The theme of fathers and sons is eternal. It is especially aggravated during turning points social development. It was during this period that people from different generations represent inhabitants of opposite historical eras. The problem of fathers and children in the image of Turgenev reflects the sixties of the 19th century. The reader can see not only the family drama, but also the social conflict between the aristocratic nobility and the developing intelligentsia.

Key Narrative Objects

The main participants in the process are young and distinguished representative nobility Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. The text describes Bazarov’s relationship with his parents, and also discusses examples of communication in the Kirsanov family.

External description of the main characters of the work

The problem of fathers and children in the depiction of I. S. Turgenev is visible even in appearance characters. Evgeny Bazarov is presented to readers as an object not of this world. He is always gloomy, but has enormous fortitude and an impressive energy reserve for new achievements. Special attention The author devotes time to describing the hero’s high mental abilities. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is deprived of a vivid description of the mind, but he appears to the reader as a very well-groomed man, his entire description consists of admiration for external characteristics. He is always perfect; he can only be seen in a starched white shirt and patent leather ankle boots. Which is no wonder: his secular past does not allow itself to be forgotten. Despite living with his brother in a village society, he still always looks impeccable and elegant.

Personal qualities of a youth representative

Turgenev endowed Bazarov with such qualities as decisiveness in action and a reasonable personal opinion. Such people set goals for themselves and brought real benefits to society. Many representatives of that historical period had similar characteristics. The author assumed that the future of Russia would consist of precisely such people. But as an ardent fan, he completely denied his inner peace and emotionality. He did not allow the existence of the sensual side of life. On this issue, Turgenev categorically disagrees with his character. Many critics suggest that it is for this reason main character was killed by the author.

Aristocratic elite

To show the errors in youth views, the problem of fathers and sons in the image of Turgenev is reflected through the clash of a convinced nihilist with a member of the aristocracy. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was chosen by the author as a representative of noble society. For the first time, the reader sees this hero perfectly dressed in an English frock coat. From the first lines it is clear that this person is the absolute opposite of Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov on the issue of attitude towards life values. The typical life of a wealthy aristocrat was reduced to constant idleness and holidays.

Fathers and sons in the image of I. S. Turgenev

The clash between a representative of an aristocratic society and a developing intelligentsia is the main problem described in the work. The relationship between Bazarov and Kirsanov is proof of the existence of Despite the fact that they are not related, nevertheless, two different socio-political camps do not find common ground. The problem of fathers and children in the depiction of Turgenev on the basis of real family unions occurs, but indirectly.

Opposite life positions

During the course, the author often touches on topics of political disagreement. Democrats and liberals do not reach a consensus on these issues. The main disputes arise on the basis of reflections on the further development of the country, on material values, experience, idealism, science, art history and attitude towards ordinary people. Kirsanov stubbornly defends old concepts, and Bazarov, in turn, strives to destroy them. Kirsanov tried to reproach his opponent for this desire. But Bazarov always answered that it was necessary to first clear the place in order to build something new.

Bazarov's relationship with his parents

In the family of Evgeny Bazarov there is a problem of fathers and children. Turgenev I.S. finds its reflection in the hero’s attitude towards his parents. It is contradictory. Bazarov confesses his love for them, but at the same time despises their stupid and aimless lives. This is his unshakable life position. But, despite his attitude, his son was very dear to his parents. The old people loved him very much and softened tense conversations. Even after the death of the main character of the work, the very moment of their unconditional love. Turgenev described a rural cemetery with a sad overgrown landscape where the main character Bazarov is buried. Birds sing at his grave, old parents come to visit her.

Perhaps, if not for the ardent defense of one’s rightness and a more gentle attitude towards the opinions of other people, the duel and subsequent infection with typhus could have been avoided. Obviously, it was the wound that contributed to the spread of the disease. But a clash of views was inevitable. The problem of fathers and children in the depiction of Turgenev led to tragic consequences.

The widespread relevance of the problem

In high school, students are asked to write an essay on literature. The problem of fathers and sons is an insoluble dispute that has lasted hundreds of years. Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" remains one of best works world classics. An impartial description of everyday life and relationships without embellishment makes it clear to the reader that youth is a perpetual motion machine. Behind them lies strength and new achievements, inventions and improvement of life. But mature aristocrats also live their own lives, they cannot be blamed. They look at life differently, do not understand each other's views, but they are happy. Each in their own way. This is the meaning of life. Just be happy.

