Massive forest and peat fires usually occur during drought. The causes of fire are lightning discharges, short circuits in power lines, violations of the rules for using fire in forests and peat areas, and spontaneous combustion of peat. During fires, burns and poisoning by combustion products can occur, the latter at a considerable distance from the fire on the leeward side. It is widely practiced to predict fires and the directions of their development also from visual observations and photography from space, using a complex indicator based on the summation of coefficients that take into account temperature, weather, geographic and other conditions.

Fires are an uncontrolled combustion process that results in loss of life and destruction. material assets. It is known that 90% of fires occur due to human fault and only 7-8% from lightning.

The main types of fires are natural Disasters, covering, as a rule, vast territories of several hundred, thousand and even millions of hectares, are landscape fires - forest (ground, high, underground) and steppe (field). For example, forest fires in Western Siberia in 1913, about 15 million hectares were destroyed over the summer. In the summer of 1921, during a long drought and hurricane winds, fires destroyed more than 200 thousand hectares of the most valuable Mari pine. In the summer of 1972 in the Moscow region, peat and forest fires that developed during a long drought engulfed significant areas of forests, destroying some peat deposits.

Forest fires according to the intensity of burning are divided into weak, medium and strong, and according to the nature of burning, ground and crown fires are divided into fugitive and stable.

Forest ground fires are characterized by burning of the forest floor, ground cover and undergrowth without capturing the tree crowns. The speed of movement of the ground fire front is from 0.3-1 m/min (for a weak fire) to 16 m/min (1 km/h) (for a strong fire), the flame height is 1-2 m, the maximum temperature at the edge of the fire reaches 900° C.

Forest crown fires develop, as a rule, from ground fires and are characterized by burning of tree crowns. In a runaway crown fire, the flame spreads mainly from crown to crown at high speed, reaching 8-25 km/h, sometimes leaving entire areas of forest untouched by fire. In a stable crown fire, not only the crowns, but also the tree trunks are engulfed in fire. The flame spreads at a speed of 5-8 km/h, covering the entire forest from the soil cover to the tops of the trees.

Underground fires arise as a continuation of ground or crown forest fires and spread through the peat layer located in the ground to a depth of 50 cm or more. Combustion occurs slowly, almost without air access, at a speed of 0.1-0.5 m/min with the release of a large amount of smoke and the formation of burnt-out voids (burnouts). Therefore, you must approach the source of an underground fire with great caution, constantly probing the soil with a pole or probe. The burning may continue long time even in winter under a layer of snow.

Steppe (field) fires occur in open areas in the presence of dry grass or ripened grains. They are seasonal and occur more often in the summer as the herbs (bread) ripen, less often in the spring and are practically absent in the winter. The speed of their spread can reach 20-30 km/h.

The main methods of fighting forest ground fires are: overwhelming the edge of the fire, filling it with earth, filling it with water (chemicals), creating barrier and mineralized strips, starting a counter fire (annealing). Annealing is more often used in case of large fires and a lack of forces and means for fire extinguishing. It begins with a support strip (river, stream, road, clearing), on the edge of which, facing the fire, a shaft is created from combustible materials (deadwood branches, dry grass). When the draft of air towards the fire begins to be felt, the shaft is first set on fire opposite the center of the fire front in an area of ​​20-30 m, and then after the fire has advanced by 2-3 m, adjacent areas are set on fire. The width of the burned strip should be at least 10-20 m, and in case of a strong ground fire - 100 m. Extinguishing a forest crown fire is more difficult to carry out. It is extinguished by creating barriers, using annealing and using water. In this case, the width of the barrier strip should be at least 150-200 m in front of the crown fire, and at least 50 m in front of the flanks. Steppe (field) fires are extinguished using the same methods as forest fires. Extinguishing underground fires is carried out mainly in two ways. In the first method, around a peat fire at a distance of 8-10 m from its edge, a trench (ditch) is dug to the depth of a mineralized soil layer or to the groundwater level and filled with water. The second method is to create a strip around the fire, saturated with chemical solutions. To do this, using motor pumps equipped with special spike-trunks (needles) up to 2 m long, peat is pumped into the peat layer from above. water solution chemically active wetting agents (sulphanol, washing powder, etc.), which accelerate the process of moisture penetration into peat hundreds of times. Injection is carried out at a distance of 5-8 m from the expected edge of the underground fire and 25-30 cm from each other.

