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Mommy, I'm going to die soon... Vladimir Semenovich’s mother recalled that she had such a conversation with her son. For Vysotsky, early death was something of a test of the “realness” of the poet. However, I cannot be sure of this. I'll tell you about myself. Since childhood, I “knew for sure” that I would become a poet (of course, a great one) and die early. I won’t live to see thirty, or at least forty. Can a poet live longer? In biographies of writers, I always paid attention to the years of life. I calculated at what age the person died. I tried to understand why this happened. I think a lot of people who write do this. I don't hope to figure out why early deaths, but I’ll try to collect materials, collect existing theories and fantasize - I can hardly be a scientist - my own. First of all, I collected information about how Russian writers died. I entered the age at the time of death and the cause of death into the table. I tried not to analyze it, just enter the data into the required columns. I looked at the result - it was interesting. Prose writers of the 20th century, for example, often died from cancer (the leader was lung cancer). But in the world in general - according to WHO - among oncological diseases Lung cancer is the most common and cause of death. So is there a connection? I can’t decide whether it’s necessary to look for “writing” diseases, but I feel that there is some sense in this search. Russian prose writers of the 19th century
The average life expectancy of Russian people in the 19th century was about 34 years. But these data do not provide an idea of how long the average adult lived to live, since the statistics are heavily influenced by high infant mortality. Russian poets of the 19th century
In 19th-century Russia, poets died differently than prose writers. The latter often died from pneumonia, but among the former, no one died from this disease. Yes, poets have left before. Of the prose writers, only Gogol died at 42, the rest much later. And of the lyricists, it is rare who lived to be 50 (the longest-liver is Fet). Russian prose writers of the 20th century
There are theories according to which diseases can be caused psychological reasons(some esotericists believe that any illness is caused by spiritual or mental problems). This topic has not yet been sufficiently developed by science, but there are many books in stores like “All Diseases from Nerves.” For lack of anything better, let's resort to popular psychology. Russian poets of the 20th century
Cancer associated with a feeling of resentment, a deep mental wound, a feeling of the futility of one’s actions, one’s own uselessness. Lungs symbolize freedom, willingness and ability to accept and give. The twentieth century in Russia, many writers were “suffocating”, were forced to remain silent or not say everything they considered necessary. The cause of cancer is also called disappointment in life. Heart diseases are caused by overwork, prolonged stress, and the belief in the need for tension. A cold People who have too many events going on in their lives at the same time get sick. Pneumonia (pneumonia) - desperate. Throat diseases - creative impotence, crisis. Also, the inability to stand up for oneself.
For what? It's like inspiration Love the given subject! Like a true poet Sell your imagination! I am a slave, a day laborer, I am a tradesman! I owe you, sinner, for gold, For your worthless piece of silver Pay with divine payment! "Improvisation I"
Literature is a language that expresses everything a country thinks, wants, knows, wants and needs to know.
In the hearts of simple people, the feeling of the beauty and grandeur of nature is stronger, a hundred times more vivid, than in us, enthusiastic storytellers in words and on paper.
In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how can one not fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people! Poems in prose, "Russian language"
So, I complete my dissolute escape, Prickly snow flies from the naked fields, Driven by an early, violent snowstorm, And, stopping in the wilderness of the forest, Gathers in silver silence A deep and cold bed.
Listen: shame on you! It's time to get up! You know yourself What time has come; In whom the sense of duty has not cooled, Who is incorruptibly straight in heart, Who has talent, strength, accuracy, Tom shouldn't sleep now... "Poet and Citizen"
Is it really possible that even here they will not and will not allow the Russian organism to develop nationally, with its own organic strength, and certainly impersonally, servilely imitating Europe? But what should one do with the Russian organism then? Do these gentlemen understand what an organism is? Separation, “detachment” from their country leads to hatred, these people hate Russia, so to speak, naturally, physically: for the climate, for the fields, for the forests, for the order, for the liberation of the peasant, for Russian history, in a word, for everything, They hate me for everything. Spring! the first frame is exposed - And noise burst into the room, And the good news of the nearby temple, And the talk of the people, and the sound of the wheel...