Can be considered eternal. However, in to the greatest extent it intensifies at turning points in social development, when two generations turn into exponents of completely different eras. It was precisely this period that was depicted in Turgenev’s work. The conflict that is presented in the novel “Fathers and Sons” actually goes very far beyond the boundaries of family relationships.

Relationships that reveal the main conflict

Consideration of the problem of fathers and children in the image of Turgenev can begin with the following premise: this confrontation is rooted primarily in the difference in the worldviews of the ancient Russian nobility and the views of advanced representatives of the intelligentsia. The problem of confrontation between fathers and children is revealed by the writer in the relationship between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov; Bazarov with his own parents, as well as through examples of different views within the Kirsanov family.

The description of the problem of fathers and children is given by the author through the image of the main acting character, which, due to its worldview, is opposed to the external environment. The young nihilist Bazarov appears before the reader as fenced off from everything outside world Human. He is gloomy, but at the same time he has a developed inner core, he cannot be called weak person. Giving a description of his main character, Turgenev especially emphasizes his extraordinary mental abilities.

What is Kirsanov

The problem of fathers and sons in Turgenev’s portrayal is reflected even in the appearance of the characters. As for the description of Kirsanov, here the writer mostly characterizes him through his appearance. Pavel Petrovich appears as an attractive person. He prefers to wear white, starched shirts. He is wearing patent leather ankle boots. Once in the past he was famous as a socialite, but he managed to maintain his habits even with his brother in the village.

Kirsanov is always distinguished by impeccability and elegance. He dresses in a dark English frock coat and wears a low tie in the latest fashion. From the first acquaintance with this character, it becomes clear that his views differ significantly from the views of Bazarov. And the lifestyle that Kirsanov leads also differs from Bazarov’s activities. Pavel Petrovich, like many representatives of the nobility of that time, mostly spends his time doing nothing.

The problem of fathers and children in the novel by Ivan Turgenev: qualities of Bazarov

Unlike Kirsanov, Bazarov is constantly busy with business. He strives to benefit society and deals with specific problems. Despite the fact that Evgeny is not related to Pavel Petrovich, it is the example of their relationship that reflects the problem of fathers and children in Turgenev’s portrayal. Describing Bazarov, Turgenev seeks to reflect the qualities that were inherent in the youth of his era. This is determination, courage, perseverance, and the ability to defend one’s own views.

Turgenev was convinced that the future of the Motherland belonged to such people. Every now and then the reader can follow the author’s hints about the great activities that lie ahead for Evgeny Bazarov. However, such fanatical nihilism also has some disadvantages that Turgenev does not accept. For example, this is a complete denial of the emotional component human life, rejection of feelings.

Clash of two heroes

To demonstrate the fallacy of such a point of view, the writer pits Bazarov against one of the representatives of the aristocracy - Kirsanov. The conflict that arises between these characters once again proves: the problem of fathers and children in Turgenev’s portrayal is shown through family connection, however, only indirectly. For the most part, this is a matter of clashes between representatives of two opposing socio-political camps.

Kirsanov and Bazarov occupy opposing positions in this confrontation. And in the frequent disputes between these characters, almost all the main issues on which democrats and liberals then differed in their judgments were touched upon. For example, these are such difficult topics as possible ways further development society, materialism and idealism, art, different attitudes towards people. At the same time, Kirsanov seeks to protect the old foundations. Bazarov, on the contrary, advocates their final destruction.

Confrontation between liberalism and democracy

Turgenev's work was written a year after it was abolished in Russia serfdom. In this crisis situation, a clash was inevitable between the generation of “fathers”, or liberals, and “children”, or revolutionaries, who adhered to democratic views.

Exactly at this historical period arises the new kind public figure- a democrat who devotes all his strength to changing the existing political system. However, he is not limited to words. Behind his worldview there are always concrete actions.

This is precisely the main character of the work - Evgeny Bazarov. From the very beginning he finds himself opposed to the others acting persons. His democracy is manifested in his views, relationships with people and even love.

