As a result of studying the composition of the population of Russia, it turned out that a fairly significant part of the country’s inhabitants are Tatar peoples. Despite the mixture of nationalities and nations, the Tatars retained their national culture, languages folk traditions. Tatar surnames represent a special group with their own traditions and national characteristics.

History of the origin of Tatar surnames

Bashirov is the son of Bashir (Bashir is a Muslim male name).

Khairullin is the son of Khairi (meaning good, prosperous, good).

Safin - son of Safa or son of Safi.

Yunusov is the son of Yunus.

and many others.

Surnames of Crimean Tatars

The surnames of the Crimean Tatars have two spelling options - with the ending - ov and with the endings -in, -aya, - y. The surnames of the Crimean Tatars were formalized during the Great Patriotic War.

Tatar surnames derived from the profession of an ancestor

There is also a group of Tatar surnames that originated from. For example, the surname Urmancheev means “forester”; Arakcheev - “arakchi” (from the Turkic word araq - vodka, that is, a vodka merchant).

Writing Tatar surnames

Tatar surnames have two main spelling options - with a Russified ending - ov, -ev -in or without an ending: Tukai or Tukaev; Sayfutdinov or Sayfutdin; Zalilov or Zalil; Sharifullin or Sharifulla. Surnames without endings are used when communicating in native language or in Tatar literature. In official documents of Russia and in the passport, Tatar surnames have the ending -ov or -ev.

Prepared specifically for the site

Gulnara SICHAYEVA, employee of the Crimean Tatar Museum of Cultural and Historical Heritage

The Crimean Tatar nobility has a great, centuries-old history, dating back to the era of the conquests of the nomads of the Great Steppe, and has gone through a difficult path of formation and advancement into the ruling circles of the independent national state of the Crimean Tatars. In the person of the tribal aristocracy and the serving nobility, it dominated politically and economically in the Crimean Khanate, throughout the existence of which it actually concentrated all the power and the main military force, and played an important role in the state.

According to Kazan scientists D. Iskhakov and L. Izmailov, the initial stage of the formation of the clan-tribal structure of the empire of Genghis Khan in Turkic-Mongol society dates back to 1206, when Genghis Khan, having become the khan of a new confederation of tribes, made no attempts to change the basic order of the new society. He simply expanded the existing tribal structure and soon sanctioned the tribal order of his power, recognizing in his label 9 new or existing tribal groups as “thousands”, that is, military-administrative and ethno-political units. We can see a similar picture already during the period of the Crimean Khanate, when the administrative-territorial unit, along with the Kadylyks, was made up of the beyliks of certain noble families, as well as the main military force of the khan.

Later, with the further expansion of the Mongol Empire, other new "thousands" were formed and new rulers were appointed. At the same time, uluses and troops from various clans were allocated for the sons of Genghis Khan, who themselves became the nucleus for future vast possessions and also used their troops to create a new military-administrative organization in the new territory, which was based on clans originating from the Central Asia, preserved in the social structure of the Golden Horde.

The very presence of clan structures in the Golden Horde is beyond doubt. Already in the early period, representatives of the Saldzhigut, Kingit and Khushin clans, as well as some others - Alchi-Tatar, Kiyat and Kungrat, played an important role in the politics of the Jochi Ulus. The Kiyat, Salzhdigut clans, as well as Alchi-Tatar, Kungrat and Mangyt, played an important role in the Ak- and Kok-Orda (first half of the 14th century). Already in the 1380s. one can see a completely different situation - along with the former clans Kungrat, Kiyat and Saray, the clans Mangyt, Shirin and Baryn are beginning to emerge among the leading clans. Moreover, the Shirin clan is gaining a foothold in Crimea. Later, already in the 15th century, it was from these clans that the four ruling clans in the Crimean Khanate would emerge - Shirin, Baryn, Argyn and Kipchak. The Shirin clan was one of the most important and influential in the power system of the Ulus of Jochi and under Khan Tokhtamysh replaced the Kiyat clan in the Crimean Tumen. It is possible that other clans (Argyn, Baryn, Shirin), considered eels of Khan Tokhtamysh, moved west simultaneously with the Shirin clan. In total, 37 most important ruling clan names in the Ulus of Jochi were identified.

The Crimean Tatar feudal aristocracy of Crimea, represented by the Shirins, Argyns, Baryns, Kipchaks and other tribal nobility, who had vast land holdings, while Crimea remained dependent on the Desht-i Kipchak khans, could not freely dispose of their wealth. Hadji Giray's attempt to secure the Crimean peninsula in 1434 failed. He met resistance from the Kungrat clan, one of the noblest clans of the Dzhuchiev Ulus. But if in 1434 the cementing activity of the influential Kongrat family was enough to overcome the separatist sentiments of the Shirin, Baryn, Argyn and Kypchak clans, then a decade later this counterbalance disappeared along with the Golden Horde. Now, during the second return of Hadji Giray to Crimea in 1443, the situation changed dramatically. Therefore, the local Crimean Tatar aristocracy began to secretly communicate with Hadji Giray, who was still in Lithuania at the court of Casimir. In 1443, he was re-invited by the leading Crimean clans to the Crimean throne. According to the Polish-Lithuanian chronicles, “the Tatars of Perekop, Baryn and Shirin, whose king died without issue, sent to Casimir, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, with a request to give them the kingdom of Hadji-Girai, who, having fled from the Horde, at that time lived in Lithuania. Casimir elevated that Hadji Giray to the Tatar kingdom with the Lithuanian lords and sent him to the Perekop Horde with Marshal Radzivil, who seated him there on his father’s throne.” The above message about the role of the Shirin and Baryn clans in the enthronement of Hadji Giray in Crimea in 1443 testifies to the significance, power and influence of these ancient clans.

