In the twentieth task of the OGE in geography, the ability of ninth grade graduates to read geographical maps is tested. The condition is the same - someone chooses a site for a specific purpose (for example, building a sports ground or garden); the characteristics that it should have are given. It is necessary to determine which of the three areas indicated on the map suits him best, and give two arguments to the chosen answer. All the symbols needed to make a decision are indicated on the map.

Grading system

The maximum score for this task is 2. It is set if the site is chosen correctly and two correct, competent justifications for the choice are given. 1 point is given if the site is correctly selected, but only one correct justification is given. If there are no justifications or they are incorrect, the student receives 0 points - even if he chose the site correctly.

Analysis of typical options for task No. 20 OGE in geography

The first version of the task

The boys choose a place to play football. Assess which site is best suited for this purpose and give two reasons for your choice.

Plot 1 is in wetlands and therefore not suitable. Site 3 is located on uneven terrain, and there are also holes. Therefore, the suitable option is section 2. Let's write the answer:

Section 2 is better.

1. It is located on a flat area.
2. There are no trees, bushes, cliffs and pits.

The second version of the assignment

Schoolchildren choose a place suitable for skiing. Determine which of the areas shown on the map is best suited for this purpose. Give two reasons to support your answer.

Lot 1 has a lot of vegetation, so it is not suitable. Section 3 has few slopes. Therefore, the correct answer is 2. We write the answer:

Plot 2 is suitable because:

1. It is on a good slope.
2. There are no shrubs in plot 2.

The third version of the task

The forester chooses a site that is best suited for creating an orchard. He needs a site where the snow melts early in the spring, and in the summer the soil is well warmed by the sun. It should also be convenient to take the crop to the cannery from there. Decide which site is best suited for the forester, and give 2 points to justify your answer.

Lot 3 is located far from the highway. The slope on which section 2 is located warms up less. Therefore, section 1 is suitable. The answer looks like this:

A suitable site is number 1, because:

1. It is located on a slope, which is well lit by the sun during the day.
2. It is located right next to the highway.

The OGE in geography is one of the exams that graduates of the 9th grade take of their choice. This item does not belong to the category of popular, has its own characteristics. Usually, this discipline is chosen by those who plan to study in the 10th grade of the corresponding profile. Is the geography exam difficult for schoolchildren? Geography requires specific skills, so it cannot be classified as a simple discipline. Every year, schoolchildren who have chosen this subject note a number of difficulties: working with tasks, completing assignments to establish correspondences, and to know the map. How not to repeat their mistakes.

• Working with the map
  Poor knowledge of the map is a typical problem for most schoolchildren. Given the knowledge of the location of geographical objects, many tasks can be completed. Be sure to take the time to study the map.
• How to solve problems?
  Geographical tasks have their own specifics, but basic knowledge of mathematics will be useful for their solution - first of all, proportions. Learn formulas that will help you cope with different tasks according to the algorithm.
• Incomplete answers to questions
  Be sure to read the questions to the end! Due to inattention, examinees often miss the essence of the question, respectively, answer incorrectly or incompletely.
• Low level of terminological literacy
  Geography is one of the disciplines that operates with a huge number of concepts, terms, definitions, they can be purely geographical or borrowed from other sciences. It is necessary to study the terms because an incomprehensible word in a task can cross out the possibility of its successful solution.

The structure of the exam includes tasks of different levels of complexity: basic, advanced and high. The first part is the usual tests, when you need to choose the right option, discarding the inappropriate ones. In order to successfully pass this part, it is necessary to carefully repeat the theory for all the years of study. High-level tasks require solving problems, detailed answers

objectivity in dividing tasks into "easy" and "difficult" - the basic level for many is less "pleasant" than the high one.

What topics should you pay special attention to when preparing?

Every year, the most difficult topics for schoolchildren are the following topics: the economic zoning of Russia, the features of industrial development and the economic development of regions. It is recommended to devote more time and effort to the country's economy and the physical, political geography of Russia, since these topics also dominate in test tasks.