The problem of fathers and children in the novel by I. S. Turgenev: Bazarov’s relationship with his parents

The confrontation between generations can also be observed in Bazarov’s relationship with his own parents. He is filled with completely contradictory feelings towards them. After all, Bazarov, on the one hand, admits that he loves his parents. But on the other hand, he cannot help but despise their “stupid life.” And what alienates the main character from his parents is, first of all, his own beliefs. If in Arkady one can observe contempt for the previous generation, which is caused by the desire to imitate his friend in everything, then in Evgeny Bazarov it comes from within.

Bazarov's parents: an example of true love resolving conflict

The problem of fathers and children in Turgenev’s novel is still relevant in our time, because disagreements can arise even between loved ones and loving people. At the same time, you can see that the parents value their son. The old people love him, and it is this love that makes it possible to soften those “sharp corners” that exist in their communication. Love turns out to be stronger than the difference in worldviews, and it lives even at the moment when Bazarov dies.

The theme of fathers and children, which becomes especially acute at turning points in the development of society, when the older and younger generation become exponents of the ideas of two different eras, can be considered eternal. Actually, such a period in the history of Russia - the 60s of the 19th century - is depicted in the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons." The conflict between fathers and children presented in it goes far beyond the family framework - it is a social conflict between the ancient nobility and aristocracy and the young progressive intelligentsia.

The problem of fathers and children is revealed in the novel in the relationship between the young nihilist Bazarov and the representative of the nobility Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, Bazarov with his parents, as well as through the example of views within the Kirsanov family.

Two generations are contrasted in the novel even by their external description. Evgeny Bazarov appears before us as a person cut off from the outside world, gloomy and at the same time possessing enormous inner strength and energy. Describing Bazarov, Turgenev focuses on his mind. The description of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, on the contrary, consists mainly of external characteristics. Pavel Petrovich is an outwardly attractive man; he wears starched white shirts and patent leather ankle boots. Former socialite, who was once noisy in metropolitan society, he retained his habits while living with his brother in the village. Pavel Petrovich is always impeccable and elegant.

In Bazarov, Turgenev reflected the qualities that were beginning to appear in the youth of that time, such as determination and steadfastness in judgment. Nevertheless, Turgenev believed that the future of Russia belonged to such people. Every now and then we notice the author's hints about Bazarov's upcoming great activity. But there are also disadvantages in ardent nihilism, which Turgenev did not share with his hero - this is a complete denial inner world a person, his emotional, sensual aspects of life.

To show this error in views, the author pits the hero against a representative of the aristocratic elite - Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, a man who represented the noble society. Of average height, dressed in a dark English frock coat, a fashionable low tie and patent leather ankle boots. This is how we first meet Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. At first glance, it becomes clear that this person is completely different from Evgeniy Vasilyevich in his attitude to life.

This person leads the life of a typical representative of an aristocratic society - he spends his time in idleness and idleness. In contrast, Bazarov brings real benefits to people and deals with specific problems. In my opinion, the problem of fathers and children is most deeply shown in the novel precisely in the relationship between these two heroes, despite the fact that they are not directly related. The conflict that arose between Bazarov and Kirsanov proves that the problem of fathers and sons in Turgenev’s novel is both a problem of two generations and a problem of the collision of two different socio-political camps.

These heroes of the novel occupy exactly the opposite life positions. In the frequent disputes between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich, almost all the main issues were touched upon on which common democrats and liberals disagreed (about the ways of further development of the country, about materialism and idealism, about knowledge of science, understanding of art and about attitude towards the people). At the same time, Pavel Petrovich actively defends the old foundations, and Bazarov, on the contrary, advocates their destruction. And to Kirsanov’s reproach that you are destroying everything (“But you also need to build”), Bazarov replies that “first you need to clear the place.”

We also see a generational conflict in Bazarov’s relationship with his parents. The main character has very contradictory feelings towards them: on the one hand, he admits that he loves his parents, on the other, he despises the “stupid life of his fathers.” Bazarov is alienated from his parents, first of all, by his beliefs. If in Arkady we see superficial contempt for the older generation, caused more by the desire to imitate a friend, and not coming from within, then with Bazarov everything is different. This is his position in life.