Not the least role was played by the aristocracy in the events of 1475 associated with the arrival of Turkish troops in Crimea, in which the Shirin Murza Eminek took an active part. He, remaining outside Kafa, attracted all the Tatars to his side and, going to the head of the fleet, brought with him fresh supplies and offered him his services. Thus, a representative of the Shirin clan helped the Turkish troops capture the Crimean city during his personal confrontation for supremacy in his clan. Eminek’s position within the Khanate was not particularly stable.

In the Crimean Khanate in the 15th – 16th centuries. The noblest bey families were known. Sigismund Herberstein reports on the following four clans: Shirin, Baryn, Argyn, Kypchak, the main advisers of the khans. In addition to these names, the clans Kiyat, Mangyt and Saldzhigut are also mentioned, which appeared in Crimea with the Nogai. IN travel notes M. Bronevsky has a slightly different situation, where in the hierarchical sequence of clans there are clans Shirin, Baryn and Mangyt, and not like Herberstein, where the third place is occupied by the Kypchak clan. His message also says that the tribal aristocracy has “arrived”, although today there is an opinion that the Shirin clan is an indigenous Crimean clan.

M. Bronevsky wrote about Crimea in the second half of the 16th century. In the first half of the 16th century there was an intense struggle for more high position and power among the tribal aristocracy of the khanate. The strengthening of the Mangyt Nogai in Crimean politics dates back to the time of Mengli-Giray. The Mansurs managed to become one of the leading clans in such a short period of time, leaving behind the Kipchak and Kiyat clans.

In the sources of the 17th – 18th centuries the following surnames of the family aristocracy appear: Shirin, Baryn, Mansur, Saldzhigut, Argyn, Yashlav, the Shirins always reserve the primacy. Forming a certain kind of tribal confederation under the control of the bash-karachu leading clan Shirin, the four clans acted as the main military force in the khanate and managed state policy in their collective interests. Representatives of the Shirin clan early XVI centuries could field 20 thousand soldiers. In reality, the Shirins fielded about 5 thousand soldiers, the Argyns and Kypchaks - 3 thousand, and the Mangyts - 2 thousand. The question of the number of troops is currently open and requires further clarification. It must be borne in mind that during the period of the victory over the Great Horde, the Kiyat, Saldzhigut and Kongrat clans also arrived in Crimea. In some cases they could have quite large numbers. We can get acquainted with information about the military art, combat tactics and military courage of the Crimean Tatars through the Crimean Tatar source of the 17th century “Book of Campaigns” Senai, where the most prominent personality among the highest nobility was “a lion-like named Tugai bek”, who became the commandant of the Ferakhkerman fortress.

It is known that the Crimean Tatar nobility consisted of two social groups society - the clan nobility and servicemen (kapy-kulu). The state of kapy-kuly (nobles who received hereditary privileges for service, diligence and personal devotion to the khan) was established by Sahib I Giray, son of Mengli-Girai, on the model of the Turkish Janissaries and Seimens. At the beginning, this type of formation consisted of Circassians, Lezgins, and Kabardians, but later it also included Crimean Tatars. Their descendants subsequently received the nobility. Archival data establishes the following names of the serving nobility. In case No. 6932 “On the nobility of the Boragansky Murzas,” evidence is given that the Boragansky surname comes from the ancient surname Boragan, which emerged from among the Kapuhalks. A certain Haydar Bey from the “Kunut princes” (?) was in the service of Sahib I Giray, who issued the corresponding label in 1543. There is evidence that the Ulanov family was in the service of Mehmed II Giray; they were issued a label in 1576. Representatives of the Dairsky family were issued a label by Selim I Giray, confirmed by Crimea Giray. It is likely that this clan also did not require official confirmation of its powers from the supreme authority, since some authors, E. Chelebi and S. de Paysonnel, attach considerable importance to this clan, but at the same time do not equate its status with the highest nobility. Perhaps this is explained by the considerable military potential and significant territorial possessions in Perekop district, between Salgir and Zuya. It also became known that in 1625, Mehmed III Giray issued a label to representatives of the Dzhanklychev family, which allocated lands near the Cherkes-Kobazy river with lands (now Bakhchisaray district, Malinovka village). This label was confirmed by Selim I Giray. In case No. 6548 “On entering into noble book Nogaev" it is stated that representatives of this clan are from the clan of Edige Bey, who, in turn, is the founder of the Mangyt clan. It's not yet full list surnames that come from the service class.

The French diplomat C. de Paysonnel, who was in Bakhchisarai in 1775, in addition to the family nobility, also names the surnames of the kapi-kulu state - Avlan, Uziye, Kaya, Sabla, Olan, Kemal, El.

P. Palace lists a total of 15 noble families, which included family nobility and distinguished nobility: Kaya, Kipchak, Oirat, Merkit, Ablan, Burulcha, Bitak-bulgak, Sobla, Suban-gazi-oglu, Edie-oglu, two the last surnames of Nogai origin, who lived mostly beyond Perekop. Along with this higher nobility, the author points out the existence of another “class of nobles or murzas, called kapihalki,” descended from those who occupied the most significant government positions at the khan’s court. Total number There were about 48 kapy-kulu surnames in the Crimean Khanate, the authenticity of which can be proven by written, including archival, data.

