Sections: Literature

Lesson type

• combined

Conduct form

• study lesson

1. immersion in the world of poetry.
2. introduction of students to the complex world of F. I. Tyutchev's poetry.

1. educational: the formation of skills in the analysis of a lyrical work, ideas about the individual creative style of the poet (F. I. Tyutcheva).
2. developing: development of analytical abilities, logical thinking, coherent speech.
3. educational: fostering interest in research activities, an attentive attitude to the word, pride in being involved in great Russian literature; stimulation of cognitive activity; formation of reading culture of students.

Use of modern pedagogical technologies:

1. technology of problem-dialogical learning.
2. advance learning technology.

Forms of organization of educational activities:

1. individual and group tasks of a research nature
2. heuristic conversation
3. experiment
4. modeling
5. illustrating works of art
6. word drawing
7. working with a dictionary
8. expressive reading

Equipment:

1. the text of the poem by F. I. Tyutchev “Fountain” and an excerpt from the poem by A. S. Pushkin “To the Fountain of the Bakhchisarai Palace”
2. portrait of F. I. Tyutchev (1803 - 1873)
3. illustrations for the poet's poems
4. material for the game "Recognize the poem."
5. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR

Preparatory work:

1. drawing up a rough plan for analyzing a lyrical work
2. reading the poet's poems and illustrating them
3. leading tasks - micro-research (individual and group).

1) “The very reading of a poet is already creativity.” I. Annensky.
2) "Tyutchev is one of the most remarkable Russian poets ..." I. S. Turgenev.
3) "Knowledge is only then knowledge when it is acquired by the efforts of one's thought, and not by memory." L. N. Tolstoy.

During the classes

1) Preparation for the perception of the material

Organizing time.

• Greetings.
• Today we have a holiday in our house - guests. I think we will be happy to show the best that we know and can do.
• November 23, a month later, is the birthday of the remarkable Russian poet F. I. Tyutchev. And today's lesson is dedicated to his work.

Motivation of educational activity.

We analyze the epigraphs for the lesson, we try to formulate the goals of the lesson together. We remember that our main task in literature lessons is to become talented readers.

Updating students' knowledge.

Psychological analysis of illustrations from the exhibition "Poems of Tyutchev in my perception" and reading by heart the lines you like. We note that we are not yet very familiar with the poet’s work, but even at the beginning of our conversation, we can draw conclusions about what deep, diverse in topics and mood the poems were written by F. I. Tyutchev.

The game "Recognize the poem."

According to the last words in the verse, I ask you to recall and quote the famous poetic lines of F.I. Tyutchev (appendix).

The result of the game is the conclusion that many of the poet's lines are "well-known", known to the readership and are close to us today. Starting from the poem “We Cannot Predict...”, we reflect on the fact that “sympathy” in the text should be understood as “sympathy”, that is, as a joint (poet and reader) work of the mind and heart. Concluding that reading is labor, and sometimes understanding a poem means doing some research work, we move on to the next stage of the lesson.

2) Analysis of the poem "Fountain"

• The history of the creation of the poem. Teacher's word.

The exact time of the creation of the poem "Fountain" is unknown (according to some sources it is 1836, according to others - the middle of the 30s of the XIX century). The decade from the mid-20s to the mid-30s was the heyday of F. I. Tyutchev's talent. At this time, he creates such masterpieces as "Spring Thunderstorm", "Autumn Evening", "Insomnia", etc. In those years, the poet was in the diplomatic service abroad, in Munich. His close friend I.S. Gagarin, dreaming of acquainting capital writers with the work of his friend, asks the poet to send a selection of his poems. F. I. Tyutchev soon complied with the request of a friend, accompanying the poems with the following letter: “You asked me to send you my paperwork ... I take this opportunity to get rid of it. Do with it what you will. I have an aversion to old, scribbled paper, especially scribbled by me. It smells of mustiness to the point of nausea ... ". The poems were published in Pushkin's Sovremennik magazine in 1836 in numbers 3 and 4 signed "F. T.". Instead of 5, 6 poems, as planned, 24 were published (apparently, Pushkin liked them so much). Among them is the poem "Fountain".

Tyutchev at this time is 33 years old - the age of Christ, wisdom, divine revelations. Poems written at this time are distinguished by deep content, perfect, harmonious form. Let's try to see this, reflecting on the poem "Fountain". I remind you that in our study we rely on the approximate plan for the analysis of a lyrical work that we compiled earlier and, as usual, use it creatively, that is, we dwell on the most significant aspects of the study for this text and conduct an analysis in the order that “suggests” the text itself.

• Expressive reading of the text. Student presentation.
• Verbal drawing, reference to illustrative material (photographs of the fountains of Petrodvorets).

I ask the children to describe in words what they presented while listening to the poem, I am interested in which lines helped to present it especially clearly. I ask the guys if the picture created by the imagination matches the appearance of the fountains they know (we rely on the life experience of the children and photographs of the fountains of Petrodvorets). With the help of a dictionary, we find out the meaning of unfamiliar words “water cannon”, “hand”, “striving”, “sweeping”, “mortal”. (1 microgroup).

• Comparative analysis of the poem by F. I. Tyutchev "Fountain" and an excerpt from the poem by A. S. Pushkin "To the Fountain of the Bakhchisarai Palace" (Appendix 1). Study in microgroups followed by collective discussion.

