ballads about the legendary Robin Hood, the robber and protector of the poor and unfortunate. This courageous and noble hero has a cheerful disposition and therefore he has become a real people's favorite. It is believed that Robin Hood is a historical figure who was an earl, but abandoned rich life in order to help poor and disadvantaged people.

Epic works of the peoples of Eurasia

INTERFLIVE

"The Epic of Gilgamesh"

ANCIENT GREECE
"Iliad"

"Odyssey"

« Iliad" - the oldest monument ancient Greek literature. The Iliad describes the events of the Trojan War. According to Homer, the most outstanding heroes of Greece took part in it - Achilles, Ajax, Odysseus, Hector and others, who were helped by the immortal gods - Athena, Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite, Poseidon.

Achilles the spearman. Drawing on a red-figure vase.

Mid-5th century BC

ANCIENT ROME

"Aeneid"

INDIA

"Ramayana"

An ancient Indian epic that tells the story of the great hero Rama and his fight against the evil demon King Ravana.

"The battle of Rama and Hanuman with Ravana."

India. 1820

From the collection of the British Museum.

Epic works of the Middle Ages

FRANCE

"The Song of Roland"

"Song of the Campaign against the Albigensians"»

Roland is a French margrave, the hero of one of the most famous works world literature, poems from the Old French heroic cycle dedicated to King Charlemagne.

"Roland takes a vow of fidelity

Charlemagne."Medieval manuscript.

France. Around 1400

SPAIN

"Poem about my Sid"

A monument of Spanish literature, a heroic epic created at the turn of the 12th-13th centuries. The main character of the poem is the valiant Sid, a fighter against the Moors, a defender of his people. the main objective Sid's life is the liberation of his native land. The historical prototype of Sid was a Castilian military leader, a nobleman.

Banner of Baez. Spain, XIII century.

The banner that brought victory to Spanish arms is revered as a relic.

The embroidery depicts an early Spanish saint, the Visigothic bishop Isidore of Seville, more famous for his learning than for his military prowess.

ANCIENT Rus'

Epics

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

Bylinas are Russian folk epic songs about the exploits of heroes.

Still from the feature film

cartoon studio"Mill"

"Dobrynya Nikitich and Zmey Gorynych"

ENGLAND

"Beowulf»

"The Stealing of the Kualnge Bull"

Beowulf is an epic poem of the Anglo-Saxons. Its action takes place in Scandinavia before the migration of the English to Britain. The poem tells about the victory of the military leader Beowulf over the monster Grendel and the dragon that devastated the country.

"Beowulf's Duel with the Dragon."

Illustration for the book by H.-E. Marshall

"The Stories of Beowulf."

New York, 1908

GERMANY

"The Song of the Nibelungs"»

"Kudruna"

“The Song of the Nibelungs” is a medieval Germanic epic poem created by an unknown author in the late 12th - early 13th centuries. The legend of the Nibelungs, which forms the plot of the poem, took shape during the era of migration of peoples. The basis for the legend was the ancient German heroic saga (myth) about Siegfried - the slayer of the dragon and the liberator of the things of the maiden Brünnhilde, his fight against evil and tragic death, as well as the historical saga about the death of the Burgundian royal house in 437 in the battle with the Huns of Attila.

"Siegfried's fight with the dragon."

Wood carving on the portal of a Norwegian church. End XII century

SCANDINAVIA

"Elder Edda"»

"Kalevala"

Kalevala is the name of the country in which the heroes of the Karelian-Finnish folk epic live and act.

“Day of the Folk Epic Kalevala” is a national holiday celebrated on February 28. On this day, the Kalevala Carnival takes place every year in Finland and Karelia.

Gallen-Kallela A. “Väinämöinen defends Sampo from the witch Louhi.” 1896

From the collection Art Museum Turku.

LATVIA

"Lachplesis"

ESTONIA

"Kalevipoeg"

ARMENIA

"David of Sassoun"

Medieval epic (8th-10th centuries), telling about the struggle of heroes from Sasun (a region in historical Armenia, this hour - on Turkish territory) against the Arab invaders. The epic was first recorded in 1873 by the famous researcher Garegin Srvantdztyants from the mouth of a simple Armenian peasant named Krpo.