Most of the ancestors of the prominent families of the Crimean Tatars with their peoples came to Crimea at different times, starting in 1224 from the Volga steppes, except for a few, namely:

The founder of the Bulgakov family, Abdullatif Agha, arrived with his father Temir Agha from Turkey and purchased a lot of land in different parts Crimea, by the way, and the village of Bulgak, Evpatoria district, which was chosen as their place of permanent residence. Abdullatif Agha, after taking the oath of Russian citizenship, died in 1783, and Memetsha Bey, his son, married the daughter of Prince Kantakouzin and moved to Kokkoz, taking the surname from the family estate Bulgak.

The surname Balatukov, whose ancestor Adji Bekir bey Bolatin oglu of the influential princes of Greater Kabarda arrived from the Caucasus under Kaplan Giray Khan in 1709.

Almost at the same time, Hunkal Bey, the founder of the Hunkal family, arrived from the same place and from the same princes.

Among those who arrived with him was Uzden Cherik Bey from the Kumyk princes, and the descendants on the male line took the surname Uzdemnikovs, and on the female line - Cherikovs, which was later changed to Chergeevs.

The surname Krymtaevs, the ancestor of which was Kurtmurza Oirat Bey from the Tamagula Trimtay family, arrived in Crimea from Turkmenistan during the annexation of Crimea to Russia. His descendant Batyr aga (son of Ali aga, the former coastal commander) signed himself Tamagul of Crimea; he died with the rank of collegiate councilor in 1809.

After the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire, Catherine II, by decree of February 22, 1784, announced that the Crimean Tatar nobility could be included in the Russian nobility if they presented the appropriate documents about their noble origin. A special commission was created to collect evidentiary documents. In January 1787, the first noble elections were held in Crimea, which attracted up to one hundred Murzas from all over Crimea. At the elections, district leaders of the district nobility, district judges and district police officers were elected.

Thus, in the Crimean Khanate, the influence and power of the Crimean nobility was practically unlimited, the basis of which was economic and military independence from the ruling Giray dynasty, which attempted to limit the power of the tribal aristocracy through the establishment of the khan’s personal guard. After the annexation of Crimea, politics Russian Empire was predicted, the new government by issuing new privileges, vesting some power and land plots in a similar way attracted to its side an influential layer of society among the ordinary population of Crimea.

(To be continued)

Ismail-Murza Mufti-zade

Swin Bey Yashlavsky with his wife Hatice Khanum

When choosing a name for a child, parents think about the beauty of its sound and its semantic meaning. A name is the most pleasant sound to the human ear. Often the choice is dictated by religious and national motives.

Russia is a great state with many nations. During the Soviet era, Tatarstan was part of the state.

Being citizens of one country, people moved to the outback and created families with other nationalities.

Today it is difficult to imagine how intertwined the roots of Russian and Tatar residents are.

No one is surprised when hearing their names and surnames - the Tatars remain a fraternal people, many of our citizens have Tatar roots, or are indigenous representatives of the nation.

The distinctive features of this nation are their speech and their names. The speech of the Tatars is similar to the chirping of birds, it is soft and melodic.

The pronunciation is slightly consonant with the Mari dialect. Tatar folk names and surnames are beautiful in their sound and carry a semantic load.

Every state has popular surnames. Somewhere they are given to every child in an orphanage. In Russia it is Ivanov.

Russian Ivan is an already established stereotype, the image of a guy with a broad soul, not burdened sharp mind, but certainly smart. The surname was formed from the given name.

Other common Russian surnames:

• Kuznetsov.
• Smirnov.
• Petrov.

Among Americans, such a stereotype is the surname Smith. The Tatars highlight a whole list of surnames that are more common among their people.

• Abdulov.
• Norbekov.
• Chigarev.
• Enaleev.
• Akmanov.
• Abubekyarov.
• Basmanov.
• Abashev.
• Aliev.
• Shalimov.

The surname Abdulov has been at the top of the list for more than one year. This is the most common Tatar surname.

List of beautiful male and female surnames with origin history

Popular surnames and their origins:

Beautiful female and male names, as well as their meanings

Let's look at the list of beautiful Tatar names.

Women's:

• Adeline.
• Azalea.
• Aziza.
• Asia.
• Dana.
• Dilyara.
• Take it away.
• Indira.
• Karima.
• Kamalia.
• Latifa.
• Laysan.
• Nadira.
• Glad.
• Rumia.
• Sabira.
• Tulip.
• Faiza.
• Firaya.
• Chulpan.
• Elvira.
• Emilia.
• Yasir.

Men's:

• Alan.
• Azamat.
• Ainur.
• Damir.
• Dzhigan.
• Zufar.
• Ilgiz.
• Ilshat.
• Imar.
• Marseilles.
• Nazar.
• Niyaz.
• Ramil.
• Rafail.
• Rushan.
• Said.
• Talib.
• Tahir.
• Faiz.
• Farid.
• Chingiz.
• Shakir.
• Edgar.
• Emil.
• Justus.
• Yamal.
• Yakut.

By using these names you will give beauty to your children. A name is an important component of every person’s life.