The image of a fountain is often found in Russian poetry. Suffice it to recall A. S. Pushkin's poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai", his own poem "To the Fountain of the Bakhchisarai Palace". Let's try to compare an excerpt from this poem with a poem by F. I. Tyutchev. I ask the children to work in pairs, to note the similarities and differences in these texts.

1) mood: admiring the beauty of the fountain is accompanied by sad thoughts (“two roses”, “tears” in Pushkin and, for example, “fall down”, “condemned”, “invisibly fatal” in Tyutchev’s text.
2) the epithet "live". Why do two poets, without saying a word, use the same epithet? Is it possible to change words in these texts? Let's conduct an experiment, replace "live" with "big". We note that the rhyme does not suffer, but the use of the word "live" not only makes the artistic image more vivid, visible, but also allows us to draw a parallel with human life.
3) poetic size - iambic tetrameter, one of the most common sizes in Russian poetry of the 19th century (perhaps poets are more interested not in the form, but in the content of the poem?)

Differences:

1) Pushkin's image of the fountain is auditory ("non-silent talk"), while Tyutchev's image is visual (its specificity is set by the first word "look").
2) the image of the fountain is filled with different content: for Pushkin it is a fountain of tears, a “fountain of love”, a sign of the world of feelings, experiences, the human soul; for Tyutchev, this is a “water cannon of mortal thought”, an image of the mind, the intellect of a person. We note that this is the specificity of the creative manner of F. I. Tyutchev, a poet-thinker, a poet-philosopher. This was already noted by his contemporaries. I. S. Turgenev wrote: “Each of his poems began with a thought ...”

Advertising (voicing the results of work in microgroups). Heuristic conversation - a meeting of the academic council.

Before the lesson, students received homework - to conduct a micro-research (to analyze one of the levels of a literary text). At the lesson, the performance of one student from the microgroup is accompanied by comments from the audience (academic council). The task of the teacher is to involve all children in the discussion process, to draw their attention to the most difficult moments. We stipulate that our study does not claim to be complete due to the limited study time.

1) Composition.

The poem is compositionally divided into two parts: the first 8 lines create an image of the continuous movement of water in the fountain, as if illustrating the direct meaning of the word "fountain" - a jet of water beating upwards. In the second part, we are talking about the thought, the human mind, now the figurative meaning of the word “fountain” is involved - an inexhaustible, abundant stream of something (dictionary entry - on the board). The division into stanzas emphasizes the two-part structure. I inform the children that in some editions the text is not divided into stanzas. Is there any logic in this? Students should notice the inextricable internal connection of the two parts of the text: the first is an illustration, a visual picture, the second is a reflection. We assume that the comparison of the parts may help us understand the idea of ​​the poem.

2) Punctuation.

The second stanza is more emotional. If in the first we mark “calm” punctuation marks (comma, period, dash, semicolon), then the second stanza “presents” us with an exclamation mark, question marks, and even a special synthetic punctuation mark

(!..). This convinces: the philosophical grain of the poem, its idea, must be sought here. Thanks to rhetorical exclamations and a rhetorical question, the second stanza involves the reader in the author's thoughts and experiences, as a result, reading the text becomes deeply personal.

3) System of images.

• The title, central image, apparently, was not chosen by the author by chance: he better than others paints a picture of the eternal, inexorable movement towards a lofty goal: water - to the sky, human thought - to the truth.
• We note that in the first part the figurative system is more pictorial, picturesque, joyful. The color palette is optimistic: “shining”, “flaming”, “sun”, “beam”, “fiery”, etc. We draw attention to the amazing epithet “fiery”, the author's find.
• In the second part of the poem, the focus is on the image of thought, a living, active beginning, striving for a high, transcendental. The second stanza is filled with more abstract imagery. It is this stanza that, first of all, is intended to convey the idea of ​​the poem, to become a kind of conclusion from the author's observations.
• With all the contrast, the deepest internal cohesion of the parts is emphasized by the general artistic image of the ray soaring up to the sky. This detail likens thought to a fountain. It is no coincidence that these images are combined in the last lines.

4) Vocabulary features.

Not having the opportunity to engage in a detailed lexical analysis of the text, we turn only to some features of the vocabulary.

• The abundance of words with high stylistic coloring, including obsolete words. We explain this fact by the author’s appeal to lofty topics, his attempt to formulate universal, philosophical laws of being (especially noteworthy is the replacement of the word “fountain” with a synonym for “water cannon”)
• The passive participle "condemned" due to its grammatical form is permeated with the author's special pain associated with understanding the limitations of the human mind.

5) Organization of artistic space and time.

Both parts of the poem, at first glance, in this regard, seem to be organized in the same way: an upward movement, and then an inexorable downward descent. In this movement in a circle there is a certain doom, a feeling of the impossibility of breaking out of it.

Modeling.

We analyze models of artistic space created by children for the lesson. We note that the attentive gaze of the reader also reveals that these two circles are not identical. The first draws the movement of water (this is a narrow, material world), and the second - the circle of thought (the boundless world of the spirit). And since the second circle is wider, it means that one can see in this, albeit a weak, but still hope that the striving for truth is not a movement in a vicious circle doomed by the “hand of an invisible-fatal”, but an upward movement, in a spiral, which it is a slow and difficult, but nevertheless an approximation to the truth.