Well, what are you afraid of, pray tell! Now every grass, every flower is rejoicing, but we are hiding, afraid, as if some kind of misfortune is coming! The thunderstorm will kill! This is not a thunderstorm, but grace! Yes, grace! It's all stormy! The northern lights will light up, you should admire and marvel at the wisdom: “from the midnight lands the dawn rises”! And you are horrified and come up with ideas: this means war or pestilence. Is there a comet coming? I wouldn’t look away! Beauty! The stars have already taken a closer look, they are all the same, but this is a new thing; Well, I should have looked and admired it! And you are afraid to even look at the sky, you are trembling! Out of everything, you have created a scare for yourself. Eh, people! "Storm"
There is no more enlightening, soul-cleansing feeling than that which a person feels when acquainted with a great work of art.
We know that loaded guns must be handled with care. But we don’t want to know that we must treat words in the same way. The word can kill and make evil worse than death.
There is a well-known trick by an American journalist who, in order to increase subscriptions to his magazine, began to publish in other publications the most harsh, arrogant attacks on himself from fictitious persons: some in print exposed him as a swindler and perjurer, others as a thief and murderer, and still others as a debauchee on a colossal scale. He didn’t skimp on paying for such friendly advertisements until everyone started thinking - it’s obvious he’s a curious and remarkable person when everyone is shouting about him like that! - and they began to buy up his own newspaper. "Life in a Hundred Years"
I... think that I know the Russian person to his very depths, and I do not take any credit for this. I didn’t study the people from conversations with St. Petersburg cab drivers, but I grew up among the people, on the Gostomel pasture, with a cauldron in my hand, I slept with it on the dewy grass of the night, under a warm sheepskin coat, and on Panin’s fancy crowd behind the circles of dusty habits...
Between these two clashing titans - science and theology - there is a stunned public, quickly losing faith in the immortality of man and in any deity, quickly descending to the level of a purely animal existence. Such is the picture of the hour illuminated by the brilliant noonday sun of the Christian and scientific era! "Isis Unveiled"
Sit down, I'm glad to see you. Throw away all fear And you can keep yourself free I give you permission. You know, the other day I was elected king by everyone, But it doesn't matter. They confuse my thoughts All these honors, greetings, bows... "Crazy"
- What do you want abroad? - I asked him while in his room, with the help of the servants, his things were being laid out and packed for sending to the Warsaw station. - Yes, just... to feel it! - he said confusedly and with a kind of dull expression on his face. "Letters from the Road"
Is the point to get through life in such a way as not to offend anyone? This is not happiness. Touch, break, break, so that life boils. I am not afraid of any accusations, but I am a hundred times more afraid of colorlessness than death.
Poetry is the same music, only combined with words, and it also requires a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm.
You experience a strange feeling when, with a light pressure of your hand, you force such a mass to rise and fall at will. When such a mass obeys you, you feel the power of man... "Meeting"
The feeling of the Motherland should be strict, restrained in words, not eloquent, not talkative, not “waving your arms” and not running forward (to appear). The feeling of the Motherland should be a great ardent silence. "Secluded"
And what is the secret of beauty, what is the secret and charm of art: in the conscious, inspired victory over torment or in the unconscious melancholy of the human spirit, which does not see a way out of the circle of vulgarity, squalor or thoughtlessness and is tragically condemned to appear complacent or hopelessly false. "Sentimental Memory"
Since birth I have lived in Moscow, but by God I don’t know where Moscow came from, what it is for, why, what it needs. In the Duma, at meetings, I, together with others, talk about the city economy, but I don’t know how many miles there are in Moscow, how many people there are, how many are born and die, how much we receive and spend, how much and with whom we trade... Which city is richer: Moscow or London? If London is richer, why? And the jester knows him! And when some issue is raised in the Duma, I shudder and be the first to start shouting: “Pass it over to the commission!” To the commission!
