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Abstract: Flows in logistics. Logistics operations. Information flows in logistics and their classification

The object of study of logistics as a science and the object of logistics management as a sphere of entrepreneurship is the system of material, information, financial and other flows. Fundamental difference logistic approach from the previous management of the movement of material resources was that if previously the object of management was a certain accumulation of individual material objects, then with the logistic approach the main object became a flow, i.e. a set of objects perceived as a single whole.

Flow is a collection of objects perceived as a single whole, existing as a process over a certain time interval and measured in absolute units over a certain period. Flow parameters are parameters that characterize the number of objects that are available at a particular point in time, and are measured in absolute units. The main parameters characterizing the flow are: its initial and final points, the trajectory of movement, the length of the path, the speed and time of movement, intermediate points, and intensity.

Streams are classified according to the following characteristics:

1. In relation to the system under consideration:

a) internal flows - circulate within the system;

b) external flows - are outside the system;

c) incoming flows are external flows coming from the external environment into the logistics system;

d) outgoing flows are internal flows, according to
stepping from the logistics system into the external environment.

2. By degree of continuity:

a) continuous flows - at each moment of time a certain number of objects move along the flow path;

b) discrete flows - formed by objects moving at intervals;

3. By degree of regularity:

a) deterministic flows - characterized by certainty of parameters at each point in time;

b) stochastic flows - characterized by the random nature of the parameters, which at each moment of time take specific value with a known degree of probability.

4. According to the degree of stability:

a) stable flows - characterized by constancy of parameter values over a certain period of time;

b) unstable flows - characterized by changes in flow parameters.

5. By degree of variability:

a) stationary flows - characteristic of a steady process, their intensity is constant;

b) unsteady flows - characteristic of an unsteady process, their intensity changes over a certain period.

6. According to the nature of movement of flow elements:

a) uniform flows - characterized by a constant speed of movement of objects: in the same periods of time, objects travel the same path; the intervals for the beginning and end of the movement of objects are also equal;

b) uneven flows - characterized by changes in the speed of movement, the possibility of acceleration, deceleration, stops along the way, changes in departure and arrival intervals.

7. By degree of frequency:

a) periodic flows - characterized by the constancy of parameters or the constancy of the nature of their change after a certain period;

b) non-periodic flows - characterized by the absence of a pattern of changes in flow parameters.

8. According to the degree of correspondence of changes in flow parameters to a predetermined rhythm:

a) rhythmic flows;

b) irregular flows.

9. By degree of difficulty:

a) simple (differentiated) flows - consist of objects of the same type;

b) complex (integrated) flows - combine heterogeneous objects.

10. By degree of controllability:

a) controlled flows - adequately responding to control action from the control system side;

b) uncontrolled flows - not responsive to control input.

Based on the nature of the forming objects, the following types of flows can be distinguished: material, transport, energy, money, information, human, military, etc., however, for the logistics of the economic sphere, material, information and financial flows are of greatest interest.

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN STREAM AT THE ENTERPRISE

2.1. Materialistic flows

Material flow is a product (in the form of cargo, parts, inventory items) considered in the process of applying various logistics (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and/or technological (machining, assembly, etc.) operations to it and attributed to a certain time interval.

Material flow, considered not on a time interval, but in this moment time is a material reserve.

Material flows in logistics are characterized by the following parameters:

nomenclature, assortment and quantity of products;

overall characteristics (total weight, area, linear parameters);

weight characteristics (total weight, gross and net weight);

physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo;

characteristics of the container or packaging, vehicle (carrying capacity, cargo capacity);

terms of the purchase and sale agreement (transfer of ownership, supplies);

terms of transportation and insurance;

financial (cost) characteristics;

conditions for performing other physical distribution operations related to the movement of products;

and etc.

Quantitatively, material flow is expressed by such indicators as intensity, density, speed, etc.

The following classification features of material flows are distinguished:

1. In relation to the logistics system, a distinction is made between internal (within the boundaries of the logistics system) flows and external ones, entering the logistics system from the external environment (input) and leaving the logistics system into the external environment (output).

2. In relation to a link in the logistics system, material flows are divided into input and output.

3. According to nomenclature, material flows are divided into single-product (single-type) and multi-product (multi-type). In this case, nomenclature is understood as a systematic list of groups, subgroups and positions (types) of products in physical terms (pieces, tons, m3, etc.). Mainly used for statistical reporting, accounting and planning.

4. Based on the assortment, material flows are divided into single-assortment and multi-assortment. In this case, the assortment refers to the composition and ratio of products of a certain type or name, differing from each other in grade, type, size, brand, external decoration and other characteristics.

5. During transportation, cargo is classified according to the type of transport, method and conditions of transportation, dimensional, weight and physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo, packaging methods, etc.

A mass flow is a flow that requires transportation by a group of vehicles, for example, an entire train of many cars, a column of trailers, etc.

A large flow is one that requires several cars or trailers, etc.

Average flow is the flow formed by single cars, trailers, etc.

A small flow is a flow of cargo that is smaller than the carrying capacity of a single vehicle and can be combined during transportation with other small flows.

