Pronunciation and usage of the pronoun - one

Pronunciation of the pronoun

• - -
• one, someone, some

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Pronoun usage

The pronoun one is used as pronoun-noun.

1 One is used to denote an indefinite person in sentences corresponding to indefinite personal sentences in Russian. One in this case serves as the subject:

• One never knows what his answer may be. - You never know what he will answer.
• One should be careful when crossing the street. - You should be careful when crossing the street.

One as a subject is often used with the verbs must, should, ought, can, may. In Russian, such combinations correspond to the words must, must, should, can:

• One must observe... - Must comply...
• One should take into consideration... - It should be taken into account...
• One can find...- You can find...

One can also be used in the form of the possessive case - one "s:

One must always keep one's word. - You must always keep your word.

2 One is used to avoid repetition of the previously mentioned countable noun in singular when it should be repeated with no definite article :

I haven't got a dictionary. I must buy one (= a dictionary). - I don't have a dictionary. I must buy a dictionary.

To replace the previously mentioned countable noun in the plural or uncountable noun some is used in affirmative sentences and any in negative:

Take my stamps. - Thank you, I've got some. Take my stamps, - Thank you, I have stamps.

3 One is used to avoid repeating a singular noun when it should be repeated with a definite article, in the presence of an individualizing definition. In this case, one is preceded by the article the. The one means that, that, then:

This book is more interesting than the one we read last week. - This book is more interesting than the one we read last week.

4 One is used after adjectives to replace a previously mentioned countable noun, to avoid repeating it. In this case, to replace a countable noun in the singular use one, and to replace a countable noun in the plural - ones:

This is a black pencil and that is a red one. This is a black pencil, and this is a red one.

These cases are too small; we need some bigger ones. These boxes are too small; we need big boxes.

Note. . One is not used to replace a preceding uncountable noun. Uncountable nouns after adjectives they are not replaced by anything: I prefer cold milk to hot. - I prefer cold milk to hot milk.

5 One is used after pronouns this, that, which, another, the other to replace the previously mentioned singular count noun:

• This wireless set is better than that one. - This radio is better than that.
• I don't like this pen. Give me another one. - I don't like this pen. Give me another.
• Here are two books. Which one would you like? - Here are two books. Which one would you like?

After these pronouns one may not be used:

• This wireless set is better than that.
• I don't like this pen. Give me another.
• Here are two books. Which would you like?

To replace a plural noun, ones can be used after which:

Here are some books. Which ones would you like? - Here are some books. Which ones do you want?

After these and those the pronoun ones is not used:

Ones is also not used after other; To replace a plural noun, use the form others:

I like this pen, but I don't like the others. - I like this nib, but I don't like the others.

6 One is sometimes used after the first, the next, the last:

January is the first month of the year, and December is the last one. - January is the first month of the year, and December is the last.

7 One is not used after possessive pronouns my, his, her, our, your, their, which must always be followed by a noun. If the noun is not mentioned, then the possessive pronoun is used in the form of a noun pronoun mine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs:

This isn't my pencil, mine is blue - This is not my pencil, mine is blue.

8 One is not used after nouns in possessive case: My fountain pen isn't very good. Kate's is much better. - My fountain pen is not very good. Katina is much better.

We will learn to use personal pronouns correctly. Let's find out their meanings. Let's learn how to correctly determine the case endings of personal pronouns.

My sister and I went to the Christmas tree party. She was very elegant and festive.

(It’s unclear who was dressed up, the girl or the Christmas tree)

How to write. My sister and I went to the Christmas tree party. The tree was very elegant and festive.

And here’s another thing: The clown gave balloons to the guys. They were round, elongated and long.

(The guys were elongated and long).

How to write. The clown gave balloons to the children. The balls were round, elongated and long.

We were confused by the pronoun.

Pronoun is an independent non-nominal part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.

The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun is a substitute for in the text.

Places of pronouns by meaning

There are 9 categories of pronouns according to their meaning:

1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in the dialogue (I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects (he, she, it, they).

2. Returnable : myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject with the person or thing named by the word itself (He will not offend himself. His hopes were not justified).

3. Possessives : mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object (This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).

4. Index fingers : this, that, such, such, so much, this (obsolete), this (obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects.

5. Definitive : himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, everyone (obsolete), every kind (obsolete). Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

6. Interrogative : who, what, which, which, whose, how many. Interrogative pronouns serve as special question words and indicate persons, objects, characteristics and quantity.