With all this, we see that it was to the parents that their son Evgeniy was truly dear. The old Bazarovs love Evgeny very much, and this love softens their relationship with their son, the lack of mutual understanding. It is stronger than other feelings and lives even when the main character dies. “There is a small rural cemetery in one of the remote corners of Russia... It looks sad: the ditches surrounding it have long been overgrown; gray wooden crosses drooped and rot under their once painted roofs... But between them there is one (grave), which no man touches, which is not trampled by animals: only birds sit on it and sing at dawn... Bazarov is buried in this grave ... Two already decrepit old men come to her ... "

As for the problem of fathers and children within the Kirsanov family, it seems to me that it is not deep. Arkady looks like his father. He has essentially the same values ​​- home, family, peace. He prefers such simple happiness to caring for the world's good. Arkady is only trying to imitate Bazarov, and this is precisely the reason for the discord within the Kirsanov family. The older generation of Kirsanovs doubts “the benefits of his influence on Arkady.” But Bazarov leaves Arkady’s life, and everything falls into place.

The problem of fathers and sons is one of the most important in Russian classical literature. The collision of the “present century” with the “past century” was reflected in his wonderful comedy “Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboyedov, this theme is revealed in all its severity in Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm”, we find its echoes in Pushkin and many other Russian classics . As people looking to the future, writers tend to side with the new generation. Turgenev, in his work “Fathers and Sons,” does not openly take sides on either side. At the same time, it so fully reveals the life positions of the main characters of the novel, shows their positive and negative sides, which gives the reader the opportunity to decide for himself who was right. It is not surprising that Turgenev’s contemporaries reacted sharply to the appearance of the work. The reactionary press accused the writer of currying favor with young people, while the democratic press accused the author of slandering the younger generation.

Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons", be that as it may, ranks among the best works of Russian classical literature, and the problems raised in it remain relevant to this day. Turgenev impartially conveyed all the positive and negative aspects of generations; He saw youth as a powerful force capable of leading to changes in society. This power was like an iron plow, sparing neither art, nor poetry, nor even love itself. Turgenev could not disagree with this. He understood that without these simple things, life would be dull, joyless, “not real.” Therefore, Ivan Sergeevich was closer to “aristocratic” judgments about life. Undoubtedly, the aristocrats were not as energetic as the nihilists, but living in a family, taking care of their ostentatious appearance, and carelessly managing the household, they were happy in their own way. And the most important thing that a person must strive for is happiness.

The problem of “fathers and sons” is an eternal problem that arises for people of different generations. Life principles elders were once considered the basis of human existence, but they are becoming a thing of the past, and they are replaced by new life ideals belonging to to the younger generation. The generation of “fathers” tries to preserve everything that they believed in, what they lived with all their lives, sometimes not accepting the new beliefs of the young, strives to leave everything in its place, strives for peace. “Children” are more progressive, constantly on the move, want rebuild, change everything, they do not understand the passivity of their elders. The problem of “fathers and sons” arises in almost all forms of organization of human life: in the family, in the work collective, in society as a whole. The task of establishing a balance in views in the clash of “fathers” and "children" is complex, and in some cases it cannot be solved at all. open conflict with representatives of the older generation, accusing him of inactivity and idle talk; someone, realizing the need for a peaceful solution to this problem, steps aside, giving both themselves and others the right to freely implement their plans and ideas, without colliding with representatives of another generation.

The clash between “fathers” and “children,” which occurred, is occurring, and will continue to occur, could not help but be reflected in the works of Russian writers. Each of them solves this problem differently in their works.
Among such writers, I would like to highlight I. S. Turgenev, who wrote the magnificent novel “Fathers and Sons.” The writer based his book on the complex conflict that arises between “fathers” and “children,” between new and obsolete views on life. Turgenev personally encountered this problem in the Sovremennik magazine. The new worldviews of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky were alien to the writer. Turgenev had to leave the editorial office of the magazine.

In the novel "Fathers and Sons" the main opponents and antagonists are Evgeny Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. The conflict between them is considered from the point of view of the problem of “fathers and sons”, from the position of their social, political and social differences.