Kochar E.S. Monument to David of Sasun in Yerevan. 1959

AZERBAIJAN

"Kor-ogly"

KYRGYZSTAN

"Manas"

The hero of the epic is the hero who united the Kirghiz. The epic "Manas" is included in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest epic in the world.

Sadykov T. Monument to the hero of the epic “Manas” in Bishkek. 1981

Epic of the peoples of Russia

BASHKIRS

"Geseriada"

PEOPLES OF ALTAI

"Ural-batyr"

PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS

Nart epic

The basis of the epic consists of tales about the exploits of heroes (“narts”). Variants of the Nart epic are found among the Abkhazians, Circassians, Ingush Balkars, Karachais, Ossetians, Chechens and other peoples of the Caucasus.

Tuganov M.S. (1881-1952).

Illustration for the Nart epic.

"The Magic Pipe of Atsamaz."

TATARS

"Idigey"

"Alpamysh"

The epic “Idigei” is based on real historical events that took place during the collapse of the Golden Horde. His heroes are real historical characters, for example, the temnik of the Golden Horde, Edigei, who became the founder of the dynasty that ruled the Nogai Horde. His direct descendants in the male line were the princes Yusupov and Urusov.

Family coat of arms of the Yusupov family. In the second part

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Text content of presentation slides: Heroic epic of the peoples of the world Outstanding monuments of the heroic epic “The first victories over nature aroused in the people a feeling of their stability, pride in themselves, a desire for new victories and prompted the creation of a heroic epic” M. Gorky “The Tale of Gilgamesh” or “The Poem of the One Who Has Seen Everything” (about 1800 BC), one of the most poetic works telling about a brave folk hero who went in search of wisdom, happiness and immortality. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a hymn about friendship, which not only helps to overcome external obstacles, but transforms and ennobles. "Mahabharata" or "The Great Tale of the Descendants of Bharata", created in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. in Sanskrit, the oldest Indian literary language. One of the largest literary works in the world, the Mahabharata is a complex complex of epic narratives, short stories, fables, parables, legends, cosmogonic myths, hymns, laments, united according to the principle of framing typical of large forms of Indian literature, consists of eighteen books (parvas) and contains more than 75 000 couplets (sloka). One of the few works of world literature that claims about itself that it contains everything in the world. "Bhagavad-gita" (Sanskrit. भगवद्‌ गीता, "Divine Song") - a monument of ancient Indian literature, part of the "Mahabharata", consists of 700 verses, is one of sacred texts Hinduism, which presents the basic essence of Hindu philosophy. The philosophical conversation of the Bhagavad Gita takes place immediately before the start of great battle at Kurukshetra Two people participate in the conversation - Arjuna and Krishna. sri-bhagavan uvaca urdhva-mulam adhah sakham aswattham prahur avyayam chhandamsi yasya parnani yas tam veda sa veda-vit sri-bhagavan uvaca - the Supreme Lord said; urdhva-mulam - that whose roots are directed upward; adhah—down; sakham—that which has branches; asvatham—banyan tree; prahuḥ—they say; avyayam—eternal; chhandamsi—Vedic hymns; yasya—whose; parnani—leaves; yah—which; there - that; veda—knows; sah—that; veda-vit - knower of the Vedas. The Supreme Lord said: The scriptures speak of the eternal banyan tree, the roots of which are upward and the branches are downward, the leaves of which are the Vedic hymns. Having known this tree, a person comprehends the wisdom of the Vedas. tri-vidham narakasyedam dvaram nashanam atmanah kamah krodhas tatha lobhas tasmad etat trayam tyajet tri-vidham - including three types; narakasya—ada; idam—these; dvaram—gate; nashanam—destruction; atmanah—souls; kamah—lust; krodhah—anger; tatha—and also; lobhah—greed; tasmat—therefore; etat—these; trayam—three; tyajet - let him leave. Three gates lead to hell: lust, anger and greed. And every sane person must renounce these vices, for they destroy the soul. Knight's epic In the Middle Ages, many peoples of Western Europe developed a heroic epic that reflected knightly ideals of valor and honor. "Beowulf" (England) "The Song of the Nibelungs" (Germany) "The Song of My Sid" (Spain) "The Elder Edda" (Iceland) "The Song of Roland" (France) "Kalevala" (Karelian-Finnish epic) "Beowulf" Anglo-Saxon epic poem set in Scandinavia before the migration of the Angles to Britain. Named after the main character. Text created in beginning of VIII century and is preserved in a single copy of the 11th century. This is the oldest epic poem of “barbarian” (Germanic) Europe, preserved in full. The main content lies in the tales of Beowulf’s victory over the terrible monsters Grendel and his mother, and over the dragon that devastated the country. "Song of the Nibelungs" Medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author at the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th century. Its content boils down to 39 parts (songs), which are called “adventures”. It tells about the marriage of the dragon slayer Siegfried to princess of burgundy Kriemhild, his death due to Kriemhild’s conflict with Brünnhilde, the wife of her brother Gunther, and then about Kriemhild’s revenge for the death of her husband. "The Song of Roland" An epic poem written in Old French. The work tells the story of the death of the rearguard detachment of Charlemagne's army, returning in August 778 from an aggressive campaign in Spain. “The Elder Edda” The Song Edda is a collection of Old Icelandic songs about the gods and heroes of Scandinavian mythology and history. The songs were first recorded in the second half of the 13th century. Songs about gods contain the richest mythological material, and the central place in songs about heroes is occupied by a person (hero), his good name and posthumous fame.