Today, the state officially allows changing a name: a person just needs to write a corresponding application and choose a different name that will reflect his individuality.

If your name seems inappropriate, try changing it, check out the list above. Tatar names very sonorous, pleasant to the ear.

List of Tatar composers and other famous people

The Tatars are an original and very strong-willed people. They are hard-working, stubborn, resourceful. They believe that this nation, akin to the Jews, knows how to make money. Tatars are rarely poor.

You are unlikely to meet Tatars among the homeless and beggars. The ability to make their own way is in their blood. There are many famous talented people among them.

List of famous Tatars:

• Gabdulla Tukay is a great poet.
• Marat Basharov - actor, presenter.
• Musa Jalil - poet, politician of the USSR.
• Actress, organizer of charity events, presenter - Chulpan Khamatova.
• Mintimer Shaimiev is the first president of Tatarstan.
• Rudolf Nureyev is a legend. The best dancer of all time, actor.
• Renat Akchurin - academician, specialist in the field of vascular surgery.
• Sergey Shakurov - popular Russian actor, more than eighty roles.
• Finalist of "Star Factory" former soloist group "Factory" Sati Casanova.
• Marat Safin is a legendary tennis player of our time.
• Zemfira Ramazanova. People know her as Zemfira, a rock singer. She has been on the Russian stage since the early 2000s. Author and performer, musician. One of the best in Russian rock.
• Dina Garipova is the winner of the “Voice” project, participant of the Eurovision contest. She has a unique voice, is hardworking and artistic.

There are many Tatars among cultural and political figures. In a multinational state there is no division into nations - Russia initially did not belong only to Russians.

Not all modern nationalists know about this. Each nation is a separate faction with its own mentality, its own morals and religion.

The mixing of nations produces the strongest offspring. Scientists have confirmed this more than once.

The Tatar nation has made its contribution to the history of the state; many of its representatives still live in Russia today, working for the good of the country.

Tatar names are heard everywhere. When choosing a name for your child, pay attention to the lists above.

Useful video

In the old days, Crimean Tatars did not have surnames. Explanations for Crimean Tatar names and kinship terms

In the old days, Crimean Tatars did not have surnames

“Due to the fact that a large number of Crimean Tatar names and kinship terms are used in the text of the memoirs, I consider it necessary to make some explanations.

Since the 15th century - the moment the Islamization of the peninsula began - the Muslims living on it began to use a form of personal identification that was generally accepted among them, as they would say today. For the legislators of Islam, the Arabs, it was extremely complex.

For example, Avicenna’s full name sounded like this: Abu Ali ibn Sina, which indicated the name of his father - Ali and grandfather - Sina, but this was also a simplified version, but here is the full one: Abu Ali al-Hussein ibn Abdallah ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Sina.

Laqab comes first, kunya comes second, then comes alam, then comes nasab, then nisba, and at the very end they often mention mansib - the position held.

Lakab - in the Crimean Tatar language was transformed into lagap - nickname, nickname. With other words it is more difficult, and they will have to be translated from Arabic:
kunya - a name after a son or daughter or after a father;
alam – name given at birth;
nasab – genealogy, pedigree;
nisbu (nisba) – an aristocratic name;
mansib – mana – meaning, meaning.

Since the Crimean Tatars were on the very outskirts of the Muslim world and, moreover, experienced the enormous influence of a wide variety of cultures, which were very intricately intertwined on the peninsula, then pure form such a complex name identification system did not take root in Crimea. The patronymic name (babasynyn ady) was widely used in the forms “Said Akhtem-oglu”, or as a dialectal “Said Akhtem-zade”, which in both cases was a tracing paper: “Said son of Akhtem”. Oglu – son (Turkic language); zade - son goes back to the Persian language. It is noteworthy that in the female version, the Turkic kyzy - daughter completely replaced both the Persian and Arabic versions.

After Crimea became part of the Russian Empire with its written, and sometimes more important unwritten laws, for almost two centuries only two components were sufficient: a personal name and the name of the father. In the 20th century, the patronymic simultaneously served as a surname, but was not inherited. Said, the son of Akhmed, became Said Akhmedov, and his grandson Rustem was already Rustem Saidov, great-grandson Abdullah became Abdulla Rustemov. The reduction in the number of components in the identification code was openly discriminatory in nature, since among the Crimean Tatars, classified as nobility, descendants of beys and murzas, the surname was inherited. Thus, even then a policy of double standards was applied to the people.

During the Soviet period, for unknown reasons, patronymic names were forced out of official documents among Muslim peoples. I remember how during my service in the Pacific Fleet, Komsomol tickets were exchanged. My fellow Uzbeks and Kazakhs with tears in their eyes begged to have their patronymic written down on the new Komsomol card along with their first and last name, but the representative of the political department was inexorable: the instructions required exactly reproducing the entry on the military ID, but, alas, there was no patronymic there.

Only during the years of Soviet power did Crimean Tatars receive surnames en masse. In most cases these were patronymics - the father's name. Less often, the surname became lagap - a nickname.

Surnames were written differently: Nuri Khalilov, but there could also be a variant of Nuri Khalil oglu. For women, Alime Khalilova or Alime Khalil kyz - Alime is the daughter of Khalil. Sometimes they wrote together, sometimes with a hyphen. There was and is no unity on this issue.

