Methods for valuing goods and finished products are determined by PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”. Finished products are accepted for accounting at actual cost. The actual cost of finished products manufactured in production is determined at the end of the reporting period based on accounting data.

The following can be used as accounting prices for finished products:

• actual production cost (full and incomplete);
• standard cost (full and incomplete);
• negotiated prices;
• other types of prices.

Actual production costs are used mainly for single small-scale production, as well as for the production of mass products of a small range.

It is advisable to use standard cost as accounting prices in industries with a mass and serial nature of production and with a large range of finished products. The advantages of these accounting prices are convenience in carrying out operational accounting of the movement of finished products, stability of accounting prices and unity of assessment in planning and accounting.

In accounting, finished products released from production can be taken into account in one of the following ways:

• at actual production cost;
• according to standard (planned) production costs;
• for direct cost items.

The first two methods include costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, fuel, energy, labor resources and other production costs in the production process.

The planned cost is the cost calculated on the basis of the average cost standards for the production of the relevant types of products for the reporting period.

Standard cost is the cost calculated based on the standards in force in the organization on a certain date.

The balances of finished products in warehouses at the end or beginning of the reporting period can also be assessed in the organization’s accounting at actual production cost or at standard cost, respectively.

The standard cost of finished product balances can also be determined by direct cost items.

When using contractual and other types of prices as accounting prices, it is necessary to calculate at the end of the month the deviation of the actual production cost of products from their cost at accounting prices in order to distribute this deviation to the shipped (sold) products and their balances in warehouses. For this purpose, a special calculation is made, presented in table. 7.2, using the weighted average percentage of deviations of the actual cost of products from their cost at accounting prices.

By multiplying the cost of shipped products and the cost of their balance in the warehouse at the end of the month by the calculated percentage, determine what part of the deviations is attributed to the products shipped and remaining in the warehouse (Table 7.2).

Table 7.2. Calculation of the actual cost of shipped products

By multiplying the cost of shipped products and the cost of their balance in the warehouse at the end of the month by the calculated percentage, they determine what part of the deviations is attributed to the products shipped and remaining in the warehouse.

A similar calculation is made when using incomplete production costs. This calculation is not necessary if the organization uses account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” to record production output.

For shipped products 2,500,000 x 5.4667: 100 = 136,667 rubles;

2,500,000 + 136,667 = 2,636,667 rubles.

For the remaining products in stock:

500,000 x 5.4667: 100 = 27,333 rubles; 500,000 + 27,333 = 527,333.

The assessment of shipped (released) finished products is reflected in accounting in one of the following ways:

• at full actual cost;
• at the full standard (planned) cost.

The full actual cost or the full standard (planned) cost includes, along with the production cost, costs associated with the sale of products, which are recorded on account 44 “Sales expenses”.

The procedure for evaluating goods by trade organizations depends on the method of selling the purchased goods - wholesale or retail. TO retail sales refers to the sale of goods to individuals (the public) for personal, household use not related to business activities. TO wholesale trade refers to the sale of goods to legal entities and individuals (individual entrepreneurs) for business activities. Goods purchased by trade organizations and intended for sale can be valued as follows:

• at purchase price (acquisition cost);
• at sales prices with separate accounting of markups (discounts) (the difference between sales and purchase prices is taken into account in account 42 “Trade margin”);
• at discounted prices.

Wholesale trade organizations account for purchased goods at purchase cost or at accounting prices.

Retail trade organizations record goods at sales prices with a separate accounting of markups (discounts).

The purchase price of goods can be formed in two ways:

• at the cost of acquisition, including the price of the supplier and other expenses (for example, transportation costs) associated with the acquisition of goods and incurred until the goods are transferred for sale;
• only at the supplier's price with the inclusion of other expenses for the procurement and delivery of goods produced before the transfer of goods for sale to sales expenses.

TO actual costs for the purchase of goods include:

• amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);
• amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the purchase of goods;
• customs duties;
• non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the purchase of goods;
• fees paid to the intermediary organization through which the goods were purchased;
• costs of maintaining the organization's procurement and warehouse division;
• costs for transport services for the delivery of goods to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of goods established by the contract;
• accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan);
• interest on borrowed funds accrued before the goods were accepted for accounting, if they were raised for the purchase of these goods;
• costs of bringing goods to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes (the organization’s costs of preparation, packaging and improvement of technical characteristics);
• other costs directly related to the purchase of goods.

