At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Russia was experiencing changes in all areas of life. The date of transition from century to century acted magically and was perceived tragically. The public mood was dominated by one of uncertainty, decline, and the end of history.

What were the most important historical events that took place in Russia at the turn of the century? Firstly, Russia experienced three revolutions: the revolution of 1905, the February and October revolutions of 1917. Secondly, 1904-1905. - the Russo-Japanese War, which followed it in 1914-1918. First World War Civil War.

There have been shifts in public consciousness. Dissatisfaction with the rational foundations of spiritual life is becoming increasingly clearer. According to the philosopher V. Solovyov, all previous history is completed, it is being replaced not by a new stage of history, but by something new - either a time of decline and savagery, or a time of new barbarism. There are no connecting links between the end of the old and the beginning of the new, i.e., according to the philosopher, “the end of history coincides with its beginning.”

In search of an explanation for the processes taking place in society, turning to religion became increasingly common.

The turn of the century was the time when various philosophical ideas were introduced into the consciousness of Russian society. In society they talked about F. Nietzsche, about his ideas related to the denunciation of Christianity as an obstacle to the individual’s path to self-improvement, they talked about the philosopher’s teaching “about will and freedom” with the rejection of morality, from God (“God is dead!”). Thus, the decline is associated with the crisis of Christianity; instead of the God-man, a new, strong “superman” is needed.

Nietzsche's ideas were accepted in Russian society, but Russian thinkers did not follow the philosopher to the end. Without abandoning Christianity, the “God-seekers” sought to find ways to combine it with pagan “joy.” In the revolutionary movement, God-seekers saw only a “Russian revolt against culture.” Culture was given special importance. Art and literature served as an artistic form for expressing philosophical ideas. The new literature was supposed to become theurgic (theurg is a god, dedicated), it was supposed to become a way of establishing world harmony. A way to comprehend the truth.

The literature of the turn of the century and the beginning of the 20th century, which became a reflection of the contradictions and searches of the era, was called the Silver Age. This definition was introduced in 1933. N.A. Otsup (Parisian magazine of Russian emigration “Numbers”). In literary criticism the term " silver Age“was assigned precisely to that part of Russian artistic culture that was associated with new, modernist movements - symbolism, acmeism, “neo-peasant” and futuristic literature.

The feeling of the crisis of the era was universal, but it was reflected in literature in different ways. Unlike the realistic aesthetics of the 19th century, which represented in literature the author’s ideal, embodied in some image, new realistic literature essentially abandoned the hero - the bearer of the author’s ideas. The author's view has lost its sociological orientation and turned to eternal problems, symbols, biblical motifs and images, and folklore. The author's thoughts about the fate of man and the world counted on the reader's cooperation and called for dialogue. New realism was guided by Russian classical literature, primarily by the creative heritage of Pushkin.

The concept of “Silver Age” is primarily associated with modernist movements. Modernism (from the French “newest”, “modern”) meant new phenomena in literature and art in comparison with the art of the past, its goal was to create a poetic culture that would transform the world through the means of art. A special role was assigned to the author, artist - theurgist, soothsayer, prophet, capable of comprehending the harmony of the world through the means of art. Modernism united a number of movements, trends, the most significant among which were symbolism, acmeism and futurism. In each direction there was a core of masters and “ordinary” participants, who largely determined the strength and depth of the direction.

The aesthetics of modernism reflected the mood of the “end of the century”, the death of the world. Doom. The main thing that united the movements of modernism, which were different in their aesthetics, was the focus on the world-transforming power of creativity. Aesthetic struggle between presenters literary trends- realism and modernism - was characteristic of the literature of the turn of the century, although in deep-rooted everyone had one thing - the desire for harmony and beauty.

Modernists, supporters of “pure art,” believed in the divine, transformative power of art; poets and artists were identified with prophets. Their opponents sharply criticized this position. “Pure art” was opposed to “useful” art. However, the Silver Age did not end in 1917; it continued to exist in hidden Forms in the poetry of A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, in the work of B. Pasternak, and in the literature of the Russian emigration.

Lesson Objectives

1. Give an idea of ​​the traditional periodization of literature of the 20th century.

2. Realize the crisis of the era of the early 20th century and understand its cause.

3. Give general idea O literary movements x early 20th century

The importance of fiction is enormous because

it acts simultaneously and equally strongly on thought and

M. Gorky.

During the classes.

