Although the word itself has Greek roots and means “I write”, “I draw”. Nowadays, it is an independent and multifaceted species, which has its own genres and canons.

Types of graphic art

According to their purpose, graphic works are divided into the following types:

• Easel graphics. As an art form it is close to painting, as it conveys the vision and emotional world of the artist. Moreover, the master achieves this not through the diversity of the palette of colors and various techniques for applying them to the canvas, but with the help of lines, strokes, spots and the tone of the paper.
• Applied graphics as a type visual arts. Examples of it surround us everywhere; it has a specific purpose. For example, illustrations of books help the reader to more easily perceive its content; posters and posters convey knowledge or advertising information. This also includes product labels, brands, cartoons and many others.

Any type of fine art (graphics, pictures are no exception) begins with a sketch of the drawing. All artists use it as the first step before painting the main canvas. It is in it that a projection of the position of the painting object in space is created, which is subsequently transferred to the canvas.

Graphic drawing

Graphics as a form of fine art, types of graphics of any direction begin with a drawing, just like canvases in painting. For graphic drawings, paper is used, most often white, although variations are possible.

His main distinctive feature is the contrast of two or more colors - black, white, gray. Other types of contrasts are possible, but even if the master uses a black pencil on white paper, the shades of the strokes are rich in variety, from soft black to deep black.

Drawings in black and white with the addition of one color are emotionally strong. This attracts the eye, and the viewer's gaze is focused on a bright spot. Such graphics as a form of fine art (the photo shows this very clearly) become an associative work when a bright accent evokes personal memories in the viewer.

Graphic Design Tools

The simplest and most affordable means are graphite pencils and a regular ballpoint pen. Masters also like to use ink, charcoal, pastel, watercolor and sanguine.

Graphite pencil is the most popular tool. This is a wooden or metal body into which either a grayish-black graphite rod is inserted, or a colored rod in which dyes are added.

They do not have a body, but their colors can be mixed to create new shades.

The ink has a rich black color, easily applies to paper, and is used for calligraphy, sketching and painting. It can be applied with a pen or brush. To obtain different shades of black, mascara is diluted with water.

Graphics as an art form has not bypassed such a tool as coal. Charcoal was used for drawing in ancient times, and in the 19th century, artistic charcoal was created from compressed charcoal powder and adhesive materials.

Modern graphic artists also use felt-tip pens with different thicknesses of the rod.

Printed graphics

These are not all types used in printing.

Book graphics

This type of fine art includes the following:

• Book miniature. An ancient way of preparing manuscripts, which was used back in Ancient Egypt. In the Middle Ages, the main theme of miniature paintings was religious motifs, and only from the 15th century did secular subjects begin to appear. The main materials used by miniature masters were gouache and watercolor.
• The cover design conveys the emotional message of the book, its main theme. Here the font, the size of the letters, and the design corresponding to its name should be harmonious. The cover introduces the reader not only to the author of the work, his work, but also to the publishing house and the designer himself.
• Illustrations are used as an addition to the book, helping to create visual pictures for the reader to more accurately perceive the text. This graphics as an art form originated during the time of printing, when hand-made miniatures were replaced by engravings. A person encounters illustrations in the very early childhood, when he still cannot read, but learns fairy tales and their heroes through pictures.

Book graphics as a form of fine art in preschool educational institutions is learned through illustrated books, carrying information in pictures for the youngest children, and through text with explanatory images for older children.

Poster as an art form

Another representative of graphic painting is the poster. Its main function is to convey information using a short phrase with an image that enhances it. By area of ​​application, posters are:

Poster is one of the most common types of graphics.

Applied graphics

Another type of graphic art is the design of labels, envelopes, stamps and covers for videos and music discs.

• A label is a type of industrial graphics, the main purpose of which is to give the maximum information about the product with a minimum image size. When creating a label, the color scheme is taken into account, which should evoke sympathy and trust in the product in the viewer.
• Disc covers contain maximum information about the film or music group, conveying it through the drawing.
• The graphic design of stamps and envelopes has a long history. The plots for them most often become events taking place in different countries, the world and big holidays. Stamps can be issued both individual copies and entire series, united by a single theme.

Stamps are perhaps the most common form of graphic art that have become collectibles.

Modern graphics

With the advent of computer technology began to develop the new kind graphic art - computer graphics. It is used to create and correct graphic images on the computer. Along with its emergence, new professions appeared, for example, computer graphics designer.

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1. Graphic arts

The history of graphics begins with the Renaissance, when painting separated from architecture, and the process of separation of painting and drawing was completed. The term graphics has a Greek root: grapho - I write, I draw.

2. Drawing

The drawing precedes any creation of the artist. Its origins occurred in ancient times, when rock painting appeared. Later drawings on papyrus. (16-11 in d.e.) Greek vase painting 5-4 in d.e. Drawing played a huge role in the Middle Ages, when architectural details and frescoes were developed. In the Renaissance and modern times, drawing from life was common.

Various materials are used for drawing. From tablets and parchment in ancient times to paper in modern times. Drawing tools are divided into dry (slate, pencil) and wet (brush, pen). The pin is a metal stylus, in the Middle Ages it was lead, from the 15th century it was silver. It was especially popular in the era of classicism. But in the 19th century it was supplanted by the graphite pencil.

The use of the pen was no less varied. (Michelangelo, Raphael, Guardi, Tiepolo). First, reed, with a short break in the Middle Ages, when goose was used, then again reed in the Renaissance. In the 17th century it is replaced by metal.

Pen fluids in the Middle Ages were: ink nut, bistre, Chinese ink, in the 18th century - sepia, from the 19th century - aniline ink.

Leavis - wash with a blurry layer. (Tiepolo, A. Magnasco, O. Fragonard.) The 17th-18th centuries were the time of widespread use of tone patterns. Lavis becomes multi-colored, in 2-3 tones (Guardi. Tiepolo, Rembrandt). From the beginning of the 18th century, pen drawing dominates. Pre-romanticism and romanticism revive toon drawing (Goya, Delacroix, Gericault)

A soft line is provided by materials such as charcoal, Italian pencil, and sanguine. Leonardo, Andrea del Satro, and Correggio worked in the sanguine technique. They also turned to Italian pencil. Titian and Tintoretto worked in coal.