Attached files

Illustrations for the Nart epic

It is believed that the Nart epic has ancient Iranian roots (7-8 centuries BC), spread through the Scythian-Sarmatian tribes to the Caucasus, the main core was created by the Circassians, Ossetians, Vainakhs, Abkhazians, and is popular among others (along with general features each nation had its own peculiarities), in the 19th century it was first recorded by the Russians (a little more about the genesis of the epic in this article).

Ossetian artist Azanbek Dzhanaev (1919-1989) addressed the Nartiada several times: in 1948, graduate work at the Leningrad Academy of Arts at the Faculty of Graphics, the works were made in the style of lithography, and in the 1970s, the materials were gouache and cardboard.

Personally, his black and white graphics make a greater impression on me, but in general, in my unprofessional opinion, thanks to the realistic style of drawing, Dzhanaev managed to capture and convey all the beauty of the epic and the mountain peoples :)

1. Dzerassa's cry over the bodies of Akhsar and Akhsartag (1948)
2. Akhsar and Akhsartag (1977)

The ancestor of the Narts was Warkhag, he had two twin sons Akhsar and Akhsartag, whose wife was the daughter of the water deity Dzerassa. While Akhsartag and Dzerassa were feasting, Akhsar was waiting for them on the shore. One day he returned to his tent and saw his daughter-in-law, and she mistook him for Akhsartag. Then Akhsartag entered and decided that Akhsar had committed violence against her. “If I am guilty, let my arrow strike me to death in the place with which I touched my daughter-in-law!” Akhsar exclaimed and released the arrow. It hit the little finger and Akhsar died immediately. Akhsartag realized his mistake, drew his sword and struck himself in the heart. While Dzerassa was mourning her brothers, the celestial Uastirdzhi appeared and offered her to bury the men, in exchange she would become his wife. Dzerassa agreed, but then, deceiving Uastirdzhi, she ran away to her parents to the bottom of the sea. “Wait, I will find you, even in the land of the dead,” said Uastirdzhi.

It is curious: the name Warhag translated from ancient Ossetian means “wolf”, his sons are twin brothers who killed each other (in other versions of the legend the brothers did not recognize each other), there is a plot similarity with the legend of Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome. The theme of “raising by wolves” appears many times in the epic.

3. How Satan married Urizmag (1978)

Dzerass gave birth to twin brothers Uryzmag and Khamyts, and punished them “when I die, protect my body for three nights, one unkind person swore to find me after death." And so it happened, while the brothers were away, Uastirdzhi entered the crypt, after which they found a newborn girl in it, who was named Satan. She grew by leaps and bounds, having matured, she decided to marry the best Nart , who Uryzmag was. To ruin his wedding with another girl, Satan tricked her into his bedroom, prepared an intoxicating drink, put on his bride's wedding clothes and pretended to be her. She bewitched the ceiling of the room so that there would always be the moon and stars on it. , and Uryzmag did not get up from his bed until the heart of his real bride burst from despair.