1. Introduction to the lesson. At the turn of the century, Russia experienced changes in all areas of life. This milestone was characterized by extreme tension and tragedy of the times. For Russia, this time was marked by three revolutions, two world wars, a civil war, and a number of victories that influenced world history, and almost fewer tragedies that brought untold suffering to the people.

What was the internal political situation in the country?

(The need for change, perestroika. In Russia, 3 main political forces were in conflict: defenders of the monarchy, supporters of bourgeois reforms, ideologists of the proletarian revolution).

And if, despite everything, our country survived, it was only thanks to the spiritual culture that was formed over centuries in the depths of the people and was embodied in national folklore, Orthodoxy, Russian philosophy, literature, music, and painting.

Literature of the 20th century is both Soviet literature and literature of Russian diaspora.

Periodization of Russian literature6

Silver Age (1900-1917)

First decades Soviet literature (1917-1941)

Literature during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)

Mid-Century Literature (50s-70s)

Literature of the 80-90s

Modern literature

The last decade of the 19th century opens a new stage in Russian literature. Literally all aspects of life in Russia have changed radically - economics, politics, science, culture, art. N. Berdyaev said about this time: “It was the era of the awakening of independent philosophical thought in Russia, the flourishing of poetry and the sharpening of aesthetic sensitivity...” Russian literature became multi-layered. Various literary trends emerged. Let's list them.

1. Critical realism.
2. Decadence.
3. Modernism: symbolism, acmeism, futurism.
4. Socialist realism.

Let's look at them in more detail. Students make a table as the lesson progresses.

In the wide world, in the noisy sea

We are the crest of the rising wave,

It's strange and sweet to live in the present,

The songs are full of foreboding.

Rejoice, brothers, to true victories!

Look at the distance from above!

Doubt is alien to us, trepidation is unknown to us, -

We are the crest of the rising yonder.

Here are the comparison results:

1. Restructuring in all areas of life.

2. The struggle of ideas.

3. Multi-party system.

4. The path of reform and the violent path (terrorism)

4. Conclusion. Our task, the task of the reader, is to understand the spiritual life of the past century. The spiritual memory of the people must survive centuries and millennia in order for the spiritual power of Russia to be resurrected. The best poets of the era rarely confined themselves to a particular literary movement. Therefore the real picture literary process This period is determined by the creative individuals of writers and poets than by the history of trends and trends.

5. Homework.

1) Learn the main points of the lecture.

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Introductory literature lesson in 11th grade.

Topic: Characteristics of the literary process at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

Lesson Objectives

1. Give an idea of ​​the traditional periodization of literature of the 20th century.
2. Realize the crisis of the era of the early 20th century and understand its cause.

3. Give a general idea of ​​the literary movements of the early 20th century

The importance of fiction is enormous because

It acts simultaneously and equally strongly on thought and

Feeling.

M. Gorky.

During the classes.

1. Introduction to the lesson. At the turn of the century, Russia experienced changes in all areas of life. This milestone was characterized by extreme tension and tragedy of the times. For Russia, this time was marked by three revolutions, two world wars, a civil war, a number of victories that influenced world history, and almost fewer tragedies that brought untold suffering to the people.

What was the internal political situation in the country?

(The need for change, perestroika. In Russia, 3 main political forces were in conflict: defenders of the monarchy, supporters of bourgeois reforms, ideologists of the proletarian revolution).

And if, despite everything, our country survived, it was only thanks to the spiritual culture that was formed over centuries in the depths of the people and was embodied in national folklore, Orthodoxy, Russian philosophy, literature, music, and painting.

Literature of the 20th century is both Soviet literature and literature of Russian diaspora.

Periodization of Russian literature6

Silver Age (1900-1917)

The first decades of Soviet literature (1917-1941)

Literature during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)

Mid-Century Literature (50s-70s)

Literature of the 80-90s

Modern literature

2. Russian literature at the turn of the century.

The last decade of the 19th century opens a new stage in Russian literature. Literally all aspects of life in Russia have changed radically - economics, politics, science, culture, art. N. Berdyaev said about this time: “It was the era of the awakening of independent philosophical thought in Russia, the flourishing of poetry and the sharpening of aesthetic sensitivity...” Russian literature became multi-layered. Various literary trends emerged. Let's list them.