Different eras used their own techniques. Gothic is characterized by a lead and a pen, the High Renaissance - a pen, an Italian pencil, sanguine, the Mannerists - a pen and a brush, and from the 18th century - the three-pencil technique (sanguine, black chalk, white)

Until the end of the 16th century, artists worked in workshops. Later, the first higher education institution arose (1585) in Bologna. An academic system of education emerged.

In drawings from life, researchers identify several forms: crocs( sketches), sketch ( preparatory composition), sketch - drawing most closely related to nature.

In Russia in the 18th century, linear drawing dominated. (A. Matveev, Borovikovsky)

3. Printed graphics (engraving)

Printed graphics (engraving) make it possible to obtain dozens of prints, original prints. Eat different kinds material on which the artistic image depends. The print is divided into high (convex), deep (in-depth) and flat. The first include woodcut (woodcut) and linocut. An example of flat printing is lithography.

Woodcut is the oldest type of engraving. Supposedly originated in China. (6th century) In Europe it has been known since the 14th century, its heyday was in the 15th-16th centuries. In Russia, its origins have been celebrated since 1564. (“Apostle”)

Such German masters as Dürer and Holbein had great merit in the development of woodcuts. And also the Italian Francesco Colonna. We see an analogue of such harmony as in these works only in Old Russian handwritten graphics, in the manuscripts of Kyiv (11th century), Novgorod and Pskov. (12-15th century)

Technique chiaroscuro - p appeared in the 16th century, color woodcut using a mechanical method. It originated in China. In the 18th century it found development in Japan. This technique influenced applied arts, its principle underlies printed fabrics.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, woodcut printing was replaced by metal engraving. But she didn't leave completely. graphics drawing material engraving

The 19th-20th century is marked in the history of the old woodcut technique by the activities of such masters as Aubrey Beardsley in England, Felix Vallotton in France, France Maserel in Belgium, etc. In the Russian school 20 in such masters as Favorsky. V A, Falileev V. D, Kravchenko A I, Goncharov A D, Ostroumova - Lebedeva A P.

Linocut - engraving on linoleum. It arose at the turn of the 19th-20th century, but became widespread half a century later. It also refers to the letterpress technique. Mexican artists from the “Folk Graphics Workshop” of L. Mendez worked in this technique, in Russia - D I Mitrokhin, V D Falileev. Modern masters - G. Zakharov, I. Golitsyn, A. Ushin - managed to break the “severity” of linocut.

Intaglio printing is represented by such techniques as metal engraving. Alexey and Ivan Zubov and Alexey Rostovtsev.

Depending on the method of applying the design to the board, there are several types of metal engraving: chisel engraving or “dry point” and mezzotint; or chemically: etching, soft varnish, aquatint. There is also a mixed technique - “pencil style” and dotted line.

Chisel engraving obtained by processing a metal board with a special cutter - with a graver.“Shavings” from the furrows, which in the engraving is called barbs, smoothed with a special smoothing iron - scraper. An artist feels much freer in engraving than in woodcuts. The difference between engraving and woodcut printing is that the ink must be reapplied for each print. The number of prints is not unlimited (no more than 300)

15th century - in Germany the master, famous painter and graphic artist Martin Schongauer, in Italy - A. Mantegna, A. Pollaiuolo. Before them there were several anonymous masters. The heyday of chisel engraving falls in the 16th century. associated with the name of A. Durer. In Russia in the 17th century. A. Tukhmensky and L. Bunin worked in the 18th century. E.P. Chemesov, G.I. Skorodumov, in the 19th century. - N.I.Utkin, F.P.Tolstoy, in the 20th century. D.I. Mitrokhin.

The main type of engraving with chemical processing of the board is etching. It flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries, although it arose in the 16th century. The furrows are filled with paint. The varnish-free surfaces of the boards are etched with acid. Many masters turned to etching, such as Durer, Callot, Rembrandt, Reynolds, Tiepolo, Canaletto, Piranesa, Hogarth, Watteau, Boucher, Fragonard. Goya sometimes combined etching with aquatint. The Barbizonists, impressionists, V. A. Serov, as well as P. Picasso, G. Morandi, F. Brangwin, and many modern graphic artists worked in the etching technique. Such wonderful masters are the brothers Alexey and Ivan Zubov, Alexey Rostovtsev.

Soft varnish- essentially a type of etching. Only fat is added to the varnish and therefore the soil becomes especially soft. The most famous master of the 20th century. considered to be Käthe Kollwitz.

A type of etching is also aquatint. It resembles an ink drawing with a wash. There is evidence that the aquatint technique was invented by Jean Baptiste Leprince in 1765.

From mixed techniques in the 18th century. Has become widespread pencil style, externally resembling soft varnish. In the 18th century, this technique was used exclusively as a reproduction technique for translating drawings famous masters into an engraving.

Dotted (dotted) manner known since the 16th century. and borrowed from jewelry art. It received special development in the 18th century. in England, where a whole school arose led by Bartolozzi.

Lithograph (stone engraving) - flat print. This technique was invented by A. Senefelder in Munich in 1796. The design is applied to the stone, and prints are made on a special lithographic machine. Lithography became the most favorite technique of the 19th century. The romantics Bonington, Gericault, and Delacroix worked there. Such genre artists as I.S. worked successfully in Russia. Shchedrovsky and V.F. Timm.

At half-time at 19:00 on Tuesday. 20th century two lines can be traced in the development of lithography: refined, sketchy and very laconic in style (E. Manet, E. Degas, J. Whistler, A. Fantin-Latour, A. Marquet) and highly social, political in nature, coming from Daumier (C. Kollwitz, T. Steinler, later F. Brangwin). The master of lithography was French painter Albert Marche.

The features of chromolithography are perfectly used in Russian children's illustrations. Its excellent performer was Yu.A. Vasnetsov, E.I. Charushin, B. Ermolaev.