Heavy-weight flows are flows formed by high-density cargo and, therefore, occupying less volume for the same weight. This includes flows formed by cargo with a weight of more than 1 ton per piece during water transportation, and 0.5 ton during rail transportation.

Lightweight flows are flows formed by cargo with low density, and therefore, for a given volume determined by the dimensions permissible for a given vehicle, have low weight. In such flows, 1 ton of cargo occupies more than 2 m3.

Oversized flows are flows of cargo, the height of one piece of which is more than 3.8 m, width - more than 2.5 m, length - more than the length of the cargo area.

6. Based on the degree of determinism of flow parameters, deterministic and stochastic material flows are distinguished. A flow with completely known (deterministic) parameters is called deterministic. If at least one parameter is unknown or is a random variable (process), then the material flow is called stochastic.

7. Based on the nature of movement in time, continuous and discrete material flows are distinguished. The first include, for example, flows of raw materials and materials in continuous production (technological) processes of a closed cycle, flows of petroleum products, gas moved by pipeline transport, etc. Most flows are discrete in time.

2.2. Financial flows

In the process of moving from one economic entity to another, a set of certain commodity values can be considered as a corresponding commodity flow, the movement of which is due to the implementation of a number of logistics operations.

In a market economy, increasing the efficiency of commodity flows is achieved mainly through improving their financial services. This, in turn, necessitates the identification and study of logistics financial flows corresponding to the movement of commodity values: all types of material goods, services, capital and intangible assets.

Financial flow is a directed movement financial resources, associated with material, information and other flows both within the logistics system and outside it.

Financial flows arise when reimbursement of logistics costs and expenses, attraction of funds from financing sources, reimbursement (in monetary equivalent) for sold products and services provided to participants in the supply chain.

The mechanism of financial servicing of commodity flows is currently the least studied area of logistics.

Financial flows in one form or another have always existed in any way of organizing business activities. However, as practice has shown, the greatest efficiency of their movement is achieved by applying the logistics principles of managing material and financial resources, which led to the emergence of a new economic category - logistics financial flow. Consequently, logistics financial flows are created and used to ensure the efficient movement of goods flows. In this case, the specificity lies primarily in the need to service the process of moving in space and time the corresponding flow of inventory or intangible assets.

Logistics financial flows are heterogeneous in their composition, direction of movement, purpose and other characteristics, which necessitates their classification. In each specific case, it is necessary to establish its own, special composition of classification characteristics of logistics financial flows. To classify financial flows in logistics, mainly such characteristics as relation to the logistics system, purpose, method of transferring the advance cost, form of payment, type of economic relations are used.

In relation to a specific logistics system, external and internal financial flows are distinguished.

External financial flow flows in the external environment, i.e. outside the boundaries of the logistics system under consideration, internal financial flow exists within the logistics system and is modified by performing a number of logistics operations with the corresponding commodity flow. In turn, external logistics financial flows in the direction of movement are divided into:

incoming financial flow (enters the logistics system under consideration from the external environment);

outgoing financial flow (begins its movement from the logistics system under consideration and continues to exist in the external environment).

According to their purpose, logistics financial flows can be divided into the following groups:

financial flows due to the process of purchasing goods;

investment financial flows;

financial flows for the reproduction of labor;

financial flows associated with the formation of material costs in the process production activities enterprises;

financial flows arising in the process of selling goods.

According to the method of transferring the advanced cost to goods, logistics financial flows are divided into flows of financial resources:

accompanying the movement of fixed assets of the enterprise (this includes investment financial flows and partially financial flows associated with the formation of material costs);

conditioned by the movement of working capital of the enterprise (financial flows arising in the process of purchasing, distribution and sale of goods, as well as during the reproduction of labor).

Depending on the forms of calculation used, all financial flows in logistics can be differentiated into two large groups:

cash - characterizing the movement of cash financial resources;

informational and financial - due to the movement of non-cash financial resources.

In turn, cash financial flows are divided into flows of cash financial resources for ruble settlements and for settlements in foreign currency, and information and financial flows include flows of non-cash financial resources for settlements with payment orders, payment requests, collection orders, documentary letters of credit and settlement checks.

According to the types of economic relations, horizontal and vertical financial flows are distinguished. The former reflect the movement of financial assets between equal business entities, the latter - between subsidiaries and parent commercial organizations.

The main goal of financial services for commodity flows in logistics is to ensure their movement with financial resources in the required volumes, in required deadlines, using the most effective sources of financing. In the simplest case, each commodity flow has its own single financial flow.

The parameters of financial flows serve as indicators of the well-being and sustainability of enterprises, indicate the effectiveness of logistics activities, and are necessary when planning and organizing relationships with counterparties. For example, when preparing a budget for this year predict the size of upcoming revenues and required investments, calculate profitability and profitability indicators that are necessary when drawing up financial statements, justification for attracting investments and loans, concluding contracts and agreements.

Financial parameters largely determine the economic viability of enterprises, their stability in the market, and the strength of relationships with suppliers and consumers.

2.3. Information flows

Information flow is a flow of messages in speech, document (paper and electronic) and other forms, accompanying the material or service flow in the logistics system under consideration and intended mainly for the implementation of control actions.