Everything new in an old way: From a modern poet In a metaphorical outfit The speech is poetic. But others are not an example to me,
Under the influence of Dostoevsky, as well as foreign literature, Baudelaire and Edgar Poe, my fascination began not with decadence, but with symbolism (even then I already understood their difference). I entitled the collection of poems, published at the very beginning of the 90s, “Symbols”. It seems that I was the first to use this word in Russian literature.
The running of changeable phenomena, Past the howling ones, speed up: Merge the sunset of achievements into one With the first shine of tender dawns. From the lower reaches of life to the origins In a moment, a single overview: In one face with a smart eye Collect your doubles. Unchanging and wonderful Gift of the Blessed Muse: In the spirit the form of harmonious songs, There is life and heat in the heart of the songs. "Thoughts on Poetry"
I have a lot of news. And all are good. I'm lucky". It's written to me. I want to live, live, live forever. If you only knew how many new poems I wrote! More than a hundred. It was crazy, a fairy tale, new. Publishing new book, not at all similar to the previous ones. She will surprise many. I changed my understanding of the world. No matter how funny my phrase may sound, I will say: I understand the world. For many years, perhaps forever. K. Balmont - L. Vilkina
Man - that's the truth! Everything is in man, everything is for man! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Human! It's great! It sounds... proud! "At the bottom"
I feel sorry for creating something useless and no one needs right now. Collection, book of poems in given time- the most useless useless thing... I don’t want to say by this that poetry is not needed. On the contrary, I maintain that poetry is necessary, even necessary, natural and eternal. There was a time when everyone seemed to need entire books of poetry, when they were read in bulk, understood and accepted by everyone. This time is the past, not ours. The modern reader does not need a collection of poems!
Language is the history of a people. Language is the path of civilization and culture. That is why studying and preserving the Russian language is not an idle activity because there is nothing to do, but an urgent necessity.
What nationalists and patriots these internationalists become when they need it! And with what arrogance they mock the “frightened intellectuals” - as if there is absolutely no reason to be afraid - or at the “frightened ordinary people”, as if they have some great advantages over the “philistines”. And who, exactly, are these ordinary people, the “prosperous townsfolk”? And who and what do revolutionaries care about, in general, if they so despise the average person and his well-being? "Cursed Days"
In the struggle for their ideal, which is “liberty, equality and fraternity,” citizens must use means that do not contradict this ideal. "Governor"
“Let your soul be whole or split, let your worldview be mystical, realistic, skeptical, or even idealistic (if you are so unhappy), let creative techniques be impressionistic, realistic, naturalistic, let the content be lyrical or fabulistic, let there be a mood, an impression - whatever you want, but I beg you, be logical - may this cry of the heart be forgiven me! – are logical in concept, in the structure of the work, in syntax.” Art is born in homelessness. I wrote letters and stories addressed to a distant, unknown friend, but when the friend came, art gave way to life. I'm talking, of course, not about home comfort, but about life, which means more than art. "You and I. Love Diary"
An artist can do no more than open his soul to others. You cannot present him with pre-made rules. It is a still unknown world, where everything is new. We must forget what captivated others; here it is different. Otherwise, you will listen and not hear, you will look without understanding. From Valery Bryusov's treatise "On Art"
Well, let her rest, she was exhausted - they tormented her, alarmed her. And as soon as it’s light, the shopkeeper gets up, starts folding her goods, grabs a blanket, goes and pulls out this soft bedding from under the old woman: wakes the old woman up, gets her on her feet: it’s not dawn, please get up. It's nothing you can do. In the meantime - grandmother, our Kostroma, our mother, Russia! " "Whirlwind Rus'"
Art never addresses the crowd, the masses, it speaks to the individual, in the deep and hidden recesses of his soul.
Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (Ilyin) (1878 - 1942)
Babkin was brave, read Seneca And, whistling carcasses, Took it to the library Noting in the margin: “Nonsense!” Babkin, friend, is a harsh critic, Have you ever thought What a legless paralytic A light chamois is not a decree?.. "Reader"
The critic's word about the poet must be objectively concrete and creative; the critic, while remaining a scientist, is a poet. "Poetry of the Word" Only great things should be thought about, only great tasks should a writer set himself; put it boldly, without being embarrassed by your personal small strengths.
“It’s true that there are goblins and water creatures here,” I thought, looking in front of me, “and maybe some other spirit lives here... A powerful, northern spirit that enjoys this wildness; maybe real northern fauns and healthy, blond women wander in these forests, eat cloudberries and lingonberries, laugh and chase each other.” "North"
You need to be able to close a boring book...leave a bad movie...and part with people who don't value you!
Out of modesty, I will be careful not to point out the fact that on my birthday the bells were rung and there was general popular rejoicing. Gossips They connected this rejoicing with some big holiday that coincided with the day of my birth, but I still don’t understand what another holiday has to do with it?
That was the time when love, good and healthy feelings were considered vulgarity and a relic; no one loved, but everyone thirsted and, as if poisoned, fell for everything sharp, tearing apart the insides. "The Road to Calvary"
“Well, what’s wrong,” I say to myself, “at least in a short word for now?” After all, exactly the same form of saying goodbye to friends exists in other languages, and there it does not shock anyone. great poet Walt Whitman, shortly before his death, said goodbye to his readers with a touching poem “So long!”, which means in English - “Bye!”. The French a bientot has the same meaning. There is no rudeness here. On the contrary, this form is filled with the most gracious courtesy, because the following (approximately) meaning is compressed here: be prosperous and happy until we see each other again. "Alive as Life"
Switzerland? This is a mountain pasture for tourists. I myself have traveled all over the world, but I hate these ruminant bipeds with Badaker for a tail. They devoured all the beauty of nature with their eyes. "Island of Lost Ships"
Everything that I have written and will write, I consider only mental rubbish and I do not regard my merits as a writer as anything. And I’m surprised and perplexed why by appearance smart people find some meaning and value in my poems. Thousands of poems, whether mine or those of the poets I know in Russia, are not worth one singer from my bright mother.
I am afraid that Russian literature has only one future: its past. Article "I'm afraid"
We have been looking for a long time for such a task, similar to a lentil, so that the connected rays of the work of artists and the work of thinkers, directed by it to a common point, would meet in general work and could ignite and turn even the cold substance of ice into a fire. Now such a task - the lentil that guides together your stormy courage and the cold mind of thinkers - has been found. This goal is to create a common written language... "Artists of the World"
He adored poetry and tried to be impartial in his judgments. He was surprisingly young at heart, and perhaps also in mind. He always seemed like a child to me. There was something childish in his buzz cut head, in his bearing, more like a gymnasium than a military one. He liked to pretend to be an adult, like all children. He loved to play “master”, the literary superiors of his “gumilets,” that is, the little poets and poetesses who surrounded him. The poetic children loved him very much. Khodasevich, "Necropolis"
Me, me, me. What a wild word! Is that guy over there really me? Did mom love someone like that? Yellow-gray, half-gray And all-knowing, like a snake? You have lost your Russia. Did you resist the elements? Good elements of dark evil? No? So shut up: you took me away You are destined for a reason To the edges of an unkind foreign land. What's the use of moaning and groaning - Russia must be earned! "What you need to know"
I didn't stop writing poetry. For me, they contain my connection with time, with new life my people. When I wrote them, I lived by the rhythms that sounded in heroic story my country. I am happy that I lived during these years and saw events that had no equal.
All the people sent to us are our reflection. And they were sent so that we, looking at these people, correct our mistakes, and when we correct them, these people either change too or leave our lives.