7. Relative : the same as interrogatives, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence (conjunctive words).

8. Negative : no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, nobody. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.

9. Undefined : someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns with the prefix something or the suffixes -to, -or, -any.

Pronoun grades

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature faces :

1st person: I, we;

2nd person: you, you;

3rd person: he, she, it, they.

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers . Personal pronouns are singular (I, you, he, she, it) and plural (we, you, they).

All personal pronouns have a constant gender marker.

Pronouns me and you general kind: I, you came - I, you came.

The pronoun he is masculine: he came.

Pronoun she female: she came.

The pronoun is neuter: it came-o.

The plural pronouns we, you, they are not characterized by gender. We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. (there is no you - I see you).

All personal pronouns change according to cases , i.e. they are inclined. In indirect cases with a preposition, n is added to 3rd person pronouns: from him, to them, from her. Addition does not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, contrary to, etc.: thanks to her, according to him.

Say the pronoun IH correctly!

Their clothes

Boy - I learned it.

Girl - I learned it.

Personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons do not change according to gender.

Rice. 4.

You, Petya, have learned your lesson, and you, Masha?

“Yes!” said Masha, “I learned it!” “And I,” said Petya.

Rice. 5.

Boys, have you learned your lessons?

Girls, are you going to school?

“We,” both boys and girls will answer to themselves.

Let's correct the sentence by indicating the person, number, case, and if possible the gender of the pronouns.

1. Once during a break a friend came up to me.

Came (to whom?) to me - this is the 1st person singular pronoun of the dative case.

2. Give (you) a monkey?

To give (to whom?) to you is a 2nd person singular pronoun of the dative case.

3. (She) is called Yashka.

Her name (who?) is the 3rd person singular pronoun of the feminine genitive case.

4. Dad is angry with (us) Yashka.

Angry (with whom?) at us is a 1st person plural accusative pronoun.

5. Let her live with (you) for now.

Will live (with whom?) with you - this is a 2nd person singular genitive pronoun.

6. (she) is fun.

(With whom?) with her is a 3rd person singular pronoun of the feminine dative case.

7. So (I) got a monkey.

(For whom?) For me, this is the 1st person singular accusative pronoun.

1. Kalenchuk M.L., Churakova N.A., Baykova T.A. Russian language 4: Academic book/Textbook.

2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O. Russian language 4: Ballas.

3. Lomakovich S.V., Timchenko L.I. Russian language 4: VITA_PRESS.

3. Russian language in the CIS countries ().

1. Read Tsvetaeva’s verse. Find pronouns in the text and determine their category.

I will win you from all lands, from all heavens, Because the forest is my cradle, and the grave is the forest, Because I stand on the ground with only one foot, Because I will sing about you like no one else.

I will win you from all the others - from that one, You will be no one's groom, I will be no one's wife, And in the last dispute I will take you - shut up!

2. Read. Write it off. Emphasize personal pronouns. Write case questions for them in brackets.

A third of the Earth is occupied by land. The rest is water! A variety of marine animals live in it. Among them there are tiny ones, about the size of a pinhead, and large ones, such as whales. Sharks live in the oceans. They are also different. There are dwarf sharks. And there are giant sharks. They weigh up to 20 tons.

3. Copy the sentences, inserting the missing pronoun in the correct form.

1) I liked the pianist’s concert. His performance made a... wonderful impression.

2) I called ... all evening yesterday, but ... was always busy.

3) I have been studying with Volodya since my first year. I know very well...and for a long time

I'm friends with...

4) I have a younger sister. In the evening I go to kindergarten.

4.* Write a dialogue on any topic, using as many personal pronouns as possible in different case forms.

It's hard to say how we would manage without pronouns. Without them it is impossible to construct almost a single phrase. Here, for example, are the previous two. That is, of course, it is possible. But why bother?

If you put together all the pronouns in the Russian language, you will get an impressive document. But it doesn’t make sense to simply lump everything together. Therefore, we have prepared a special article for you. It contains all the basic information about the categories of pronouns, their grammatical features and spelling, as well as a sample of morphological analysis. Special tables will help you better master all the necessary knowledge about pronouns in the Russian language. And examples from literary works will help to more clearly imagine how the grammatical characteristics of pronouns are implemented in practice.