In preparing for the subject, the main thing is systematic and regular study according to a given plan. You will have to repeat all the materials, starting with the topic “Earth as a planet”. Pay attention to the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere, nature management, work with the map, features of continents and oceans.

“I will solve the OGE in geography” is an online test in the discipline that will help you consolidate your knowledge and practice completing tasks of various levels of complexity, and use knowledge in practice.

Task 15.

Special attention should be paid to this task. For its implementation you need to get 2 points.

Traditionally, task 15 can be represented in several ways:

Explain the causes of frequent earthquakes, active volcanic activity, tsunamis in certain areas of the planet.

Explain the cause of landslides or mudflows.

Explain the reason for the high waterlogging of the territories.

Explain the features of the precipitation regime.

Reasons for the formation of permafrost.

Explain the possible environmental consequences of human activity: pollution of soils, water bodies, the formation of ravines, air pollution.

Let's consider each of the options.

Justification is required to solve the problem. The answer is written on a separate form. The wording should be clear and concise: reveal cause-and-effect relationships.

Option 1. Explain the causes of frequent earthquakes, active volcanic activity, tsunamis in certain areas of the planet.

To solve a task in which it is necessary to uncover the causes of earthquakes, volcanism, tsunami threats, do the following:

1. Determine which region is in question. In this case, about the west coast of South America.

2. Find this region on the physical map of the world (grade 7 atlas).

3. Find the same region on the map of the structure of the earth's crust (grade 7 atlas).

4. Determine on the map within which lithospheric plates the region is located.
The task requires a wording that the territory is located in the zone of contact of lithospheric plates.

5. A seismically active zone is always formed in the contact zone of lithospheric plates; area of ​​folding, which will be characterized by earthquakes, volcanism, tsunami threats. Determine from the map of the structure of the earth's crust, what kind of folding is formed in the zone of contact of the lithospheric plates you indicated. Since we are talking about modern mountain building, then the current Cenozoic folding should be indicated (see symbols).

1. The territory (instead of the word territory, you need to indicate a specific region, in this example, Chile) is located in the zone of contact of lithospheric plates.

2. An area of ​​Cenozoic folding is formed here.

Option 2. Explain the cause of landslides or mudflows.

We solve the task.

Landslides - sliding displacement of rock masses down the slope under the influence of gravity. They arise as a result of slope erosion, waterlogging (especially in the presence of alternation of water-resistant and water-bearing rocks, seismic shocks, etc.).

Landslides occur when natural processes or people disturb the stability of the slope. The binding forces of soils or rocks turn out to be at some point less than the force of gravity, the entire mass starts to move, and a catastrophe can occur.

Attention! The wording of the answer in such tasks is as follows:

1. A landslide occurs as a result of an increase in the weight of permeable rocks and the formation of an aquifer on the surface of the first impervious layer.

2. As a result of heavy rains, the upper layers of permeable rocks became heavy, an aquifer formed under them on the waterproof layer, therefore, a sliding surface was formed, along which, under the action of gravity, the upper layers slid down.

The question of the formation of mudflows may be similar. The answer is formulated similarly to the causes of landslides.

Mudflows are turbulent streams with mud and boulders. The main component of this mixture is water, it is she who determines the movement of the entire mass. The immediate causes of mudflows are heavy downpours, washing of reservoirs, intensive melting of snow and ice, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, deforestation, rock explosions during road construction, and improper organization of dumps. Mudflows carry either fine particles of solid material or coarse debris. In accordance with this, stone, mud-stone and mud flows are distinguished.

Option 3. Explain the reason for the high waterlogging of the territories.

To solve such a task, you need to know that the main cause of waterlogging is waterlogging. And excessive moisture of the land, in turn, occurs under the influence of a complex of zonal factors, the main of which are climate, geological structure, relief and hydrogeological conditions of the area.

Climate: in the zone of excessive moisture, where precipitation exceeds total evaporation, more than 70% of all waterlogged lands are located.

