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Modern Art

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Contemporary art is a set of artistic practices that developed in the second half of the twentieth century.

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Contemporary art is understood as art that goes back to modernism or is in conflict with this phenomenon.
Floral murals: floral wall paintings by Paul Morrison

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History of modern art
Contemporary art was formed at the turn of the 1960s and 70s. The artistic quest of that time can be characterized as a search for alternatives to modernism. This was expressed in the search for new images, new means and materials of expression, up to the dematerialization of the object (performances and happenings). Many artists followed the French philosophers who proposed the term "postmodernism". We can say that there has been a shift from object to process.

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Performance is a form of contemporary art in which the work is composed of the actions of an artist or group in a specific place and time.
Nude performance for the opening of the Munich Opera Festival

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Performance can include any situation that includes four basic elements: time, place, the artist’s body and the relationship between the artist and the viewer. This is the difference between performance and such forms of fine art as painting or sculpture, where the work is constituted by the exhibited object.
Performance by Joseph Beuys, 1978

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Installation (English installation - installation, placement, assembly) is a form of modern art, which is a spatial composition created from various elements and representing an artistic whole.

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Types of installations
An installation can be characterized as a valuable symbolic decoration in itself, created at a certain time under a certain name. It is important that the viewer does not contemplate the installation from the outside, like a painting, but finds himself inside it. Some installations are close to sculpture, but differ from the latter in that they are not sculpted, but assembled from dissimilar materials, often of industrial origin.

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Grotte Stellaire star installation on the ceiling and walls. Art project by Julien Salaud

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The founders of the installation were Marcel Duchamp and the surrealists.
Masters of installation Joseph Beuys Robert Rauschenberg Joseph Kosuth Edward Kienholz Ilya Kabakov
Hyperrealistic surrealism by Nancy Fouts

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Forest of multi-colored lace. Installation of Pop-Up Paradises
Kilograms and kilometers of multi-colored lace hanging from the ceiling of the Faena Arts Center gallery in Buenos Aires is an original art project by Argentine designer Manuel Ameztoy, who thus depicted the natural landscapes and plant motifs that actually exist in the province of Entre Rios, where he was born and spent his childhood. The textile installation is called Pop-Up Paradises, and this name clearly demonstrates how attached the author is to his homeland and appreciates the beauty of the Argentinean nature.

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Watershed Wall - an installation in Toronto dedicated to the power of water
Many big cities created near a large and stable source of water. Some, next to several at once. So Toronto is not experiencing any shortage of liquid in its taps and pipes. However, many of the water sources that this city uses have long been no longer visible - they are hidden. The Watershed Wall installation is dedicated to the real water map of Toronto.

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Installation Camera Flowers. Flowerbeds where cameras bloom
The dream of an amateur photographer is to come to a forest, a garden or a city park, a vegetable garden or a field, and collect there a rich harvest of lenses, cameras and flashes for every taste, color and size. In some ways, this idea was brought to life by the Brazilian artist Andre Feliciano in his colorful installation Camera Flowers, presented in the greenhouse of the New York photo village Photoville.

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House-library from Miler Lagos - installation.
Of course, in the original, the igloo is built from snow or ice brick blocks, but that’s what they’re rich in, as they say. The book igloo, neatly stacked with bricks in the shape of novels, fairy tales, reference books, encyclopedias, textbooks and plays, is part of an exhibition at the MagnanMetz Gallery called Home.

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Plastic fish – environmental installation at the G20 summit
After all, it’s no secret that the amount of garbage in the oceans of our planet is growing at such a pace that this growth is already the biggest environmental problem on Earth. And artists from all over the world are trying to draw attention to this disgrace. For example, Angela Pozzi, who organized an entire exhibition of her own sculptures made from plastic she found on the ocean shore near her home.

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Illusory installations in city parks from Cornelia Konrads

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Art that borders on magic, a reality that can easily be mistaken for a mirage, an illusion, an optical illusion - this is the effect that the masterpieces of artist Cornelia Konrads produce on an unprepared and inexperienced viewer. Her installations decorate city parks and squares in Germany and every time surprise passers-by, not only visitors, but also locals.

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3D sculpture installations made from hanging stones
Jaehyo Lee's work captures the beauty of original elements in a new, stylized form. He makes ordinary stones, picked up on the pavement, float in the air, turning into airy, almost weightless stone sculptures. The Korean author probably possesses some kind of special magic, capable of controlling nature and forcing organic materials to play completely different roles, without, however, losing his face. So, in his works, stone always remains stone, wood - wood, sand - sand...