It must be reported that Bazarov and Kirsanov differ in their social background, which, of course, affected the formation of the views of these people.

Bazarov's ancestors were serfs. Everything he achieved was the result of hard mental work. Evgeniy became interested in medicine and natural sciences, conducted experiments, collected various beetles and insects.

Pavel Petrovich grew up in an atmosphere of prosperity and prosperity. At eighteen he was assigned to the page corps, and at twenty-eight he received the rank of captain. Having moved to the village to live with his brother, Kirsanov maintained social decency here too. Pavel Petrovich attached a big role to appearance. He was always well shaven and wore heavily starched collars, which Bazarov ironically ridicules: “Nails, nails, at least send me to an exhibition!..” Evgeniy does not care at all about his appearance or what people think of him. Bazarov was a great materialist. For him, only what he could touch with his hands, put on his tongue, mattered. The nihilist denied all spiritual pleasures, not understanding that people get pleasure when they admire the beauties of nature, listen to music, read Pushkin, and admire the paintings of Raphael. Bazarov only said: “Raphael is not worth a penny...”

Pavel Petrovich, of course, did not accept such nihilist views. Kirsanov was fond of poetry and considered it his duty to uphold noble traditions.

Bazarov's disputes with P.P. Kirsanov play a huge role in revealing the main contradictions of the era. In them we see many directions and issues on which representatives of the younger and older generations do not agree.

Bazarov denies principles and authorities, Pavel Petrovich claims that “... without principles, only immoral or empty people can exist in our time.” Evgeniy exposes government structure and accuses the “aristocrats” of idle talk. Pavel Petrovich recognizes the old social structure, not seeing any flaws in it, fearing its destruction.

One of the primary contradictions arises between the antagonists in their attitude towards the people.

Although Bazarov treats the people with contempt for their darkness and ignorance, all representatives of the masses in Kirsanov’s house consider him “their” person, because he is easy to communicate with people, there is no lordly effeminacy in him. And at this hour Pavel Petrovich claims that Evgeny Bazarov does not know the Russian people: “No, the Russian people are not what you imagine them to be. They sacredly honor traditions, they are patriarchal, they cannot exist without faith...” But after these beautiful words When talking to men, she turns away and sniffs cologne.

The disagreements that have arisen between our heroes are serious. Bazarov, whose life is built on negation, cannot understand Pavel Petrovich. The latter cannot understand Evgeniy. The culmination of their personal hostility and differences of opinion was a duel. But main reason The duel is not a contradiction between Kirsanov and Bazarov, but an unfriendly relationship that arose between them at the very beginning of their acquaintance, comrade with friend. Therefore, the problem of “fathers and sons” is contained in the personal bias of each other, because it can be solved peacefully, without resorting to extreme measures, if older generation will be more tolerant of the younger generation, perhaps agreeing with them somewhere, and the generation of “children” will show more respect for their elders.

Turgenev studied eternal problem"fathers and sons" from the perspective of their time, their lives. He himself belonged to the galaxy of “fathers” and, although the author’s sympathies were on the side of Bazarov, he advocated philanthropy and the development of the spiritual principle in people. Having included a description of nature in the narrative, testing Bazarov with love, the author imperceptibly gets involved in a dispute with his hero, disagreeing with him in many respects.

The problem of “fathers and sons” is relevant today. It is acutely relevant to people who belong to different generations. “Children” who openly oppose the generation of “fathers” must remember that only tolerance and mutual respect will help avoid serious clashes.

The novel “Fathers and Sons” was written by I.S. Turgenev at a time when Russia was torn apart by severe social contradictions between representatives of different generations and between political camps. All these conflicts are reflected in the novel, the title of which is revealed in its content. It's about about an acute, irreconcilable conflict not so much between representatives of different generations, but between aristocrats and democrats, between liberals and commoner revolutionaries. The meaning of the title must be considered in two aspects: firstly, as the socio-historical beginning of a new generation, and secondly, as universal human relations between people of two generations.