What are pronouns

Pronoun called independent part speech that is used instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (or their characteristics) to indicate these nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (as well as their characteristics and quantities) without naming them.

The grammatical features of pronouns depend on which part of speech they refer to. This will be discussed in more detail below.

Pronouns are divided into two types of categories: by meaning and by grammatical features.

Digits by value:

• personal;
• returnable;
• possessive;
• interrogative;
• relative;
• index;
• definitive;
• negative;
• undefined.

Sometimes reciprocal and general pronouns are also added to this classification.

Disorders based on grammatical features:

• generalized subject;
• generalized-qualitative;
• generalized quantitative.

This classification looks at how pronouns relate to various parts speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals. In some sources, a special group of pronouns that are correlated with adverbs is sometimes included here.

Now we will analyze all these categories in detail.

Classes of pronouns in Russian

By value:

Personal pronouns. In speech, they indicate its object - the person about whom we're talking about. Pronouns 1 ( I/we) and 2 ( you you) faces indicate participants in speech. 3rd person pronouns ( he, she, it/they) indicate persons who do not participate in the speech.

Obsolete personal pronoun one used to denote feminine objects of speech ( plural).

Personal pronouns in the Russian language change according to persons and numbers, pronouns of the 3rd person singular - also according to gender, as well as to cases.

In a sentence they play the role of subject or object.

• I couldn't shake the feeling that they could see us. (Ch.T. Aitmatov)
• Life is always accompanied by effort, hardship and hard work, because it is not a garden with beautiful flowers. (I.A. Goncharov)
• Why don't I want to be smarter if I understand how stupid everyone around me is? If you wait for everyone to wise up, it will take too long... and then I realized that this is completely impossible. (F.M. Dostoevsky)

Reflexive pronouns. In speech, they indicate the direction of action to the subject. Reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative case form, but is declined in all other cases: yourself, yourself, yourself/yourself, (about) yourself. Does not change according to persons, numbers, genders.

In a sentence it acts as a complement.

• If you happen to be angry with someone else, be angry with yourself at the same time, at least for the fact that you managed to get angry with someone else. (N.V. Gogol)
• There is nothing more pleasant than being obliged to do everything to yourself. (N.V. Gogol)
• To live for oneself is not to live, but to exist passively: you need to fight. (I.A. Goncharov)
• We often allow ourselves to think that ancient people are like inexperienced children. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Possessive pronouns. In speech, they indicate that a certain object (objects) belongs to a subject (or subjects).

Possessive pronouns:

• 1 person – my, my, my/my And our, ours, ours / ours;
• 2 persons – yours, yours, yours / yours And yours, yours, yours/yours;
• 3 persons – him, her/them.

Possessive pronouns in the Russian language change, as you already understood, by person, gender and number, and also in combination with a noun that is being explained - by case. Third person pronouns are not inflected.

• Our choices, more than our abilities, reveal our true selves. (J.K. Rowling)
• In our office, out of thirty-two employees on staff, twenty-eight called themselves: “Golden Pen of the Republic.” The three of us, in order of originality, were called silver. (S.D. Dovlatov)
• There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language. (K.G. Paustovsky)

Interrogative pronouns. Pronouns who?, what?, which?, which?, whose?, which?, how many?, where?, when?, where?, from where?, why? serve as interrogative words (indicate persons, objects, signs, quantity) when making interrogative sentences.

They change according to numbers, genders, cases, but not all.

• Do you know what is given to man, and only to him? Laugh and cry. (E.M. Remarque)
• Dear, dear, funny fool, / Well, where are you, where are you going? (S. A. Yesenin)
• What is law? / The law is a tightrope on the street, / To stop passersby in the middle of the road<...>(V.A. Zhukovsky)

Relative pronouns. Pronouns who, what, which, what, whose, which, how many, where, where, when, from, why act, among other things, as allied words in complex sentences and serve to connect the subordinate and main parts complex sentence.

Like interrogatives, relative pronouns who what And How many declined according to cases. The rest are based on numbers, genders and cases. Besides pronouns where, where, when, where, why, which are immutable.

In a sentence, depending on the part of speech they replace, they can act in different syntactic roles.