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Bak Song Chi's installations "floating" in the air
Figures and images suspended in the air are a special type modern sculpture, which art critics from time to time call an installation, because they can’t decide what would be correct.

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Bak Song Chi, the famous installation of pieces of coal

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Creative dinner among trees and birds Art installation - happening.
At a dinner party for VIPs, held as part of the art fair in Art Brussels, Belgian designer Charles Kaisin presented a three-meter oak table “Fantasies of Charles”, in the surface of which trees “sprouted”.

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A happening is a theatrical performance with elements of improvisation, designed to involve the public in the performance itself and pursuing commercial goals.
The main task of such a happening is to add variety to ordinary public relations procedures. A presentation or press conference takes on elements of a happening. Moreover, they can be completely transformed into a happening, or the happening can become part of them. The application of happenings as a method can be extremely broad, but the goal will always be the same - to stand out in order to the target audience I remembered the event.

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Collage - technical technique in the fine arts, which consists in creating works of art by gluing onto any base materials that differ from the base in color and texture.
Collage was introduced into art as a formal experiment by the Cubists, Futurists and Dadaists. At that stage, scraps of newspapers, photographs, and wallpaper were used for visual purposes. Pieces of fabric, wood chips, etc. were glued onto the canvas.

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Dogs made from paper waste. Original collages by Peter Clark
Doesn't bark, doesn't bite, he's called a dog. No, this is not the same symbol that is present in every e-mail address. These are amazing, original paper collages created by the talented author Peter Clark from a variety of waste paper found literally underfoot.

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Currency collages by Rodrigo Torres
Various artists They “mock” banknotes in different ways. For example, Hans-Peter Feldmann makes wallpaper from them, Scott Campbell cuts them, and Craig Sonnenfeld folds origami figures from banknotes. But Rodrigo Torres converts currencies different countries world into collages.

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Awakening. Coffee painting by Arkady Kim, presented in Gorky Park
Since many people already firmly associate coffee with the morning and the need to wake up, this is exactly what Moscow artist Arkady Kim called his huge painting made from coffee beans - Awakening - monumental work area 30 sq.m. was presented to the public in Moscow.

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Body art (eng. body art - “body art”) is one of the forms of avant-garde art, where the main object of creativity is the human body
Body art compositions are performed directly in front of the viewer or recorded for subsequent display in exhibition halls. The movement arose at the early stage of the avant-garde, but became particularly widespread during the period of postmodernism, which resorted to it as an element of installations and performance.

“Art” is artistic creativity in general: literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, arts and crafts art, music, dance, theater, cinema and other forms human activity, combined as artistic and figurative forms of reflection of reality.

Abstraction is one of the main ways of our thinking. Its result is the formation of the most general concepts and judgments (abstractions). IN decorative arts abstraction is the process of stylizing natural forms. In artistic activity, abstraction is constantly present; in its extreme expression in fine art, it leads to abstractionism, a special direction in the fine arts of the 20th century, which is characterized by a refusal to depict real objects, extreme generalization or complete rejection of form, non-objective compositions (from lines, dots, spots, planes and etc.), experiments with color, spontaneous expression of the artist’s inner world, his subconscious in chaotic, unorganized abstract forms (abstract expressionism). Abstractionism was less expressed in sculpture than in painting. Abstract art was a response to general disharmony modern world and was successful because it proclaimed the rejection of the conscious in art and called for “giving in to the initiative to forms, colors, colors.” What is abstraction?

What is realism? Realism (from French realisme, from Latin realis - material) - in art in a broad sense, a truthful, objective, comprehensive reflection of reality by specific means inherent in the types artistic creativity. Common signs The method of realism is reliability in the reproduction of reality. At the same time, realistic art has a huge variety of ways of cognition, generalization, and artistic reflection of reality. Realistic art of the 20th century. acquires bright national traits and variety of forms. Realism is the opposite phenomenon to modernism.

What is avant-garde? Avant-garde - (from the French avant - advanced, garde - detachment) is a concept that defines experimental, modernist endeavors in art. In every era, innovative phenomena arose in the fine arts, but the term “avant-garde” was established only at the beginning of the 20th century. At this time, such trends as Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Expressionism, and Abstractionism appeared. Then, in the 20s and 30s, surrealism occupied avant-garde positions. During the 1920s, new varieties of abstractionism were added - various forms of actionism, working with objects (pop art), conceptual art, photorealism, kineticism, etc. In all avant-garde movements, despite their great diversity, common features can be identified: rejection of norms classical images, formal novelty, deformation of forms, expression and various playful transformations. All this leads to the blurring of the boundaries between art and reality (ready-made, installation, environment), the creation of the ideal of an open work of art that directly invades environment. The art of avant-gardeism is designed for a dialogue between the artist and the viewer, the active interaction of a person with a work of art, participation in creativity (for example, kinetic art, happenings, etc.).