My models are in Appendix 2, 3. I share with the children my little discovery: the letter “f” is a kind of reflection of the composition of the text, another version of its model (in it, in addition to two circles, the rod in the middle attracts attention, a certain vertical connecting heavenly and earthly). Moreover, this letter somehow magically resembles a fountain (meaning its graphic appearance).

Artistic time in the text changes from the beginning to the end of the poem: in the first stanza it can be defined with the word "now", in the second - with the word "always" (this word "law" suggests). Thus, we celebrate the expansion of artistic time.

As a result of such observations, we conclude that F.I. Tyutchev, with a certain amount of pessimism, derives a certain universal law, the law of the inexorable movement of human knowledge forward, up, towards the truth. In this one can see Tyutchev's faith in the power of the human mind, the high humanistic meaning of this poem and the poet's work as a whole.

6) Phonetic structure of the text.

The phonetic organization of the poem is interesting. Everything that is outside the norm, the usual ratio of vowels and consonants, is curious. Based on this, we draw attention to the following features of the text:

• There are many vowels in the poem. For example, in line 3 there are 14 consonants and 9 vowels, and in verse 6 there are 9 vowels for 13 consonants. As a result, the text, despite the author's reflections on the limitations of human capabilities, strikes with a sense of freedom, spaciousness and optimism.
• There are many whistling consonants in the text, for example, the sounds "s, s," occur 19 times. They apparently reflected the earthly, mortal beginning. Only in two verses (14 and 15) they are not (there we are talking about the highest, divine). But there are a lot of "r" and "l". In this confrontation, 4 "p" and 4 "l", the most formidable, disturbing, harsh and the softest, most affectionate - a manifestation of the climax, the highest point in the development of the lyrical plot. This is the way out to the level of philosophy: life is an eternal confrontation, an eternal struggle, an eternal striving for truth and an eternal impossibility to reach it.

7) Features of the rhyme.

By the nature of the rhyme, the poem could consist of 4 quatrains, while the author’s combination of 1 and 2, 3 and 4 quatrains, apparently, was done intentionally, from compositional considerations: quatrains 1 and 2 depict the movement of water, 3 and 4 - human thoughts.

In each quatrain we observe a belted (enveloping) rhyme, i.e. 1 and 4, 2 and 3 lines in a quatrain rhyme. This way of rhyming in Russian literature is rare. This interesting, refined form is harmonious with the content, like the movement of a fountain. The descriptiveness of the rhyming method is emphasized by the following fact: in each quatrain, lines 2 and 3 end with a soft, delicate feminine clause, and lines 1 and 4 with a masculine one, which makes each quatrain complete and complete. The last stressed syllable in a quatrain is a certain point, a conclusion from what has been said. As a result, the whole poem sounds very convincing, the author's judgments claim to be true.

8) Symbolism.

In the poem of F. I. Tyutchev there are enough symbolic, multi-valued elements. These are symbolic images (a fountain is a symbol of eternal, unstoppable movement, an “invisibly fatal hand” is a symbol of any limits, difficulties on the way to a goal, etc.), and, for example, the number 4, which has found a plastic embodiment in various text elements. There are 4 quatrains in the poem, it is written in iambic tetrameter, in the climactic verses 14 and 15 - 4 "r" and 4 "l", finally, the very image of the fountain (water cannon) occurs four times (including the name). The symbolism of the four turns us to fundamental, all-encompassing images: 4 cardinal points, 4 seasons, 4 ends of the cross, 4 stages of human life, etc. Four is a symbol of integrity, organization, perfection, integrity. Apparently, this reflects the philosophical and religious views of the poet-thinker, even with his word striving for the improvement of the world.

9) The image of a lyrical hero.

In the poem, the image of a lyrical hero arises, of course, close to the author. This is a thinker for whom the highest value is the human mind. He admires the greatness of the world, the cosmos, God, and mourns the impossibility of man to comprehend all the secrets of being. At the same time, the leitmotif of the poem becomes the idea of ​​the need to dare, to constantly rush towards the sky, beyond, thereby steadily approaching the truth. We are convinced of this by the study of other aspects of the poetic text.

The idea of ​​the poem (conclusion based on the results of a heuristic conversation). Summary of the academic council.

• O The world is beautiful and amazing.
• O Human thought is not always able to penetrate the secrets of the universe.
• O You can’t give up, you must always strive to learn more, get closer to the truth. This is the acquisition of a certain divine essence by a person.

3) Summing up the work (the word of the teacher).

At the end of the conversation, we note the following:

• Analysis of the text emphasizes the harmony, proportionality of all elements of the poem.
• A careful reading of it allows you to understand in the text what is hidden from the gaze of an inattentive reader.
• A lyrical work, a talented artistic text in general, and the poetry of F. I. Tyutchev in particular require an equally talented reader.
• Even if today we did not succeed, if the fountain of our collective mind did not reach the truth, we are still doing well by virtue of our attempt to learn more, to get closer to the truth.
• Thank you all for your work.

Reflection.

Continue the sentence you started (the key words are written on the board).

• It was difficult...
• I learned...
• Seemed interesting...
• My feelings...

Self-assessment of students (entry in the diary).