• There are such low characters who love, as if they hate! (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• People will always have something to find, discover, invent, because the very source of this knowledge is inexhaustible. (I.A. Goncharov)
• Outright anger is much less repulsive than pretense of kindness. (L.N. Tolstoy)
• Joy can be compared to oil in a lamp: when there is not enough oil in the lamp, the wick quickly burns out and the light from the lamp is replaced by black smoke. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Demonstrative pronouns. Indicate the signs or number of speech objects. The following pronouns fall into this category: so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then, obsolete pronouns this one.

Demonstrative pronouns in the Russian language change according to cases, gender and numbers.

• I've been planning to buy myself a castle for two years. Happy are those who have nothing to lock up. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• Sometimes a person reaches such a line that if he doesn’t step over it, he will be unhappy, and if he steps over it, he will become even more unhappy. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• The truth should be served like a coat, not thrown in your face like a wet towel. (M. Twain)
• Anyone who strives for self-improvement will never believe that this self-improvement has a limit. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Determinative pronouns. They are used to indicate a sign of the object of speech. These include: .

Determinative pronouns are declined according to cases and change according to gender and number.

• Everyone who stops learning grows old, whether at 20 or 80, and anyone else who continues to study remains young. The most important thing in life is to keep your brain young. (G. Ford)
• One good friend worth more than all the blessings of this world. (Voltaire)
• Even the most frank thought, the purest and clearly conveyed fantasy, be it truth or fiction, cannot evoke sincere sympathy. (L.N. Tolstoy)
• We don't need magic to change this world - within us we already have everything we need for this: we can mentally imagine the best... (J. K. Rowling)

Negative pronouns. In speech they act as an indicator of the absence of the object of speech or its signs. Pronouns no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, nobody, nowhere and the like, as you can see, are formed from interrogatives/ relative pronouns by attaching attachments Not-(under emphasis) and neither-(no emphasis).

In Russian, negative pronouns vary by case, gender and number.

• The old truth will never be embarrassed by the new - it will put this burden on its shoulders. Only the sick, the obsolete are afraid to take a step forward. (I.A. Goncharov)
• I believe that nothing passes without a trace and that every little step matters for the present and future life. (A.P. Chekhov)
• Never make any difficult moves if the same thing can be achieved much more in simple ways. This is one of the wisest rules of life. It is very difficult to apply it in practice. Especially intellectuals and romantics. (E.M. Remarque)
• Philosophers and children have one noble trait - they do not attach importance to any differences between people - neither social, nor mental, nor external. (A.T. Averchenko)

Indefinite pronouns. Speech expresses indefinite characteristics and the number of objects of speech, as well as their uncertainty.

Pronouns of this category are also formed from interrogative/relative pronouns by adding prefixes to them: not-, some- - something, someone, some, some, several, somehow, something and so on. And also postfixes: - then, -either, - anyone – anyone, somewhere, how much and so on.

Indefinite pronouns in the Russian language change according to gender and number, and are declined according to cases.

• You can say a lot of stupid things, following only the desire to say something. (Voltaire)
• Some are accustomed to living on everything ready-made, walking on someone’s feet, eating chewed food... (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• In hardly anything else is human frivolity more often seen to such a terrifying extent than in the structure of marital unions. (N.S. Leskov)

Mentioned above reciprocal pronouns serve to express attitudes towards two or more persons and objects.

Their number in the Russian language is very large due to the many prepositions, thanks to which for each reciprocal pronoun there is big number variable forms. For example, to each other, about each other, in each other, for each other, one from the other, one for the other, one from under the other, after each other, in the end, from end to beginning, from first to second, from case to case case, time after time, from this to that– and this is not a complete list.

In a sentence they play the role of complements.

• People are pressed together like rats in a cage, their anger at each other is natural for lonely kings. (A.V. Korolev)
• In bad weather or just when we feel like it, we have fun looking at the contents of tin boxes. We carefully unwrap the wax paper bags and show each other what makes us who we are. (G. Petrovich)

General pronouns serve in speech to indicate objects that are combined according to any characteristics that do not express quality. For example, speech objects combined in pairs ( both; both), or identical ( the same, the same), or an integer set ( everyone, everyone, all) and so on.

Table of categories of pronouns in the Russian language

“Non-classical” categories are not included in this table intentionally so as not to create confusion.

