In his work, the famous Russian writer and poet Ivan Alekseevich Bunin described the beauty of the surrounding world with unprecedented skill. Almost every hero of Bunin’s works is a person who knows how to notice, understand and appreciate harmony in the world around him. It seems to me that each of us needs to have such qualities and skills in order to find harmony with the world around us and the people who are constantly near us. Unfortunately, just like in life, in Bunin’s works not every character is able to see and understand the beauty and grandeur of the world around them. It seems to me that most often this happens due to a lack of life experience; it is not without reason that it is mainly wise people of mature age who achieve harmony with nature and society. Among the characters in the works of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, a striking example of such a person who has achieved harmony with the world around him is old man Averky, a character in the story “The Thin Grass.” Averky is old enough, and now he is only waiting for death. But her imminent arrival does not frighten the old man at all. He remembers his vanished youth, his beloved girl. And he is constantly in harmony with the world around him, as a result of which he experiences peace and grace in his heart and soul. In Bunin's works it often happens that nature takes a direct and very important part in the fate of his heroes. And this applies not only to Averky, but also to the characters of Bunin’s other works - for example, to the heroes of the story “The Village”. It is not for nothing that the writer himself believed that man and nature are very closely related to each other. According to Bunin, the world around us and man are one whole. And one cannot imagine one without the other. And in his work, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin showed us how important it is to achieve harmony with the world around us. “There is no nature separate from us, every slightest movement of air is the movement of our own soul,” wrote Bunin. In his works, imbued with deep love for Russia and its people, the writer was able to prove this. For the writer himself, the nature of Russia was that beneficial force that gives a person everything: joy, wisdom, beauty, a sense of the integrity of the world.

(love concept)

I.A. Bunin has a very unique view of love relationships that distinguishes him from many other writers of that time.

In Russian classical literature At that time, the theme of love always occupied an important place, with preference given to spiritual, “platonic” love

before sensuality, carnal, physical passion, which was often debunked. The purity of Turgenev's women became a household name. Russian literature is predominantly the literature of “first love”.

The image of love in Bunin’s work is a special synthesis of spirit and flesh. According to Bunin, the spirit cannot be comprehended without knowing the flesh. I. Bunin defended in his works a pure attitude towards the carnal and physical. He did not have the concept of female sin, as in “Anna Karenina”, “War and Peace”, “The Kreutzer Sonata” by L.N. Tolstoy, there was no wary, hostile attitude towards feminine, characteristic of N.V. Gogol, but there was no vulgarization of love. His love is an earthly joy, a mysterious attraction of one sex to another.

“Dark Alleys,” a book of stories about love, can be called an encyclopedia of love dramas. “She talks about the tragic and about many tender and beautiful things - I think that this is the best and most original thing I have written in my life...” - Bunin admitted to Teleshov in 1947.

The heroes of “Dark Alleys” do not resist nature; often their actions are completely illogical and contradict generally accepted morality (an example of this is the sudden passion of the heroes in the story “ Sunstroke"). Bunin’s love “on the brink” is almost a violation of the norm, going beyond the boundaries of everyday life. For Bunin, this immorality can even be said to be a certain sign of the authenticity of love, since ordinary morality turns out, like everything established by people, to be a conventional scheme into which the elements of natural, living life do not fit.

When describing risque details related to the body, when the author must be impartial so as not to go overboard

the fragile line separating art from pornography, Bunin, on the contrary, worries too much - to the point of a spasm in his throat, to the point of passionate trembling: “... my eyes just darkened at the sight of her pinkish body with a tan on her shiny shoulders... her eyes turned black and they widened even more, their lips parted feverishly” (“Galya Ganskaya.” For Bunin, everything connected with gender is pure and significant, everything is shrouded in mystery and even holiness.

As a rule, the happiness of love in “Dark Alleys” is followed by separation or death. The heroes revel in intimacy, but it leads to separation, death, and murder. Happiness cannot last forever. Natalie “died on Lake Geneva in premature birth.” Galya Ganskaya was poisoned. In the story “ Dark alleys“The master Nikolai Alekseevich abandons the peasant girl Nadezhda - for him this story is vulgar and ordinary, but she loved him “all century.” In the story “Rusya”, the lovers are separated by the hysterical mother of Rusya.