Research has shown that among modern Crimean Tatars, names of Arabic origin predominate, then Persian, then Turkic, then Germanic, probably a Gothic trace, as well as Soviet newspeak: Lenur - “light of Lenin”; Marlene - “Marx Lenin”.

When working on the manuscript, the editor adhered to the basic principle: names, surnames, nicknames, names of rivers, mountains should be reproduced exactly as they are presented in the manuscript. If they diverged from the official toponym, then the author’s version was left, and the official one was given in a footnote.

Quite often, next to the name, the author of the memoirs indicated the degree of kinship of this person in relation to him. If you translate these degrees into Russian, it will turn out rather clumsily. The fact is that the concepts of uncle and aunt familiar to Russian people among the Crimean Tatars are more specific and contain clarifications: maternal uncle, paternal uncle.

We will list them: father - woman; mother – Anna; elder brother - aga; younger brother - oglan kardash; older sister – Tata // apte; younger sister - kyz kardash; son - ogul; daughter – kyz; grandfather - kartbaba; grandmother – kartana // bita; paternal aunt – ala // alapche; maternal aunt – Tiza; paternal uncle – emzhe; maternal uncle - dayi; grandson, granddaughter - torun; son-in-law - Kyiv.

The word akay, often used in combination with a name, means that this person is not young and is respected.

According to the requirement of modern dictionaries, Crimean Tatar names with the formant Seit (saint) should be written together: Seitbilal, Seitvaap, Seitveli, etc., but in reality, spelling options with a hyphen are often found: Seit-Bilal, Seit-Vaap, Seit - Veli...

Also, next to a person’s name, his profession is often mentioned: oja - teacher; odjapche – teacher; mouth - master; demirdzhi - blacksmith, etc.

The modern Crimean Tatar language contains three dialects.

Yuzhnoberezhny (yalyboy) belongs to the Oguz languages ​​and is very close to Turkish. A special feature of this dialect is a significant number of Greek and some Italian borrowings.

Steppe (Chel), or Nogai, dialect belongs to the Kipchak-Nogai subgroup of the northwestern group Turkic languages.

In fact, the official language of modern Crimean Tatars has become the middle dialect (Orta-Yol, Tati). It also belongs to the Kipchak (Polovtsian) languages, but was strongly influenced by the neighboring Oguz dialects. It is on the basis of this dialect that the modern literary Crimean Tatar language was created, books are published, and radio and television broadcasts take place.

The Middle dialect is considered a direct continuation of the Polovtsian language, which was spoken in Crimea in the 14th century. On its basis, a wonderful literary monument, the Codex Cumanicus, was created.

Not long ago, a group of Crimean Tatar philologists managed to convince foreign grantmakers of the advisability of allocating money to save the Crimean Tatar language in Romania. We arrived in Dobruja, but it turned out that the teachers and their potential students did not understand each other. The Romanian Tatars communicated with each other in the already relict Nogai dialect and refused to relearn the modern Crimean Tatar language. "
V. E. Polyakov, Doctor of Historical Sciences

Nuri Khalilov "The long road home. Memories of a Crimean Tatar about participation in the Great Patriotic War. 1941–1944"

Names and surnames are a kind of chronicle that reflects the history of the people. The study of their etymology reveals the relationship and cultural relations with neighboring peoples.
Each surname is interesting in its origin and is often associated with the history of its people.
The ancient Greeks did not have surnames. And the population of Iceland even today does without surnames.

In the 14th century, princely families appeared in Russia:
- first as family names based on the names of destinies - Shuisky,
- then or simultaneously with this, the surnames are not church name ancestor:
- Pushkin - from the boyar Gregory, nicknamed Pushka (“to puff” - in Old Russian to make noise).
- In the process of fragmentation of the boyar families, the surnames of the divided branches continued to form.
- By the beginning of the 18th century, all landowners already had surnames.
- The clergy in the middle of the 18th century had almost no surnames.
- Priests were named after the churches in which they served.
- Since the end of the 18th century, the bishop himself came up with surnames for future ministers of worship.
- Merchants began to have surnames in the 16th century, but only among the largest ones, and they were replenished from the lower, surnameless strata.
- The names of the remaining townspeople arose spontaneously.

What about the family names of the Crimean Tatars?
In Crimea at the end of the 13th century. beginning of the 15th century the formation of clans is taking place, which in the Crimean Khanate will already determine the policy of the state.
The presence of a family name in the XV-XVIII centuries. spoke first of all about the nobility of the family, and only then about its position in society.
When considering the foundations of the social structure of Crimea, a strict demarcation of class is visible: the Geraev clan is the ruling one. This dynasty dates back to Genghis Khan and his son Jochi. Its founder is considered to be a descendant of the Tok-Temur branch: Hadji-Gerai, son of Giaz-ed-Din.
One of the side branches of the Geray clan was the Choban-Gerai.
The generic name should not be confused with the proper name, which was also not uncommon among the Crimean Tatars.
Especially many Gerays appeared with the introduction of surnames in the 20-30s of the last century. This family name was part of the full name of the Shirinsky beys; centuries-old connections between them were the reason for this.
Shirin - this family is the second in nobility in Crimea after the Gerais. Then the Baryn, Argyn and Kypchak clans, i.e. Dert Karadzhi, who played a significant role in determining the Crimean policy and influenced the decision-making of the khan.
Chelebi are persons who trace their ancestry to famous and respected people. These are, first of all, the descendants of spiritual persons - muftis, sheikhs, qadis, etc.
Each of the surnames has its own story. Thus, the founder of the family Khunkal Bey arrived in Crimea from Greater Kabarda at the beginning of the 18th century. The surname Cherekova comes from the Kumyk prince Uzdesh Cheryk-bey, whose descendants in the male line took the surname Uzdeshnikov, and in the female line Cherikova, later changed to Chergeev, etc.
An interesting fact was reported by the Crimean Tatar artist Ismet Sheikh-Zade in his interview with the newspaper “Peninsula” (No. 27, August 8-14, 2003.- p. 16), in which he spoke about the elite origin of the Ambassador Russian Federation in Ukraine Viktor Chernomyrdin:
“Kara Myrda (and this is a derivative of Qara-Murza) once meant in the Golden Horde “ Grand Duke", but subsequently kara (great) was mistakenly translated as Black, and the root Myrda (prince) turned out to be incomprehensible.