Correlating pronouns with other parts of speech

In other words, categories based on grammatical features:

Pronouns-nouns indicate a person or thing. They are similar to nouns due to their syntactic and morphological characteristics. For example, in a sentence you can also ask them questions: who? So what? and they act as subject or object. As well as the categories of person (in personal ones, through verbs associated with them), number, gender (expressed in words associated with the pronoun) and case. By the way, the pronoun Who is masculine, and What- average.

Pronouns-nouns in the Russian language include: all personal and reflexive pronouns, some interrogative/relative, negative, indefinite. In particular: he, she, it, they, who, what, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, something etc.

Pronouns-adjectives in speech they indicate the attribute of an object, and this allows them to be correlated with adjectives. In addition, they show inconsistent signs of gender, number and can be declined according to cases. Although, for example, pronouns what And that's how it is They do not decline and in a sentence, unlike others, they can only be predicates. All other adjective pronouns act either as modifiers or as an integral part of the predicate.

Third person possessive pronouns are also unchangeable: his, her, their.

Adjective pronouns include all possessive pronouns and all attributives, some demonstrative and interrogative/relative, negative and indefinite. Namely: my, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, most, every, every and so on.

Numeral pronouns, as you might guess, indicate the number of objects without indicating it exactly. These include pronouns as much as and their indefinite derivatives a few, some, some.

Pronouns of this category are capable of inflection according to cases (everything is the same). But they do not change by gender and number. They agree with nouns according to the same principle as cardinal numbers.

Pronouns-adverbs, already mentioned above, are a special group that is not always identified. Often they are not classified as pronouns at all. Like adjective pronouns, they indicate a characteristic, but are unchangeable and characterize an action. And this allows us to correlate them with adverbs.

Pronouns of this category do not show signs of gender and number, and are not declined according to cases. They agree with verbs according to the same principle as adverbs. And circumstances play a role in a sentence.

Pronoun-adverbs include: there, where, where, when, so.

Pronouns in Russian - table of categories in relation to parts of speech

Cases of pronouns in Russian

Pronouns of different categories have their own peculiarities of changing according to cases. Now we will look at some of them in more detail.

1. Cases of personal pronouns

In indirect cases, not only the endings of these pronouns change, but also the stem:

I.p. I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they

R.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

D.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

V.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

etc. me (me), you (you), us, you, them, them, her (her), them

P.p. (about) me, (about) you, (about) us, (about) you, (about) him, (about) him, (about) her, (about) them.

The 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns do not have clearly defined gender categories: they are used in both masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Third person pronouns, when inflected, may lose their initial consonant: she- But her and so on.

2. For a reflexive pronoun myself There are only forms of oblique cases. It is also declined as a personal pronoun You:

etc. by myself (by myself)

P.p. (About Me

• possessive pronouns ( my, yours, ours, yours);
• index ( that, this, this);
• interrogative/relative ( which, which, whose);
• determinatives ( most, himself, all, every, different).

I.p. our, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

R.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

D.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; so, so, so, so

V.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

etc. ours, ours, ours, ours; like this, like this, like this

P.p. (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours; (about) such, (about) such, (about) such, (about) such

Determinative pronouns myself And most, although similar, incline differently. The difference is indicated mainly by emphasis:

I.p. the most, the most

R.p. the most, the most

D.p. myself, myself

V.p. the most, the most

etc. by myself, by myself

P.p. (about) myself, (about) myself

* A capital letter indicates a stressed syllable.

Pay attention to the declension of attributive pronouns all, all, everything:

I.p. all, all, everything

R.p. everything, all, everyone

D.p. everything, everything, everyone

V.p. everything, all, everyone

etc. everyone, all (everyone), everyone

P.p. (about) everything, (about) everything, (about) everyone

When declension of feminine and neuter pronouns, only the endings change, but in the masculine gender the stem also changes.

4. In interrogative/relative ( who what) and the negative ones formed from them ( nobody, nothing) of pronouns, when changing by case, the bases change:

I.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

R.p. who, what, no one, nothing

D.p. to whom, what, no one, nothing

V.p. who, what, no one, nothing

etc. who, what, nothing, nothing

P.p. (about) whom, (about) what, about no one, about nothing.

At the same time, in the prepositional case, the preposition breaks negative pronouns into three words.

5. Like the reflexive pronoun, some negative pronouns do not have a nominative case form:

R.p. no one

D.p. no one

V.p. no one

etc. no one

P.p. not about anyone.