The geological structure has a huge impact on the water regime of the territory. The most swampy are large troughs of the earth's crust, composed of a thick layer of sedimentary rocks, into which surface and groundwater flows from adjacent hills. These waters are an additional source of excess moisture in addition to atmospheric precipitation. Such large depressions include the Belarusian and Ukrainian Polissya, Meshcherskaya, Baraba, Colchis and other lowlands. Swamping of lands is facilitated by the lowering of the surface of the plains under the influence of tectonic movements.

Relief: the least waterlogged are elevated relief elements (watersheds, steep slopes), from which atmospheric precipitation flows down the slopes in the form of surface runoff, waterlogging the land. The most waterlogged are drainless, weakly flowing depressions and flat plains, on which surface waters stagnate, especially when the natural drainage of the territory is insufficient.

Natural drainage. It is characterized by the density of the river network (the length of rivers, streams and ravines per unit area), the depth of the river network, the slopes of the earth's surface, and the permeability of soils and rocks. The swampiness of the territory is the less, the greater the density of the river network, the deeper the channels of rivers and streams are incised, the more permeable the soils.

lithological conditions. The nature of the structure of soils and their underlying rocks, which determine the lithological conditions, also affect the formation of excess moisture. Not only the surface layers (soil, subsoil), but also deeper deposits affect the rate of absorption of precipitation into the soil and the conditions for the formation of groundwater. The permeability of rocks is the main indicator. Well-permeable soils (sands, sandy loams) are rarely excessively moistened, since precipitation is quickly absorbed into them and does not overmoisten the soil. But on heavy soils (clay, loam), in areas of permafrost soils, water can stagnate.

hydrogeological conditions. A distinctive feature of waterlogged lands is, as a rule, a shallow occurrence of groundwater levels. Groundwater is formed from absorbed atmospheric precipitation.

Based on site materials: http://goo.gl/hpgs3i

Attention! The wording of the answer in such tasks is as follows (you need to indicate one reason related to the climate, and one - to the relief):

Climate-related cause: Excess moisture resulting from excess precipitation over evapotranspiration.

Relief-related reason: The Polistovo-Lovatskaya bog system is located in the Priilmenskaya lowland, therefore, the territory is characterized by a low (difficult to drain) flat relief, as a result of which water stagnates.

Option 4. Explain the features of the precipitation regime

A similar issue may be related to the Atacama Desert in South America. Both deserts, Namib and Atacama, are located along the western coasts of the continents (Africa and South America, respectively), both within tropical latitudes.

It must be remembered that the formation of precipitation is affected by:

intensive evaporation,

ascending air currents.

In this case, both factors are absent, because cold ocean currents pass along the western coast of Africa and South America, therefore, the intensity of evaporation is low; tropical latitudes are characterized by anticyclonic weather, therefore, descending air currents predominate, preventing the formation of clouds.

Attention! The wording of the answer in such tasks is as follows:

A cold current passes along the coast of the mainland (define the name on the map), which prevents intense evaporation, and hence the formation of moist air masses.

The desert is located in tropical latitudes, which are characterized by anticyclonic weather, therefore, descending air currents predominate, preventing the formation of clouds.

Option 5. Reasons for the formation of permafrost

Permafrost - rocks of the upper part of the earth's crust, which are constantly in a frozen state and thaw in summer only from the surface
Permafrost is common in areas where average annual temperatures are below zero and there is very little precipitation. Under such conditions, the soils and rocks of the upper layers of the earth's crust are almost always in a frozen state.
The main reason for the formation of permafrost is very low temperatures (in winter) during long winters with little snow and short summers, when ice does not have time to melt and accumulates in the soil.

Attention! The wording of the answer in such tasks is as follows:

Norilsk is located in the subarctic climate zone.

Natural conditions are characterized by very low temperatures (in winter) with long winters with little snow and short summers, when ice does not have time to melt and accumulates in the soil.

Option 6. Explain the possible environmental consequences of human activity: pollution of soils, water bodies, the formation of ravines, air pollution

Option 6.1.

Attention! The wording of the answer in such tasks is as follows:

We consider all the proposed conditions:

Mining products can get into the soil: contamination with copper and nickel is possible, which will also reduce soil fertility.