Information flows arising from external influences on the corresponding environment transfer information (messages) from its sources to its consumers. These flows can be of independent importance for operational management and the development of strategic decisions, or they can correspond to and manage material flows. The difference in the speeds of material and information flows can, if there is a correspondence, lead to a time shift between them.

To process information flows, modern logistics systems include an information logistics center. The task of such a center is the accumulation of received data and its pragmatic filtering, i.e., turning it into information necessary to solve logistics problems. In this case, the connection between the center and sources of information can be one-way, two-way or multi-way. Modern logistics systems use the latter method of communication.

Thus, logistics operates with numerous indicators and characteristics of information flows: the range of transmitted messages, types of data, documents, data arrays; intensity and speed of data transfer; special characteristics (capacity of information channels, protection against unauthorized access, noise immunity, etc.).

There is no isomorphy between the information and material flow (i.e., one-to-one correspondence, synchronicity in the time of occurrence). As a rule, the information flow is either ahead of the material flow or lags behind it. In particular, the very origin of a material flow is usually a consequence of information flows during, for example, negotiations on transactions for the purchase and sale of goods, drawing up contracts, etc. The presence of several information flows accompanying a material flow is typical.

Information flows in logistics are formed in the form of flows of electronic data arrays, paper documents designed in a certain way, as well as in the form of flows consisting of both of these types of information quanta.

Such information includes:

telephone messages and faxes;

invoices arriving with the goods;

information on the receipt and placement of goods in warehouses;

data on transport tariffs and possible routes and types of transport;

changes in dynamic inventory models;

libraries of control programs for technological equipment with numerical control and catalogs of these libraries;

various regulatory and reference production information;

changes in dynamic market patterns and market segmentation;

current information about production capacity;

current information about suppliers and producers;

changes in dynamic order book models;

current information about work in progress;

data on release plans;

current warehouse data;

data on volumes and types of finished products;

data on actual sales of products to consumers;

data on financial flows.

Thus, information created, stored, circulated and used in the logistics system can be considered useful if it can be incorporated into ongoing production and distribution processes.

For the successful and effective implementation of logistics management based on the analysis of information flows, it is necessary certain factors and prerequisites, namely:

availability of appropriate information characteristics of the process;

an adequate level of systematization and formalization of the logistics management process;

organizational forms and system of logistics management methods;

the ability to reduce the duration of transition processes and promptly receive feedback on the results of logistics activities.

The information flow is determined by the following parameters:

1. Source of origin.

3. Transmission speed, i.e. the amount of information transmitted per unit of time.

4. The total volume, i.e. the total amount of information forming a given flow.

An information flow can function in the same direction as the corresponding material flow, or it can be directed towards “its own” material flow. The direction of the information flow may in some cases have nothing to do with the direction of movement of the corresponding material flow. For example, components are received from the manufacturer to the incoming warehouse, and the corresponding invoices are sent to the accounting department.

If orders for the supply of raw materials, materials and components are satisfied, the information flow formed by these orders, issued in the form of documents, is directed in the direction opposite to the corresponding material flow. It arises before this material flow. In other words, this information flow precedes the material flow initiated by it.

The information flow moving towards the material can be not only anticipatory, as already described above, but also lagging behind. For example, a flow of information formed by documents on the results of acceptance or refusal to accept cargo, various claims, warranty documents, etc.

Thus, information flows can lead, lag, or be synchronous with the corresponding material flows. Each of these types of information flows can move in the same direction as the corresponding material flow, be counter to it, or move in a direction that does not coincide with it.

Each type of information flow is characterized by its own combination of these two qualities. Accordingly, the following types of information flows can be named:

leading with the same direction;

ahead of counter;

advancing, differing in direction;

synchronous with the same direction;

synchronous counter;

synchronous, differing in direction;

laggards with the same direction;

lagging counter;

lagging behind, differing in direction.

Thus, various information flows are the connections that unite various functional subsystems into a single whole. In each of these functional subsystems, material flows are implemented that correspond to the goals provided by these subsystems. Information flows integrate these subsystems into a single whole, so that the individual goals of each subsystem are subordinated to the overall goal of the entire production and marketing complex. This is precisely the basic concept of logistics.

The types of information flows circulating in logistics systems are somewhat different from all other types of flows. The difference lies in the very object of movement - the exchange of information between various parts of the logistics system.

2.4. Service threads

Service flows are flows of services (intangible activities, a special type of product or product) generated by the logistics system as a whole or its subsystem (link, element) in order to satisfy external or internal consumers of a business organization.

Service - the process of providing a service - the activities of the supplier necessary to provide the service.

The importance of logistics services has been especially increasing recently, which is explained by many reasons. Among them are social programs adopted by the governments of various countries, the development of the service industry and the concentration of an increasing number of companies and the employed working population in it, the focus of the activities of many firms on the final consumer, the development of the concept of total quality management in the service industry.

A large number of links in the logistics system and logistics intermediaries are service enterprises, in which services are inextricably linked with the product that is distributed, marketed and sold at different parts of the supply chain. Such links include various transport companies, wholesale and retail traders, distribution companies, etc. Moreover, the cost of services can significantly exceed the direct costs of production.