6. Indefinite pronouns are declined in the same way as the interrogative/relative pronouns from which they are formed:

I.p. any, something

R.p. any, something

D.p. to any, something

V.p. any, something

etc. somehow, something

P.p. (about) any, about something

7. There are variable case forms for the indefinite pronoun some:

I.p. some

R.p. some

D.p. to a certain

V.p. no one

etc. some (some)

P.p. (about) someone

Variant case forms exist for this pronoun in other gender/number as well.

8. Some index fingers ( that's how it is), relative ( what), undefined ( someone, something) pronouns do not change by case. Pronouns and adverbs are not inflected either. there, where, where, when, so.

Morphological analysis of pronouns

We offer you a diagram of morphological analysis of pronouns and an example of such analysis.

Parsing scheme:

1. Identify the part of speech grammatical meaning pronouns, write the initial form (put in the nominative case (if any), singular).
2. Describe the morphological features:
   • constants (category by meaning, rank by grammatical features, person (for personal and possessive), number (for personal 1st and 2nd persons);
   • inconsistent (case, number, gender).
3. Indicate what role it plays in the sentence.

Sample morphological analysis of pronouns

Don't waste your energy trying to change people... They will not change. U them Who decided to take a strong action, That and rights (F.M. Dostoevsky).

1. Morphological features: constants – personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant – nominative case, plural.

(at) them

1. Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without directly naming it, n.f. - They.
2. Morphological features: constants – personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant – genitive case, plural.
3. Role in a sentence: addition.

1. Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - Who.
2. Morphological features: constants – relative, pronoun-noun; inconstant – nominative case.
3. It plays the role of subject in a sentence.

1. Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - That.
2. Morphological features: constants – demonstrative, pronoun-adjective; inconstant – nominative case, singular, masculine.
3. Role in a sentence: subject.

Spelling pronouns

Personal pronouns

When declension of personal pronouns in Russian in indirect cases, the letter appears at the base of 3rd person pronouns n, if they have a pretext in front of them. For example, about him, to them, about her, among them and so on.

N does not join:

• in the dative case, if the pronoun is preceded by a derivative preposition thanks, like, contrary, according to, towards, in spite of: contrary to to her, towards them, according to to him;
• if the pronoun is used in a phrase where it is preceded by an adjective or adverb in comparative degree: took more his, bought cheaper their.

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are always written with a hyphen and a prefix some and postfixes -something, -either, -something: someone, somehow, something, somewhere and so on.

When declension of indefinite pronouns in the prepositional case between the prefix some and the pronoun places a preposition. In this case, they are written in three words: about something, about something, about something and so on.

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative/relative pronouns using prefixes not-/nor-. Not- written under stress, in an unstressed syllable - neither-: no one to trust - no one to see, no place to leave - nowhere to be found; no one, nothing, not at all, none, nobody.

When declension of negative pronouns in Russian, prepositions can be used in the forms of indirect cases. They break the word into three, which are written separately, and the prefixes become particles: no - not from anyone, nothing - from nothing, no one - not about anyone and so on.

note

1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of prefixes not-/nor- and homonymous particles not/nor:

• Remember the spelling: How neither what Not it happened. Confusion in the spelling of particles not/nor leads not only to spelling errors, but also to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. Compare: not with anything(particle neither has an intensifying meaning) – nothing(particle Not has a negative value).
• The choice of particle can completely change the meaning of a statement to the opposite: not one (= no one at all) – not one (= many), not once (= never at all) – more than once (= many times).
• Don't confuse negative pronouns with prefixes neither- (nowhere, no one, no one) and pronouns with a particle neither (no one, no where, no one). Compare: Neither where not a trace of a person was found. - I have no idea neither who are you, neither where do you live, neither who do you serve.
• Pay attention to the difference between phrases none other than - no one else; nothing more than nothing else. Particle Not expresses negation, and the entire phrase is used to contrast parts of the statement with each other. Opposition is expressed by conjunction How(= union A). If the sentence is affirmative and if it is impossible to add a second negation without violating the meaning, use the particle Not and write it separately. For example: Everything that happened was Not nothing more than a stupid prank. He stood uncertainly on the threshold Not who else but the long-awaited guest.
• If a pronoun with a particle can be meaningfully replaced by particles exactly, just, then the particle is used Not and the phrase is written separately: none other than; nothing more than. Example: It's arrived ordered letter – nothing more than invitation to a competition that has been awaited for a long time. - A registered letter has arrived - just that invitation to the competition that has been awaited for a long time.
• If the sentence is negative, i.e. the predicate has its own negative particle Not, That neither- acts as a prefix and is written combined with a negative pronoun: Neither no one else could have said it better. This is donkey stubbornness neither there was no other way to win.
• If the sentence is affirmative, phrases no one else, nothing else are used for joining. A negation not expressed in a sentence exists potentially and can be restored from the context: I only want this and neither anything else (I don’t want).
• If the phrase contains a conjunction How, write all words separately and with a particle Not: This package Not nothing more than a gift. If the union How no, write a prefix neither-: Neither who else does not understand me so well.
• If a conjunction is used in a sentence A, write the particle Not(apart): I want to say everything Not to someone A only for him alone. If a conjunction is used And, write neither(separately if it is a particle, together if it is a prefix): Much has gone forever and neither that it won't be the same anymore.