The use of large volumes of water will change the mode of moistening of the territory. including soils.

Option 6.2.

Attention! The wording of the answer in such tasks is as follows:

The question is similar to the previous one, but the consequences are considered not with respect to soils, but with respect to water resources (rivers). We consider all the proposed conditions:

The extraction of copper-nickel ores will be carried out underground (construction of mines, mines), therefore, the integrity of the soil cover will be violated, the structure of soil horizons will be destroyed.

The equipment of storage facilities for dumps of waste rock involves the withdrawal of valuable agricultural land from use.

Mining products can get into the soil, and then into groundwater: rivers may be contaminated with copper, nickel, which will cause the death of fish.

The use of large volumes of water will change the mode of moistening of the territory, and rivers may become shallow.

Option 6.3.

Ravines are a form of relief in the form of relatively deep and steeply sloping, non-turfed (lack of vegetation) hollows formed by temporary waterways.

The process of development of ravines is facilitated by: cutting down plantings along the slopes and in the basin of ravines, plowing and mining clay and sand on steep slopes, lack of regulation of surface runoff, especially in the presence of abandoned ditches, etc.

Climatic conditions, in particular, cold, long winters with deep freezing of the soil and with the accumulation of thick snow cover, have an unconditional influence on the formation of ravines. All this entails the formation of cracks in the soil and their destruction. When snow melts, the intense and abundant flow of water into these cracks causes the formation of ruts. In dry areas, intense drying and cracking of soils can also cause cracks to form in the soil.

Attention! The wording of the answer in such tasks is as follows:

The task is about the Stavropol Upland. We consider all the proposed conditions:

The Stavropol Upland is hilly, with elevation differences, located in the steppe zone, therefore, the slopes of the hills are plowed up.

The lack of vegetation and human agricultural activities (plowing the territory) have led to soil erosion and the formation of ravines.

Option 6.4.

Consider the factors affecting the circulation of air masses:

wind intensity;

the nature of the circulation of air masses (cyclonal or anticyclonic calm weather);

sources of air pollution.

Attention! The wording of the answer in such tasks is as follows:

Minusinsk is located in the center of the Minusinsk Basin - a depression in the relief. The air polluted by emissions from CHP and boiler houses stagnates.

In winter, the Siberian anticyclone acts over Minusinsk, therefore, calm weather sets in.

The amount of emissions into the atmosphere in winter increases, because the main sources of pollution are thermal power plants and heating boilers.

Answers and solution - Demo version of the OGE 2018 GEOGRAPHY project

1) Brazil. Amazonian lowland (Amazonia) in the Amazon River basin.
The largest on Earth (over 5 million sq. Km)

2) Estonia
With Belarus only land
Mongolia has no seas nearby
Japan is an island nation

3) Transbaikalia

Already in October, high atmospheric pressure is established here. Winter in the intermountain basins is cloudy and dry, there is little precipitation, and the duration of sunshine here is longer than in Yalta and Kislovodsk. Even light winds are rare at this time.

4) Republic of North Ossetia - Alania

Since the Kaliningrad and Arkhangelsk regions, the Chuvash Republic are located on immutability. And the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, by its geographical position, is located in a mountainous region.

5) Kemerovo region, as there is a coal basin.

6) Wrangel Island, since the Wrangel Island nature reserve is located there (you can see it on the atlas)

7) Rostov region (look at the map), since the rest have an inconvenient gp.

9) MP=Im.-Em=>482-186=296

10) The center of the cyclone on the map is indicated by the letter H (low pressure). Blagoveshchensk is located in the area of ​​the cyclone.

11) Blagoveshchensk (look at the map) Near a warm atmospheric front.

12) Limiting the use of fertilizers in river basins, as fertilizers contain different chemical elements.

13) In January-September 2011, 41,708 people were born in the Republic of Bashkortostan, and 41,401 people died.

Because the reproduction of the population includes birth and death.

14) Mont Blanc.

Look at the atlas.

Answer: Mont Blanc

15) Solution:

Chile is located in the contact zone of lithospheric plates.
This is where two lithospheric plates collide.