Bunin allows his heroes only to taste the forbidden fruit, to enjoy it - and then deprives them of happiness, hopes, joys, even life. The hero of the story “Natalie” loved two people at once, but did not find family happiness with either one. In the story “Henry” there is abundance female images for every taste. But the hero remains lonely and free from the “women of men.”

Bunin’s love does not go into the family channel, it is not resolved happy marriage. Bunin deprives his heroes of eternal happiness, deprives them because they get used to it, and habit leads to loss of love. Love out of habit cannot be better than lightning-fast but sincere love. The hero of the story “Dark Alleys” cannot tie himself family ties with the peasant woman Nadezhda, but having married another woman from his circle, he does not find family happiness. The wife cheated, the son was a spendthrift and a scoundrel, the family itself turned out to be “the most ordinary vulgar story.” However, despite its short duration, love still remains eternal: it is eternal in the hero’s memory precisely because it is fleeting in life.

A distinctive feature of love in Bunin’s depiction is the combination of seemingly incompatible things. It is no coincidence that Bunin once wrote in his diary: “And again, again such an unspeakable - sweet sadness from that eternal deception of another spring, hopes and love for the whole world that you want with tears

gratitude to kiss the ground. Lord, Lord, why are you torturing us like this?”

The strange connection between love and death is constantly emphasized by Bunin, and therefore it is no coincidence that the title of the collection “Dark Alleys” here does not mean “shady” at all - these are dark, tragic, tangled labyrinths of love.

All true love is great happiness, even if it ends in separation, death, or tragedy. This conclusion, albeit late, is reached by many of Bunin’s heroes who have lost, overlooked, or destroyed their love themselves. In this late repentance, late spiritual resurrection, enlightenment of the heroes lies that all-purifying melody that speaks of the imperfection of people who have not yet learned to live, recognize and value real feelings, and of the imperfection of life itself, social conditions, environment, circumstances that often interfere with truly human relationships, and most importantly - about those high emotions that leave an unfading trace of spiritual beauty, generosity, devotion and purity.

Composition

In the forest, in the mountain, a spring, alive and sonorous,
An old cabbage roll above the spring
With a blackened popular print icon,
And in the spring there is birch bark.
I do not love, O Rus', your timid
Thousands of years of slave poverty,
But this cross, but this white ladle -
Humble, dear features!
I. A. Bunin