2.Do not confuse homonyms: pronoun + preposition and conjunctions/adverbs. Pay attention to how they agree with other members of the sentence, what syntactic role they themselves play, what question can be asked of them, etc.

• For what We're going to the store, what are we going to look for there? – For what do you follow me and whine all the time?
• For that that you helped me, I will thank you. – But I have a wide soul and a kind heart!
• What does it have to do with are all these people here? – They trained a lot and prepared for the competition, and some even abandoned their studies.
• Moreover What we were able to unearth from the ancient tomb was a sword and shield. – Moreover, if you think sensibly, he has power on his side.

3.Remember that never mind– this is not a pronoun, but an adverb.

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Pronouns

Pronouns in Russian

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns indicate the person being spoken about. 1st and 2nd person pronouns designate participants in speech ( I, You, We, You). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in the speech ( He, she, it, They).

Reflexive pronoun

Transfers the meaning of the direction of action to the subject of action ( I see myself in the mirror).

Declined by cases:

• myself ( rd. , ext. cases), self ( dt. , etc.), by myself, by myself ( TV).

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns indicate that a particular object (subject, property, etc.) belongs to a particular person.

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. This group (as well as related groups) relative, negative And uncertain pronouns) includes the most heterogeneous words from a grammatical point of view. The ability to change in numbers and gender, as well as to decline in cases, fully corresponds to the properties of the words that they replace:

Relative pronouns

Same as interrogative questions. Used to attach a subordinate clause to the main clause. At the same time, they become allied words and perform the role of a union, while being a member of the sentence. For example: Ask what his grade is. Scheme: SPP (Complex Sentence); [=], (which -) (the word “which” will be underlined with a wavy line, since it will be a definition)

Demonstrative pronouns

Determinative pronouns

Negative pronouns

Comment. In negative pronouns neither is always unstressed, and Not is under stress.

Indefinite pronouns

• someone
• something
• some
• some
• interrogative pronouns with prefix some or suffixes -That, -or, someday: someone, somewhere, someone, something...

Comment. Indefinite pronouns contain an accent particle Not.

Classes of pronouns in Russian

1. pronouns associated with nouns(generalized-objective): I, we, you, you, he (she, it), they, one, who, what, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others; In academic grammar, some pronouns are sometimes separated into a special part of speech - pronominal noun, which includes pronouns of different classes indicated above on the basis of syntactic and morphological characteristics common to the noun (for example: all personal, reflexive, part of interrogatives - who what, negative - nobody, nothing, vaguely personal - someone, something and etc.)

2. pronouns associated with adjectives(generally qualitative): mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, most, every, each and others;

3. pronouns corresponding to numerals(generalized-quantitative): as much as.

4. pronouns correlating with adverbs: Shots came from the right: there the battle broke out.

Views of different schools and scientists

The position of the pronoun within parts of speech has historically not been very strong. Its inclusion in the ranks of parts of speech belongs to the European grammatical tradition, dating back to antiquity. But in a number of grammatical theories of the 20th century, quite strong objections to this approach appeared. They emphasized the grammatical heterogeneity of pronouns, which were qualified as:

• "indicative words" (K. Brugman, K. Bühler, U. Weinreich);
• "indexes" or "indicators" (C.S. Pearce, W. Collinson);
• “words with inconsistent signification” (A. Nuren);
• "moving determinants" or "shifters" (O. Jespersen, R. O. Jacobson);
• “actualizers” or “means of transition from language to speech” (S. Bally, E. Benveniste);
• words with “subjective-objective” lexical meaning (A. M. Peshkovsky);
• "word substitutes" or "substitutes" (L.V. Shcherba, L. Bloomfield, Z.Z. Harris);
• "represents" (F. Bruno);
• "remnants of a special part of speech" (V.V. Vinogradov); and so on.