4. Types of graphics

According to their purpose and content, graphics are divided into easel, magazine and newspaper, poster, book illustration and industrial graphics. An artistic drawing is a work of easel graphics. Using the drawing technique, you can perform works of various genres. Sometimes easel drawings are combined into series (D.A. Shmarinov, L.F. Soifertis, A.F. Pakhomov)

Print - a print made on paper from a wooden or metal board or other material.

The most common type newspaper and magazine graphics is a caricature. This is an exaggeration, most often with ridicule. (18th century - W. Hogarth, 19th century - T. Rowlandson, 1812 I.I. Terebenev. 1830 and 1843 - lithographs by Daumier.

In terms of the presence of text, only the more laconic caricature is close poster. A more recent type of graphics. late 19th century. The poster may be based on a caricature, satirical or dramatic image.

One of the largest and most important areas of graphics is book illustration. It started with miniatures. It was known in Ancient Egypt, in antiquity and late antiquity, in Byzantium, in Medieval Europe. In the 14th-15th centuries. Book illustration in the modern sense appears in the West. (Botticelli's drawings for Dante's Divine Comedy.)

In the Tuesday half of the 19th and early 20th, a number of artists, mainly in England (the Pre-Raphaelites, then W. Morris and his arts and crafts workshops, later O. Beardsley) did a lot for book illustration.

The work of an illustrator is always subordinate to the work for which he creates it. But he should not be his commentator.

The book sign is closely associated with the book - bookplate - a sign of the owner of the book, which most often represents a composition of a symbolic or allegorical nature. By technique it is most often woodcut, etching, or lithography. Printed on a separate sheet and pasted onto the flyleaf. It is more of a part of industrial graphics. This area includes trademarks, brand names, postal, trade, publishing marks, various packaging, etc.

All types of graphics have in common the commonality of material and means of expression, the artist’s use of pencil on paper or other materials. The main expressive means of all types of graphics are line, silhouette, contour and spot, chiaroscuro.

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Types of printed graphics

Print

Types of printmaking

Letterpress

Woodcut

Linocut

Engraving on cardboard

Engraving on cardboard

Intaglio printing

Etching

Mezzotint

Mezzotint technique

Flat printing: lithography, monotype.

Lithography

Monotypy

Monotype

Screen printing:

Silkscreen printing

Unique graphics

Easel graphics

Drawing

Book graphics

Illustration

Vignette

Vignettes

Dust jacket

Applied graphics

Poster

Posters by V. Mayakovsky

Computer graphics

Other types of graphics

Splint

Letter graphics

Calligraphy

The art of sumi-e

Graphics as an art form originated in the times of rock painting, although the word itself has Greek roots and means “writing”, “drawing”. Nowadays, it is an independent and multifaceted species, which has its own genres and canons. Types of graphic art According to their purpose, graphic works are divided into the following types: Easel graphics. As an art form it is close to painting, as it conveys the vision and emotional world of the artist. Moreover, the master achieves this not through the diversity of the palette of colors and various techniques for applying them to the canvas, but with the help of lines, strokes, spots and the tone of the paper. Applied graphics as a form of fine art. Examples of it surround us everywhere; it has a specific purpose. For example, illustrations of books help the reader to more easily perceive its content; posters and posters convey knowledge or advertising information. This also includes product labels, the design of envelopes, stamps, caricatures and many others. Any type of fine art (graphics, pictures are no exception) begins with a sketch of the drawing. All artists use it as the first step before painting the main canvas. It is in it that a projection of the position of the painting object in space is created, which is subsequently transferred to the canvas. Graphic drawing Graphics as a form of fine art, types of graphics of any direction begin with a drawing, just like canvases in painting. For graphic drawings, paper is used, most often white, although variations are possible. Its main distinguishing feature is the contrast of two or more colors - black, white, gray. Other types of contrasts are possible, but even if the master uses a black pencil on white paper, the shades of the strokes are rich in variety, from soft black to deep black. Drawings in black and white with the addition of one contrasting color are emotionally strong. This attracts the eye, and the viewer's gaze is focused on the bright spot. Such graphics as a form of fine art (the photo shows this very clearly) become an associative work when a bright accent evokes personal memories in the viewer. Tools for creating a graphic drawing The simplest and most accessible means are graphite pencils and a regular ballpoint pen. Masters also like to use ink, charcoal, pastel, watercolor and sanguine. Graphite pencil is the most popular tool. This is a wooden or metal body into which either a grayish-black graphite rod is inserted, or a colored rod in which dyes are added. Pastel pencils do not have a body, but their colors can be mixed to create new shades. The ink has a rich black color, easily applies to paper, and is used for calligraphy, sketching and painting. It can be applied with a pen or brush. To obtain different shades of black, mascara is diluted with water. Graphics as an art form has not bypassed such a tool as coal. Charcoal was used for drawing in ancient times, and in the 19th century, artistic charcoal was created from compressed charcoal powder and adhesive materials. Modern graphic artists also use felt-tip pens with different thicknesses of the rod. Printed Graphics This category of fine art includes: Woodcut is a woodcut from which an image is printed using ink applied to it. It originated in China back in the 6th century AD, appeared in the East in the 9th century, and in Europe in the 15th century. Metal engraving, for which plates made of brass, copper or lead were used, was divided into in-depth, relief and incisive. Depending on the method, the design was applied to metal, covered with paint and then transferred to paper. Linocut appeared in the 20th century along with materials such as linoleum, plexiglass and plastic. It is distinguished by the simplicity and speed of creating artistic templates. This technique is characterized by pronounced black and white contrasts and any size. Many famous masters worked in this type of graphics. For example, Picasso, Matisse, Ivan Pavlov. These are not all types used in printing. Book graphics This type of fine art includes the following: Book miniatures. An ancient method of designing manuscripts, which was used back in Ancient Egypt. In the Middle Ages, the main theme of miniature paintings was religious motifs, and only from the 15th century did secular subjects begin to appear. The main materials used by miniature masters were gouache and watercolor. The cover design conveys the emotional message of the book, its main theme. Here the font, the size of the letters, and the design corresponding to its name should be harmonious. The cover introduces the reader not only to the author of the work, his work, but also to the publishing house and the designer himself. Illustrations are used as an addition to the book, helping to create visual pictures for the reader to more accurately perceive the text. This graphics as an art form originated during the time of printing, when hand-made miniatures were replaced by engravings. A person encounters illustrations in very early childhood, when he still does not know how to read, but learns fairy tales and their characters through pictures. Book graphics as a form of fine art in preschool educational institutions is learned through illustrated books that carry information in pictures for the youngest children, and through text with explanatory images for older children. Poster as a form of art Another representative of graphic painting is the poster. Its main function is to convey information using a short phrase with an image that reinforces it. By area of ​​application, posters are: Political, the purpose of which is a call to action. The topics of political campaigning are diverse - from protection (peace, animals, democracy, ecology) to exposure. Social posters encourage people to change something or join those who are doing it. Advertising poster graphics carry information about the product, events and their participants. As an example, these are film and theater posters, advertising stands. Their main task is to attract the viewer’s interest and desire to purchase what they inform about. They are distinguished by bright colors and sonorous slogans that are easy to remember. Educational posters provide educational information that should help reinforce students' knowledge. This category also includes pictures with safety rules, prevention and treatment of diseases, and many other types of warnings. Poster is one of the most common types of graphics. Applied graphics Another type of graphic art is the design of labels, envelopes, stamps and covers for videos and music discs. A label is a type of industrial graphics whose main purpose is to give maximum amount product information with a minimum image size. When creating a label, the color scheme is taken into account, which should evoke sympathy and trust in the product in the viewer. Disc covers carry maximum information about a film or musical group, conveying it through a drawing. The graphic design of stamps and envelopes has a long history. The subjects for them most often are events taking place in different countries, the surrounding world and major holidays. Stamps can be issued both individual copies and entire series, united by a single theme. Stamps are perhaps the most common form of graphic art that have become collectibles. Modern graphics With the advent of computer technology, a new type of graphic art began to develop - computer graphics. It is used to create and correct graphic images on a computer. Along with its emergence, new professions appeared, for example, computer graphics designer.