I. A. Bunin with extraordinary skill describes in his works the world of nature, full of harmonies. His favorite characters are endowed with the gift of subtly perceiving the world around them, the beauty native land, which allows them to experience life in its entirety. After all, a person’s ability to see beauty around him brings peace and a feeling of unity with nature into his soul, helps him better understand himself and other people.
We see that not many heroes of Bunin’s works are given the opportunity to feel the harmony of the world around them. Most often this simple people, already wise life experience. After all, only with age does the world open to a person in all its completeness and diversity. And even then, not everyone can comprehend it. The old farmhand Averky from the story “The Thin Grass” is one of those heroes of Bunin who achieved spiritual harmony.
This no longer a young man, who has seen a lot in his life, does not experience horror from the knowledge of approaching death. He waits for it resignedly and humbly, because he perceives it as eternal peace, deliverance from vanity. Memory constantly takes Averky back to “distant twilight on the river”, when he met “that young, sweet one, who now looked at him indifferently and pitifully with senile eyes.” This man carried his love throughout his life. Thinking about this, Averky recalls both the “soft twilight in the meadow” and the shallow creek, turning pink from the dawn, against which a girl’s figure can be seen.
We see how nature participates in the life of this hero Bunin. Twilight on the river now, when Averky is close to death, gives way to autumn withering: “Dying, the grass dried up and rotted. The threshing floor became empty and bare. A mill in a deserted field became visible through the vines. The rain sometimes gave way to snow, the wind howled through the holes of the barn, angry and cold.” The onset of winter caused in the hero of “The Thin Grass” a surge of life, a feeling of the joy of being. “Ah, in winter there was a long-familiar, always pleasing winter feeling! First snow, first blizzard! The fields turned white, drowned in it - hide in a hut for six months! In white snowy fields, in a snowstorm - wilderness, game, and in a hut - comfort, peace. They will sweep the bumpy earthen floors clean, scrub them, wash the table, heat the stove with fresh straw - good!” In just a few sentences, Bunin created a magnificent living picture of winter.
Like his favorite heroes, the writer believes that the natural world contains something eternal and beautiful that is beyond the control of man with his earthly passions. The laws of life of human society, on the contrary, lead to cataclysms and upheavals. This world is unstable, it is devoid of harmony. This can be seen in the example of the life of the peasantry on the eve of the first Russian revolution in Bunin’s story “The Village”. In this work, the author, along with moral and aesthetic problems, touches on social problems caused by the reality of the early 20th century.
The events of the first Russian revolution, reflected in the village in peasant gatherings, burning landowner estates, and the revelry of the poor, brought discord into the usual rhythm of life in the village. There is a lot in the story characters. Her characters are trying to understand their surroundings, to find some kind of support for themselves. So, Tikhon Krasov found it in money, deciding that it gives confidence in the future. He devotes his entire life to accumulating wealth, even marrying for profit. But Tikhon never finds happiness, especially since he has no heirs to whom he could pass on his wealth. His brother Kuzma, a self-taught poet, is also trying to find the truth, deeply experiencing the troubles of his village. Kuzma Krasov cannot calmly look at the poverty, backwardness and downtroddenness of the peasants, their inability to rationally organize their lives. And the events of the revolution further aggravate social problems villages, destroy normal human relationships, and pose insoluble problems to the heroes of the story.
The Krasov brothers are extraordinary individuals who are looking for their place in life and ways to improve it not only for themselves, but also for the entire Russian peasantry. They both come to criticize the negative aspects peasant life. Tikhon is amazed that in the fertile black earth region there can be hunger, ruin and poverty. “The owner should come here, the owner!” - he thinks. Kuzma considers the reason for this situation of the peasants to be their profound ignorance and downtroddenness, for which he blames not only the peasants themselves, but also the government “empty talkers” who “trampled and killed the people.”
The problem of human relationships and the connection of a person with the world around him is also revealed in the story “Sukhodol”. At the center of the narrative in this work is the life of the impoverished noble family of the Khrushchevs and their servants. The fate of the Khrushchevs is tragic. Young lady Tonya goes crazy, Pyotr Petrovich dies under the hooves of a horse, and the feeble-minded grandfather Pyotr Kirillovich dies at the hands of a serf. Bunin shows in this story the extent to which human relationships can be strange and abnormal. This is what the former serf nanny of the Khrushchevs, Natalya, says about the relationship between masters and servants: “Gervaska bullied the barchuk and grandfather, but the young lady bullied me. Barchuk - and, to tell the truth, grandfather themselves - doted on Gervaska, and I doted on her.” And what does such a bright feeling as love lead to in “Sukhodol”? To dementia, shame and emptiness. The absurdity of human relationships is contrasted with the beauty of Sukhodol, its wide expanses of steppe with their smells, colors and sounds. The world beautiful in Natalya’s stories, in the conspiracies and spells of holy fools, sorcerers, wanderers wandering around their native land.
“There is no nature separate from us, every slightest movement of air is the movement of our own soul,” wrote Bunin. In his works, imbued with deep love for Russia and its people, the writer was able to prove this. For the writer himself, the nature of Russia was that beneficial force that gives a person everything: joy, wisdom, beauty, a sense of the integrity of the world:

No, it’s not the landscape that attracts me,
It’s not the colors that I’m trying to notice,
And what shines in these colors -
Love and joy of being.

In the forest, in the mountain, a spring, alive and sonorous,
An old cabbage roll above the spring
With a blackened popular print icon,
And in the spring there is birch bark.
I do not love, O Rus', your timid
Thousands of years of slave poverty,
But this cross, but this white ladle -
Humble, dear features!
I. A. Bunin
I. A. Bunin with extraordinary skill describes in his works the world of nature, full of harmonies. His favorite heroes are endowed with the gift of subtly perceiving the world around them, the beauty of their native land, which allows them to feel life in all its fullness. After all, a person’s ability to see beauty around him brings peace and a feeling of unity with nature into his soul, helps him better understand himself and other people.
We see that not many heroes of Bunin’s works are given the opportunity to feel the harmony of the world around them. Most often these are simple people, already wise from life experience. After all, only with age does the world open to a person in all its completeness and diversity. And even then, not everyone can comprehend it. The old farmhand Averky from the story “The Thin Grass” is one of those heroes of Bunin who achieved spiritual