The ancient Greeks, for example, forming trading colonies on the shores of the Black Sea and settling there for a long time, spread their culture to local peoples. From them such names have been preserved as: Shemsize (sword), Ildar (solar gift), Rumiya (Byzantine).
Close relationships with neighboring peoples were recorded in original names reflecting them, names that became proper names, and today are found in surnames: Dangalah (Asian Minor Greek), Karabajak (a native of the Polovtsian land and names), Urmie (Greek), Rumii (Byzantine) . The names also record the type of professional occupation. Dulger (carpenter), Kurkchi (spear maker), Sarach (saddle maker), Saraf (money changer).
Modern Crimean Tatar surnames can be etymologically divided into the following groups:
1. Surnames going back to ethnonyms.
As you know, Crimea is one of the places very
early human settlement. Up to 40 ethnic groups have been attested on its territory at different times (A.V. Superanskaya, 1987), many of which, to one degree or another, took part in the ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars. This group includes the following surnames:
Tatar - Tatar, Cherkez - Circassian, Turk - Turk, Kumukov - Kumyk, Good - Goth, Nagaev - Nogai, Ulanov - Alan, Gurji - Georgian, Urum - Greek and others.
A special subgroup can include surnames based on genonyms, i.e. names of genera: Chagar, Kurti, Dadoy. Katai, Kangiev, Bedi, Churlu, Jetere, Kuba, Kataman, Kayko, Chagan, Chitakov, Karamanov, Danda, Baim, Barash and others.
Occasionally there are names of other nations. For example, Greek: Cantacuzene, Barba, Paralam, Duk; Russians: Molochnikov, Voenny, Chernyaev, Lampovshchikov, etc.;

2. Surnames associated with place of birth.
Formed by adding the formats -ly, -li, -sky, -skaya to toponyms.
For example: Akchokrakly, Kermenchikli, Yashlavsky, Taiganskaya, etc.;

3. Surnames denoting old socio-political concepts:
Murakhas - a member of the Khan's Divan (Council), Kadyev - a Muslim judge, Ustabashi - a workshop foreman, Chaush - a bailiff, Sokhtaev - a madrasah student, etc.;

4. Surnames going back to nicknames or epithets characterizing the features of the external
kind or characterizing features of appearance or character person:
Chalbash is gray-headed, Sokurov is blind, Aksakov is lame, Chalyk is fast, Yuvashev is quiet, etc.

5. Surnames denoting different professions:
Demirdzhi - blacksmith, Penirdzhi - cheese maker, Kuyumdzhi - jeweler, Berber - barber, etc.

6. Surnames going back to personal names.
Among them there are several subgroups:
a) Crimean Tatar type, is only a personal name, or a personal name and the word “oglu” - son, or “kyzy” - daughter, for example: Nedim, Mamut, Ibrish, Khayali, Asan-kyzy, Kurt-oglu;
b) Russian type, formed by adding the formants -ov (-ova), -ev (-eva) to the personal name, for example:
Bekirov, Kurtseitova, Dzhemilev, Velieva;
c) the Persian type, formed using the word “zade” - descendant, is rare. Sometimes the first component of such surnames contains not a personal name, but a nickname: Shemy-zade, Choban-zade, Emir-zade, Latif-zade;
d) surnames with the suffix -ich: Khalic, Velich, Kasich, Balich, Komic, Kasich, characteristic of Belarus, Poland and the western regions of Russia.