The main directions of literature of the 19th-20th centuries.

1. Critical realism.
2. Decadence.
3. Modernism: symbolism, acmeism, futurism.
4. Socialist realism.

Let's look at them in more detail. Students make a table as the lesson progresses.

3. Listen to V. Bryusov’s poem “We” and compare the time in which we live with the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

In the wide world, in the noisy sea

We are the crest of the rising wave,

It's strange and sweet to live in the present,

The songs are full of foreboding.

Rejoice, brothers, to true victories!

Look at the distance from above!

Doubt is alien to us, trepidation is unknown to us, -

We are the crest of the rising yonder.

Here are the comparison results:

1. Restructuring in all areas of life.

2. The struggle of ideas.

3. Multi-party system.

4. The path of reform and the violent path (terrorism)

5. More...

4. Conclusion. Our task, the task of the reader, is to understand the spiritual life of the past century. The spiritual memory of the people must survive centuries and millennia in order for the spiritual power of Russia to be resurrected. The best poets of the era rarely confined themselves to a particular literary movement. Therefore, the real picture of the literary process of this period is determined by the creative individuals of writers and poets rather than by the history of trends and trends.

5. Homework.

1) Learn the main points of the lecture.

2) Mini-essay on one of the topics: “I recommend reading”, “Favorite book” modern prose“, “The book shocked me”, etc.

1 Literary theory. Composition. Architectonics, plot and plot. Composition as an organization of plot development

3 Literature of the 20th century. MM. Zoshchenko. Art world writer. Image " little man» new Russia

To the elements of the composition literary work include epigraphs, dedications, prologues, epilogues, parts, chapters, acts, phenomena, scenes, prefaces and afterwords of “publishers” (created by the author’s imagination of extra-plot images), dialogues, monologues, episodes, inserted stories and episodes, letters, songs (for example, Oblomov's dream in Goncharov's novel "Oblomov", a letter from Tatyana to Onegin and Onegin to Tatyana in Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", the song "The Sun Rises and Sets..." in Gorky's drama "At the Lower Depths"); all artistic descriptions - portraits, landscapes, interiors - are also compositional elements.

a) the action of the work can begin from the end of events, and subsequent episodes will restore the time course of the action and explain the reasons for what is happening; such a composition is called reverse (this technique was used by N. Chernyshevsky in the novel “What is to be done?”);

b) the author uses a framing composition, or a ring composition, in which the author uses, for example, repetition of stanzas (the last repeats the first), artistic descriptions (the work begins and ends with a landscape or interior), the events of the beginning and ending take place in the same place, in they involve the same heroes, etc.; This technique is found both in poetry (Pushkin, Tyutchev, A. Blok often resorted to it in “Poems about To a beautiful lady") and in prose (" Dark alleys» I. Bunina; “Song of the Falcon”, “Old Woman Izergil” by M. Gorky);

c) the author uses the technique of retrospection, that is, returning the action to the past, when the reasons for the current narrative were laid (for example, the author’s story about Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov in Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”); Often, when using retrospection, an inserted story of the hero appears in the work, and this type of composition will be called “a story within a story” (Marmeladov’s confession and Pulcheria Alexandrovna’s letter in “Crime and Punishment”; Chapter 13 “The Appearance of the Hero” in “The Master and Margarita”; “ After the Ball" by Tolstoy, "Asya" by Turgenev, "Gooseberry" by Chekhov);

d) often the organizer of the composition is artistic image, for example, the road in Gogol's poem " Dead Souls"; pay attention to the scheme of the author's narration: Chichikov's arrival in the city of NN - the road to Manilovka - Manilov's estate - the road - arrival at Korobochka - the road - a tavern, meeting with Nozdryov - the road - arrival at Nozdryov - the road - etc.; it is important that the first volume ends on the road; Thus, the image becomes the leading structure-forming element of the work;

e) the author can preface the main action with an exposition, which will be, for example, the entire first chapter in the novel “Eugene Onegin,” or he can begin the action immediately, sharply, “without acceleration,” as Dostoevsky does in the novel “Crime and Punishment” or Bulgakov in "The Master and Margarita";

f) the composition of the work can be based on the symmetry of words, images, episodes (or scenes, chapters, phenomena, etc.) and will be mirrored, as, for example, in A. Blok’s poem “The Twelve”; a mirror composition is often combined with a frame (this principle of composition is characteristic of many poems by M. Tsvetaeva, V. Mayakovsky, etc.);

g) the author often uses the technique of a compositional “break” of events: he breaks off the narrative at the very interesting place at the end of a chapter, and a new chapter begins with a story about another event; for example, it is used by Dostoevsky in Crime and Punishment and Bulgakov in The White Guard and The Master and Margarita. This technique is very popular among the authors of adventure and detective works or works where the role of intrigue is very large.