Sources

1. Pronoun//Russian language. - “Printhouse”: Publishing house “Astrel”, 2003. - P. 3. ISBN 5-271-06781-5

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

See what “Pronouns” are in other dictionaries:

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Dictionary of linguistic terms Indicate unknown, uncertain persons, objects, and their signs. Someone, something, some, some, several, someone that that, some that, whose that, someone, something, which one, whose something, who either, that either, any, whose, something...

Indicate the absence of a person, object or their sign. Nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, none, no one. The pronouns no one and nothing do not have the nominative case form... numeral pronouns - The category of pronouns indicating the number, quantity of objects or ordinal place when counting objects. Pronouns - cardinal numbers answer the question how many? in the appropriate case form, declined, categories of number and gender...

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Pronoun They point to the person speaking, to the person to whom the speech is addressed. I, you, we, you. Personally index. Point to the person or thing in question; Unlike personal pronouns, nouns can replace nouns. He, she, it, they...

Personal: - a part of speech that indicates a person, object or sign, but does not name them. Pronouns are divided into:

Returnable: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.

Possessives: myself.

mine, ours, yours, yours, yours.: Interrogative-relative

Index fingers: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many.

Definitive: this, that, such, such, so much.

Negative: no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one, no one, nothing.

Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, any, something and etc.

1. Personal pronouns- pronouns indicating persons who participate in speech: these are noun pronouns. Permanent morphological feature for all personal pronouns is the person (I, we - first person; you, you - 2nd person; he (she, it, they) - 3rd person). A constant morphological feature of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person is number (I, you - singular; we, you - plural). All personal pronouns change by case, while not only the ending changes, but also the whole word (I - me, you - you, he - his); The 3rd person pronoun changes according to number and gender (singular) - he, she, it, they.

2. Reflexive pronoun- a pronoun that means that an action performed by someone is aimed at itself actor. This is a noun pronoun. The reflexive pronoun has no gender, person, number or nominative case form; reflexive pronoun changes according to cases (oneself, oneself, by oneself).

3. Possessive pronouns- indicate the attribute of an object by its affiliation: these are adjective pronouns.

Possessive pronouns change according to number, gender (singular), case (my, my, mine, mine, mine, etc.). When indicating belonging to a third party, the frozen forms of the genitive case of personal pronouns are used - his, her, theirs.

4. Interrogative pronouns- used in interrogative sentences. Who? What? - pronouns-nouns. They have no gender, person, or number; change according to cases (who, whom, what, what, etc.). Which? whose? which? - pronouns-adjectives, change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (which, which, which, which, which, etc.). How many? - numeral pronoun; changes according to cases (how many, how many, how many, etc.). Where? When? Where? where? For what? and others - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

5. Relative pronounscoincide with interrogatives - who, what, which, whose, which, where, when, how much, where, where, where, why and others, but are not used in the role question words, and in the role of allied words in subordinate clauses (I know how much effort he put into completing this task; I know who is to blame for our failure; I know where the money is hidden. ). The morphological and syntactic characteristics of relative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns.

6. Demonstrative pronouns- these are means of indicating certain objects, signs, quantity (with distinguishing one from the other). That, this, this, such are pronouns-adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (that, that, that, those; such, such, such, such, etc.). So much is a numeral pronoun; changes according to cases (so many, so many, so many, etc.). There, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then and others - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

7. Determinative pronouns- serve as a means of clarifying the subject or feature in question. Himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any - pronouns are adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (every, every, every, every, everyone, etc.). Everywhere, everywhere, always - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

8.Negative pronouns- indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantity. Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, nor-: who → no one, how much → not at all, where → nowhere, when → never. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of negative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which negative pronouns are derived.

9. Indefinite pronouns- indicate vague, unknown objects, signs, quantity. Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, some- and postfixes -that, -either, -someone: who → someone, someone, someone, anyone, anyone, someone; how much → several, how much, how much; where → somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of indefinite pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which indefinite pronouns are derived.

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