When choosing a method for evaluating goods, you should take into account the frequency of receipt of goods, the conditions of their delivery, and the cost of services associated with their acquisition. The method of valuation of goods chosen by the organization must be reflected in the accounting policy of the organization, which also reflects the chosen method of forming the purchase price of goods (with or without taking into account transport costs in the purchase price of goods).

Actual cost of inventories (finished products, goods) received organization under a gift agreement or free of charge, determined based on their current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting.

Actual cost of inventories (finished products and goods), contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization, determined on the basis of their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The actual cost of finished products and goods, received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means, The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization is recognized. The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets.

Goods and finished products that do not belong to this organization, but are in its use or disposal, are taken into account on off-balance sheet accounts in the valuation provided for in the contract or in the valuation agreed with their owner. If there is no price for the specified reserves in the contract or a price agreed with the owner, they can be accounted for at a conditional valuation.

Goods and finished products, the cost of which upon acquisition is determined in foreign currency, are produced in rubles by recalculating the amount in foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation effective on the date of acceptance of inventories for accounting.

Goods for which the market price has decreased during the reporting year, or they have become obsolete or have completely or partially lost their original qualities, are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year at the current market value, taking into account their physical condition. A decrease in the cost of goods is reflected in accounting in the form of a reserve accrual.

The accrual of a reserve for a decrease in the value of inventories is reflected in the accounting records as a credit to account 14 “Reserves for a decrease in the value of material assets” and a debit to account 91-2 “Other expenses”. The accrued reserve is written off to the increase in financial results on the credit of account 91-1 “Other income” as the inventory related to it is released.

When goods are released for sale or otherwise disposed of (except for goods accounted for at sales value), they are assessed in one of the following ways: at unit cost; at average cost; at the cost of the first goods purchased (FIFO method).

All finished products, as a rule, are delivered to the warehouse and reported to the financially responsible person. The exception is large-sized items and products that cannot be delivered to the warehouse for technical reasons and therefore are accepted by customer organizations at the site of production, packaging and assembly.

Products by type are divided into:

Gross - the total cost of completed finished products produced by the organization during the reporting period;

Gross turnover (gross output) - the cost of all products, semi-finished products, work performed and services provided, including work in progress;

Realized (sold) - gross output minus the balance of finished products, work in progress, semi-finished products, tools and spare parts of own production;

Comparable - products that were produced by the organization in the previous reporting period;

Incomparable - products that were produced for the first time in the reporting period.

Evaluation of finished products

Finished products are currently assessed according to:

Actual production cost - represents the sum of all costs associated with the manufacture of products (collected in full only on account 20 “Main production”);

Standard or planned production cost - deviations of the actual production cost for the reporting month from the planned (standard) cost are determined and separately taken into account (deviations are identified on account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”);

Accounting prices (wholesale, contractual, etc.) - the difference between the actual cost and the accounting price is taken into account separately. Until now, this option for assessing finished products was the most common, but now, due to sudden changes in pricing, it is used less frequently;

Sales prices and tariffs (excluding VAT and sales tax) - has the widest application;

Incomplete (reduced) production cost (direct costing method) - the cost of finished products is determined based on actual costs without taking into account general business expenses.

To account for the availability and movement of finished products, active account 43 “Finished products” is intended; Products that are subject to delivery on site and are not formalized with an acceptance certificate remain as part of work in progress and are not taken into account on the specified account.

Methods for valuing goods and finished products are determined by PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”.

Finished products are accepted for accounting at actual cost. The actual cost of finished products manufactured in production is determined at the end of the reporting period based on accounting data.

In analytical accounting and places of storage of finished products, it is allowed to use discount prices.

As accounting prices for finished products, they may

change:

* actual production cost (full and incomplete);

* standard cost (full and incomplete);

* negotiated prices;

* other types of prices.

Actual production costs are used mainly for single small-scale production, as well as for the production of mass products of a small range.

It is advisable to use standard cost as accounting prices in industries with a mass and serial nature of production and with a large range of finished products. The advantages of these accounting prices are convenience in carrying out operational accounting of the movement of finished products, stability of accounting prices and unity of assessment in planning and accounting.

Standard cost is the cost calculated based on the standards in force in the organization on a certain date.