Harmonies.
This no longer a young man, who has seen a lot in his life, does not experience horror from the knowledge of approaching death. He waits for it resignedly and humbly, because he perceives it as eternal peace, deliverance from vanity. Memory constantly takes Averky back to “distant twilight on the river”, when he met “that young, sweet one, who now looked at him indifferently and pitifully with senile eyes.” This man carried his love throughout his life. Thinking about this, Averky recalls both the “soft twilight in the meadow” and the shallow creek, turning pink from the dawn, against which a girl’s figure can be seen.
We see how nature participates in the life of this hero Bunin. Twilight on the river now, when Averky is close to death, gives way to autumn withering: “Dying, the grass dried up and rotted. The threshing floor became empty and bare. A mill in a deserted field became visible through the vines. The rain sometimes gave way to snow, the wind howled through the holes of the barn, angry and cold.” The onset of winter caused in the hero of “The Thin Grass” a surge of life, a feeling of the joy of being. “Ah, in winter there was a long-familiar, always pleasing winter feeling! First snow, first blizzard! The fields turned white, drowned in it - hide in a hut for six months! In white snowy fields, in a snowstorm - wilderness, game, and in a hut - comfort, peace. They will sweep the bumpy earthen floors clean, scrub them, wash the table, heat the stove with fresh straw - good!” In just a few sentences, Bunin created a magnificent living picture of winter.
Like his favorite heroes, the writer believes that the natural world contains something eternal and beautiful that is beyond the control of man with his earthly passions. The laws of life of human society, on the contrary, lead to cataclysms and upheavals. This world is unstable, it is devoid of harmony. This can be seen in the example of the life of the peasantry on the eve of the first Russian revolution in Bunin’s story “The Village”. In this work, the author, along with moral and aesthetic problems, touches on social problems caused by the reality of the early 20th century.
The events of the first Russian revolution, reflected in the village in peasant gatherings, burning landowner estates, and the revelry of the poor, brought discord into the usual rhythm of life in the village. There are many characters in the story. Her characters are trying to understand their surroundings, to find some kind of support for themselves. So, Tikhon Krasov found it in money, deciding that it gives confidence in the future. He devotes his entire life to accumulating wealth, even marrying for profit. But Tikhon never finds happiness, especially since he has no heirs to whom he could pass on his wealth. His brother Kuzma, a self-taught poet, is also trying to find the truth, deeply experiencing the troubles of his village. Kuzma Krasov cannot calmly look at the poverty, backwardness and downtroddenness of the peasants, their inability to rationally organize their lives. And the events of the revolution further aggravate the social problems of the village, destroy normal human relationships, and pose insoluble problems for the heroes of the story.
The Krasov brothers are extraordinary individuals who are looking for their place in life and ways to improve it not only for themselves, but also for the entire Russian peasantry. They both come to criticize the negative aspects of peasant life. Tikhon is amazed that in the fertile black earth region there can be hunger, ruin and poverty. “The owner should come here, the owner!” - he thinks. Kuzma considers the reason for this situation of the peasants to be their profound ignorance and downtroddenness, for which he blames not only the peasants themselves, but also the government “empty talkers” who “trampled and killed the people.”
The problem of human relationships and the connection of a person with the world around him is also revealed in the story “Sukhodol”. At the center of the narrative in this work is the life of the impoverished noble family of the Khrushchevs and their servants. The fate of the Khrushchevs is tragic. Young lady Tonya goes crazy, Pyotr Petrovich dies under the hooves of a horse, and the feeble-minded grandfather Pyotr Kirillovich dies at the hands of a serf. Bunin shows in this story the extent to which human relationships can be strange and abnormal. This is what the former serf nanny of the Khrushchevs, Natalya, says about the relationship between masters and servants: “Gervaska bullied the barchuk and grandfather, but the young lady bullied me. Barchuk – and, to tell the truth, grandfather themselves – doted on Gervaska, and I doted on her.” And what does such a bright feeling as love lead to in “Sukhodol”? To dementia, shame and emptiness. The absurdity of human relationships is contrasted with the beauty of Sukhodol, its wide expanses of steppe with their smells, colors and sounds. The world around us is beautiful in Natalya’s stories, in the conspiracies and spells of holy fools, sorcerers, wanderers wandering around their native land.
“There is no nature separate from us, every slightest movement of air is the movement of our own soul,” wrote Bunin. In his works, imbued with deep love for Russia and its people, the writer was able to prove this. For the writer himself, the nature of Russia was that beneficial force that gives a person everything: joy, wisdom, beauty, a sense of the integrity of the world:
No, it’s not the landscape that attracts me,
It’s not the colors that I’m trying to notice,
And what shines in these colors -
Love and joy of being.