In the West, the concept of “service response logistics” (SRL) is widely used, which is defined as the process of coordinating the logistics operations necessary to provide services in the most efficient way in terms of cost and customer satisfaction.

The SRL approach is often the main strategic element of the management of many foreign service firms. Critical elements of this approach are taking orders for services and monitoring service delivery. Like material flows, service flows are distributed in a certain delivery environment (for finished products - in the distribution network), which has its own links in the logistics system, logistics channels, chains, etc. This network must be built in such a way that with maximum effectively meet customer service requirements. Examples of such networks are networks of stations Maintenance and service points of automobile manufacturers, pre-sales and after-sales service networks of most companies producing industrial electrical household goods, etc.

There are still no effective ways to assess the quality of service services, which is explained by their features compared to product characteristics. These features (characteristics of service flows) are:

1. The complexity of the specification of services by the service company and their evaluation by the buyer.

2. The buyer can be a direct participant in the process of providing services.

3. Services are consumed at the same moment when they are provided, i.e., they cannot be stored or transported.

4. The buyer, when purchasing services, never becomes their owner.

5. The quality of the service cannot be tested until the buyer pays for it.

6. The provision of services often consists of a system of smaller (sub-service) actions, and the buyer evaluates all these actions.

These characteristics and features of services play an important role in the logistics process.

Assessing the quality of services in the analysis and design of logistics systems should be based on the criteria used by buyers of services for these purposes.

For each parameter for assessing the quality of services, there are two values (conditional) - expected by the buyer and actual. The difference between these two values is called discrepancy (mismatch) and assesses the degree of customer satisfaction with the quality of the service. In Western economic literature, this discrepancy is often called the “gap”.

To rationalize logistics management in channels for promoting and selling goods, it is necessary: firstly, to correctly assess the parameters of service quality, and secondly, to structure management in such a way as to minimize the discrepancies between the expected and actual levels of service quality.

For this purpose, various assessment methods are used, such as customer questionnaires, expert assessments, statistical methods etc. The difficulty lies in the fact that most service quality parameters cannot be measured quantitatively, that is, a formal assessment can be obtained.

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Tver State University

by discipline

"Transport logistics"

“Flow and stock as the main categories of logistics”

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………......4

FLOWS IN LOGISTICS……………………………………………………………………..5

Material flows

Information flows

Financial flows

Service flows

INVENTORIES IN LOGISTICS……………………………………………………………..11

Reserve stocks to adjust supply and demand

Inventory types

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………15

LIST OF SOURCES USED………………………16

Introduction

Logistics is the science of managing and optimizing material flows, service flows and related information and financial flows in a specific micro, meso or macroeconomic system to achieve its goals.

The object of research, management and optimization in logistics is the material flow, as well as the accompanying information, financial, service flows, considered in a subordinate plan as generated by the material flow being studied.

The subject of the study of logistics, as a science of managing the flow of material resources, is the movement of material resources in space and time. Therefore, the concept of material stock is one of the key ones in logistics. It is generally accepted that material reserves are products for industrial and technical purposes, consumer goods and other goods at different stages of production and circulation, awaiting entry into the process of production or personal consumption. The global goal of logistics is to reduce inventories, and the goal of the logistics approach is end-to-end management of material flows.

Flows in logistics

Under flow understand the directed movement of a collection of something relatively homogeneous (for example, products, information, finance, materials, raw materials, etc.). The object of study of logistics as a science is material flows and the corresponding financial and information flows. At the same time, the concept material flow is key in logistics.

1.1. Material flows

Material flow– these are material resources, unfinished products, finished products, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and assigned to a certain time interval. Flows can flow between different enterprises or within the same enterprise. For example, the movement of material flow entering a warehouse in work time, can be immediately sent for storage or pre-accepted. On the day off, the arrived cargo is placed in an acceptance expedition. On his first day of work, he moves from the receiving room to the warehouse. Ultimately, all goods are moved to the storage area. Next, the goods are moved in various ways to the storage area.

In Fig. 1 arrows show various options for moving cargo from the unloading area to the storage area and further to the loading area.

Fig.1

As the cargo moves, various operations occur: unloading, placing in appropriate containers, moving, unpacking, storing, etc. The amount of work for a separate operation, calculated for a certain period of time (month, year), represents the material flow for the corresponding operation.

The dimension of the material flow is the ratio of the product dimension (units, tons, m 3, etc.) to the dimension of the time interval (day, month, year, etc.). Material flow can be calculated for specific areas of the enterprise, for the enterprise as a whole, for individual cargo operations.

There is a wide variety of material resources, products and operations with them. Therefore, the parameters of the material flow can be: nomenclature, assortment, quantity of products, dimensional, weight, physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo, characteristics of containers, packaging, terms of purchase and sale, transportation and insurance, financial characteristics, etc.

attitude towards the enterprise,

natural-material composition of the flow,

the number of cargoes forming the flow,

specific gravity of the load forming the flow,

degree of cargo compatibility,

consistency of cargo.