The balances of finished products in warehouses at the end or beginning of the reporting period can also be assessed in the organization’s accounting at actual production cost or at standard cost, respectively. The standard cost of finished product balances can also be determined by direct cost items.

When using standard costs, contractual and other types of prices as accounting prices, it is necessary at the end of the month to calculate the deviation of the actual production cost of products from their cost at accounting prices in order to distribute this deviation to the shipped (sold) products and their balances in warehouses.

The procedure for evaluating goods by trade organizations depends on the method of selling the purchased goods - wholesale or retail. Retail sales include the sale of goods to individuals (the public) for personal, home use not related to business activities. Wholesale trade includes the sale of goods to legal entities and individuals (individual entrepreneurs) for business activities. Goods purchased by trade organizations and intended for sale can be valued as follows:

* at purchase price (acquisition cost);

* at sales prices with separate accounting of markups (discounts) (the difference between sales and purchase prices is taken into account in account 42 “Trade margin”);

*at discount prices.

Wholesale trade organizations account for purchased goods at purchase cost or at discount prices.

Retail trade organizations record goods at sales prices with a separate accounting of markups (discounts). The purchase price of goods can be formed in two ways:

* at the cost of acquisition, including the price of the supplier and other expenses (for example, transportation costs) associated with the acquisition of goods and incurred before the transfer of goods for sale;

* only at the supplier’s price with the inclusion of other costs for the procurement and delivery of goods produced before the transfer of goods for sale to sales expenses.

The actual costs of purchasing goods include:

* amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);

* amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the purchase of goods;

* customs duties;

* non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the purchase of goods;

* fees paid to the intermediary organization through which the goods were purchased;

* costs of maintaining the procurement and warehouse division of the organization;

* costs of delivering goods to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of goods established by the contract;

* accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan);

* interest on borrowed funds accrued before goods were accepted for accounting, if they were raised for the purchase of these goods;

* costs of bringing goods to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes (costs of the organization for preparation, packaging and improvement of technical characteristics);

* other costs directly related to the purchase of goods.

When choosing a method for evaluating goods, you should take into account the frequency of receipt of goods, the conditions of their delivery, and the cost of services associated with their acquisition. The method of valuation of goods chosen by the organization must be reflected in the accounting policy of the organization, which also reflects the chosen method of forming the purchase price of goods (with or without taking into account transport costs in the purchase price of goods). The actual cost of finished products and goods received by the organization under a gift agreement or free of charge is determined based on

their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

The actual cost of finished products and goods contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The actual cost of finished products and goods received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets. Goods and finished products that do not belong to this organization, but are in its use or disposal, are recorded on off-balance sheet accounts in the valuation provided for in the contract or in the valuation agreed with their owner.

If there is no price for the specified reserves in the contract or a price agreed with the owner, they can be accounted for at a conditional valuation. Goods and finished products, the cost of which upon acquisition is determined in foreign currency, are produced in rubles by recalculating the amount in foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation effective on the date of acceptance of inventories for accounting.

Goods for which the market price has decreased during the reporting year, or they have become obsolete or have completely or partially lost their original qualities, are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year at the current market value, taking into account their physical condition. A decrease in the cost of goods is reflected in accounting in the form of a reserve accrual.

The accrual of a reserve for a decrease in the value of inventories is reflected in the accounting records as a credit to account 14 “Reserves for a decrease in the value of material assets” and a debit to account 91-2

"Other expenses". The accrued reserve is written off to the increase in financial results on the credit of account 91-1 “Other income” as the inventory related to it is released. When goods are released for sale or otherwise disposed of (except for goods accounted for at sales value), they are assessed in one of the following ways: at unit cost; at average cost; at the cost of the first goods purchased (FIFO method); at the cost of the most recent purchase of goods (LIFO method).

Finished products should be shown in the balance sheet at the actual production cost, and when using account 40 “Output of products, works, services” to account for production costs - at the standard (planned) cost.

The actual cost of finished products, as a rule, can only be determined at the end of the reporting period (month). During the reporting period (month), there is a constant movement of products (production, release, shipment, sales, etc.), therefore, for current accounting, a conditional assessment of products is necessary. In current accounting, finished products can be assessed at planned cost, or free selling prices, or actual cost, or free retail prices or fixed prices.

Planned, free selling, fixed and retail prices are called accounting prices.