Stages of working on a monotype

1. Take glass (or any smooth, flat surface: plastic, oilcloth) and apply lightly, but quite wet paints on it: watercolor or gouache (colors are arbitrary).

2. Then place the paper of the size you need on top. Press the paper lightly and remove it little by little in any direction. Or you can slightly pull the sheet from one side to the other.

3. When you look at the paper, there should be ink imprinted there. Having examined this print, you may see some kind of drawing. If you come up with an image of something or just a successful composition, then you can say that the result is a monotype.

4. Carefully examine the dried print and trace everything you see: (creatures, plants, architecture, etc.) with a pencil or pen, felt-tip pen or ink, adding the necessary details as desired. And if necessary, correct it a little with the desired paint.

Narbut Georgy Ivanovich(1886-1920) - Ukrainian graphic artist. Significant influence on the formation creative manner masters had a connection with the St. Petersburg artistic association"World of Art", whose members paid much attention to the revival of the art of books. Early works Narbuta - illustrations for fairy tales. In illustrations for I. Krylov’s fables, the artist uses an ancient graphic style - a silhouette, which he later turned to more than once.

In 1917-1920, Narbut worked in Kyiv; His passion for ancient Ukrainian art prompted him to create a series of outstanding works. Since January 1919, Narbut was the rector of the Academy of Arts in Kyiv.

Pablo Picasso. Don Quixote

Types of printed graphics

Print

A print (French Estampe) is an impression on paper from a printing plate (matrix). Original prints are considered to be those made by the artist himself or with his participation.
The print has been known in Europe since the 15th century. At first, printmaking was not an independent branch of fine art, but only a technical method of reproducing images.

Types of printmaking

Types of printmaking differ in the way the printing form is created and the printing method. Thus, there are 4 main printmaking techniques.

Letterpress: wood engraving; linocut; engraving on cardboard.

Woodcut

Woodcut is an engraving on wood or a print on paper made from such an engraving. Woodcut is the oldest wood engraving technique. It originated and spread in countries Far East(VI-VIII centuries). The first examples of Western European engraving made using this technique appeared at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries.
The masters of woodblock printing were Hokusai, A. Dürer, A. Ostroumova-Lebedeva, V. Favorsky, G. Epifanov, Y. Gnezdovsky, V. Mate and many others. other.

Ya. Gnezdovsky. Christmas card

Linocut

Linocut is a method of engraving on linoleum. This method arose at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. with the invention of linoleum. Linoleum is good material for large engravings. For engraving, linoleum with a thickness of 2.5 to 5 mm is used. The tools for linocut are the same as for longitudinal engraving: corner and longitudinal chisels, as well as a knife for precise cutting of small parts. In Russia, the first to use this technique was Vasily Mate’s student N. Sheverdyaev. Subsequently, this technique was used for the production of easel engravings and especially in book illustration by Elizaveta Kruglikova, Boris Kustodiev, Vadim Falileev, Vladimir Favorsky, Alexander Deineka, Konstantin Kostenko, Lidiya Ilyina and others.

B. Kustodiev “Portrait of a Lady.” Linocut
Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, France Maserel, German Expressionists, and American artists worked abroad using the linocut technique.
From contemporary artists linocut is actively used by Georg Baselitz, Stanley Donwood, and Bill Fike.
Both black and white and color linocuts are used.

R. Guseva. Colored linocut. Still life "Fried egg"

Engraving on cardboard

A type of print. A technologically simple type of engraving, it is used even in fine arts classes.
But in the twentieth century. Some significant graphic artists have used cardboard engraving in their professional practice. A relief print for printing is made using an applique made up of individual cardboard elements. The thickness of the cardboard must be at least 2 mm.

Engraving on cardboard

Intaglio printing: etching techniques (needle etching, aquatint, lavis, dotted line, pencil style, dry point; soft varnish; mezzotint, engraving).