4) Homework

At the end of the lesson, make a list of questions that you would like to receive answers to.

5) Encouragement.

As a reward for the active, fruitful, creative work of students, a romance to the verses of F.I. Tyutchev "I met you ..." sounds.

Look how a shining fountain swirls like a living cloud; How it burns, how its moist smoke crushes in the sun. Having risen to the sky with a beam, he Touched the cherished height And again with fire-colored dust Fall down to the ground condemned. O water jet of mortal thought, O inexhaustible water jet! What incomprehensible law aspires you, crushes you? How greedily you rush to the sky!.. But the invisibly fateful hand, Refracting your stubborn beam, Overthrows in splashes from a height...

Poem F.I. Tyutchev's "Fountain" was written in 1836 in the life of Tyutchev - the fourteenth year in many years of service in Munich in the Russian mission (). This was the period of the most fruitful poetic activity. See how the cloud of life Tyutchev's poem is written in iambic trimeter with pyrrhic chimes, which somewhat soften the size, give it some smoothness.

O water jet of mortal thought, O inexhaustible water jet! What incomprehensible law aspires you, crushes you? How greedily you rush towards the sky!.. But your invisibly fatal hand, Refracting your stubborn beam, Overthrows in splashes from a height... "the hand of the invisibly fatal" refracts the "beam" of the "inexhaustible" "water cannon".

A human thought, like a fountain, tends upwards, towards the sky, but there is a certain limit, there is a certain border, established ... but by whom? A higher power or the very energy of thought? “The Hand of the Invisibly Fatal” is a poetic image of the Incomprehensible Law of Fate, which is not given to man to know. Thought, daring to rise to the “unallowable” height, falls, crumbling into small fragments, and does not maintain the level reached.

PHILOSOPHICAL LYRICS are poems based on reflections on the meaning of life or on eternal human values. They, like any other lyrics, contain the requirement to comply with all literary rules for writing poetry (rhyme, imagery, personification, etc.) and the presence of a hidden meaning, in addition to the understandable main one. The hidden meaning is sometimes not revealed immediately, but after reading the work several times, sometimes even after a real event that happened later.

Night and I, we both breathe, The air is drunk with linden blossom, And, silent, we hear What, with its jet swaying, The fountain sings to us. - I, and blood, and thought, and the body - We are obedient slaves: To a certain limit, we all rise boldly Under the pressure of fate. The thought rushes, the heart beats., Flickering mist does not help; The blood will return to the heart again, My ray will spill into the reservoir, And the dawn will extinguish the night.

RHYME Night and I, we both breathe, The air is drunk with linden blossom, And, silent, we hear What, with its jet swaying, The fountain sings to us. Fet's poem is written using a chorea, which gives the work "vigor" of the syllable, lightness, emphasizes the author's optimistic mood.

Night and I, we both breathe, The air is drunk with linden blossom, And, silent, we hear What, with its jet swaying, The fountain sings to us. - I, and blood, and thought, and the body - We are obedient slaves: To a certain limit, we all rise boldly Under the pressure of fate. The thought rushes, the heart beats., Flickering mist does not help; The blood will return to the heart again, My ray will spill into the reservoir, And the dawn will extinguish the night. Look how a shining fountain swirls like a living cloud; How it burns, how its moist smoke crushes in the sun. Having risen to the sky with a beam, he Touched the cherished height And again with fire-colored dust Fall down to the ground condemned. O water jet of mortal thought, O inexhaustible water jet! What incomprehensible law aspires you, crushes you? How greedily you rush to the sky!.. But the invisibly fateful hand, Refracting your stubborn beam, Overthrows in splashes from a height...

Compare! Fet's reflections in the poem "Fountain" are somewhat similar to Tyutchev's thoughts. The poet compares human life with the arrangement of a fountain: o Fet does not perceive this limitation of human life as something tragic. For him, the cycle of life and death is a natural and natural phenomenon. The poet considers man to be a part of nature, which obeys its laws. A person comes into this world, born of the earth, and leaves it. For the lyrical hero, Fet is not a tragedy, but harmony and the natural course of things.
The Artistic Form of the Poems Both poems are based on the comparison of a man with a fountain. The composition of Tyutchev's poem is 2-part. The first part is a description of the "work" of the fountain, the second part is an analogy with human thought. Fet's poem is 3-part - an exposition, a description of human life and its outcome.

However, in both concepts, the role of fate and fate is strong. Both Tyutchev and Fet consider a person subject to this force - "the pressure of fate." But if Tyutchev’s fate is an evil fate, then Fet’s is part of the forces of the Universe that make a person not only suffer, but also develop (“we ascend boldly”).

The poems of Tyutchev and Fet are philosophical elegies with similar motives. However, in terms of the basic mood and philosophical concept, these poems differ sharply from each other. The artistic means chosen by each of their artists help them express their view of human life, its possibilities and the place of man in this world.

The poem "Fountain" refers to the philosophical lyrics of Tyutchev, it was written in the heyday of his talent. At the same time, he created such masterpieces as "Spring Thunderstorm", "Autumn Evening", "Insomnia", "Winter is angry for a reason..." and others. Turgenev wrote about the work of this poet: "Each of his poems began with a thought ...".