When accounting for finished products during the reporting period (month) at planned, free selling, fixed and free retail prices, deviations of the actual production cost of these products from their cost at accounting prices (planned, free selling, fixed) are separately identified. These deviations are taken into account for homogeneous groups of finished products, which are formed by the organization, based on the level of deviations of the actual production cost from the cost at the accounting prices of individual products. In this case, planned prices can be developed based on the average annual or average quarterly planned production cost, taking into account inflation. The percentage of deviations is determined by the following formula:

X = [(O + O1) *100] / (Sp + Sp1),(1)

where O is the amount of deviations for the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the reporting period (month);

O1 - the sum of deviations for products received at the warehouse during the reporting period (month);

Sp - the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the reporting period (month) at discount prices;

Sp1 - receipt to the warehouse from the production of finished products during the reporting period at discount prices.

Deviations show savings or overruns made by the organization. Deviations are taken into account in the same accounts as finished products: savings are recorded in red as a reversal, and overruns are recorded as regular additional postings.

Finished products for which the price has decreased during the year, if they are obsolete or have partially lost their original quality, are valued in accounting and reporting at the end of the reporting year at the price of possible sales, with the difference in prices attributed to losses.

International standards provide for evaluating finished products at actual production costs, if the latter is lower than possible selling prices. When selling market prices decrease, finished products are reflected in the balance sheet at possible sales prices, and the resulting difference is attributed to the results of the organization’s economic activities for the reporting period.

When using account 40 “Output of products, works, services” to account for the costs of production of manufactured products, finished products are reflected in account 43 “Finished products” at standard (planned) cost.

The Instruction on the procedure for accounting for materials, work in progress, finished and shipped products by industrial organizations, approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Belarus and the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus dated December 31, 2003 No. 191/263, established a new procedure for calculating and reflecting in accounting changes in the amount of deviations in the cost of balances of finished products .

Products (works, services) are sold: at free selling prices and tariffs, increased by the amount of value added tax (VAT), at state regulated wholesale prices (tariffs), increased by the amount of VAT, and at state regulated retail prices, including yourself VAT. Free selling prices are agreed upon by the parties to the transaction, i.e. seller and buyer. If free contract prices are used in the calculations, they can be checked by the tax authorities. Prices are subject to verification if they deviate by more than 20% from the level of market prices for identical products, prices under agreements concluded between interdependent organizations, for commodity exchange transactions and foreign trade transactions.

So, the assessment of finished products is one of the most important points, since in the end the correct calculation of product costs will depend on it.

The final stage of the production process is the release of finished products, as a result of which its value moves from the sphere of production to the sphere of circulation. Realization completes the circulation of funds. Finished products must have a quality certificate and a certificate of country of origin. Products that have not passed all stages of technological processing, testing and technical acceptance are considered unfinished and are included in work in progress.

When used in accounting for wholesale prices, market prices, planned cost and at the end of the month, it is necessary to calculate the deviation of the actual production cost of products from its cost at accounting prices in order to distribute this deviation to shipped (sold) products and their balances in warehouses. To calculate deviations of the actual production cost of products from their cost at accounting prices, a special calculation is made using the weighted average percentage of deviations of the actual production cost of products from their cost at accounting prices.

Any production process ends with the manufacture of finished products, performance of work, and provision of services. Finished products are considered products that have passed all stages of processing, assembly and packaging at a given enterprise, complying with standards, contract terms or technical specifications, accepted by the quality control department and delivered to the warehouse or directly to the customer.

Finished products are included in the working capital of the enterprise and are taken into account in the second asset section of the balance sheet.

The actual cost of finished products, as a rule, can only be determined at the end of the reporting period (month). During the reporting period (month), there is a constant movement of products (production, release, shipment, sales, etc.), therefore, for current accounting, a conditional assessment of products is necessary. In current accounting, finished products can be assessed at planned cost, or free selling prices, or actual cost, or free retail prices or fixed prices.

Planned, free selling, fixed and retail prices are called accounting prices. When accounting for finished products during the reporting period (month) at planned, free selling, fixed and free retail prices, deviations of the actual production cost of these products from their cost at accounting prices (planned, free, selling, fixed) are separately identified. These deviations are taken into account for homogeneous groups of finished products, which are formed by the organization, based on the level of deviations of the actual production cost from the cost at the accounting prices of individual products. In this case, planned prices can be developed based on the average annual or average quarterly planned production cost, taking into account inflation.