Etching

Etching is a type of engraving on metal, a technique that makes it possible to obtain impressions from printing plates (“boards”), in the process of creating an image on which the surface is etched with acids. The etching has been known since early XVI V. Albrecht Durer, Jacques Callot, Rembrandt and many other artists worked in the etching technique.

Rembrandt "The Preaching of Christ" (1648). Etching, drypoint, burin

Mezzotint

Mezzotint (“black manner”) is a type of engraving on metal. The main difference from other etching styles is not the creation of a system of indentations (strokes and dots), but the smoothing of light areas on a grained board. Mezzotint effects cannot be achieved by other means. The image here is created by different gradations of light areas on a black background.

Mezzotint technique

Flat printing: lithography, monotype.

Lithography

Lithography is a printing method in which ink is transferred under pressure from a flat printing plate to paper. Lithography is based on a physical and chemical principle, which involves obtaining an impression from a completely smooth surface (stone), which, thanks to appropriate processing, acquires the ability to accept special lithographic paint in its individual areas.

University embankment, 19th century, lithograph by Müller based on a drawing by I. Charlemagne

Monotypy

The term comes from mono... and Greek. τυπος – imprint. This is a type of printed graphics that involves applying paint by hand onto a perfectly smooth surface of a printing plate and then printing it on a machine; The print obtained on paper is always the only one, unique. In psychology and pedagogy, the monotype technique is used to develop imagination in older children preschool age.

Monotype
Anyone can master the monotype technique. You need to randomly apply paints (watercolors, gouache) onto a smooth surface, then press this side to the paper. When the sheet is torn off, the colors are mixed, which subsequently form a beautiful harmonious picture. Then your imagination begins to work, and based on this picture you create your masterpiece.
The colors for the next composition are chosen intuitively. It depends on the state you are in. You can create a monotype with certain colors.
Screen printing: silk-screen printing techniques; cut out stencil.

Silkscreen printing

A method of reproducing texts and inscriptions, as well as images (monochrome or color), using a screen printing plate through which ink penetrates onto the printed material.

I. Sh. Elgurt “Vezhraksala” (1967). Silkscreen printing

Unique graphics

Unique graphics are created in a single copy (drawing, appliqué, etc.).

Types of graphics by purpose

Easel graphics

Drawing- the basis of all types of fine art. Without knowledge of the basics of academic drawing, an artist cannot competently work on a work of art.

Drawing can be performed as an independent work of graphics or serves as the initial stage for creating pictorial, graphic, sculptural or architectural designs.
Drawings in most cases are created on paper. Easel drawing uses the entire range of graphic materials: a variety of crayons, paints applied with a brush and pen (ink, ink), pencils, graphite pencil and charcoal.

Book graphics

This includes book illustrations, vignettes, headbands, drop caps, covers, dust jackets, etc. Book graphics can also include magazine and newspaper graphics.
Illustration– a drawing, photograph, engraving or other image that explains the text. Illustrations for texts have been used since ancient times.
Old Russian handwritten books used hand-drawn miniatures. With the advent of printing, hand-drawn illustrations were replaced by engraving.
Some famous artists, in addition to their main occupation, they also turned to illustration (S. V. Ivanov, A. M. Vasnetsov, V. M. Vasnetsov, B. M. Kustodiev, A. N. Benois, D. N. Kardovsky, E. E. Lanceray, V. A. Serov, M. V. Dobuzhinsky, V. Ya. Chambers.
For others, illustration was the basis of their creativity (Evgeny Kibrik, Lydia Ilyina, Vladimir Suteev, Boris Dekhterev, Nikolai Radlov, Viktor Chizhikov, Vladimir Konashevich, Boris Diodorov, Evgeny Rachev, etc.).

Vignette(French vignette) – decoration in a book or manuscript: a small drawing or ornament at the beginning or end of the text.
Usually the subject for vignettes is plant motifs, abstract images or images of people and animals. The purpose of the vignette is to give the book an artistic appearance, i.e. This is a book design.

Vignettes
In Russia, decorating text with vignettes was in great fashion during the Art Nouveau era (vignettes by Konstantin Somov, Alexandre Benois, and Evgeniy Lanceray are known).

Dust jacket

Applied graphics

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec "Moulin Rouge, La Goulue" (1891)
Poster– the main type of applied graphics. In modern forms, the poster emerged in the 19th century. as trade and theatrical advertising (posters), and then began to carry out the tasks of political propaganda (posters by V.V. Mayakovsky, D.S. Moor, A.A. Deineka, etc.).

Posters by V. Mayakovsky

Computer graphics

In computer graphics, computers are used as a tool for creating images and for processing visual information obtained from the real world.
Computer graphics are divided into scientific, business, design, illustrative, artistic, advertising, computer animation, multimedia.

Yutaka Kagaya "Eternal Song". Computer graphics

Other types of graphics

Splint

A type of graphics, an image with a caption, characterized by simplicity and accessibility of images. Original view folk art. It was made using the techniques of woodcuts, copper engravings, lithographs and was supplemented with hand coloring.
Popular prints are characterized by simplicity of technique and laconism of graphic means (rough strokes, bright colors). Often the popular print contains a detailed narrative with explanatory inscriptions and additional (explanatory, complementary) images to the main one.

Letter graphics

Letter graphics form a special, independent area of ​​graphics.

Calligraphy(Greek kalligraphia - beautiful writing) - the art of writing. Calligraphy brings writing closer to art. Unsurpassed masters The peoples of the East, especially the Arabs, are considered in the art of calligraphy. The Koran forbade artists to depict living beings, so artists improved in ornaments and calligraphy. For the Chinese, Japanese and Koreans, the hieroglyph was not only a written sign, but also a work of art. A poorly written text could not be considered perfect in content.

The art of sumi-e(sumi-e) is a Japanese adaptation of the Chinese ink painting technique. This technique is as expressive as possible due to its brevity. Each brush stroke is expressive and significant. Sumi-e clearly demonstrates the combination of simple and elegant. The artist does not paint a specific object, he depicts an image, the essence of this object. Works using the sumi-e technique are devoid of excessive detail and provide the viewer with room for imagination.