Tyutchev addresses the reader, the interlocutor, drawing attention to the picture depicting the fountain. With a fountain, he compares human thought. The law by which she lives, the poet calls incomprehensible. Human thought, according to Tyutchev, is inexhaustible, but at the same time it cannot fully penetrate the secrets of the universe. Like a fountain, it irresistibly strives upward, towards the sky, but there is also a limit for it, a certain border through which it cannot cross - it will be stopped by the “invisible fatal hand”. A thought greedily rushing upward is condemned, like jets of water in a fountain, to "fall to the ground." Within each stanza, there is a line of "rise: and" descent.

The poem is compositionally divided into two parts - into two stanzas, each of which consists of eight lines. In the first part, a fountain is depicted, in the second, the poet describes the movement of human thought. Such a composition is usually called "mirror". The image of the continuous movement of water in the fountain, drawn in the first stanza, illustrates the direct meaning of the word fountain (a jet of water beating upwards). In the second part, we are talking about human thought and the figurative meaning of the word fountain (an inexhaustible, plentiful flow of something) is involved. The first part of the poem can be called an illustration, a picturesque picture, while the second part is a philosophical reflection. Connection between
parts are straight and inseparable - by comparing them, the reader can understand the idea of ​​​​the work.
The second stanza, even from the outside, looks much more emotional than the first. The first one uses "calm" punctuation marks: comma, period, dash, semicolon. In the second stanza, there are not only exclamation and question marks, but there is even a special synthetic punctuation mark (! ..). Rhetorical exclamations and rhetorical question
engage the reader in the author's thoughts. It is clear that the philosophical grain of the poem, its idea are contained in the second part of the poem. It is also important that in the very appearance of the main image of the work there are details that are interesting to pay attention to. The graphic image of the letter F somehow magically resembles a fountain. In addition, it reflects the composition of the poem in a peculiar way: in addition to two circles, it has a rod,
connecting them in the middle - and in the composition of Tyutchev's poem there is also a certain vertical that connects the heavenly and the earthly. It turns out that the title image was chosen by the author not by chance. The fountain perfectly symbolizes the picture of the eternal movement towards a lofty goal: water - to the sky, human thought - to the truth.

The idea of ​​​​Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev's poem can probably be stated simply: the world in which we live is beautiful and amazing, it is inexhaustible and cannot be fully known by man. Sublime vocabulary, metaphors connect the image of the fountain with the image of the “mortal thought” of a person. In the first part of the poem, the figurative system is more picturesque, the artist's color palette is brighter. The author uses romantic epithets (radiant fountain; cherished height), vivid vocabulary (flaming; sun; ray), metaphors (living cloud; ray rising to the sky). Epithets are at the same time metaphors (radiant fountain; moist smoke; cherished height; fire-colored dust). Metaphors are also contained in comparisons (the fountain ... swirls like a living cloud; it is condemned to fall to the ground with fire-colored dust). The emotional richness of the poem is enhanced by the use of a variety of syntactic constructions. The first four lines, united by a common rhyme, are a complex sentence with the main one, consisting of one word: "Look ...", - which contains an appeal and an appeal. The repetition of the union draws attention to the object of the image - the fountain, linking together the verbs swirl, flame, crush, which helps to make the picture visible.

An important stylistic role is played by inversion, which emphasizes the significance of the words (a shining fountain swirls like a living cloud; it has wet smoke in the sun; an invisibly fatal hand; a stubborn beam). The second stanza, in which the author addresses the philosophical issues of being, is filled with more abstract images, words with a high stylistic coloring, including obsolete ones (strits, hand). The replacement of the word fountain with a synonym for a water cannon is especially significant, in order to enhance the impression, the author resorts to repetitions. In the poem, the word "ray" is repeated twice: the ray of the fountain and the ray of "mortal thought". This comparison emphasizes the futility of man's aspirations to comprehend all the secrets of the universe. The work ends with the word "heights". It also sounded at the very beginning, accompanied by
cherished epithet). It is interesting to consider how the artistic space and artistic time change in this work.

At first glance, both parts of the poem seem to be organized in the same way: the movement (of water in the fountain and thoughts) first goes up, and then an inexorable descent follows. There is a kind of doom in this movement - it seems that it is impossible to break out of this circle. But the attentive eye of the reader reveals that these two circles are not at all the same.
The first circle is small - this is the movement of water in the fountain in a vicious circle, this is a material
world. The second circle is much larger - it is a circle of thought that can be expanded indefinitely. The wider the circle, the closer the person is to the truth. Artistic time in the text of the first stanza can be defined by the word now, and in the second - by the word always (the author suggests this with the words "incomprehensible law"). The poem is written in iambic tetrameter, the rhyme is circular.

Option 2

The poem “Fountain” by F.I. Tyutchev is very unusual. On the one hand, it's just admiration for a wonderful picture born of the contrast of light and water (sun and water smoke), but after reading the poem two, five, ten times, you understand that this is not so.

The poem is based on the principle of conversion, i.e. the author says "look" - and in your imagination a picture instantly arises, under the impression of which we are transported to 1836, one of the clear days of April. There is a wonderful, hot weather, and a cool fountain nearby. Tyutchev depicts this seemingly indescribable picture, as if addressing you specifically and reciting these verses against the background of the landscape - such an unusual impression is created.