17) Look at the map. In Lipetsk, 508,585; in Novosibirsk, 1.511 million; and in Pskov, 205,062.

18) We find a spring and a church, measure the distance with a ruler, multiply the resulting number by 100.

Answer:400;410; 420; 430;440

19) The spring is located above the tower => to the north.

Answer: C; North; in northern

20) Solution:

It is best to choose site 2. It is located on the south
slope next to the highway, it is convenient to take apples to the city

21) 4, since it starts from a height that is about more than a hundred, forms a cliff, ends at a height of about 108.

22) On the map, we look at the location of the Vologda Oblast. Located in the European NorthAnswer: 1

23) Solution:

The answer refers to the presence of forest resources in the region.
Answer examples
This production is focused on the forest resources that the Vologda Oblast is provided with.
There is a lot of forest in the Vologda region, which is necessary for the production of timber

24) 3) Trans-Baikal Territory

2) Sverdlovsk region

1) Republic of Karelia

25) A) Welcome to the coast of Lake Teletskoye - a mountain pearl with unique beauty!

The answer is −3, because Teletskoye Lake is located in Altai.

B) Welcome to the Valdai National Park - the "pearl" of central Russia! Admire the beauty of Lake Ilmen!

The answer is −4, because Valdaisky National Park is located in the Novgorod region.

26) With a horizontal occurrence of rocks, the oldest rocks lie at the bottom, the youngest - at the top.

27) On the climatogram, the temperature change line on the graph shows an increase in temperatures by June, which indicates the northern hemisphere. A uniform amount of precipitation is more characteristic of the Black Sea coast (B).

28) These coordinates show that we are moving southeast from Sortavala to Ufa. In this direction, the amplitude of values ​​increases. Amplitude is the difference between the highest and lowest value. When calculated mathematically, minus times minus gives plus:

16.4 − (−9.8) = 16, 4 + 9.8 = 26.2 Sortavala

17 + 11.9 = 28.9 Vologda

19 + 11.6 = 30.6 Balakhna

19.5 + 15 = 34.5 Ufa

Correct conclusion Sergei.

29) The angle of incidence of the sun's rays depends on the latitude at which the settlement is located. For the Northern Hemisphere (and we are talking about it), the further north, the smaller the angle of incidence. Let's arrange the settlements in places from the northernmost to the southernmost:

1. Sortavala
2. Vologda
3. Balakhna
4. Ufa

Accordingly, the answer is 1. - Sortavala.

• a scale for recalculating the primary score for completing the 2020 examination paper into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for completing the 2019 examination paper into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for the completion of the examination paper in 2018 into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for the performance of the examination paper in 2017 into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for the performance of the examination paper in 2016 into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for the performance of the examination paper in 2015 into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for the performance of the examination paper in 2014 into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for the performance of the examination paper in 2013 into a mark on a five-point scale.

Changes in the demonstration versions of the OGE in geography

In 2013 there were reduced the total number of tasks from 31 to 30 And ratio changed the number of tasks with a choice of answers, with short and detailed answers: 18, 9 and 3, respectively.

In 2014 in demo version of the OGE in geography It was ratio changed the number of items with multiple choice, short and long answers: 17, 10 and 3, respectively, and included task to check the understanding of the basic geographical concepts and terms and the ability to use the acquired knowledge to solve practical problems.

In 2015 in demo version of the OGE in geography has changed only response record form in tasks with a choice of answers: the answer has become necessary to write down digit with the number of the correct answer(not circled).

IN demo version of the OGE 2016 in geography compared to 2015 demo there are no substantive changes. Changed only sequence order several tasks of part 1.

IN demo versions of the OGE 2017 - 2019 in geography compared to 2016 demo there were no changes.

IN demo version of the OGE 2020 in geography Compared to the 2018 demo, the following changes:

• was quest sequence changed;
• was response form changed in tasks (2, 3, 14, 15, 21, 22, 24, 26);
• was included a mini-test of three tasks (27–29) to test the ability to work with the text of geographical content;
• maximum score for all the work reduced from 32 to 31.