In order to increase productivity, this method, apparently, can be improved by laying a special fire hose over a 100-200 m section with outlets for connecting feeder hoses-needles pre-installed in the ground. One fire engine with a set of needles (300-500 pieces) and hoses can move along the edge of an underground fire and pump the solution.

Attempts to douse the underground fire with water were unsuccessful.
When extinguishing fires, formation personnel are exposed to smoke as well as carbon monoxide (monoxide). Therefore, at a high concentration of carbon monoxide (more than 0.02 mg/l, which is determined using a gas detector), work should be carried out in insulating gas masks or filter masks with hopcalite cartridges.

42. General information about natural fires. Classification, damaging factors, criteria.

General information about wildfires.

A fire that occurs in the natural environment is called natural.

The concept of natural fires includes forest fires, fires of steppe and grain massifs, peat and underground fires of fossil fuels. The most common natural phenomena that lead to the destruction of forests and other material assets, and sometimes loss of life, are forest fires. Statistics show that they arise spontaneously in 8 - 10% of cases, and in 90% of cases due to human fault.

In Russia, on average, from 30 to 50 thousand hectares of forests burn out annually. Depending on the nature of the fire and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into ground fires, crown fires, and soil fires. Almost all of them at the beginning of their development have a grassroots character and, if certain conditions are created, they turn into upland and soil ones.

The most important characteristics are the speed of spread of ground and crown fires and the depth of underground burning. Fires are divided into weak, medium and strong. Based on the speed of fire spread, ground and top fires are divided into stable and fugitive. The speed of spread of a weak ground fire does not exceed 1 m/min, a medium one - from 1 to 3 m/min, a strong one - over 3 m/min. A weak top fire has a speed of up to 3 m/min., an average one up to 100 m/min., and a strong one. - over 100 m/min. A weak underground fire is considered to be one in which the burning depth does not exceed 25 cm, medium - from 25 to 50 cm, strong - more than 50 cm.

Natural fires are among the most dangerous and frequently recurring emergencies. They lead to the destruction of forests, death of animals and plants, disruption of the heat balance in the fire zone, atmospheric pollution by combustion products, and soil erosion. Natural fires often cause injury, illness, and death.

Causes of fires

Source of origin natural fires Natural causes may occur: lightning discharge, spontaneous combustion, friction of trees. In the vast majority of cases, natural fires are the result of human violation of fire safety requirements. Approximately 60-70% of natural fires occur within a radius of 5 kilometers from populated areas. In this zone, people most often spend time “in nature.”

The main causes of natural fires: an unextinguished cigarette, a burning match, a smoldering wad after a shot, oily rags or rags, a glass bottle that refracts rays sunlight, sparks from a vehicle muffler, burning old grass, stubble, garbage near a forest or peat bog, clearing forest areas with fire for agricultural use or developing forest pastures. One of the main potential sources of wildfires is fire. In some cases, natural fires are the result of deliberate arson, man-made accident or catastrophe.

Prohibitions to prevent fire in the natural environment:

Throwing burning matches, cigarette butts, smoldering rags into the forest;

Make a fire in dense thickets and young coniferous trees, under low-hanging tree crowns, next to timber and peat warehouses, in close proximity to mature crops;

Leave spontaneously combustible materials in the forest: rags and rags soaked in oil, gasoline, glassware, which in sunny weather can focus Sunbeam and ignite dry vegetation;

Burn dry grass in forest clearings, gardens, fields, under trees;

Set fire to reeds;

Make a fire in windy weather and leave it unattended;

Leave the fire burning after leaving the campsite.