In relation to the enterprise, cargo is distinguished:

External - occurs in the environment external to the enterprise and is directly related to it.

Internal - formed as a result of an operation within the enterprise.

Input - comes from the external environment and can be determined by the sum of the magnitude of material flows during unloading of cargo.

Output - comes from the enterprise to the external environment. “For a wholesale trade enterprise, it can be determined by adding up the material flows tracked during the loading operation of various types of vehicles. When maintaining the enterprise's inventories at the same level, the input material flow will be equal to the output.

By natural composition, etc. In table. 1 shows one of the possible classifications of material flow.

Table 1

Classification of material flows

Sign classifications	Type of MP	Description
Attitude to the drug and its links		Consists of goods related to a specific enterprise, but moving in the environment external to the enterprise
	Interior	Formed as a result of performing a LO with a load inside the LS
		Enters the drug from the external environment
	Day off	Comes from the drug into the external environment
Range	Single-assortment, multi-assortment
Cargo quantity	Mass	It occurs when transporting goods not by a single vehicle, but by a group of them, for example, a train, a convoy of vehicles, a convoy of ships, etc.
		Occurs when transporting goods by several wagons, vehicles, ships, etc.
		Intermediate between large and small MP (transported by single wagons, cars)
		Occurs when transporting such a quantity of cargo that does not allow the full carrying capacity of the vehicle to be used and requires combination with other cargo during transportation.
Specific weight of cargo	Heavy	During its transportation, full use of the carrying capacity of vehicles is ensured with a smaller occupied volume, for example, metals
Specific weight of cargo	Lightweight	Formed by loads that do not allow full use of the carrying capacity of transport with full use of its volume, for example, tobacco products
Degree of compatibility	Incompatible	Such MP cannot be transported together, for example, household chemicals and food products
Degree of compatibility	Compatible	Can be transported together on one vehicle
Cargo consistency	Bulk	It is transported without packaging in specialized vehicles: open wagons, on platforms, in containers, in cars. Their main property is flowability (for example, grain)
	Bulk	Transported without containers, some can freeze, cake, sinter (for example, coal, sand, salt), and are free-flowing
	Packaged piece	Cargo in bags, containers, boxes, without containers that can be counted
	Bulk	Transported in tanks and liquid vessels and requires special technical means for reloading, storing and other liquids
Nomenclature	Single-product, multi-product
Certainty	Deterministic	All parameters are fully known
Certainty	Stochastic	At least one parameter is unknown or is a random variable
Continuity	Continuous	Flows of raw materials and materials in continuous closed-cycle production (technological) processes, flows of oil products, gas transported using pipeline transport, etc.
Continuity	Discrete	MPs that are not continuous

Each material flow corresponds to some information and financial flows.

The main object of research, management and optimization in logistics is material flow.
Material flows are formed as a result of transportation, storage and other material operations with raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products, starting from the primary source, raw materials and up to the final consumer. Material flow refers to cargo, parts, inventory items, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them and assigned to a time interval.
Material flow is a product that includes various products, parts, inventory items, considered in the process of applying various technological operations to it (loading, transportation, unloading, processing, sorting, storage, etc.) and assigned to a specific time interval (Fig. 1).
Also, material flows can be defined as being in a state of movement different kinds products (material resources, work in progress, manufactured products), to which logistics actions related to physical movement in space and time (loading, unloading, processing, storage, sorting, etc.) are applied. If the product is not in a state of movement, but is in a waiting position, then it belongs to the stock.

Rice. 31. Structure of material flow
Material resources include objects of labor: raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, fuel, spare parts, production waste. Work in progress - products that are not completed by production within a given organization (enterprise), which tend to accumulate or be delayed in production, “transitions” (i.e. between workshops or sections). Finished products are products that have gone through the full technological (production) cycle in a given organization, are fully equipped, delivered to the finished products warehouse or shipped to the consumer (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Product status structure
The task of the logistician is to achieve optimal values of the logistics flow both in the process of its movement (optimal production volume) and in the stock state (optimal volume of products in the warehouse). Flow optimization in the movement process concerns the values of costs and time (production or commercial cycle). Costs have a cost dimension, and time characterizes the duration of production or commercial cycles. Inventory optimization involves the values of inventory levels (volume), their structure and movements (updates) of inventory.
As you move along the logistics chain, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the flow changes. Initially, as a rule, massive homogeneous loads move between the source of raw materials and the first processing plant, as well as between various industries. In the woodworking industry, this is sawlog - logs of various types of wood. As it progresses, the material flow is increasingly transformed into various types of raw materials and products. Lumber is made from sawlogs, for example, for log houses. The characteristics of the material flow become more diverse. At the end of the chain, the material flow is represented by various, customized, ready-to-consume goods. There are also material flows within individual industries. Here they move between workshops or within workshops various parts, blanks, semi-finished products. And each of this subtype of material flows has its own characteristics - time and cost.
Thus, during the logistics process, the material flow begins with raw materials, and then is brought to the enterprise, where it is “magically transformed” into products as it passes through a chain of technological stages. Upon completion production process With the help of vehicles and warehouse operations, finished products are delivered to the consumer.
To characterize the intensity of material flows, an indicator of the dimension of material flow is used, which is a fraction in which the numerator indicates the unit of measurement of the cargo (pieces, tons, etc.), and the denominator indicates the unit of time (day, month, year, etc.). d.): R = n:t.
The higher the indicator, the higher the intensity of the flow, which indicates good organization of logistics.
In general, logistics optimization of material flow is a complex of economic and mathematical problems, as a result of which an integrated system can be created that provides economic benefits due to a qualitative change in the management of material flow.