1. The midnight ringing of the steppe desert The peace of heaven, the warmth of the earth And the bitter honey of dry wormwood, And the pallor of stars in the distance. I. A. Bunin Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is a singer of life and love. His works...
2. Bunin belongs to the last generation of writers from noble estate, which is closely related to the nature of the central zone of Russia. “Few people can know and love nature like I. A. Bunin can,”...
3. The day will come - I will disappear And this room will be empty Everything will be the same: a table, a bench Yes, an ancient and simple image. And the same way a colored butterfly will fly in silk...
4. There was, however, one problem that Bunin not only was not afraid of, but, on the contrary, went towards it with all his soul. He was busy with it for a long time, writing in the full sense, as they would say now...
5. The story “Clean Monday” is included in the collection “Dark Alleys”, but in depth of content it differs from other stories depicting numerous variations on the theme of love. “Clean Monday” is only superficially a story about specific...
6. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is one of my favorite writers. I especially appreciate Bunin the realist’s ability to see the world around him only in features that were originally inherent in reality and at the same time to notice such features...
7. But if for true love Suffering is always necessary, So, apparently, such is the law of fate. Let's learn to bear it with patience. V. Shakespeare L.N. Tolstoy said that as many hearts as there are...
8. A completely new interpretation of the problem of evil for Russian cultural consciousness is presented in the story “Loopy Ears.” Bunin's work is polemically opposed to Dostoevsky's view of this problem. Unlike the vast majority of Bunin's characters...
9. Ivan Bunin wrote this cycle in exile when he was seventy years old. Despite the fact that Bunin spent a long time in exile, the writer did not lose the sharpness of the Russian language. I see...
10. In addition to the collection “Dark Alleys,” another “summing up the results of Bunin’s stormy creativity” was the novel “The Life of Arsenyev,” in which he tried to comprehend the events of both his life and the life of Russia in pre-revolutionary times. The novel presents...
11. I. A. Bunin’s story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” was written during the First World War, when entire states were involved in a senseless and merciless massacre. The fate of an individual began to seem like a grain of sand in...
12. I. A. Bunin is called the last Russian classic, a representative of the outgoing noble culture. His Works are truly imbued with a tragic feeling of the doom of the old world of Russia, close and related to the writer with whom he was associated...
13. This story takes an incident from life, in some way a sensation that occupied Moscow society on the eve of the World War. One of the widespread Moscow newspapers published a revealing article about the intimate life of the director...
14. An adult’s perception of a child’s world in I. Bunin’s story “Numbers” I. Bunin’s story “Numbers” needs to be read twice: once in childhood, the second time when the reader himself has children....
15. The theme of life and death was one of the dominant ones in the work of I. Bunin. The writer explored this topic in different ways, but each time he brought to the conclusion that death is an integral part of life, and...
16. Few people can know and love nature as well as Bunin can. Thanks to this love, the poet looks vigilantly and far, and his colorful and auditory impressions are rich. His world is...
17. The world in which the Master from San Francisco lives is greedy and stupid. Even the rich gentleman does not live in it, but only exists. Even his family does not add to his happiness. In that...
18. Reading the works of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, you understand that he is a singer of life and love. His works are a hymn to the world around us. The writer knows and understands a lot; he appreciates the great gift of being...
19. For all authors. Each writer in his life approaches this topic in a different way, along his own path known only to him. There are writers who only lightly touch on this topic, as if by chance...
20. The story takes place on a large passenger ship traveling from America to Europe. And during this journey, the main character of the story, an elderly gentleman from San Francisco, dies. It would seem -...

Essay on the work on the topic: Man and the world around him in the works of Bunin

In the forest, in the mountain, a spring, alive and sonorous,

An old cabbage roll above the spring

With a blackened popular print icon,

And in the spring there is birch bark.