An analysis of Crimean Tatar surnames shows that the surnames of the inhabitants of the steppe Crimea are somewhat different from the surnames of the Southern Coast and mountainous Crimea, which, in our opinion, is associated with the ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars.
Among the natives of the steppe Crimea there are complex surnames:
Menbariev, Bekmambetov, Fetislyamov, Borametov, Sheikhaliev, Adzhyasanov, Seitjelilov, Kurtseitov, Kelmambetov, etc.) are more common.
The surnames of the natives of the Southern Coast and the mountainous Crimea are formed mainly from nicknames and are distinguished by their brevity and sonority:
Yurdam, Kuku, Duk, Gutu, Irikh, Mavu, Sary, Dagdzhi...
The predominant part of Russian surnames are based on the church or secular name of an ancestor.
Most of the surnames of many nations were formed from calendar personal names, so called because they are contained in the sacred books (among the Orthodox in church calendar- Saints, among Muslims - in the Koran).
Names were “run around” in the language, giving a large number of derivatives - diminutives, endearments, vocatives, derogatory. All this is reflected in surnames, for example, from the name
Ivan went by surnames: Ivanov, Ivkin, Ivkov, Vanyushin, Vaneev, Vannikov.
Before the adoption of Christianity, Russians had surnames that reflected real life events, characters and qualities of people: Bessonov, Nechaev, Sosunov, etc. Many names were assigned based on external data: Belyai, Chernyai, Krasava, Kudryash. From here the surnames later appeared: Belov, Chernov, Chernyaev, Cherny, Krasavin, etc.
Crimean Tatar surnames: Karakash, Karachik, Chalbash, Sary, Saraev, Beyaz.
German: Schwarz, Weiss.
Surnames were also born from nicknames that were assigned to people after birth based on certain signs of activity, habits, character: Pleshakov, Khromov, Ryzhkov, Nabokov, Lomonosov, Tolstoy, Molchanov, Kosorukov, Krasnoshapko.
Crimean Tatars have surnames derived from nicknames, such as Kashka, Chubar, Tacos, Tazbash, Aksakov, Koroglu, Kibbarov, etc.
German: Lange, Schwarzkopf, Klein, Marben, Braun, Stolz.

There are surnames that came into the Russian language from closely related languages ​​- Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish. Today it is Glinsky, Godunov, Stravinsky, Stankevich.
And also formed from Turkic names: Begichev, Kandaurov, Balabanov, Uzunov.
The term “Turkic” unites a group of closely related languages, among which the most important, both culturally and in terms of the number of its speakers, is Turkish.
Russian vocabulary is replete with borrowings from various Turkic languages, which could, like any words, be used as nicknames or names by profession, and then in the usual way turn into surnames, for example: Barsukov - badger, Bugaev - bugai, Izyumov - raisin, Kaznacheev - treasurer, Lapshin - noodles, Surguchev - sealing wax.
Such surnames, of course, cannot be considered as Turkic, since they are formed not from Turkic names, but from Russian words of Turkic origin.

At the same time, there are many surnames of direct Turkic origin.
They can be divided into two groups.
The first group, which can be designated as “ancient Tatar surnames,” dates back to the era of the Moscow principality and is associated with the Tatar yoke in Russia (1240 - 1480).
Actually, the Tatars, i.e. Mongols constituted a small elite (and only in the early period) among the Turkic military and civil administration of the Tatar state on the lower Volga. Soon, however, this Mongol elite completely disappeared into the mass of the Turks.
Towards the end of the Tatar yoke, some Tatar dignitaries gradually betrayed their declining power and submitted to the growing power of the Grand Dukes of Moscow. Naturally, with the fall of the Tatar yoke in 1480, this process accelerated.
After the conquest of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates, the number of Tatar subjects of the Russian Tsar increased greatly.

Under the rule of the Russian crown, the Tatar nobility retained their privileges and their names, which, of course, were Russified in the usual manner, most often by adding the suffix -ov/ev and less often -in. In surnames starting with -ov/ev, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, in surnames starting with -in, as a rule, on the final one. The share of Muslim names of Arabic origin is relatively small in this group, which consists mainly of the names of the Russian nobility and nobility. The following names can be cited as examples:
Aksakov – aqsaq “lame”
Arakcheev – araq¢y “drunkard”
Akhtamov - Akhtam is an Arab. Ahtam "praiseworthy"
Baskakov – basqaq “tax collector”
Berdiev, Berdyev, Berdyaev – berdi “he gave”, perfect form of the verb bermek “to give”
Karamzin – qaramsy/qaramzy “dark-haired”
Karataev – “Tatarized Mordvin”, qara taj “black foal”
Kutuzov – qutuz/qutur “frantic, mad”
Timiryazev – temir “iron” + Rijaz – Arabic. Rijad/Rijaz
Tyutchev is possibly a Uyghur. kütü¢i "shepherd" or a derivative of tüt "to smoke", or tütä¢i "shepherd's horn player"
Chaadaev, Chadayev, Chegodaev - a Turkic tribal union, named after the second son of Genghis Khan - Chagaday (Mongolian “whitish”)
Sheremetyev, Sheremetev - Persian. Sir "lion" + Akhmat.

In Rus' in the 16th century. It was fashionable to give children comic names, including Muslim ones, such as Mansur, Murat or Saltan, as family names. From them surnames were then formed, indistinguishable from genuine surnames of Turkic origin.
To the given surnames (their list can be continued) we will add several names of famous tribesmen taken during the Russian-Turkish wars of the 18th – early 19th centuries.
Some of these surnames belonged to Russified Armenians, Moldovans, Greeks or Bulgarians. As a rule, these surnames go back to a Turkish (Ottoman) source. The share of surnames ending in -ov/ev and -in in this group is much smaller:
Aivazov is Turkish. Ajvaz "butler"
Kuindzhi is Turkish. Qujumdzu "silversmith"; the changed ending and shifted accent give this surname an Italian sound.

Second large group surnames of Turkic origin are associated with the conquest in the 19th century.
vast territories in Central Asia and the Caucasus with various Turkic populations.
This population currently amounts to about 25 million people, including:
a) in Central Asia: about 9 million Uzbeks, about 4.5 million Kazakhs, about 1.5 million Turkmen and about the same number of Kyrgyz;
b) in the Caucasus: about 3 million Azerbaijanis. To them should be added
c) in the European part of Russia: about 6 million Tatars, leading the historical count from the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates; about 1 million Bashkirs and about 1 million Chuvash, descendants of the Turkic Volozhian Bulgars partially assimilated by the Finns. In addition to those listed, there are also small Turkic peoples.