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Educational institution of the Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus

"International University "MITSO"

Department of Logistics

Student's independent work

Flows in logistics

Gaiduk Anna Mikhailovna

Course 2, group 1417

Scientific adviser:

Art. Lecturer, M.Econ.

Tretyakova Marina Leonidovna

1. Flows in logistics

A flow is one of many objects perceived as a single whole, exists as a process over a certain time interval, and is measured in absolute units.

Logistics flows are end-to-end material flows and associated information, financial and service flows circulating between the enterprise’s suppliers and consumers.

Flows in logistics and their parameters:

1. Starting point of the flow;

2. The final point of the flow;

3. Path trajectory;

4. Stream length.

Stream classification:

1. By degree of continuity;

2. By the degree of variability;

3. According to the degree of stability;

4. Characterizes the movement of flow elements;

5. According to the degree of frequency;

6. By degree of difficulty;

7. Controllability of the overall flow;

8. Controllability of flow elements.

2. Material flows

The object of study of logistics as a science is MP and the corresponding FP and IP. In this case, a flow is understood as the directed movement of a collection of something conditionally homogeneous (for example, products, information, finance, materials, raw materials, etc.). The concept of MP is key in logistics.

Material flow is MR, unfinished products, GP, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and assigned to a certain time interval. The dimension of MP is the ratio of the dimension of the product (units, tons, m 3, etc.) to the dimension of the time interval (day, month, year, etc.). MP can be calculated for specific areas of the enterprise, for the enterprise as a whole, for individual cargo operations. MP, which is considered for a given moment or period of time, becomes material inventory (MR).

MP parameters can be: nomenclature, assortment, quantity of products, dimensional, weight, physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo, characteristics of containers, packaging, terms of purchase and sale, transportation and insurance, financial characteristics, etc. There is a wide variety of MP, products and operations with them.

Main types of material flows:

external material flow - material flow flowing in the external environment in relation to the logistics system under consideration;

internal material flow - material flow flowing within the logistics system under consideration;

input material flow - external material flow entering the logistics system from the external environment;

output material flow - internal material flow coming from the logistics system under consideration into the external environment;

freight flow - the volume of goods transported by certain types of transport in a certain direction from the point of departure to the destination over a certain period of time (usually considered over a year).

Material flows can be considered as material resources if they have a natural-material composition. Having these parameters, material resources are divided into:

raw materials - material resources;

basic materials - materials that are included in the manufactured product and constitute its material basis (part assemblies, assembly units, etc.);

auxiliary materials - materials used in production, but not components material basis manufactured products; logistics flow supplier service

semi-finished products - raw materials and materials that have been partially processed in production, but have not yet been converted into finished products;

components - finished products, which for the buyer are an integral part of the finished product;

part - a finished part of machines, mechanisms, equipment, which is used in the assembly of finished products in production shops;

assembly - an assembly unit consisting of two or more finished parts and used in assembling the finished product.

1. specificity of the names of material resources;

2. clarity in determining the volume of resources (quantitative characteristics of their mass, volume, area, etc.);

3. name of the supplier of material resources and those responsible for supply and shipment;

4. determination of the storage location of material resources that are subject to transportation;

5. indication of the name of the organization receiving material resources;

6. indicating the destination of transportation of material resources;

7. determining the period of movement of material resources from the place of storage at the supplier to the place of storage at the recipient.

3. Information flows

Information flow is a set of messages circulating in the logistics system, between the logistics system and the external environment, necessary for the management and control of logistics operations. Information flow can exist in the form of paper and electronic documents.

In logistics, the following types of information flows are distinguished:

Depending on the type of systems connected by the flow:

horizontal (the flow of messages between business partners at the same management level) and vertical (the flow of messages coming from management to the links of the logistics system under its control;

Depending on the location:

external (flow flowing in an environment external to the logistics system) and internal (flow of messages circulating within one logistics system);

Depending on the direction in relation to the logistics system:

input (flow of messages entering the logistics system, or one of the subsystems) and output (flow of messages leaving the logistics system, or one of the subsystems);

Depending on the urgency:

regular, urgent and very urgent;

Depending on the degree of secrecy:

Depending on the importance of email messages:

simple, custom, valuable;

Depending on the transmission speed:

Traditional (mail), fast (fax, Email, telegraph, teletype, telephone);

Depending on the coverage area:

local, out-of-town, long-distance, international.

The information flow is characterized by the following indicators:

1) source of occurrence;

3) transmission and reception speed;

4) flow intensity, etc.

4. Financial flows

Financial flow is a set of financial resources associated with material and information flows circulating in the logistics system between the logistics system and the external environment. The movement of financial flows can take place both within the logistics system and outside it.