If a natural fire is detected, try to eliminate the source of fire on your own; If this fails, quickly leave the danger zone, be sure to report the location of the fire to the forest guard, administration, police, and Rescue Service.

Classification of natural fires.

Natural fires include forest, steppe, peat, underground, and possible combinations thereof.

Forest fires

A forest fire is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation that spreads spontaneously throughout a forest area. The phenomenon is very fast and frequent. Such disasters and emergencies arising in connection with them occur in various regions of the country every year and largely depend on the behavior of people in the forest. Forest fires destroy trees and shrubs, forest products, buildings and structures. Plantings weakened by fires become hotbeds of harmful diseases, which leads to the death of not only those affected by fire, but also the plantings adjacent to them. As a result of fires, protective, water protection and other beneficial features forests, valuable fauna are destroyed, planned agricultural management and use of forest resources are disrupted. Up to 80% of fires occur due to violation of measures by the population fire safety when handling fire in places of work and rest, as well as as a result of using faulty equipment in the forest. In logging areas, forest fires occur mainly in the spring when clearing cutting areas using fire methods - burning logging residues. Forest fires may be the result of an insufficiently established forest monitoring service and untimely notification of the relevant authorities about fires that have arisen in the forest and their transformation into mass ones.

Depending on the elements of the forest where the fire spreads, fires are divided into:

Classification of forest fires.

Ground fires are most often observed - about 90% of them total number. In this case, the fire spreads only along the ground cover, covering the lower parts of tree trunks and roots protruding to the surface.

Ground fires are divided into fugitive and stable. during a ground fire, living and dead ground cover, self-seeded leaves, fallen leaves and needles burn, the bark of the lower part of trees and exposed roots, coniferous undergrowth and undergrowth burn. Such a fire spreads at high speed, bypassing places with high humidity, so part of the area remains unaffected by the fire. Runaway fires most often occur in the spring, when only the very top layer of small combustible materials dries out.

In a sustained ground fire, the litter burns out, the roots and bark of trees are severely burned, and the undergrowth and undergrowth are completely burned. Typically, sustainable fires begin in mid-summer, when the litter dries out.

In a low-level, fluent fire, the flaming type of combustion predominates; in a stable fire, the flameless type predominates.

There are high stable fires and high fluent fires. Roof fires cause especially great damage when the crowns of the trees in the upper tier burn. Runaway crown fires are typical for both the first and second half of summer.

Analyzing the causes and development of forest fires, it is easy to notice that the fire danger in forests significantly depends on weather conditions, for which there are currently quite advanced methods for predicting them. The greatest probability of forest fires occurs during the fire season (April-November). The greatest influence on fire danger in a forest is exerted by: precipitation, air temperature and humidity, wind and cloudiness.

Peat fires.

Under the influence of temperature, environmental humidity, the biological structure of peat-forming plants and a number of other reasons, peat gradually decomposes. The higher the degree of decomposition of peat, the more susceptible it is to fire. because Such peat has lower humidity, higher average density and heat capacity. The burnout rate of peat in calm weather or low winds is 0.18 kg/sq.m.

When the wind speed is 3 m/sec or more, burning peat particles are often scattered in the wind over considerable distances. Sparks falling on a layer of dried peat located on the surface ignite this layer and form new sources of combustion. The fire spreads in the direction of the wind.

The movement of fire along the surface in a continuous line, without taking into account the fires formed by sparks scattered by the wind, is usually called the speed of fire movement, and the speed of fire movement, taking into account the fires formed from sparks, is the speed of fire spread.

Depending on the speed of fire progression, there are 4 peat fire fronts:

Head (main), moving in the direction of the wind at the highest speed;

Two lateral (flank) ones, moving to the sides from the head front and at a lower speed;

Rear, moving in the direction opposite to the direction of the wind (towards the wind), and at the lowest speed.