What is underground? Underground (eng. underground - underground, dungeon) - a concept meaning "underground" culture, opposing itself to conventions and restrictions traditional culture. Exhibitions of artists of the movement in question were often held not in salons and galleries, but directly on the ground, as well as in underground passages or the metro, which in a number of countries is called the underground (subway). Probably, this circumstance also influenced the fact that this direction in the art of the 20th century. this name was established. In Russia, the concept of underground has become a designation for a community of artists representing unofficial art.

What is surrealism? Surrealism (French surrealisme - super-realism) is a movement in literature and art of the 20th century. developed in the 1920s. Having emerged in France on the initiative of the writer A. Breton, surrealism soon became an international trend. Surrealists believed that creative energy comes from the sphere of the subconscious, which manifests itself during sleep, hypnosis, painful delirium, sudden insights, automatic actions (random wandering of a pencil on paper, etc.). Surrealist artists, unlike abstractionists, do not refuse to depict real-life objects, but present them in chaos, deliberately devoid of logical relationships. Lack of meaning, rejection of a reasonable reflection of reality is the basic principle of the art of surrealism. About isolation from real life The name of the direction itself speaks: “sur” in French “above”; artists did not pretend to reflect reality, but mentally placed their creations “above” realism, passing off delusional fantasies as works of art. Thus, the number of surrealist paintings included similar, inexplicable works by M. Ernst, J. Miró, I. Tanguy, as well as objects processed by the surrealists beyond recognition (M. Oppenheim).

What is modernism? Modernism (French modernisme, from Latin modernus - new, modern) is a collective designation for all the latest trends, directions, schools and activities of individual masters of art of the 20th century, breaking with tradition, realism and considering experiment as the basis creative method(fauvism, expressionism, cubism, futurism, abstractionism, dadaism, surrealism, pop art, op art, kinetic art, hyperrealism, etc.). Modernism is close in meaning to avant-garde and opposite to academicism. Modernism was negatively assessed by Soviet art critics as a crisis phenomenon in bourgeois culture. Art has the freedom to choose its historical paths. The contradictions of modernism, as such, must be considered not statically, but in historical dynamics.

What is pop art? Pop art (English pop art, from popular art - popular art) - a movement in art Western Europe and the USA since the late 1950s. The heyday of pop art came in the turbulent 60s, when youth riots broke out in many countries of Europe and America. The youth movement did not have a single goal - it was united by the pathos of denial. Young people were ready to throw overboard the entire past culture. All this is reflected in art. Distinctive feature pop art combination of challenge and indifference. Everything is equally valuable or equally priceless, equally beautiful or equally ugly, equally worthy or unworthy. Perhaps only the advertising business is based on the same dispassionate and businesslike attitude towards everything in the world. It is no coincidence that advertising had a huge influence on pop art, and many of its representatives worked and are working in advertising centers. The creators of advertising programs and shows are able to cut into pieces and combine washing powder and famous masterpiece art, toothpaste and Bach fugue. Pop art does the same.

What is op art? Op art (English op art, short for optical art - optical art) is a movement in the art of the 20th century, which became widespread in the 1960s. Op art artists used various visual illusions, relying on the peculiarities of perception of flat and spatial figures. The effects of spatial movement, merging, and floating of forms were achieved by introducing rhythmic repetitions, sharp color and tonal contrasts, the intersection of spiral and lattice configurations, and twisting lines. In op art, installations of changing light and dynamic structures were often used (discussed further in the section kinetic art). Illusions of flowing movement, sequential changes of images, unstable, continuously rearranging forms appear in op art only in the viewer’s perception. The direction continues the technical line of modernism.

What is kinetic art? Kinetic art (from the gr. kinetikos - setting in motion) is a direction in modern art associated with the widespread use of moving structures and other dynamic elements. Kineticism as an independent movement took shape in the second half of the 1950s, but it was preceded by experiments in creating dynamic plastic art in Russian constructivism (V. Tatlin, K. Melnikov, A. Rodchenko) and Dadaism. Previously, folk art also showed us examples of moving objects and toys, for example, wooden birds of happiness from the Arkhangelsk region, mechanical toys imitating labor processes from the village of Bogorodskoye, etc. In kinetic art, movement is introduced in different ways; some works are dynamically transformed by the viewer himself, others - vibrations of the air environment, and others are driven by a motor or electromagnetic forces. The variety of materials used is endless - from traditional to ultra-modern technical means, right up to computers and lasers. Mirrors are often used in kinetic compositions.