The image of Satan (among the Circassians Sataney) originated during the period of matriarchy; she plays the role of a wise adviser to the Narts, endowed with magical spells, but does not directly guide them. In the Ingush epic, Satan corresponds to Sela Sata, the daughter of the god of thunder and lightning Sela, born to a mortal woman under the same circumstances. Sela Sata married the sky god Halo: where she carried straw for the wedding bed, the Milky Way was formed, where she baked triangular bread, the summer-autumn triangle (stars Vega, Deneb and Altair) was formed.

4. Nart Syrdon (1976)

Syrdon is the son of the water deity Gatag and Dzerassa, a cunning rogue who plotted against the Narts. When Syrdon, offended by Khamyts, stole his cow, Khamyts found his secret house, killed all his sons and put them in a cauldron instead of the cow. Struck by grief, Syrdon pulled 12 strings of other sons onto the wrist of his eldest son and made a fandyr (harp), presented it to the Narts and was accepted into their society.

Among the Vainakhs, Syrdon corresponds to Botkiy Shirtka. The Narts threw his little son into the cauldron; in revenge, he lured them into a trap with the Garbash monsters. But this is what the next picture (“the expedition of the sledges”) is about.

5. Nart campaign (1977)

The Narts went on a hike and saw the dwelling of the Uaigi giants. The giants lured them onto a bench, which was covered with magic glue, so that the sleds could not get up, and were preparing to eat them. Only the last Nart, Syrdon, who entered, was able to save everyone by setting the stupid Uaigs against each other. But the mutual machinations of the Narts and Syrdon did not stop there.

In the Vainakh version, at the sight of imminent death, the Narts begged for mercy, Botky Shirtka forgave them for the death of his son, making sure that the Garbashs fought among themselves, and the Narts calmly left. Since then there has been no hostility between them.

It is curious: according to the Ossetian epic, the uaigi are one-eyed giants, but Dzhanaev, with his characteristic realism, depicts them as narrow-minded monkey-like Pithecanthropes. He acts similarly in other plots, for example, the three-legged horse Uastirdzhi has all four legs.

6. Exiled on the march (1976)

Soslan (Sosruko among the Circassians, Seska Solsa among the Vainakhs) – central character epic and one of the most beloved. Appearing from a stone fertilized by a shepherd at the sight of a naked Satan, tempered in wolf's milk (except for the knees, which did not fit into the boat because of the cunning Syrdon), he became an almost invulnerable hero-hero. In the Nart-Orstkhoy epic of the Ingush, Seska Solsa acquired negative traits (for example, he stole cattle from the local hero, heroic worker Koloy Kant, but the stronger Koloy restored justice).

7. Soslan and Totradz (1972)

Totradz is the son of Soslan’s blood enemy, the last man in the family he exterminated. At a young age, he raised Soslan on a spear, but agreed not to disgrace him, and postponed the duel. The next time Soslan dealt with him on the advice of Satan: he put a fur coat of wolf skins and 100 ringing bells on his horse, thereby frightening Totradz’s horse, Totradz turned around and Soslan insidiously killed him with a blow to the back.

Among the Circassians, Totresh is considered negative hero and the actions of Sosruko, who did not heed Totresh’s request to reschedule the fight after falling from his horse, are idealized.

8. Sauwai (1978)

Sauuai ​​is the son-in-law of Uryzmag and Satan. But from birth they were enemies. Once Sauuai ​​went on a campaign together with Uryzmag, Khamyts, Soslan, and they planned for Soslan’s steel-hoofed horse to destroy Sauuai, gallop off at night to the ends of the earth, visit the underworld and heaven, and Sauuai, who was guarding the camp, could not find him and brought it upon himself Shame on the Narts. But Sauuai ​​not only found him, but also brought Uryzmag a huge herd of horses from a distant country, which earned him trust and respect.