The market economy, with all the diversity of its models, is characterized as a socially oriented economy that involves mandatory state regulation. Finance plays a huge role in the structure of market relations. Financial flows rotate in the financial environment. The financial environment means the internal and external environment of the enterprise, finance and financial resources (financial flows), sources and consumers of resources.

IN general view the financial system includes:

1) various areas financial relations within a given country;

2) the totality of financial institutions of the country.

Financial relations cover relations related to the formation and movement of financial resources between:

1) state and enterprise (enterprises);

2) between the enterprises themselves;

3) between individual states.

The following types of financial flows are distinguished:

1) in relation to the logistics system:

external financial flows; internal financial flows;

2) in the direction of movement:

incoming flows; outgoing streams;

3) according to the payment forms used:

cash financial flows (cash); non-cash financial flows; accounting and financial flows;

4) by type of payment:

flows of financial resources on ruble accounts; flows of financial resources on foreign currency accounts;

5) according to purpose:

procurement financial flows; investment financial flows; financial flows associated with the formation of material costs in the production process; financial flows associated with the formation of labor costs; financial flows arising in the process of product distribution;

6) by type of economic activity:

vertical flows; horizontal flows;

7) according to the method of transferring the advance cost to goods:

accompanying the movement of fixed assets; accompanying the movement of working capital.

5. Service flows

Service flows are flows of services (special type of goods) generated by the logistics system or its link in order to satisfy the demand of external or internal consumers.

Service is a support system that allows the buyer and/or consumer to choose the best option for purchasing and consuming goods.

Along with this, work to provide services, i.e. to satisfy someone's needs is also called service or maintenance. Service is inextricably linked with the sales process and represents a complex of services provided during the process of ordering, delivery of purchases and further servicing of products.

A service is an action of a legal or individual, bringing benefit, help to another person or company.

Characteristics of service flows:

1. The complexity of the specification of services by the service company and their evaluation by the buyer.

2. The buyer can be a direct participant in the process of providing services.

3. Services are consumed at the same moment when they are provided, i.e. cannot be stored or transported.

4. The buyer, when purchasing services, never becomes their owner.

5. The quality of the service cannot be tested until the buyer pays for it.

6. The provision of services often consists of a system of smaller (sub-service) actions, and the buyer evaluates all these actions.

These characteristics and features of services play an important role in the logistics process.

It is very important to take into account the fact that the quality of logistics services is manifested at the moment when the service provider and the buyer meet face to face.

In this case, two situations may arise: if there are no special problems in delivering services to the consumer, the supplier can really convince the buyer of their high quality.

If problems arise, the situation, as a rule, cannot be corrected, no matter how high quality neither had the service.

List of sources used

1. Rudocs.exdat.com [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://rudocs.exdat.com/docs/index-42741.html?page=2 - Access date: 10/03/2015;

2. Logistic-info [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://logistic-info.ru/materialnyj-potok.html - Access date: 10/03/2015;

3. Logistic-info [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://logistic-info.ru/informacionnye-potoki.html - Access date: 10/03/2015;

4. LIVEJOURNAL [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://tonygcoolioff.livejournal.com/13356.html - Access date: 10/03/2015;

5. Multiportal KM.RU [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.km.ru/referats/332957-potoki-v-logistike - Access date: 10/03/2015.

Posted on Allbest.ru

Introduction

The main object of research, management and optimization in logistics is material flow. Under material flow refers to cargo, parts, inventory items, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them and assigned to a time interval. Material flow management has always been an essential aspect of economic activity. Currently, the wide variety of cargo and logistics operations complicates the study and management of material flows. When solving a specific problem, it is necessary to clearly indicate which flows are being studied. Therefore, it is advisable to classify material flows.

The introduction of logistics approaches in the management of goods distribution has become of great relevance at the present stage of development of the Russian economy. This is due to the intensification and expansion of commodity-money relations, with a dynamic increase in horizontal economic ties between enterprises and organizations in related industries. The opportunities for improving their interaction have increased based on the expansion of economic independence and initiative of intermediary structures and transport enterprises, and the improvement of their contractual relations.

The main purpose of the abstract is to classify material flows and logistics operations, as well as improve the efficiency of the material flow management process.

This paper will discuss the classification of material flows and logistics operations and give their concepts. The diagrams of material flows in the warehouse of the trading base are also reflected and the units of measurement of material flow are named.

THE CONCEPT OF MATERIAL FLOW

The concept of material flow is key in logistics. Material flows are formed as a result of transportation, warehousing and other material operations with raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products - from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer.

Material flows can flow between different enterprises or within one enterprise. Let's look at a specific example of a material flow flowing inside a warehouse of a wholesale distribution center. As an example, consider a warehouse as the most typical object encountered along the path of material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer.

Rice. 1 Schematic diagram of material flow in a warehouse of a trading wholesale base

The diagram shows that goods arriving during working hours after unloading can be sent directly to storage, or they can enter the storage area after first passing acceptance. A large amount of homogeneous goods after unloading will obviously be sent directly to storage. Only a small sample batch will arrive at the receiving area.