Short description

The technology proposed by the author has been tested and can be used by teachers additional education, parents and people simply interested in fine arts in classes with children and in individual activities, as a developing creative task and in creating your own works of art.
The work uses slides created by the teacher himself for a presentation on the topic “Printed Graphics”.

Description

State budgetary educational institution
additional education for children
Children and Youth Center "Vasilievsky Island"
Making a print with your own hands. Printed graphics. Brandina Olga Alexandrovna, additional education teacher Saint Petersburg 2012 “Creativity develops
only in creativity" In the old days they said this: painting without drawing is the same as a person without bones. XVI century Tintoretto never stopped seeing students. They all wanted to find out the secrets of mastery and asked what they should do? But he answered everyone the same way: you need to draw. The young men were worried: “And also, what secrets?” Tintoretto stuck to his line: “Draw. He was silent and added: and still draw.” Probably, drawing or graphics are the fundamental basis of any work of art. These are the first sketches, and sketches, and the first sketches. The term graphics comes from the Greek word graphike, from grapho - I write, draw, draw. This , including drawing and printed works of art (engraving, lithography, etc.), based on the art of drawing, but having their own visual means and expressive capabilities. Graphics are simpler than painting or sculpture, which is why graphics are often called art for everyone. Graphics classes can be started at any age, even with the whole family. The process of classes itself is excitingly interesting. Graphics classes develop spatial imagination and extraordinary thinking, cultivate in a person the ability to search, think, fantasize, and make independent decisions. And these traits will always be useful to a person, even if he is by birth professional activity not associated with fine arts.
Graphics classes are a real generator of good mood. You can create a print with your own hands and, placing it in a beautiful frame, decorate your apartment, you can come up with and make your own bookplate - a book sign for your home library. Every child, from 2-3 years old to adolescence, draws with ecstasy. Children draw everything they see, know, hear and feel. They even paint smells. Graphics classes, particularly printed graphics, can deepen children's interest in drawing. Fine art, to a greater extent than, for example, literature or music, is associated with a material basis . Outside the material, artistic images of painting, sculpture, and in particular graphics, are not perceived by the viewer, and it is precisely technique- one of the main means artistic expression. With the help of specific operations, that is, physical actions with materials and tools, the child embodies in works of fine art: shape, color, composition, organization of space, which make up the artistic image as a whole. Development techniques– mastering practical skills through free manipulation of materials and artistic means this is the first step to discovery child of that that he can draw, and can draw what he wants. When doing work using the “Printing by Applique” technique, the child “draws” a lot at once with scissors, without resorting to a pencil and eraser, using the most ordinary paper as the material with which he draws. This helps him not to control the accuracy of the image. The use of technologies such as “appliqué printing” is aimed at liberating creative potential the child himself. Also, by performing work using this technique, children playfully become familiar with the “sacrament” of working with paints, scissors and paper—the tools of a graphic artist—and also become familiar with professional letterpress printing technologies. qPRINTING BY APPLICATION

This technology refers to letterpress printing, since the paint is rolled onto the protruding parts of the board, in this variation - cardboard.
One of the accessible, inexpensive and harmless technologies that can be used in working with preschoolers. It is also one of the most suitable technologies for quickly completing work, which introduces a preschool child to professional letterpress printing technologies.
The image itself can be adjusted as work progresses, which also helps the child.

- pressed cardboard (at least 2 millimeters thick);
- several sheets of paper of different tone, texture and density (for appliqué and prints), fabric, threads, ropes, carbon paper (or tracing paper);
- graphite pencil, cutter, glue brush, glue;
- etching press or photo roller, printing, Oil paint or gouache, paint roller or foam sponge, odorless thinner, rags.

Execution technology:
Preparing the printed board is as follows: 1. A sketch is prepared in advance; 2. The sketch is transferred to tracing paper; 3. The image is transferred onto the cardboard in an inverted “mirror” form in relation to the sketch;
4. The applique elements are cut out. 5. Protruding parts are glued onto the surface of the cardboard itself - when printed they will be in dark tones; 6. Paint is applied to the prepared board with a roller; 7. Put it on top Blank sheet paper; 8. We roll the paper using a photo roller, holding the sheet itself; 9. Carefully remove the sheet from the cardboard - you get a test print
1. Sketch. 2. The sketch is transferred to tracing paper.

4. From tracing paper we transfer the details onto paper for appliqué. Then we cut out the elements
applications.

5. On the surface of the cardboard itself
protruding parts are glued. 6. Roll up the prepared board with paint.

7. Select paper for printing. Place a blank sheet of paper on top of the cardboard.

8. Roll the paper using a photo roller, holding the sheet itself. We get a print.

Rolled up board. Imprint.

Work should be carried out in a well-ventilated area. Good luck…… The technology proposed by the author has been tested and can be used by additional education teachers, parents and people simply interested in fine arts in classes with children and in individual activities, as a developing creative task and in creating their own works of art. The work uses slides created by the teacher himself for a presentation on the topic “Printed Graphics”.
Literature
Zorin L. Printmaking. A Guide to Graphics and Printing Techniques. - AST, Astrel, 2004.- 112 s.

Kovtun E. What is printmaking. - L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1963.- 94 s.
Favorsky V.A. Literary and theoretical heritage. - M., 1988.
Gerchuk Yu.Ya. History of graphics and book art. - M, 2000.
Essays on the history and technique of engraving. - M., 1987.
Rozanova N.N. History and theory of printing and graphic art: Tutorial. 17. Vol. 1, - M, 1999.
Rozanova N.N. Lubok: the artistic world of Russian folk pictures: Textbook. Vol. 3. - M, 1999.
Rozanova N.N. On the issue of visual interpretation of works of fiction: Textbook. Vol. 1. - M, 1999.
Rozanova N.N. On the question of the plastic-shaped features of the Russian book XVII century: Textbook. Vol. 5. - M., 1999.

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article on the site - uchmet.doc

State budgetary educational institution

additional education for children

Children and Youth Center "Vasilievsky Island"

Making a print with your own hands.