The development of peat fires is greatly influenced by the time of year and day, as well as meteorological factors. At night, the fire develops more slowly, because... the surface temperature of the peat is lower than the temperature of the deposit, and as a result, moisture rises to its upper layers. In addition, the wind usually subsides at night and dew falls.

The development of peat fires can be divided into three periods.

The first one is the initial one – peat combustion. It is characterized by a small hearth area, low burning rate, relatively low temperature and low smoke content in the combustion zone. The duration of the tanning period ranges from several minutes to several hours and depends on the moisture content of the peat, wind speed, temperature and relative humidity.

The second is characterized by intense combustion with an increase in its speed and temperature. The fire area quickly increases, often reaching several thousand square meters. The ambient temperature rises and smoke spreads over a long distance.

Third, the fire spreads most intensively and over a very large area, amounting to several hectares. The fire is characterized by high temperatures in the combustion zone and heavy smoke.

In peat fires, debris appears from burnt, fallen trees and cavities of burnt peat, into which people and equipment can fall.

Underground peat fires themselves spread very slowly and usually arise from ground fires, in which the fire spreads throughout the entire fire in separate pockets. Therefore, the first priority is to extinguish the ground fire. Then they begin to eliminate the sources of the underground fire. To extinguish underground fires, chemical solutions or “wet” water are used, supplied under pressure by injection deep into the peat layer using fire engines or watering machines equipped with hoses with perforated stems - peaks. You can also localize underground fires by creating ditches around them using ditch diggers, trenchers, bulldozers, or explosive methods. The depth of the ditches should reach the groundwater level or reach the mineral soil, going 20 cm deep into it, i.e. it should be equal to:

The outer slope of the ditches is covered with mineral soil. In this case, it is advisable to fill the ditches with water. Considering that the edge of underground fires is not visible everywhere, when extinguishing such fires, care must be taken to avoid people and vehicles falling into burnt-out pits or caverns.

Underground fires.

Underground fires occur in mines, mines, and mineral deposits. They are caused by both external thermal impulses (careless handling of fire, faulty electrical equipment, friction of moving parts of machines and mechanisms), and spontaneous combustion of coal, carbonaceous rocks, and sulfide ores. Underground fires in places where explosive substances accumulate, including methane, coal and sulfide dust, pose a particular danger. Prevention of underground fires and the prevention of their consequences lies in the fact that, along with general fire prevention measures (the use of non-combustible materials for fastening mine workings, low-flammable conveyor belts and electrical cables in non-flammable casings, the installation of an extensive fire water supply network, etc.). the use of special schemes for opening and preparing deposits is envisaged. They allow you to localize an area in the event of a fire and divert fire gases into the general mine outgoing air stream, bypassing other areas where people are located.

Steppe fires.

Steppe fires are the result of the combustion of dry grass or mature crops and spread in windy weather at speeds of up to 120 km/h.

Damaging factors of fires.

The main damaging factors include direct exposure to fire (combustion), high temperature and heat radiation, gaseous environment; smoke and gas contamination of premises and territories with toxic combustion products. People in the combustion zone suffer the most, as a rule, from open flames and sparks, elevated ambient temperatures, toxic combustion products, smoke, and low oxygen concentrations.

Open fire. Cases of direct exposure to open fire on people are rare. Most often, damage occurs from radiant streams emitted by the flame.

Ambient temperature. The greatest danger to people is inhalation of heated air, which leads to burns of the upper respiratory tract, suffocation and death. So, at a temperature above 100 ° C, a person loses consciousness and dies within a few minutes. Skin burns are also dangerous.

Loss of visibility due to smoke. The success of evacuating people in case of fire can only be ensured if their movement is unhindered. Evacuees must clearly see emergency exits or exit signs. When visibility is lost, the movement of people becomes chaotic. As a result, the evacuation process becomes difficult and can then become unmanageable.