What is hyperrealism? Hyperrealism (eng. hyperrealism) is a movement in painting and sculpture that arose in the USA and became an event in world fine art in the 70s of the 20th century. Another name for hyperrealism is photorealism. Artists of this movement imitated photos using painterly means on canvas. They depicted the world of a modern city: shop windows and restaurants, metro stations and traffic lights, residential buildings and passers-by on the streets. Wherein Special attention applied to shiny surfaces that reflect light: glass, plastic, car polish, etc. The play of reflections on such surfaces creates the impression of interpenetration of spaces.

What is a readymade? Readymade (English: ready made) is one of the common techniques of modern (avant-garde) art, which consists in the fact that an industrially produced object is taken out of its usual everyday environment and exhibited in an exhibition hall. The meaning of the readymade is this: when the environment changes, the perception of the object also changes. The viewer sees in the object displayed on the podium not a utilitarian thing, but an artistic object, expressiveness of form and color. The name readymade was first used by M. Duchamp over the years in relation to his “ready-made objects” (comb, bicycle wheel, bottle dryer). In the 60s, the readymade became widespread in various areas of avant-garde art, especially in Dadaism.

What is installation? Installation (from the English installation - installation) - a spatial composition created by the artist from various elements - household items, industrial products and materials, natural objects, text or visual information. The founders of the installation were the Dadaist M. Duchamp and the surrealists. By creating unusual combinations of ordinary things, the artist gives them a new symbolic meaning. The aesthetic content of the installation is a play of semantic meanings that change depending on where the object is located - in a familiar everyday environment or in an exhibition hall. The installation was created by many avant-garde artists R. Rauschenberg, D. Dine, G. Uecker, I. Kabakov. Installation is an art form widespread in the 20th century.

What is environment? Environment (English environment - surroundings, environment) is an extensive spatial composition that embraces the viewer like a real environment, one of the forms characteristic of avant-garde art of the 1990s. Sculptures by D. Segal, E. Kienholz, K. Oldenburg, and D. Hanson created naturalistic environments that imitate an interior with human figures. Such repetitions of reality could include elements of delusional fiction. Another type of environment is a play space, which involves certain actions spectators.

Conclusion Art is always in tune with its time, it is modern and reflects the worldview of society as a whole. In turn, art has a strong influence on the masses, which is why the attitude of the artist himself to life is so important. The development of various distorted trends in art, the so-called pseudo-art, is in tune with its era. The entire history of art and architecture is a living tissue, constantly developing and changing. In any era, be it the classical art of Greece, the Italian Renaissance or ancient Russian art, there was a struggle of trends, influences, a struggle of old ideas with emerging qualitatively new manifestations. However, with all the variability of art forms within a given period, there were always relatively stable artistic features- compositional, plastic, coloristic, rhythmic and others that determine the style of a particular time. Best representatives cultures: artists, graphic artists, sculptors, architects, filmmakers, actors, writers yesterday and today strive in their creativity to reflect the best thoughts and feelings of humanity, to treat with care the masterpieces of world culture.

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Painting Like modern Art, modern painting in its current form was formed in the 60-70s of the 20th century. There was a search for alternatives to modernism, and principles opposing it were often introduced. French philosophers introduced the term "postmodernism", and many artists joined this movement. The most notable phenomena of art in the 60s and 70s were conceptual art and minimalism. In the 70s and 80s, people seemed to get tired of conceptual art and gradually returned to representation, color and figurativeness. In the mid-80s there was a rise in movements using images popular culture- campism, East Village art, and neo-pop. Photography is blossoming - more and more artists are beginning to turn to it as a means of artistic expression. To the pictorial art process big influence was influenced by the development of technology: in the 60s - video and audio, then - computers, and in the 90s - the Internet Work from the collection of Viktor Bondarenko

Contemporary art In Russia in the 90s there was a term “contemporary art”, which, although similar to the term “contemporary art”, is not identical to it. It meant innovation in modern art in ideas and technical means. It quickly became outdated, and the question of its inclusion in the history of modern art of the 20th or 21st century is open. In many ways, contemporary art was attributed to the features of avant-gardeism, that is, innovation, radicalism, new techniques and techniques. Works from the collection of Victor Bondarenko Valery Koshlyakov “Embankment” Dubossarsky-Vinogradov “Champion Earth”