Printed graphics.

Brandina Olga Alexandrovna,

additional education teacher

highest qualification category

Saint Petersburg

“Creativity develops
only in creativity"

In the old days they said this: painting without drawing is the same as a person without bones.

Great Venetian painter XVI century Tintoretto never stopped seeing students. They all wanted to find out the secrets of mastery and asked what they should do? But he answered everyone the same way: you need to draw. The young men were worried: “And also, what secrets?” Tintoretto stuck to his line: “Draw. He was silent and added: and still draw.”

Probably, drawing or graphics are the fundamental basis of any work of art. These are the first sketches, and sketches, and the first sketches.

The term graphics comes from the Greek word graphike, from grapho - I write, draw, draw.

This type of fine art, including drawing and printed works of art (engraving, lithography, etc.), based on the art of drawing, but having their own visual means and expressive capabilities.

Graphics are simpler than painting or sculpture, which is why graphics are often called art for everyone. Graphics classes can be started at any age, even with the whole family. The process of classes itself is excitingly interesting.

Graphics classes develop spatial imagination and extraordinary thinking, cultivate in a person the ability to search, think, fantasize, and make independent decisions. And these traits will always be useful to a person, even if his professional activity is not related to the fine arts.

Graphics classes are a real generator of good mood. You can create a print with your own hands and, placing it in a beautiful frame, decorate your apartment, you can come up with and make your own bookplate - a book sign for your home library.

Every child, from 2-3 years old to adolescence, draws with ecstasy. Children draw everything they see, know, hear and feel. They even paint smells.

Graphics classes, particularly printed graphics, can deepen children's interest in drawing.

Fine art, to a greater extent than, for example, literature or music, is associated with a material basis . Outside the material, artistic images of painting, sculpture, and in particular graphics, are not perceived by the viewer, and it is precisely technique– one of the main means of artistic expression. With the help of specific operations, that is, physical actions with materials and tools, the child embodies in works of fine art: shape, color, composition, organization of space, which make up the artistic image as a whole.

Mastering technical techniques - mastering practical skills through free manipulation of materials and artistic means - is the first step towards a child discovering that he can draw, and can draw what he wants.

When doing work using the “Printing by Applique” technique, the child “draws” a lot at once with scissors, without resorting to a pencil and eraser, using the most ordinary paper as the material with which he draws. This helps him not to control the accuracy of the image.

The use of technologies such as “applique printing” is aimed at liberating the creative potential of the child himself.

Also, by performing work in this technique, children playfully become familiar with the “sacrament” of working with paints, scissors and paper - the tools of a graphic artist, and also become familiar with professional letterpress printing technologies.

PRINTING BY APPLICATION

This technology refers to letterpress printing, since the paint is rolled onto the protruding parts of the board, in this variation - cardboard.

One of the accessible, inexpensive and harmless technologies that can be used in working with preschoolers.

It is also one of the most suitable technologies for quickly completing work, which introduces a preschool child to professional letterpress printing technologies.

The image itself can be adjusted as work progresses, which also helps the child.

Materials required for work:

Pressed cardboard (at least 2 millimeters thick);

Several sheets of paper of different tone, texture and density (for appliqué and prints), fabric, threads, ropes, carbon paper (or tracing paper);

Graphite pencil, cutter, glue brush, glue;
- etching press or photo roller, printing, oil paint or gouache, paint roller or foam sponge, odorless thinner, rags.

Execution technology:

Preparing the printed board is as follows:

A sketch is prepared in advance;

The sketch is transferred to tracing paper;

The image is transferred onto the cardboard in an inverted “mirror” form in relation to the sketch;

The applique elements are cut out.

Protruding parts are glued onto the surface of the cardboard itself - when printed they will be in dark tones;

Paint is applied to the prepared board with a roller;

Place a blank sheet of paper on top;

We roll the paper using a photo roller, holding the sheet itself;

Carefully remove the sheet from the cardboard - you get a test print

1. Sketch. 2. The sketch is transferred to tracing paper.

4. From tracing paper we transfer the details onto paper for appliqué. Then we cut out the elements

applications.

5. On the surface of the cardboard itself

protruding parts are glued. 6. Roll up the prepared board with paint.

7. Select paper for printing. Place a blank sheet of paper on top of the cardboard.

8. Roll the paper using a photo roller, holding the sheet itself. We get a print.

Rolled up board. Imprint.

Work should be carried out in a well-ventilated area.

Good luck……

The technology proposed by the author has been tested and can be used by additional education teachers, parents and people simply interested in fine arts in classes with children and in individual activities, as a developing creative task and in creating their own works of art.

The work uses slides created by the teacher himself for a presentation on the topic “Printed Graphics”.

Literature

Zorin L. Printmaking. A Guide to Graphics and Printing Techniques. - AST, Astrel, 2004.- 112 s.

Polyakov European circulation graphics from Goya to Picasso. Moscow, 2002. 284 p.

Kovtun E. What is a print?- L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1963.- 94 With.

Favorsky V.A. Literary and theoretical heritage. - M., 1988.
Gerchuk Yu.Ya. History of graphics and book art. - M, 2000.
Essays on the history and technique of engraving. - M., 1987.
Rozanova N.N. History and theory of printing and graphic art: Textbook. 17. Vol. 1, - M, 1999.
Rozanova N.N. Lubok: the artistic world of Russian folk pictures: Textbook. Vol. 3. - M, 1999.
Rozanova N.N. On the issue of visual interpretation of works of fiction: Textbook. Vol. 1. - M, 1999.
Rozanova N.N. On the question of the plastic-shaped features of the Russian book XVII century: Textbook. Vol. 5. - M., 1999.

Graphic arts- a type of fine art. The word graphics comes from the Greek word grapho, which means to write, draw, scratch.

Graphic works, unlike paintings, convey the most important things without unnecessary details. They seem to reflect the idea of ​​the work. Graphic works can be black and white, sometimes color. As a result, the world around us in graphics is very expressive, but somewhat conventional and figurative.