Reduced oxygen concentration. During a fire, the concentration of oxygen in the air decreases. Meanwhile, a decrease in it even by 3% causes a deterioration in the motor functions of the body. A concentration of less than 14% is considered dangerous; it disrupts brain activity and coordination of movements.

Fire criteria.

According to official statistics, up to 2 million hectares of forest per year are engulfed in fire, and according to unofficial statistics, up to 14 million hectares (this is 140 times the area of ​​Moscow). Why such difference? It’s very simple: approximately a third, that is, 200 of the 600 million hectares of Russian forests are officially (!) outside the fire protection zone, and for this territory there are not even reliable statistics on the number and area of ​​fires. For the rest of the area, data on fires is also not always reliable.

Thus, according to official data, in 2007, one million hectares of Russian forests burned in fires. And the international organization International Forest Fire News, with reference to our AviaLesOkhrana, names a figure ten times (!) higher.

According to official data, about 67% of forest fires and 95% of the forest area covered by fire occurred in 24 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. These are the Chita, Irkutsk, Amur, Belgorod, Ryazan, Voronezh, Arkhangelsk, Volgograd, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk regions, the Republics of Komi, Tyva, Buryatia, Khakassia, Krasnodar, Stavropol, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk territories, Yamalo-Nenets, Khanty-Mansiysk, Chukotka, Ust-Ordynsky Buryat and Aginsky Buryat autonomous districts.

The most fire-dangerous territories were the Chita region and the Khabarovsk Territory, they accounted for 56% of the territory covered by fire.

Unfortunately, official statistics practically do not take into account fires outside the territories of the state forest fund. In particular, the vast areas covered by grass fires are not taken into account.

13. Rights and obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of protection of the population and territories in emergency situations.

Federal Law of December 21, 1994 N 68-FZ "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies" (as amended and supplemented) >

Chapter IV. Rights and obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations and social protection victims

Article 18. Rights of citizens Russian Federation in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations

1. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right:

to protect life, health and personal property in the event of emergency situations;

in accordance with emergency response plans, use collective and individual protection equipment and other property of executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations intended to protect the population from emergency situations;

be informed about the risks they may be exposed to in certain places of stay in the country, and about the necessary security measures;

apply personally, as well as send individual and collective appeals to state bodies and local governments on issues of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations, including ensuring the safety of people on water bodies;

participate in in the prescribed manner in measures to prevent and eliminate emergency situations;

for compensation for damage caused to their health and property as a result of emergency situations;

for medical care, compensation and social guarantees for living and working in emergency zones;

to receive compensation and social guarantees for damage caused to their health while performing duties during emergency response;

for pension provision in the event of loss of ability to work due to injury or illness received while performing duties to protect the population and territories from emergency situations, in the manner established for workers whose disability occurred as a result of a work injury;

for pension provision in the event of the loss of a breadwinner who died or died from an injury or disease received while performing duties to protect the population and territories from emergency situations, in the manner established for the families of citizens who died or died from an injury received while performing the civil duty of rescue human life, protection of property and law and order.

2. The procedure and conditions, types and amounts of compensation and social guarantees provided to citizens of the Russian Federation in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article are established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Article 19. Responsibilities of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations

Citizens of the Russian Federation are obliged to:

comply with laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations;

observe safety measures in everyday life and daily work activities, avoid violations of production and technological discipline, environmental safety requirements, which can lead to emergency situations;

study the basic methods of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations, methods of providing first aid to victims, rules for protecting people’s lives on water bodies, rules for using collective and individual protective equipment, constantly improve their knowledge and practical skills in this area;

comply with established rules of behavior in the event of a threat and emergency situations;

If necessary, provide assistance in carrying out rescue and other urgent work.