Deviations show savings or overruns made by the organization. Deviations are taken into account in the same accounts as finished products: savings are recorded in red as a reversal, and overruns are recorded as regular additional entries.

Finished products for which prices have decreased during the year, if they are obsolete or have partially lost their original quality, are valued in accounting and reporting at the end of the reporting year at the price of possible sales, with the difference in prices attributed to losses.

International standards provide for evaluating finished products at actual production costs, if the latter is lower than possible selling prices. When selling market prices decrease, finished products are reflected in the balance sheet at possible sales prices, and the resulting difference is attributed to the results of the organization’s economic activities for the reporting period.

Commercial products are products intended for sale to consumers. It is necessary to keep in mind that if a production organization produces products from customer-supplied raw materials, then the cost of processing without the cost of raw materials is included in the composition of marketable products.

Accounting for finished products at production organizations is carried out by type, grade and storage location in natural, conditionally natural and cost indicators.

Every month, based on statements and machine diagrams, the actual production cost of manufactured products is written off from the credit of accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production” to the debit of account 43 “Finished products”. Deviations of actual production costs from the planned (standard) ones are identified and reflected only in analytical accounting registers (in statements and production journals).

In the journal-order form of accounting, production output at actual production cost is recorded on the debit of account 43 “Finished products” and on the credit of account 20 “Main production” in the journal-warrant No. 10/1. A certificate of the cost of manufactured products at discount prices is also provided here.

Finished products in the warehouse are recorded in warehouse accounting cards in kind or in quantity and grade accounting books, similar to the accounting of materials. If computer technology is available, warehouse accounting is carried out by machine.

With the balance method of accounting, the connection between the quantitative and grading accounting of finished products in the warehouse with accounting in total terms in accounting (financial) accounting is carried out using a statement of accounting for the balance of products in the warehouse. During the month it is stored in the accounting department, and at the end of the month it is transferred to the warehouse for recording the balances of finished products in quantitative terms at the end of the month from the warehouse accounting cards (books) into the statement. In accounting, the statement calculates the balances of finished products in monetary value.

In accounting (financial) accounting, a grade turnover sheet is compiled on the basis of the report. The results of the turnover sheet are verified with the synthetic accounting data for account 43 “Finished products”.

Finished products are the final product of the enterprise's production process. The concept of finished products for accounting purposes is given in PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”: finished products- this is part of the organization’s inventory, intended for sale, which is the final result of the production cycle, completed by processing (assembly), the technical and quality characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents, in cases established by law (clause 2, clause 1 ).

Thus, the characteristics of the finished product are contained in its definition. In a number of industries, it is customary to refer to finished products as products that meet the specified requirements and are delivered to the warehouse before 12 noon of the last month of the reporting period. Products and products that have not undergone all processing phases by this time and have not been accepted by the technical control department are taken into account as part of work in progress (timber industry enterprises).

Planning and accounting of finished products is carried out in natural, conditionally natural and cost measures.

Natural meters characterize the quantity, volume, weight of products in accordance with their physical properties and are used for quantitative accounting of finished products.

Conventional natural meters are used to obtain generalized indicators for accounting for finished products. In this case, the quantity of finished products is recalculated using coefficients into a conventional mass, grade or standard size (for example, conventional cans of canned food, thousand conventional pairs of shoes, etc.). Ratio coefficients are determined depending on:

– labor intensity of manufacturing;

– level of costs;

– duration of the production cycle.

For example, dairy products of varying degrees of fat content (nutrient content) are converted into conventional milk with 3% fat content: 20% cream is converted into 3% milk using a coefficient of 6.67.

Cost meters are used to measure finished products in monetary terms, primarily for accounting purposes.

For accounting and financial reporting purposes, finished goods may be measured in a variety of ways. In accordance with section 4 “Accounting for finished products” of the Guidelines for accounting of inventories (Approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2001, No. 119n), finished products are accounted for at the actual costs associated with their production, that is, at actual production cost. The balances of finished products in a warehouse or other storage places at the end (beginning) of the reporting period can be assessed in analytical and synthetic accounting both at the actual production cost and at the standard (planned) cost. In this case, the standard cost of finished product balances can be determined by direct cost items.