Abstractionism Abstractionism (Latin “abstractio” - removal, distraction) is a direction of non-figurative art that abandoned the depiction of forms close to reality in painting and sculpture. One of the goals of abstractionism is to achieve “harmonization”, the creation of certain color combinations and geometric shapes to evoke various associations in the contemplator. Mikhail Larionov “Red Rayonism” Wassily Kandinsky “Zerschönesbild” Malevich Kazimir “The Grinder”

Cubism (fr. Cubisme) is an avant-garde movement in painting of the 20th century, primarily in painting, which originated at the beginning of the 20th century and is characterized by the use of emphatically geometrized conventional forms, the desire to “split” real objects into stereometric primitives. Cubism Picasso "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" Juan Gris "Bunches of Grapes" Fernand Léger "Builders" Juan Gris "Breakfast"

Surrealism Surrealism (French surréalisme - super-realism) is a new direction in painting, formed by the early 1920s in France. Characterized by the use of allusions and paradoxical combinations of forms. The main concept of surrealism, surreality is the combination of dream and reality. To achieve this, the surrealists proposed an absurd, contradictory combination of naturalistic images through collage and “ready-made” technology. The surrealists were inspired by radical leftist ideology, but they proposed starting the revolution with their own consciousness. They thought of art as the main instrument of liberation. Salvador Dali “The Temptation of Saint Anthony” Max Ernst “The Angel of the Hearth or the Triumph of Surrealism” Rene Magritte “The Son of Man” Wojtek Siudmak “The World of Dreams and Illusions”

Modern Modern (from the French moderne - modern) or art nouveau (French art nouveau, literally "new art") - artistic direction in art, more popular in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. His distinctive features are: rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, “natural” lines, interest in new technologies (especially in architecture), flourishing applied arts. Modernism sought to combine the artistic and utilitarian functions of the created works, to involve all spheres of human activity in the sphere of beauty. Alphonse Mucha “Dance” Mikhail Vrubel “The Swan Princess” A. N. Benois “Masquerade under Louis XIV” Mikhail Vrubel “Pearl”

Optical art Op-art - an abbreviated version of optical art - optical art) is an artistic movement of the second half of the 20th century, using various visual illusions based on the peculiarities of perception of flat and spatial figures. The movement continues the rationalistic line of technicism (modernism). Op art. strives to achieve the optical illusion of movement of a stationary artistic object through a psychophysiological impact on viewers, their activation. Jacob Agam “New Landscape” Josef Albers “Factory A” Bridget Riley “Big Blue”

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Goal of the work

Get acquainted with new directions of contemporary art of the 20th century in Russia. Explore moments in the biography of artists - prominent representatives contemporary art. Learn to analyze masterpieces of modern art.

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Contemporary art is...

Philosophy of life Vision of the world Association of symbols as formulas of self-expression

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Directions of contemporary art

Modernist movements In the 10s. 20th century Abstract art is developing in Russia. Its representatives are considered artists of world significance, the founders of modern art. Russian art is greatly influenced by cubism, futurism and constructivism.

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Malevich's work was strongly influenced by cubism, but the author developed his own system abstract art, the so-called “suprematism”. The artist combines simple geometric shapes of contrasting colors (Suprematist composition), tries to simplify his paintings as much as possible. Malevich painted the world famous Black Square. The image of a black square on a white background is multi-valued: white is the sum of all colors, and black is the absence of any color, that is, the picture combines the contrast “something-nothing”, “being-non-existence”. The black square is a “hole to infinity.” Kazimir Malevich

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Wassily Kandinsky Kandinsky is one of the founders of abstract art. After the revolution of 1917 he emigrated to Germany. He entered the history of art with his Compositions, for example, Composition No. 7.

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Marc Chagall Chagall was born in Belarus, in the city of Vitebsk, whose image became the thematic basis of his paintings (Me and the Village). He draws simple villagers, rabbis, clowns, musicians. Animal figures (horse, donkey, rooster) are repeated in his paintings. Chagall is close to expressionism and primitive folk art, paints pictures in a grotesque-symbolic spirit. After the revolution, the artist continued to work in Paris and America, created stained glass windows and mosaics in Jerusalem, and illustrated Gogol's Dead Souls.

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The reverse side of the canvas...

The author is recognized by his handwriting. Leonid Kiparisov Born in 1964. Professional activities He began in the field of art in high school as a cartoonist for the regional newspaper “Priokskaya Pravda.” In 1984, having completed three courses at the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute, he left it, and in the same year he entered the art and graphic department of the Leningrad Pedagogical Institute, graduating in 1989. Since 1987, I have been participating in painting exhibitions in Russia and abroad.

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Highlights of the analysis

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Contemporary art is a mirror of today's reality