The classification of natural fires is usually based on their impact on human economic activity. In this regard, forest and steppe fires, grain fires and fossil fuel fires are usually distinguished. There are also agricultural fires, which are also called grass fires. The greatest losses to the economy come from fires in forests. They also often involve loss of life.

Forest fires are understood as the uncontrolled spread of fire in a vegetation zone, when the flame spontaneously spreads throughout the forest. Fires like this occur around the world every year and are most often caused by human fault. With strong winds and dry weather, a forest fire can cover a large area.

Sometimes forest fires are caused by spontaneous combustion of peat and lightning strikes. However, such cases are extremely rare. Most often, the flame begins to spread in places where a person appears. An unattended fire, a cigarette butt or a match thrown on the ground are the main reasons for the spread of fire in the forest. After several days of dry weather, every dry branch lying on the ground can catch fire and cause a fire.

Classification of forest fires

Forest fires are classified according to the nature of the fire, the speed of spread and the size of the ignition area. They can also be top, bottom, litter and underground. Depending on the wind speed, forest fires can be stable or weak.

A crown fire affects tree crowns. Fire can spread very quickly through the upper floors of the forest, and in strong winds it can completely engulf all trunks, from the crown to the litter. Young coniferous forests, where shrubs are common, are most susceptible to crown fires. Strong winds and drought increase the likelihood of these types of fires.

The basis for the development of a ground fire is forest litter, including leaves, needles, and small branches. The flame also affects the lower part of the trunks, but rarely rises to a height of more than a meter. Such a fire spreads unevenly - spots may form in moist areas that are not touched by fire.

If the fire spreads into the litter or peat layer, the ground fire takes the form of a soil fire. In this case, combustion can occur throughout the entire thickness of the layer of humus and litter. During a ground fire, tree roots burn out, after which the trunks often fall down. A fire zone of this type usually has an oval or elongated shape. Fire in the soil spreads at a low speed, but combustion processes can continue for quite a long time.

A forest fire is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation that spreads spontaneously throughout a forest area. The phenomenon is very fast and frequent. Forest fires destroy trees and shrubs, forest products, buildings and structures. Plantings weakened by fires become hotbeds of harmful diseases, which leads to the death of not only those affected by fire, but also the plantings adjacent to them. As a result of fires, the protective, water-protective and other useful properties of the forest are reduced, valuable fauna is destroyed, the planned management of agricultural activities and the use of forest resources are disrupted. Up to 80% of fires occur due to the population’s violation of fire safety measures when handling fire in places of work and recreation, as well as as a result of the use of faulty equipment in the forest.

By fire called uncontrolled burning outside a special fireplace, accompanied by the destruction of valuables and posing a danger to human life.

Depending on where the fire spreads, they are divided into forest (lower and higher ground), peat (underground) and steppe.

A forest fire is a spontaneous, uncontrolled spread of fire across a forest area.

The main causes of forest fires are:

- careless handling of fire by tourists, hunters, fishermen, mushroom pickers and other persons when visiting forests (bonfire, unextinguished cigarette butt, unextinguished match, sparks from a car muffler, etc.) – 50–60%;

- spring and autumn uncontrolled agricultural burning (burning of dry grass in hayfields, distant pastures, as well as stubble in fields) - up to 15-20%;

- violation of fire safety rules by loggers – up to 20%;

- lightning discharges – up to 10–20%.

The main culprit of forest fires is humans.

Crown (runaway) fires are characterized by burning and rapid movement of fire along the crowns of trees under strong winds.

The speed of a crown fire sometimes reaches 400-500 m/min. As it says folk wisdom, “you can’t ride away from a strong horse fire even on a fast horse.” During a quick fire, the wind carries burning branches and sparks, which set fire to the forest tens and sometimes hundreds of meters ahead, creating new fires.

Ground fires account for approximately 90% of the total number of forest fires. At the same time, the lower parts of trees, grass, dead wood, underbrush, and protruding roots burn. The speed of spread of ground fire is 2.5 - 3.0 m/min. Flame height - from 0.5 to 1.5 m.