A fountain is not just an architectural structure filled with water that circulates back and forth. It is immediately clear: this is a “living cloud”, consisting of billions of droplets that play, shimmer in the sun, creating a wonderful “fiery” smoke.

In the first octave, a picture of a fountain sparkling in the sun is drawn in detail, the physical process of raising water to the “cherished height” and the subsequent fall under the action of gravity, as well as the optical effect of light refraction in drops, is amazingly accurately conveyed.

Tyutchev does not stop at the physical picture, he goes further, giving his thoughts and identifying the fountain with the "human". It should be noted that there is an appeal in the second octave. The first two verses begin with "O", which, combined with the special word "water cannon", a synonym for a fountain, and the epithet "inexhaustible" convey the admiration of the author. The fountain image dissolves and disappears completely. It is dispelled by the word "mortal". Here it is - directly human - thought. The thought is unusual, captivating, like the drops of a fountain, and therefore the thought is comparable precisely with the flight of a drop. The comparison is unusual, which is characteristic of poetic thought. So, the flight of poetic thought, the “cherished height” of which is the recognition of thought.

Thought moves according to the "incomprehensible law", which means, according to Tyutchev, there is a higher power that controls the direction and content of thought. The fountain rises to the sky. It is “torn”, this word emphasizes the speed, speed, strength and inevitability of the “human fountain” - thoughts.

Mankind remembers the “stubborn rays”, launched by the fountain of thought and controlled by the “invisible hand”. A fountain, like a person, can fall apart, die with time; the thought, if it is worthwhile, will be eternal.

Perhaps the main feature of this poem is that two worlds are present and clearly demarcated in it: a world close to the real, in this case a fountain, and a world of thoughts. If in most works of philosophical lyrics of the romantic direction one has to look for subscript meaning oneself, then here it is given.

Tyutchev masterfully built even a description of the painting itself. The first two lines are a complete thought, a picture appears in black and white, which only represents the scene, and at the end there is a “semicolon” ​​- the first stage of the impression has passed. Before our eyes, the picture comes to life, filled with colors: red, orange, yellow. The fountain begins to beat, and slowly, one large drop is visible in close-up. that rises and falls. As soon as she fell, the picture disappears, as evidenced by the “point” at the end of the first octaht, and when the drop reaches its apogee, it hangs there for a while, and in this place it shines especially brightly. The duration at this point is shown as a dash. The second part begins, the main task of which is to raise the question: “What incomprehensible law aspires to you, crushes you?” And as if to confirm that this question is not meaningless, the image of the “stubborn beam” returns, which is refracted and overthrown into the abyss from a height.

Tyutchev formulated a question, the answer to which we, perhaps, will never find, but we can only be glad that he asked questions so well, clearly saw and “gathered” the idea that he was able to do the main thing, and this is his great merit.

Option 3

The lyrics of the Russian poet F.I. Tyutcheva is philosophical, always imbued with deep thought. However, Tyutchev's thought is not abstract: it, as a rule, merges with an image, a picture depicting something concrete. Thought and image are closely interconnected: the picture gives expressiveness to the thought, and the thought saturates the picture with depth.

In the literal sense, a “fountain” is an architectural structure for supplying water under pressure; in a figurative sense, one can say “a fountain of ideas, thoughts”.

The first stanza consists of eight verses with a ring rhyme: abba || abba.

Rings of rhymes give relative independence, isolation to the quatrains included in the stanza. In the first four verses there is a picture of a gushing fountain, in the next four there is a picture of water falling to the ground. In general, in the first stanza, a picture is drawn related to the fountain as an architectural structure.

The second stanza is a mirror image of the first. It outlines Tyutchev's philosophical position, which consists in the fact that human thought, even brilliant, cannot comprehend everything. "A water cannon of mortal thought" is compared to a fountain. This vivid image helps to visually present the painting that excites the author.

Important stylistic possibilities lie in the syntax. The first four verses, united by a common rhyme, are a complex sentence with the main one, consisting of one word - “look”, which contains an appeal and an appeal. The absence of a definite treatment with the verb emphasizes the importance of the object of attention itself.

The repetition of the union “how” performs the same function, drawing attention to the object of the image - the fountain, linking together the verbs: “swirls”, “flames”, “crushes”, which helps to vividly present the picture.

An important stylistic role is played by inversion (“cherished heights”, “fire-colored dust”, “condemned to fall to the ground”), increasing the expressiveness of poetic speech, enhancing the semantic load of the words at the end of the verse.

The second stanza begins with an anaphora, uniting appeals that are close in syntactic structure:

About the mortal thought of a water cannon,

O inexhaustible water cannon!

Rhetorical exclamations and questions create maximum emotional tension.

Strengthening the expressiveness of speech is achieved by using tropes - turns of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense. The poetic language that depicts the fountain is bright, figurative, metaphorically saturated (“radiant fountain”, “moist smoke”, “a living cloud ... swirling”, “falling with fire-colored dust ... condemned”).

The second stanza as a whole is a detailed comparison of the fountain and human thought, which, like a fountain, rushes up, obeying some "incomprehensible law." Tyutchev's image of human thought is philosophically saturated: the metaphor "eagerly rushing towards the sky" emphasizes swiftness and tirelessness. However, the infinity of thought turns out to be illusory: something, denoted by the metaphor “hand of the invisibly fatal”, interrupts the flight of human thought.