On weekends, the arrived cargo is placed in the receiving expedition, from where it is transferred to the warehouse on the first working day. All goods received at the warehouse are ultimately concentrated in the storage area.

The routes for cargo movement from the storage area to the loading area can also be different. The diagram shows 4 options:

1) storage area - loading area;

2) storage area - dispatch expedition - loading area;

3) storage area - acquisition area - dispatch expedition - loading area;

4) storage area - acquisition area - loading area.

Along the path of cargo movement, various operations are carried out with it: unloading, palletizing, moving, unpacking, storing, etc. These are the so-called logistics operations. The amount of work for a separate operation, calculated for a certain period of time, for a month, for a quarter, represents the material flow for the corresponding operation. For example, the material flow for unloading wagons and placing goods on pallets for trade wholesale warehouses with a warehouse area of 5 thousand square meters. m according to the project is 4383 tons.

Let us assume that the cost of performing a particular operation in a warehouse is precisely known and the total warehouse costs can be represented as the sum of the costs of performing individual operations. Then, by changing the route of material flow inside the warehouse, costs can be minimized.2 Warehouse costs can be reduced as much as possible by directing goods from the storage area directly to the loading area. This means a refusal to carry out assortment selection operations at the picking site, as well as a refusal to deliver goods to customers (operations during the dispatch expedition). However, by refusing to provide services, the enterprise loses its position in the market, which is also associated with economic losses.

Finding an acceptable compromise is possible only with an established cost accounting system that allows you to generate information about the most significant costs that arise in the process of performing logistics operations, as well as about the nature of the interaction of these costs with each other.

Material flow refers to cargo, parts, inventory items, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them and assigned to a time interval.

Isolating all operations along the path of moving cargo, parts, inventory items through transport, production, and warehouse links allows:

see the overall process of promoting a changing product to the end consumer;

design this process taking into account market needs.

The dimension of the material flow is a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the unit of measurement of the cargo (pieces, tons, etc.), and the denominator - the unit of measurement of time (day, month, year, etc.). In our example, the dimension of the material flow is tons/year.

When carrying out some logistics operations, the material flow can be considered for a given point in time. Then it turns into material reserve.

For example, the operation of transporting cargo by rail. At the moment when the cargo is in transit, it is a material stock, the so-called “stock in transit”.

1.1. Main goals, objectives and economic effect from the use of logistics

Currently, logistics is considered as an area of economic activity that consists in managing material flows in the areas of production and circulation, as well as as an interdisciplinary scientific area directly related to the search for new opportunities to increase the efficiency of material flows.

The main goal of logistics is defined as the right product in the right place at the right time at the right cost and in the right condition.

Logistics makes it possible to significantly reduce the time interval between the acquisition of raw materials and semi-finished products and the delivery of the finished product to the consumer, and contributes to a sharp reduction in inventories. The use of logistics speeds up the process of obtaining information and increases the level of service.

Let's consider the main components of the economic effect of using a logistics approach to managing material flows. In the areas of production and distribution, the use of logistics allows:

Reduce inventories along the entire route of material flow;

Reduce the time it takes for goods to pass through the logistics chain;

Reduce transportation costs;

Reduce manual labor costs and corresponding costs for cargo handling operations.2, p.38

A significant share of the economic effect is achieved by reducing inventories along the entire route of the material flow. According to the European Industrial Association, end-to-end monitoring of material flow ensures a reduction in material inventories by 30-70% (according to the US Industrial Association, the reduction in inventories occurs in the range of 30-50%).

It is characteristic that the main reason for the popularity of logistics abroad was that thanks to it, reserves were found in the field of goods movement that compensated for the costs of satisfying the ever-growing demands of consumers. Additional costs are reimbursed through the optimal placement of warehouses, the optimal size of product delivery batches, and the introduction of new technologies in warehousing and loading and unloading operations in the process of servicing consumers.

At large and medium-sized industrial and commercial enterprises, structural units that implement logistics approaches to management are becoming increasingly important. In practice, many companies completely restructure their organizational structures in order to adapt to the implementation of multidisciplinary logistics functions.

In the new conditions of management in the economic space, it is especially important to ensure coordinated management of goods movement, to use opportunities to combine state regulation of material flows with economic initiative and the interest of participants in the movement of goods. Material flow management must become comprehensive.

Integrated management of goods movement is one of the most promising and multifaceted areas in economic activity. In the conditions of development of market relations, it consists in performing a set of functions to ensure the actual movement of goods in the process of their circulation. The subjects of management can be interacting services and organizations: government bodies, customs services, methodological support and indicative management and commercial services. The objects of management are: the process of transportation of products; the process of moving products through storage areas (determining the sequence and links of this process, the functions of its individual links, ensuring their coordination); warehouse operations related to the transportation of products.

The currently ongoing transformation of the functions and organizational structures of production supply management fully extends to the functions and structural formations that ensure the management of product distribution and organically includes their modification in the areas of public administration and economic activity. To intensify commercial relations in the development of a logistics system for servicing production, reliable information support of communication channels is required. It is necessary to improve the entire system and methods of accumulation, processing and use of production, transport, and financial information based on computerization.

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