Forest fires are rightly considered one of the largest natural disasters in terms of area coverage. Every year, about 200 thousand such fires are registered in the world, in which 40 million hectares of forest burn out (an area larger than the area of ​​Norway). Every year, 0.1% of the planet's forest reserves are destroyed by fire.

Peat fires occur in areas where peat fields and peat deposits are located. When peat ignites, fire quickly spreads across the surface of the field, and with strong winds, burning peat particles are thrown over considerable distances and form new fires.

When fire penetrates deep into the peat massif, the lower layers of peat ignite. The rate of spread of such a fire is several meters per day. Sometimes flames from an underground fire break out, which causes ground fires in populated areas, forests, agricultural lands, piles and caravans of peat. A characteristic feature of peat fires is the release of large amounts of smoke, which leads to smoke in large areas.

Underground fires occur in mines, mines, and mineral deposits. They are caused by both external thermal impulses (careless handling of fire, faulty electrical equipment, friction of moving parts of machines and mechanisms), and spontaneous combustion of coal, carbonaceous rocks, and sulfide ores.

Underground fires in places where explosive substances accumulate, including methane, coal and sulfide dust, pose a particular danger.

Steppe fires are the result of ignition of dry grass or mature crops and spread in windy weather at speeds of up to 120 km/h. They are seasonal and occur more often in the summer as the herbs (bread) ripen, less often in the spring and are practically absent in the winter.

Reed fires occur due to the ignition of dry reeds and emergent vegetation.

Characteristic feature such fires are high density of fire, its rapid spread, a large number of smoke.

The main ways to combat forest ground fires are: overflowing the edge of the fire, filling it with earth, filling it with water (chemicals), creating barrier and mineralized strips, launching counter fire (annealing). Widely applied modern technology, including aviation.

Extinguishing underground fires is carried out mainly in two ways.

In the first method, around a peat fire at a distance of 8 - 10 m from its edge, a trench (ditch) is dug to the depth of a mineralized soil layer or to the groundwater level and filled

her water.

Prevention of forest fires includes fire-fighting arrangement of forests and provision of means for preventing and extinguishing forest fires.

2. Fire prevention measures for forests include:

1) construction, reconstruction and operation of forest roads intended to protect forests from fires;

2) construction, reconstruction and operation of landing sites for airplanes and helicopters used for the purpose of carrying out aerial work on the protection and protection of forests;

3) laying clearings, fire breaks, constructing fire-fighting mineralized strips;

4) construction, reconstruction and operation of fire observation points (towers, masts, pavilions and other observation points), points for the concentration of fire-fighting equipment;

5) construction of fire reservoirs and access points to fire water supply sources;

6) carrying out works on hydro-reclamation;

7) reducing the natural fire danger of forests by regulating the species composition of forest plantations and carrying out sanitary and health measures;

8) carrying out preventive controlled fire-prevention burning of brushwood, forest litter, dry grass and other forest combustible materials;

9) other measures determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

3. The measures for fire prevention of forests on forest plots provided for permanent (perpetual) use, lease, specified in Part 2 of this article are carried out by persons using forests on the basis of a forest development project.

4. Fire distances within which cutting down of trees, bushes, vines, and clearing of litter are carried out are established in accordance with Federal law dated July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements" and this Code.

5. Providing means for preventing and extinguishing forest fires includes:

1) purchase of fire-fighting equipment and inventory;

3) creation of a reserve of fire fighting equipment and equipment, fire-fighting equipment and inventory, as well as fuels and lubricants.

6. Fire safety standards for forests are established by the authorized federal executive body.

7. Types of means of preventing and extinguishing forest fires, standards for the provision of these means to persons using forests, standards for the availability of means of preventing and extinguishing forest fires when using forests are determined by the authorized federal executive body.