I do not love, O Rus', your timid

Thousands of years of slave poverty,

But this cross, but this white ladle -

Humble, dear features!

I. A. Bunin

I. A. Bunin with extraordinary skill describes in his works the world of nature, full of harmonies. His favorite heroes are endowed with the gift of subtly perceiving the world around them, the beauty of their native land, which allows them to feel life in all its fullness. After all, a person’s ability to see beauty around him brings peace and a feeling of unity with nature into his soul, helps him better understand himself and other people.

We see that not many heroes of Bunin’s works are given the opportunity to feel the harmony of the world around them. Most often these are simple people, already wise from life experience. After all, only with age does the world open to a person in all its completeness and diversity. And even then, not everyone can comprehend it. The old farmhand Averky from the story “The Thin Grass” is one of those heroes of Bunin who achieved spiritual harmony.

This no longer a young man, who has seen a lot in his life, does not experience horror from the knowledge of approaching death. He waits for it resignedly and humbly, because he perceives it as eternal peace, deliverance from vanity. Memory constantly takes Averky back to “distant twilight on the river”, when he met “that young, sweet one, who now looked at him indifferently and pitifully with senile eyes.” This man carried his love throughout his life. Thinking about this, Averky recalls both the “soft twilight in the meadow” and the shallow creek, turning pink from the dawn, against which a girl’s figure can be seen.

We see how nature participates in the life of this hero Bunin. Twilight on the river now, when Averky is close to death, gives way to autumn withering: “Dying, the grass dried up and rotted. The threshing floor became empty and bare. A mill in a deserted field became visible through the vines. The rain sometimes gave way to snow, the wind howled through the holes of the barn, angry and cold.” The onset of winter caused in the hero of “The Thin Grass” a surge of life, a feeling of the joy of being. “Ah, in winter there was a long-familiar, always pleasing winter feeling! First snow, first blizzard! The fields turned white, drowned in it - hide in a hut for six months! In white snowy fields, in a snowstorm - wilderness, game, and in a hut - comfort, peace. They will sweep the bumpy earthen floors clean, scrub them, wash the table, heat the stove with fresh straw - good!” In just a few sentences, Bunin created a magnificent living picture of winter.

Like his favorite heroes, the writer believes that the natural world contains something eternal and beautiful that is beyond the control of man with his earthly passions. The laws of life of human society, on the contrary, lead to cataclysms and upheavals. This world is unstable, it is devoid of harmony. This can be seen in the example of the life of the peasantry on the eve of the first Russian revolution in Bunin’s story “The Village”. In this work, the author, along with moral and aesthetic problems, touches on social problems caused by the reality of the early 20th century.

The events of the first Russian revolution, reflected in the village in peasant gatherings, burning landowner estates, and the revelry of the poor, brought discord into the usual rhythm of life in the village. There are many characters in the story. Her characters are trying to understand their surroundings, to find some kind of support for themselves. So, Tikhon Krasov found it in money, deciding that it gives confidence in the future. He devotes his entire life to accumulating wealth, even marrying for profit. But Tikhon never finds happiness, especially since he has no heirs to whom he could pass on his wealth. His brother Kuzma, a self-taught poet, is also trying to find the truth, deeply experiencing the troubles of his village. Kuzma Krasov cannot calmly look at the poverty, backwardness and downtroddenness of the peasants, their inability to rationally organize their lives. And the events of the revolution further aggravate the social problems of the village, destroy normal human relationships, and pose insoluble problems for the heroes of the story.

The Krasov brothers are extraordinary individuals who are looking for their place in life and ways to improve it not only for themselves, but also for the entire Russian peasantry. They both come to criticize the negative aspects of peasant life. Tikhon is amazed that in the fertile black earth region there can be hunger, ruin and poverty. “The owner should come here, the owner!” - he thinks. Kuzma considers the reason for this situation of the peasants to be their profound ignorance and downtroddenness, for which he blames not only the peasants themselves, but also the government “empty talkers” who “trampled and killed the people.”