Currently, among the intelligentsia, mainly writers of Turkic origin, there is a tendency to discard Russian endings, especially for purely Turkic, non-Arab-Muslim names.
Surnames of this type are formed primarily from the most popular of the 99 names of Allah, for example:
Azizov "Mighty"
Valiev "Patron"
Ganiev “The Giver”
Medzhitov "Glorious"
Nureyev, Nureyev “Light”

A number of surnames are derived from the names of 28 “prophets” taken by the Koran from the biblical tradition, for example:
Ibragimov, Ibraimov “Abraham”
Musaev "Muzaev, Musin "Moses"
Yakubov, Yagupov “Jacob”

Several surnames are derived from given names associated with origin and early period Islam. The name of the founder of Islam is reflected in the following surnames:
Mukhamedov, Mamedov “Glorified”
Rasulov – “apostle”, title of Mohammed
Khasanov, Hasanov, Asanov - the first son of Ali and the second imam of the Shiites.

A number of surnames are derived from Arabic words denoting concepts associated with the Muslim faith, for example: Davletov, Devletov - “luck, happiness.”

There are many so-called “professional” surnames; however, they are also often difficult to distinguish from nicknames: Kuznetsov, Melnikov, Rybakov, Plotnikov, Okhotnikov, Slesarev.
For the Crimean Tatars these are: Trubach, Dagydzhi, Chilengirov, Ayuji, Bazirgyan, Topchi, Molla, Arabadzhi,
Bakhchevandzhi, Kuyumdzhi, Furundzhiev, Gemidzhi.
German surnames: Schneider, Müller, Fischer, Weber, Becker, Wanger, Steuermann, etc.
Here I would like to make a small remark that in the CIS countries the most common Russian surname is Ivanov, but in the world? It turns out that the most common surname is derived from the word “blacksmith”. If we add the Kovalevs, Kovalevskys, Kovalenkos and Kovaleis (in Ukrainian “koval” is a blacksmith), Demirdzhiev (in Crimean Tatar) to the Russian surname, then the ratio of the Kuznetsovs and the Ivanovs will increase significantly.

In Anglo-Saxon countries, one of the most common surnames is Smith, and the same can be said about the Schmidats in Germany and Austria. But “smith” and “schmidt” translated into Russian are again “blacksmith”. This is explained by the fact that previously each village had its own village head (Starostin, Schulze), its own blacksmith and manager (Mayer), each landowner had his own butler (Hofman).
Surnames were also formed according to nationality, which at one time may have been a nickname - Kalmykov, Litvinov, Latyshev, Tatarinov, Tatarinov, Turkin, Uzbekov, Gruzinov, Bashkirov, Kigrizov, Mordvinov, Tsyganov. Among the Crimean Tatars there are Kazakov, Arap; among the Germans - Boehme, etc.

Princes and boyars in the 14th-16th centuries were assigned so-called “geographical” surnames based on their estates: Trubetskoy, Dostoevsky. The Crimean Tatars have the surnames Krymsky, Kermenchekli, Akchokarakly; German Angerman, Orth, etc.

So, a surname is a history from antiquity to the present day, an encyclopedia of the life of the people and an ethnographic treasure. This living history people.
Conclusions: a surname is the history of a people. There are family and church surnames; formed from the worldly names of ancestors; calendar, diminutive, magnifying, reflecting real events; surnames from nicknames, habits, character, nationality, profession, appearance.

Literature:

1. Akyarly E. From the history of the Crimean nobility // Kaasevet. – 1994. – No. 2. – P.36-37.
2. Zorina N.V. Deutsch – komunikativ. – M.: Science – Wiley, 1994. – 336 p.
3. Kamenskaya G. Where did the surname come from...//Family. Earth. Harvest. – 1993.- No. 3. – P.47-48.
4. Prokopenko M.S. In the world of interesting things. – Tashkent: Science, 1969. – 286 p.
5. Unbegau B.O. Russian surnames - M: Progress Publishing Group, 1995. – 448 p.
6. Kachkan V.A. Ukrainian folk studies in names. -K: Libid, 1995. – 228 p.
7. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language: approx. 57000/ Ed. N.Yu. Shvedova – 14th ed., stereotype. -M: Rus. Yaz., 1983. – 816 p.
8. Kaibulaev Sh.E. Crimean Tatar names. Origin and meaning – Krasnoperekopsk: Interdistrict Printing House. - 1994. -82 p.
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Crimean State Engineering and Pedagogical University
The article shows similarities between Russian, Crimean, and Anglo-Saxon nicknames.
countries. An anology is presented for the similarity of so-called “professional” nicknames, nicknames
for nationality and otherwise.
Key words: family names, non-ecclesiastical names of ancestor, bishop, nobility, mufti,
sheikh, qadi, secular name
The article deals with the analysis of the origin of names in Russia, Crimea, anglosaxon
countries. Analogy of the origin of so-called “professional names has been made as
well as the names connected with national origin.
Key words: muftii, dinasty, non-church name, kadii, sheih, aristocracy, genetic names,
descendant, ancestor, bei, archihei