In analytical accounting and in accounting at places of storage of finished products, it is allowed to use discount prices. Registration price– this is a conditional assessment of finished products, used in cases where it is not possible to determine the actual cost of specific products at the time of their readiness. The following can be used as accounting prices for finished products:

a) actual production cost;

b) standard (planned) production cost;

c) negotiated prices;

d) other types of prices.

The choice of the discount price is made by the enterprise itself, and it depends on the technological features of production.

The actual production cost, as the accounting price of products, is used, as a rule, for single and small-scale types of production or for the production of mass products of a small range.

Valuation of finished products at standard cost is used in industries with a mass and serial nature of production and with a large range of products. The advantages of this assessment method are as follows:

– ensuring uniformity of assessment in planning and accounting;

– convenience in maintaining operational records of the movement of finished products;

– stability of discount prices.

Contract prices are used as accounting prices mainly when these prices are stable.

When accounting for finished products at standard cost or at contract prices, at the end of each month the actual production cost of finished products and the deviation of the actual cost of finished products from their cost at accounting prices are determined.

In accordance with the fact that finished products belong to the inventory of an enterprise, then to maintain its accounting, one should be guided by the Guidelines for accounting of inventories.

The unit of accounting for inventories (including finished products) is chosen by the enterprise independently. The unit of accounting for finished products can be: batch, homogeneous group, item number, etc.

To ensure correct and rational organization of accounting for finished products, enterprises develop a price list. Nomenclature-price tag- this is a list of names of types of products manufactured by a given enterprise, each of which is assigned its own nomenclature number. The development and construction of item numbers for finished products depends on the specific production conditions. The basis for constructing a price tag nomenclature is the classification of finished products according to certain characteristics that make it possible to distinguish one product from another. Thus, the structure and principles of grouping adopted during the development of the All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities are used.

The nomenclature-price tag indicates:

– type of each product;

– its distinctive features: model, article number, brand, style, grade and

- item code;

– item number; – accounting price per unit.

In addition to the price list nomenclature, when using personal computers in accounting, various directories are developed: a price directory, a directory of average quarterly and average annual costs, a directory of products subject to and exempt from various types of taxes, a directory of payers and consignees.

The reference books indicate:

– constant parameters – product name, product code, manufacturer;

– variable parameters – price, cost, VAT rates, etc.

This data on electronic media is used for operational management of finished product inventories, calculation of appropriate taxes, and preparation of internal and statistical reporting.

Analytical accounting of the movement of finished products is carried out in the warehouse and in the accounting department.

Quantitative accounting of finished products by their types and storage locations is carried out at most enterprises similar to the accounting of materials in warehouse accounting cards (form M-12). The most common is the operational accounting option for accounting for finished products.

At the same time, all finished products are handed over to the warehouse and are accountable to the materially responsible person who keeps quantitative records of the movement of finished products. Large-sized products are not delivered to the warehouse; they are accepted by customer representatives at the production site.

Then, based on the completed primary documents - invoices for the transfer of finished products to storage places, invoice requirements, orders-invoices for release, delivery notes, etc. - the storekeeper (warehouse manager) makes appropriate records of operations for the receipt and release of finished products in warehouse cards accounting on the day of transactions.

After each operation and daily, the remaining finished products in the warehouse are displayed on cards.

Currently, industrial enterprises use automated accounting of finished products using PCs installed directly in the warehouse. In this case, warehouse accounting cards replace operational machine diagrams of the movement and balances of finished products for each item and type. Data can be obtained at any time upon request for information.

Documentation of operations of the movement of finished products is carried out in accordance with the Unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting of products, inventory items in storage areas (approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated 08/09/99 No. 66).

The transfer of finished products from production to storage places is documented by a consignment note for the transfer of finished products to storage places (f. MX-18). In accounting, on the basis of these invoices, they keep a cumulative list of finished products released for the month at accounting prices. At the end of the month, the statement calculates the quantity of finished products produced by type and evaluates it at the accounting price.

The actual production cost of finished products by type is determined according to the analytical accounting data of the main production. These amounts for each type of product are entered in the finished product release sheet according to item numbers, then summed up and the actual production cost of the entire output is obtained.

Data from the finished product release sheet are used: firstly, for accounting entries; secondly, to compile journal orders No. 10 and No. 10/1 for accounting for production costs.