The problem of human relationships and the connection of a person with the world around him is also revealed in the story “Sukhodol”. At the center of the narrative in this work is the life of the impoverished noble family of the Khrushchevs and their servants. The fate of the Khrushchevs is tragic. Young lady Tonya goes crazy, Pyotr Petrovich dies under the hooves of a horse, and the feeble-minded grandfather Pyotr Kirillovich dies at the hands of a serf. Bunin shows in this story the extent to which human relationships can be strange and abnormal. This is what the former serf nanny of the Khrushchevs, Natalya, says about the relationship between masters and servants: “Gervaska bullied the barchuk and grandfather, but the young lady bullied me. Barchuk - and, to tell the truth, grandfather themselves - doted on Gervaska, and I doted on her.” And what does such a bright feeling as love lead to in “Sukhodol”? To dementia, shame and emptiness. The absurdity of human relationships is contrasted with the beauty of Sukhodol, its wide expanses of steppe with their smells, colors and sounds. The world around us is beautiful in Natalya’s stories, in the conspiracies and spells of holy fools, sorcerers, wanderers wandering around their native land.

“There is no nature separate from us, every slightest movement of air is the movement of our own soul,” wrote Bunin. In his works, imbued with deep love for Russia and its people, the writer was able to prove this. For the writer himself, the nature of Russia was that beneficial force that gives a person everything: joy, wisdom, beauty, a sense of the integrity of the world:

No, it’s not the landscape that attracts me,

It’s not the colors that I’m trying to notice,

And what shines in these colors -

Love and joy of being.

The writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is rightfully considered the last Russian classic, and a true discoverer of modern literature. The famous revolutionary writer Maxim Gorky also wrote about this in his notes.

Philosophical issues Bunin’s works include a huge range of topics and questions that were relevant during the writer’s lifetime and which remain relevant today.

Philosophical reflections of Bunin

The philosophical problems that the writer touches on in his works were very different. Here are just a few of them:

The decomposition of the world of the peasants and the collapse of the old rural way of life.
The fate of the Russian people.
Love and loneliness.
The meaning of human life.

The first theme about the decomposition of the world of peasants and the collapse of the village and ordinary way of life can be attributed to Bunin’s work “Village”. This story tells how the life of village men changes, changing not only their way of life, but also their moral values and concepts.

One of the philosophical problems that Ivan Alekseevich raises in his work relates to the fate of the Russian people, who were not happy and were not free. He talked about this in his works “Village” and “ Antonov apples».

Bunin is known throughout the world as the most beautiful and subtle lyricist. For the writer, love was a special feeling that could not last long. He devotes his cycle of stories “Dark Alleys” to this topic, which is both sad and lyrical.

Bunin, both as a person and as a writer, was concerned about the morality of our society. He dedicated his work “Mr. from San Francisco” to this, where he shows the callousness and indifference of bourgeois society.

All the works of the great master of words are characterized by philosophical issues.

The collapse of peasant life and the world

One of the works where the writer raises philosophical problems is the burning story “The Village”. It contrasts two heroes: Tikhon and Kuzma. Despite the fact that Tikhon and Kuzma are brothers, these images are opposite. It is no coincidence that the author endowed his characters different qualities. This is a reflection of reality. Tikhon is a wealthy peasant, a kulak, and Kuzma is a poor peasant who himself learned to write poetry and was good at it.

The plot of the story takes the reader to the beginning of the twentieth century, when in the village people were starving, turning into beggars. But in this village the ideas of revolution suddenly appear and the peasants, ragged and hungry, come to life listening to them. But poor, illiterate people do not have the patience to delve into political nuances; they very soon become indifferent to what is happening.

The writer writes with bitterness in the story that these peasants are incapable of decisive actions. They do not interfere in any way, and do not even try to prevent the devastation native land, poor villages, allowing their indifference and inactivity to ruin their native places. Ivan Alekseevich suggests that the reason for this is their lack of independence. This can also be heard from the main character, who admits:

“I can’t think, I’m not educated”

Bunin shows that this deficiency appeared among the peasants due to the fact that serfdom existed in the country for a long time.

The fate of the Russian people

The author of such wonderful works as the story “The Village” and the story “Antonov Apples” talks bitterly about how the Russian people suffer and how difficult their fate is. It is known that Bunin himself never belonged to the peasant world. His parents were nobles. But Ivan Alekseevich, like many nobles of that time, was attracted to the study of the psychology of the common man. The writer tried to understand the origins and foundations national character a simple man.