At the end of the poem, there is a tragic thought that the world is completely incomprehensible to man.

A person in Tyutchev's lyrics appears as a seeker, a thinker, gifted with high spiritual needs. The words of the biblical prophet: “There is much sadness in much wisdom, and whoever increases knowledge, increases sorrow,” are consonant with the main idea of ​​Tyutchev’s poem “Fountain”. The undoubted merit of the poet is that he managed to express the human wisdom accumulated over the centuries in a bright, figurative poetic word.

4 / 5. 2

The poet created this poem in 1836. Fedor Tyutchev, after studying at the university in Moscow. After he received, one might say, the profession of a diplomat and was sent to Munich, Germany, where he closely studied European poetry. It was then that being surrounded by romantics and poets in Tyutchev was the most fruitful time in terms of creativity.

Verse Fountain size is small, but deep in meaning. We see that the poet touches on the motives of the great "Faust" by Goethe. This is a reflection on the theme of the predetermination of the fate of man. Tyutchev expresses the idea that there is always a certain threshold, a limiter, and a person cannot fully open up. But here we already see not just romantic thoughts, but philosophical reflection. If a person cannot, in a figurative sense, jump above himself, then what is there beyond, whether it exists or is it an illusion. The poet very beautifully compares the fountain with the idea of ​​a man, the pure idea of ​​striving upwards, towards development, towards beauty, towards heaven. The fountain always beats brightly, it simply cannot be otherwise, because then the fountain will not be itself by definition. This symbolizes the desire of man to the highest. And this is always the case for everyone, but for everyone in their own way.

However, the poet writes about tragedy, about disappointment. After all, no matter how strongly the fountain strives towards the sky, no matter how much a person burns with an idea, very soon he will fall helplessly to the ground and perhaps will no longer try to rise. We see that the poet believed in fate. But it's hard to call it just fate, it's some kind of inexorable fate. The desire of man to know everything, all nature, the foundations of the universe is truly unlimited and even infinite. And we see a bitter discrepancy with reality. Every attempt to climb up will quickly fail. And this can go on indefinitely. And as you know, eternity is more terrible for a person than just death. Why this happens is hard to say. It can be assumed that all attempts to rise up the fountains fail through the laws of nature, which are inexorable and a person cannot change them.

However, the question remains, is it temporary? Will a person be able to develop in such a way as to change the laws of nature at the most fundamental level. It's a matter of faith. One can guess, one can believe in the inevitable evolution, but we cannot know anything for sure. Will evolution go on forever? I think not, and degradation awaits us. And we will not be able to change the laws of nature, because they were created by the Higher Mind, and if we try, we will only destroy everything.

Fyodor Tyutchev often and skillfully uses epithets and metaphors in his poem. The poet uses a ring rhyme, which seems to repeat the endless movement of the water jets of the fountain. Topics touched upon by the poet will excite a person until the very end of his existence.

Option 2

Russian poet and thinker Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev wrote in a rather unusual style. His short poems more and more resemble a fragment of a work. However, Tyutchev was able to fit a lot into this small passage. The whole meaning, plot, history, everything that worried the poet, and the Russian people, was laid down in these short poems, which it would be more correct to call an ode. Due to the brevity of the text, Tyutchev's poems evoked an overabundance of feelings, emotions and a plot picture. Which, of course, gave popularity to the poet. His poems were not written in the classical style, perhaps somewhat difficult to read, but this did not reduce interest in Tyutchev's work.

In the style of an ode, the poem "Fountain" is also. It was written in 1836, during the heyday of Tyutchev's work. The poet has always tried to find the connection between man and nature. He sought to know the true essence of man in combination with nature. There is also an opinion that the observation of the fountain became an addition to this desire of Tyutchev.

Tyutchev liked to present in his works, to be imbued with the idea, so he wrote his works in the style of philosophical lyrics. However, romanticism is also present in his poems. His work "Fountain" can just be attributed to philosophical lyrics with elements of romanticism. In The Fountain, Tyutchev philosophizes a lot, thinking about what disturbs the fountain so much that makes it rise to the clouds and descend.

The fountain is the main character of this work. It can be compared with a person who aspires to heights, to something new, unknown, but still falls down. Here Tyutchev discusses how a person does not fall when striving for new heights, how not to be this same fountain that invariably falls down. “What an incomprehensible law ...” - Tyutchev asks, which, in other words, makes a person, like a fountain, fall down, lose heights and achievements.

The mood in the poem is constantly changing. So, at the beginning of the work, the fountain is cheerful, full of strength and energy. It shines as it reaches the rays of the sun. Similarly, a person is full of enthusiasm and diligence in relation to the work that attracts and attracts him. And here the mood of the poem is strikingly different from the first lines. As soon as touching the rays of the sun, "it is condemned to fall on the ground." Here, the character of a person in the image of a fountain is perfectly reflected. Even for modern times, this is relevant - a person loses enthusiasm, reaching certain peaks, achieving his goal. Like a fountain, it fades and falls down. Just a couple of lines, but how they reflect the problems of even modern society. Tyutchev, in just a few lines, contained the global problem of mankind from different times, in his favorite manner, comparing man with nature.