9. Exiled in the land of the dead (1948)

Soslan decided to take the daughter of the Sun Atsyrukhs as his wife, but the uaigs who protected her demanded a difficult ransom, leaves from a healing tree growing in the Land of the Dead. By force, Soslan opened the gate to it and was immediately surrounded by the dead who had been killed by him during his lifetime. But while Soslan was alive, the enemies could not do anything with him. Soslan got the leaves, returned, and played the wedding.

According to Ingush legends, Seska Solsa came to the kingdom of the dead to find out who was stronger, he or the local hero Byatar. This is one of my favorite legends, so I’ll quote a part of it:

The Lord of the Kingdom of the Dead thought deeply and asked them the following parable-riddle:
- In the old days, there lived two people. Everyone knew them as true and devoted friends. One of them fell in love with a girl and the girl agreed to become his wife. The second one also fell in love with this girl, not knowing that his friend loved her, and sent matchmakers to her parents. The parents gave their consent. The first of the friends did not know about this. When he wanted to talk kindly to the girl, she told him that she had been betrothed to another without her consent, and that she, at any time appointed by her lover, was ready to run away with him. Returning home after a conversation with a girl, in the uninhabited steppe he met a hungry and thirsty unarmed bloodline, the killer of his father. Now tell me, what would you do if the girl you loved was given to someone else and still remained faithful to you? What would you do if you met your bloodmate? Tell me, what would you do in this person’s place?
Seska Solsa and Byatar thought for a while. Then Seska Solsa said:
“If you ask me, if I were this man, I would kidnap the girl, because I fell in love with her before the other.” And he would treat the bloodline as he deserves. Whatever he may be, he is still my blood! But if he didn’t have any gunpowder, I would lend him mine.
Batar said:
– Friendship is not needed at a rich table, not at a beautiful speech. In times of adversity or other matters, great friendship is required. The girl should have yielded to her friend, praising him in every possible way. Of course, this is easy to talk about, but much more difficult to do. And yet, I believe that this is exactly what a true friend should have done. It is shameful to let go of a blood enemy, but in such a difficult moment as he found himself in, I would greet him with bread and salt. Kill weak person– a little courage.
After listening to both answers, the Lord of the kingdom of the dead said:
– Don’t be upset, Seska Solsa. If you judge courage the way you understand it, then you won’t be more courageous. Based on your answers, I found that Byatar understands courage more correctly. It does not consist of courage alone; Courage takes in a lot of things. In order to rush into the Terek without hesitation, you don’t need much courage. Courage is determined not by this, but by intelligence.

10. Soslan and Balsagovo Wheel (1948)
11. Soslan and the wheel of Balsag (1976)

Soslan insulted Balsag's daughter by refusing to take her as his wife, and sent Balsag his fiery wheel to kill the Nart. It burned everything in its path, but could not stop Soslan. Then, trained by Syrdon, it passes over the unhardened knees of Soslan, and he dies. The only one who was able to destroy the Balsag wheel was Batradz (the next series of paintings is about him).

12. Batradz (1948)

Batradz, the son of Khamyts, hardened like steel by the heavenly blacksmith, crushed enemies and any strongholds with his body. It was impossible to kill him with any weapon; he died only in the fight against the celestials from the unbearable heat sent.

13. Batradz in the fight (1948)
14. Batradz and Tykhyfirt (1978)

The giant Tykhyfyrt sent girls to the Narts for tribute, but instead Batradz challenged him to a fight in which the fighters could not defeat each other. Then Tykhyfyrt lured Batradz into a deep hole and wanted to throw boulders at him, but Batradz climbed onto the ground using them and killed Tykhyfyrt.

16. Wedding of Atsamaz and Agunda (1976)

Atsamaz is a musician, to the sounds of whose pipes glaciers melted, mountains crumbled, animals came out of their hiding places and flowers bloomed. Hearing Atsamaz play, the beautiful Agunda fell in love with him, but with her request to give a pipe she offended Atsamaz, and he broke it. The celestials found out about this and acted as matchmakers; at the wedding, Agunda returned Atsamazu his pipe, glued together from the collected fragments.

17. Three sledges (1948)