Independent, individual works called easel graphics. Several easel sheets, united by a common idea, form a graphic series.

Types of graphics. Graphics combine two groups works of art: drawing and printed graphics.

The drawing is considered unique because it exists in a single copy. In the old days, artists painted on papyrus, later on parchment, from the 14th century. - on paper. The tradition of painting on fabric has survived to this day.

Papyrus is a writing material made from the papyrus plant.
Parchment is a writing material made from animal skin.

Graphic techniques. The image can be created with pencil, charcoal, ink, sanguine (a red-brown pencil made from a special type of clay) and other means. About the work created with colored chalks, we will say: made using the pastel technique.

A. Bazilevich. Illustrations for I. Kotlyarevsky’s poem “Aeneid” (gouache)

G. Malakov. Illustrations for Lesya Ukrainka’s poem “Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland” (linocut)

Albrecht Durer. Illustration for “Apocalypse” (woodcut)

Unlike drawings, printed graphics exist in many copies. To obtain them, they use an engraving - an image on a solid material, which is coated with paints and then printed on paper.

There are different engraving techniques: woodcut, linocut, etching, lithography. The emergence of the printed book and the development of book graphics are associated with the advent of engraving.

In everyday life, we most often come across industrial graphics. This - stamps, posters, theater programs, labels, brand names, designs on boxes for cakes and sweets, etc.

Linocut- a drawing carved on linoleum. The design is cut out on a linoleum plate using steel cutters of different configurations. Depending on the shape of the cutter, the line it leaves can be very thin, sharp, or wide, rounded. This is how the mold is made. Then printing ink is applied to it using special equipment - rollers.

The linocut is printed on a printing press. In this case, a layer of paint applied to the form is imprinted on the paper. A paper print is called linocut, or, more generally, like all other printing techniques, printmaking.

Woodcut(wood engraving) - an image made with chisels on a wooden surface. Not all tree species are suitable for this. Artists use pear, oak, beech, and boxwood.

The wooden surface is carefully sanded and even smoothed with wax. The design is cut out in the same way as on a linocut, but the greater hardness of the wood allows you to enrich the image with small details. This kind of work is more difficult to do.

The print is printed in the same way as a linocut, using a printing press on special stamping paper. This technique is ancient and came to us from time immemorial. This is exactly how the first printed books were made.

Etching, or metal engraving, are several techniques for making a printed form made of metal (copper, zinc). The pattern is applied to a pre-processed, polished, smooth plate. This can be engraving or scratching. This type of work requires extreme precision and physical exertion.

There are ways to apply a design more easily. The plate can be coated protective layer special varnish and “paint”, removing only the varnish. Then such a plate is immersed in a container with acid, and instead of an engraver, the acid makes indentations in the metal. Paint is applied to the etching plate by hand.

The print is made on a printing press. Soft paper, pressing against the plate, seems to select paint from the recesses.

Lithography- This is an engraving on stone. A special lithographic stone is used for it. The system for applying a design to stone is very complex. This can be scratching, drawing with a brush and ink, or drawing with a pencil. In all these cases, materials intended only for lithography are used.

The print is printed on a printing press. Lithography allows you to achieve subtle gradations (transitions) of tone, similar to pencil or watercolor drawings. Thanks to this, lithographic prints sometimes resemble watercolor drawings.

T. Shevchenko. Blind man in a cemetery (etching)

E. Kibrik. Illustration for Romain Rolland’s story “Cola Brugnon” (lithograph)

1. Compare works made using linography (woodcut) techniques and drawings done in pencil by hand. What is the difference?
2. Think about what shades of mood can be conveyed using different types of graphics and graphic techniques.

Think together what literary work could be illustrated using the techniques of woodcut, etching, lithography, and pastel. Why?

Monotype- This is an imprint of paint from any surface onto paper. This print exists in a single copy, as indicated by the “mono” particle in the name. This is something between printed graphics and a drawing.

Create a graphic composition using the monotype technique.

Tools and materials: several sheets of paper, gouache, dishwashing liquid or liquid soap, brushes. Work plan:

• Dilute the paints in small bottles and add a little soap solution to them in a ratio of 1:5. The paints should not be completely liquid, but not very thick either.
• Using a brush, apply paints to a sheet of paper, selecting the colors you like, and let them dissolve a little into each other.
• With a quick movement, press another sheet of paper against this sheet for half a minute or a minute.
• Separate the sheets of paper and let the prints dry.
• Consider the result obtained, try to see some plot or single image in the colored spots.
• Use brushes and paint or other materials to complete your work, adding details and elements that are missing.

Student works made using monotype technique

Stages of working on a monotype

Narbut Georgy Ivanovich(1886-1920) - Ukrainian graphic artist. A significant influence on the formation of the master’s creative style was exerted by his connection with the St. Petersburg art association “World of Art,” whose members paid much attention to the revival of the art of books. Narbut's early works are illustrations for fairy tales. In illustrations for I. Krylov’s fables, the artist uses an ancient graphic style - a silhouette, which he later turned to more than once.

In 1917-1920, Narbut worked in Kyiv; His passion for ancient Ukrainian art prompted him to create a series of outstanding works. Since January 1919, Narbut was the rector of the Academy of Arts in Kyiv.

G. Narbut. Illustration for the poetry of T. Shevchenko “Dream” (ink)

Pablo Picasso(1881-1973) - a brilliant personality in the art of the twentieth century. Picasso was Spanish by birth, but he lived most of his life in France. Already in the 1900s, Picasso declared himself as a mature master. His early paintings belong to the so-called “pink” and “blue” periods (“Girl on a Ball”). In 1907, Picasso created the painting “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon,” which begins the history of a new movement in the art of the 20th century. The artist has always experimented a lot. The large canvas “Guernica” dates back to 1937, which is one of the peaks in Picasso’s work. It's dedicated to death spanish city and its inhabitants as a result of aerial bombing. The artist’s talent also clearly manifested itself in graphics (one of his most famous graphic works- “Don Quixote”), sculpture, ceramics.

Pablo Picasso. Don Quixote