Tyutchev superbly compared man with inanimate nature. Although the poem is pessimistic in nature, it is worth noting that it is very instructive. The work directs a person to the desire to surpass himself. Tyutchev here acts as a teacher. He gives an example from the life of nature and compares it with the life, norms and behavior of man. Apparently, this gives popularity to this poem by Tyutchev.

Analysis of the poem Fountain according to plan

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev is one of the outstanding Russian poets of the 19th century. He wrote over 400 poems, in each of which he raised important questions and approached the problem from a philosophical point of view. He liked to talk about nature, trying to find the relationship between the world around us and man himself. This is especially noticeable in his poem "Fountain".

The 1820s-1840s of the 19th century is the heyday of the writer's work. At this stage, his work reached the “peak” of success, they began to recognize him. And in 1839, at the age of 36, he wrote this poem.

The author himself at that moment was in the diplomatic service in Germany. A trip to Europe helped him improve his skill level. However, despite the fact that he enjoyed being abroad, he begins to feel lonely. As a result, he is increasingly immersed in himself, reflecting and philosophizing on various topics. As a result, he begins to find in nature something deep, truly bewitching. Solitude gave him a sharpness of inner perception of reality.

Genre, direction, size

Tyutchev was a prominent representative of romanticism, and in this poem he also worked in the main "key", acting on the principles of this direction. The poet urges people to pay attention to another world, to see the greatness and diversity of nature.

According to the genre, the poem can be attributed to philosophical lyrics, since such problems as self-knowledge of a person and the harmony of the surrounding world are touched upon here.

The size of the poem is iambic tetrameter using pyrrhic. The rhyme form is circular.

Images and symbols

1. The central figure in the poem is fountain. He is a kind of personification of human thought. In the first passage of the work, Tyutchev describes the fountain itself, its obsessive desire to rise up, which, in the end, leads to a fall. In the next passage, he tries to find a connection between a man and a fountain. The author is trying to understand the human essence, why it is so important for people to cross this line, to achieve ideality, if it still fails.
2. Ray here it acts as a symbol of the spiritual energy of a person, his desire for perfection, which is still refracted.
3. Invisible fatal hand- this is the very trait that prevents a person from knowing his strength. The word "hand" has Church Slavonic roots, so the poet purposefully used it. With this phrase, he wanted to show the invisible energy that is capable of directing human destiny. This is the superiority of God's right over the world.

Topics and issues

• The main theme of this work is the ambitious desire of a person to surpass himself. The central conflict is an internal struggle. Tyutchev finds a relationship between a living being and an inanimate object, focusing on the fact that they have common features. After all, the creator of the fountain is a man. So God, embodied in the entire world around us, left in people a part of himself - a spirit that tends to reach for the light. Accordingly, the moral and philosophical themes of the work revolve around the human essence, which the poet is trying to cognize and explain, simplifying its being to comparison with a fountain.
• One of the problems is the restriction of people, their activities. There are certain boundaries that a person is not able to cross. From epoch to epoch, people try to erect their own Tower of Babel, but it crumbles to dust, because the possibilities of civilization are not unlimited.
• From this follows an equally important problem, namely, the inextinguishable striving for the ideal, doomed to failure. Many are trying to achieve perfection, to do more than they can embody. But it is necessary to gain humility in order to accept that someday the upward movement will stop and a decline will begin.

Meaning

The main idea of ​​the poem is the need for humility and acceptance of the laws of life. Tyutchev speaks about the limitations of people, about the predestination of their fate and the actions themselves. A person is obsessed with the desire to know the world, to feel the higher laws of the universe, but there are boundaries that are simply impossible to cross. No matter how hard a person tries, he will not be able to reach the very top. This idea underlies the Christian worldview, and the author conveyed it in lyrics. The same idea, for example, is embedded in the biblical tradition about the Tower of Babel, where people failed to complete the construction of a city reaching to the sky. Their ambitious thoughts crumbled to dust, because all the builders began to speak different languages. So, according to theologians, different alphabets appeared, for God punished his creatures for excessive curiosity. In the poem "Fountain" Tyutchev lays down the same morality, but more conciliatory: we tend to rush upwards, but we must come to terms with the fact that we will still fall and not reach the ideal.

And in his reflections, Tyutchev finds points of contact between a person and a fountain. This created phenomenon has the same course. The streams of water rise up, reach a certain height, but then fall anyway. Likewise, in a person's life, a rise is followed by a fall.

Means of artistic expression

Tyutchev's work is replete with various means of artistic expression. First of all, the author uses parallelism. The entire composition is built on this technique, dividing the work into two parts. Initially, the poet creates the image of a fountain, trying to evoke an atmosphere of cordial mood. In the second octave, it shows the inner world of a person, while escalating the situation.

In order to give a vivid image to the fountain, Tyutchev's poem is full of various epithets: “fire-colored dust”, “cherished heights”, etc. It is they who help to see the greatness of the fountain through the eyes of the author himself. It is also impossible to do without the metaphors “the fountain is blazing”, “swirling”, which enhance emotional expressiveness. One of the main tricks is to compare a person's thought with a water cannon, the movement of which coincides.

The description of the second part is characterized by the wide use of various syntactic means. The author asks rhetorical questions and uses rhetorical exclamations to understand what is the reason for human ambition.

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