The writer brings out the main problem of the work in the title, using the example of “fathers and sons” to test the stability and strength of the social foundations of society by family and family relationships. Beginning the novel with a depiction of a family conflict between father and son Kirsanov, Turgenev goes further to clashes between social, social nature. But family theme in the novel it gives social conflict special humanistic overtones. After all, no social, political, government forms human relationships do not absorb moral content family life. The attitude of sons to their fathers is not limited only to family feelings, but extends further to the filial attitude towards the past and present of their fatherland, to those historical and moral values which children inherit. Fatherhood in the broadest sense of the word also presupposes the love of the older generation for those who are replacing the younger ones, tolerance and wisdom, reasonable advice and condescension.

The conflict of the novel “Fathers and Sons” in family spheres, of course, is not confined to family spheres, but its tragic depth is verified by the violation of “family life”, in connections between generations. The contradictions went so deep that they touched the natural foundations of existence.

In the work, not only two generations collide, but also two ideologies: the conservative Kirsanovs and the radical common democrats represented by Bazarov. The collision between Bazarov and the elder Kirsanov turned out to be inevitable. Pavel Petrovich was only waiting for an excuse to “pounce on the enemy.” Bazarov considered it useless to waste gunpowder on verbal battles, but still could not avoid the fight. Thus, in the tenth chapter, the author confronts the worldviews of two generations.

However, the conflict between representatives of different generations is not only ideological, but also cultural in nature: in the person of Bazarov and the Kirsanovs, two cultures collide, aristocratic and democratic, and the first has a much richer past. The difference between the two cultures is also evident in external description heroes. Compare at least impeccable appearance Pavel Petrovich, his coffee and cocoa at the appointed hour, mannerisms inherent in secular people, and Bazarov, who is careless in his clothes, does not take too much care of himself, behaves simply and naturally at the table.

Bazarov denies the previous culture, believing that poetry and music were created “out of nothing to do” by “damned aristocrats.” He calls art nonsense, romantic nonsense. The culture of commoners is characterized by a passion for natural sciences: in the sixties, all young people were interested in them. Therefore, Turgenev gives Bazarov his due in knowledge, the logic of his mind, hard work and perseverance. Bazarov is a materialist who values ​​only materialistic philosophy and does not recognize Hegel’s idealistic philosophy. He is a supporter of crude materialism, which directly derived spirit from matter: “the buildings are the same and the people are the same.” Such a philosophy denied the existence of an ideal beginning in life, which neither Turgenev himself nor the “old men” Kirsanovs could disagree with. Bazarov is an atheist who denies God and religion, and neither the author nor the majority of readers can support this extreme manifestation of nihilism.

It is also observed different attitude two generations and cultures towards love and women. In the life of the nobles, love occupied almost the main place, as evidenced by the fate of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Bazarov ridicules the “old romantics” for their exaggerated attention to love issues. But Turgenev proves Bazarov wrong by making him fall in love with him.

The conflict between two generations can also be seen in the example of Bazarov’s relationship with his parents. Using the example of the Bazarov family, Turgenev showed the conflict of generations at the change of eras, the conflict between kind and honest parents and denier sons who follow their own path not because they have personal indignation against their parents, but because they are more sensitive to the demands of life . Bazarov does not want to live like his parents, but they cannot understand his vague soul. Hence the tragedy between “fathers and sons.” Bazarov loves his parents and suffers because there is no mutual understanding between them. This is a conflict that can and should be smoothed out, but cannot be removed. In his house, Bazarov is constantly silent, not knowing how to announce his departure from home. He mercilessly crushes filial love within himself. His indifference to his parents speaks of spiritual devastation; as a result, Bazarov runs away from his parents’ love. At the same time, the author emphasizes the unnaturalness of such an act in relation to relatives. The tragedy of the parents who lost their spiritual connection with their son and their inconsolable grief after his death are depicted with stunning force

Thus, we have before us a novel in which, through the collision of two generations, the new spiritual possibilities of the noble intelligentsia and new people are tested. The conflict of the novel lies in the confrontation between lordly and democratic Russia, the passing and emerging eras, the generation of “fathers” and the “young, unfamiliar tribe.”

Tasks and tests on the topic "The meaning of the title and problems of the novel by I.S. Turgenev. (Based on the novel "Fathers and Sons" or "Nest of Nobles.")"

• Correlating word names and the questions they answer with parts of speech - Parts of speech grade 2

  Lessons: 1 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1