The composition of a work can be thematic, in which the main thing is to identify the relationships between the central images of the work. This type of composition is more characteristic of lyrics. There are three types of such composition:

1. sequential, representing logical reasoning, the transition from one thought to another and the subsequent conclusion in the finale of the work (“Cicero”, “Silentium”, “Nature is a sphinx, and therefore it is more true...” Tyutchev);

2. development and transformation of the central image: central image is examined by the author from various angles, its striking features and characteristics are revealed; such a composition assumes a gradual increase in emotional tension and a culmination of experiences, which often occurs at the end of the work (“The Sea” by Zhukovsky, “I came to you with greetings...” by Fet);

3. comparison of 2 images that entered into artistic interaction (“Stranger” by Blok); such a composition is based on the technique of antithesis, or opposition.

So, composition is an aspect of the form of a literary work, but its content is expressed through the features of the form. The composition of a work is an important way of embodying the author's idea.

2 Literature XIX century. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. A satirical denunciation of the despotism of power and the long-suffering of the people

Among the classics of Russian criticism realism XIX V. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826-1889) takes the place of an unrivaled artist of words in the field of socio-political satire. This determines the originality and enduring significance of his literary heritage. Revolutionary democrat, a socialist, an educator in his ideological convictions, he acted as an ardent defender of the oppressed people and a fearless denouncer of the privileged classes. The main pathos of his work lies in the uncompromising denial of all forms of oppression of man by man in the name of the victory of the ideals of democracy and socialism. During the 50-80s. the voice of a brilliant satirist, “the prosecutor of the Russian public life“, as his contemporaries called him, sounded loudly and angrily throughout Russia, inspiring the best forces of the nation to fight the socio-political regime of autocracy.

Saltykov’s ideological and aesthetic views were formed, on the one hand, under the influence of Belinsky’s ideas that he had adopted in his youth, the ideas of the French utopian socialists, and in general under the influence of broad philosophical, literary and social quests of the era of the 40s, and on the other hand, in the environment of the first democratic rise in Russia. The literary peer of Turgenev, Goncharov, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin was, like them, a writer of high aesthetic culture, and at the same time, he accepted with exceptional sensitivity the revolutionary trends of the 60s, the powerful ideological preaching of Chernyshevsky, giving in his creativity, an organic synthesis of the qualities of a soulful artist who perfectly comprehended social psychology of all walks of life, and a temperamental political thinker-publicist, who was always passionately devoted to the struggle taking place in the public arena.

Saltykov, having already become famous writer, continued his official activities for several years. He served as vice-governor in Ryazan and Tver (1858-1862), chairman of the state chamber in Penza, Tuley of Ryazan (1865-1868). While in these positions, he tried, as far as conditions allowed, “not to offend the peasant.” Such a humane attitude towards the people was unusual in the highest bureaucratic environment, and colleagues, recalling the French revolutionary Robespierre, called Vice-Governor Saltykov Vice-Robespierre.

Saltykov's many years of professional activity gave him rich material for creativity. On personal life experience he perfectly comprehended the official and behind-the-scenes sides of the highest bureaucracy and officialdom, and that is why his satirical arrows hit the target so accurately.

In 1868, Saltykov-Shchedrin, having forever broken with the service and devoted himself exclusively to literature, stood together with Nekrasov at the head of "Notes of the Fatherland", and after Nekrasov's death (1878) - the head of this leading magazine, which continued the revolutionary-democratic traditions of Sovremennik, banned by the government in 1866

Opening hours in " Domestic notes" - from January 1868 until their closure in April 1884 - the most brilliant hole literary activity Saltykov-Shchedrin, the period of the highest flowering of his satire. His works appeared monthly on the pages of the magazine, attracting the attention of all reading Russia.

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Kitsenko Zhanna Anatolevna,
teacher of Russian language and literature
RKTK, Pushkin