Studying the peasant and his history, the author tried to find in him not only negative, but also positive features. That's why significant difference he does not see between the peasant and the landowner, this is especially felt in the plot of the story “Antonov Apples,” which tells how the village lived. The small nobility and peasants worked and celebrated holidays together. This is especially evident during the harvest in the garden, when Antonov apples smell strong and pleasant.

In such times, the author himself loved to wander in the garden, listening to the voices of men, observing changes in nature. The writer also loved fairs, when the fun began, the men played the harmonica, and the women put on beautiful and bright outfits. At such times it was good to wander around the garden and listen to the conversation of the peasants. And although, according to Bunin, nobles are people who carry the true high culture, but simple men, peasants also contributed to the formation of Russian culture and spiritual world of your country.

Bunin's love and loneliness

Almost all of Ivan Alekseevich’s works that were written in exile are poetic. For him, love is a small moment that cannot last forever, so the author in his stories shows how it fades away under the influence of life circumstances, or by the will of one of the characters. But the theme leads the reader much deeper - this is loneliness. It can be seen and felt in many works. Far from his homeland, abroad, Bunin missed his native places.

Bunin’s story “In Paris” talks about how love can break out far from the homeland, but it is not real, since two people are completely alone. Nikolai Platanich, the hero of the story “In Paris,” left his homeland long ago, because the white officer could not come to terms with what was happening in his homeland. And here, far from his homeland, he accidentally meets a beautiful woman. They have a lot in common with Olga Alexandrovna. The heroes of the work speak the same language, their views on the world coincide, and they are both alone. Their souls reached out to each other. Far from Russia, from their homeland, they fall in love.

When Nikolai Platanich, the main character, dies suddenly and completely unexpectedly in the subway, Olga Alexandrovna returns to an empty and lonely house, where she experiences incredible sadness, bitterness of loss and emptiness in her soul. This emptiness has now settled in her soul forever, because lost values ​​cannot be replenished far from her native land.

The meaning of human life

The relevance of Bunin's works lies in the fact that he raises questions of morality. This problem of his works concerned not only the society and the time when the writer lived, but also our modern one. This is one of the biggest philosophical problems that will always face human society.

Immorality, according to the great writer, does not appear immediately, and it is impossible to notice it even at the beginning. But then it grows and at some turning point begins to give rise to the most terrible consequences. The immorality growing in society hits the people themselves, making them suffer.

An excellent confirmation of this could be famous story Ivan Alekseevich "Mr. from San Francisco." Main character doesn't think about morality or his own spiritual development. He only dreams of this - to get rich. And he subordinates everything to this goal. For many years of his life he works hard without developing as a person. And now, when he is already 50 years old, he achieves the material well-being that he has always dreamed of. The main character does not set himself another, higher goal.

Together with his family, where there is no love and mutual understanding, he goes on a long and distant journey, which he pays in advance. Visiting historical monuments, it turns out that neither he nor his family are interested in them. Material values crowded out interest in beauty.

The main character of this story has no name. It is Bunin who deliberately does not give the rich millionaire a name, showing that the entire bourgeois world consists of such soulless members. The story vividly and accurately describes another world that is constantly working. They have no money, and they don’t have as much fun as the rich do, and the basis of their life is work. They die in poverty and in the holds, but the fun on the ship does not stop because of this. The cheerful and carefree life does not stop even when one of them dies. The millionaire without a name is simply moved away so that his body is not in the way.

A society where there is no sympathy, pity, where people do not experience any feelings, where they do not know beautiful moments of love - this is a dead society that cannot have a future, but they also do not have a present. And the whole world, which is built on the power of money, is an inanimate world, it is an artificial way of life. After all, even the wife and daughter do not feel compassion for the death of a rich millionaire; rather, it is regret about the spoiled trip. These people do not know why they were born into this world, and therefore they simply ruin their lives. Deep meaning human life inaccessible to them.

The moral foundations of Ivan Bunin's works will never become outdated, so his works will always be readable. The philosophical problems that Ivan Alekseevich shows in his works were continued by other writers. Among them are A. Kuprin, M. Bulgakov, and B. Pasternak. All of them showed love, loyalty, and honesty in their works. After all, a society without these important moral categories simply cannot exist.