Disposal of finished products means, first of all, their sale. When disposing of finished products during sale, the following documents must be drawn up, which can be roughly divided into three groups:

1) payment documents: invoice (form 868), invoice (form 868a) or other document provided for by the contract;

2) shipping documents: shipping documents, consignment note (form TORG-12), consignment note (form 1-T), railway consignment note (form GU-27), etc.; 3) invoice to determine the amount of VAT.

When releasing finished products from the warehouse, a log of product consumption, inventory items in storage areas (form MX-6) or an invoice for the release of materials to the outside (form M-15) are filled out.

In the accounting department, when selling products on the basis of an agreement with the buyer, they issue settlement, shipping, accompanying documents and an invoice with registration in the invoice journal and the sales book (Article 169 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

To account for finished products, the Chart of Accounts provides the following accounts:

– 40 “Output of products (works, services)”, intended to summarize information about manufactured products for the reporting period, and to identify deviations of the actual production cost from the standard cost. Used in the standard method of accounting for production costs.

– 43 “Finished products”. This account reflects information about the availability and movement of finished products intended for sale, or partially used for the enterprise’s own needs.

Analytical accounting for accounts 40 and 43 is carried out by storage location and type of finished product.

– 45 “Goods shipped”, intended to reflect information about shipped products, the revenue from which cannot be recognized in accounting for a certain time (when exporting products); or when transferring finished products for sale on commission terms.

Analytical accounting for account 45 is carried out by location of shipped products and their types.

Accounting entries without using account 40 in accounting:

1) finished products delivered to the warehouse at accounting prices are accepted for accounting - D-t 43 K-t 20;

2) the excess of the actual production cost of manufactured products over its cost at accounting prices (overexpenditure) determined as of the last day of the month is written off - D-t 43 K-t 20;

3) the excess of the cost of products at accounting prices over its actual production cost, determined as of the last day of the month, is written off (savings) - D-t 43 K-t 20 - reversed.

To account for deviations to account 43, a sub-account “Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the accounting cost” is opened. Deviations are taken into account by product range or groups of finished products, or by the enterprise as a whole.

The write-off of finished products upon shipment or release can also be carried out at book value. At the same time, deviations related to the finished products sold are written off to the sales account. Deviations related to the balances of finished products remain in account 43 “Finished products”, subaccount “Deviations”. The coefficient (or percentage) of deviations (K o) is determined by the formula:

 K o  ( C nm  O tm)  (Sgp nm  GP tm)  100, (2)

where Co nm is the balance of deviations of the actual production cost of finished products from the cost at accounting prices at the beginning of the month;

O tm – the sum of deviations for manufactured products in the current month;

Sgp nm – the balance of finished products in the warehouse at discount prices at the beginning of the month;

GP TM – finished products received at the warehouse at discount prices within a month.

Using the calculated coefficient, the share of deviations attributable to the cost of shipped products is determined. The amount of deviations of the actual production cost of finished products from the cost at accounting prices is determined by the formula:

 O op   K o  GPO uts, (3)

where O op is the amount of deviations related to the shipped products;

GPO uts – the cost of finished products shipped per month, at discount prices.

The cost of shipped products at discount prices increases by the amount of overexpenditure or decreases by the amount of savings. As a result, the actual cost of shipped products is obtained.

Sf op  GPo uts  O op (4);

4) finished products are written off at accounting prices, the proceeds from the sale of which are recognized in accounting - D-t 90.2 K-t 43;

4a) reflects the amount of excess of products sold at accounting prices over their actual production costs (savings)

– D-t 90.2 K-t 43 – reversal;

4b) the amount of excess of the actual production cost of products sold over its cost at accounting prices is written off (overexpenditure) - D-t 90.2 K-t 43.

Accounting entries using account 40 in accounting:

1) finished products are accepted for accounting at standard production costs: D-t 43 K-t 40;

2) the actual production cost of manufactured products determined as of the last day of the month is reflected - D-t 40 K-t 20.

Thus, account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” reflects the output of finished products in two estimates: by debit - by actual cost, and by credit - by standard cost. By comparing the debit and credit turnover of account 40, on the last day of each month, the deviation of the actual production cost of finished products from its standard production cost is determined;

3) finished products are written off at standard production costs, the proceeds from the sale of which are recognized in accounting D-t 90.2 K-t 43;

4) deviations of the actual production cost of products sold from the standard production cost are reflected:

a) savings D-t 90.2 K-t 40 – reversal;

b) overexpenditure D-t 90.2 K-t 40.