In the wide field of Russian literature in the USSR, I was the only literary wolf. I was advised to dye the skin. Ridiculous advice. Whether a wolf is dyed or shorn, it still does not look like a poodle. They treated me like a wolf. And for several years they persecuted me according to the rules of a literary cage in a fenced yard. I have no malice, but I am very tired... From a letter from M.A. Bulgakov to I.V. Stalin, May 30, 1931. 
When I die, my descendants will ask my contemporaries: “Did you understand Mandelstam’s poems?” - “No, we didn’t understand his poems.” “Did you feed Mandelstam, did you give him shelter?” - “Yes, we fed Mandelstam, we gave him shelter.” - “Then you are forgiven.”
Maybe go to the House of Press - there is one sandwich with chum caviar and a debate - “about the proletarian choral reading”, or to the Polytechnic Museum - there are no sandwiches there, but twenty-six young poets read their poems about the “locomotive mass”. No, I will sit on the stairs, shiver from the cold and dream that all this is not in vain, that, sitting here on the step, I am preparing the distant sunrise of the Renaissance. I dreamed both simply and in verse, and the results turned out to be rather boring iambics. "The Extraordinary Adventures of Julio Jurenito and His Students" The list is not complete yet, since it only includes questions from tickets for secondary school or basic level (and were not included, respectively, in-depth study or specialized level and national school). "The Life of Boris and Gleb" end XI - beginning. XII century "The Tale of Igor's Host" late 12th century. W. Shakespeare – (1564 – 1616) "Romeo and Juliet" 1592 J-B. Moliere – (1622 – 1673) "The tradesman among the nobility" 1670 M.V. Lomonosov – (1711 – 1765) DI. Fonvizin - (1745 – 1792) "Undergrowth" 1782 A.N. Radishchev – (1749 – 1802) G.R. Derzhavin – (1743 – 1816) N.M. Karamzin – (1766 – 1826) "Poor Lisa" 1792 J. G. Byron – (1788 – 1824) I.A. Krylov – (1769 – 1844) "Wolf in the kennel" 1812 V.A. Zhukovsky – (1783 – 1852) "Svetlana" 1812 A.S. Griboedov – (1795 – 1829) "Woe from Wit" 1824 A.S. Pushkin – (1799 – 1837) "Belkin's Tales" 1829-1830 "Shot" 1829 "Stationmaster" 1829 "Dubrovsky" 1833 "The Bronze Horseman" 1833 "Eugene Onegin" 1823-1838 "Captain's daughter" 1836 A.V. Koltsov – (1808 – 1842) M.Yu. Lermontov – (1814 – 1841) "A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov." 1837 "Borodino" 1837 "Mtsyri" 1839 "Hero of Our Time" 1840 "Farewell, unwashed Russia" 1841 "Motherland" 1841 N.V. Gogol – (1809 – 1852) "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" 1829-1832 "The Inspector General" 1836 "Overcoat" 1839 "Taras Bulba" 1833-1842 "Dead Souls" 1842 I.S. Nikitin – (1824 – 1861) F.I. Tyutchev – (1803 – 1873) "There is in the primordial autumn..." 1857 I.A. Goncharov – (1812 – 1891) "Oblomov" 1859 I.S. Turgenev – (1818 – 1883) "Bezhin Meadow" 1851 "Asya" 1857 "Fathers and Sons" 1862 "Shchi" 1878 ON THE. Nekrasov – (1821 – 1878) "Railroad" 1864 "Who Lives Well in Rus'" 1873-76 F.M. Dostoevsky – (1821 – 1881) "Crime and Punishment" 1866 "The Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree" 1876 A.N. Ostrovsky – (1823 – 1886) "Our people - we'll be numbered!" 1849 "Thunderstorm" 1860 A.A. Fet – (1820 – 1892) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin – (1826-1889) "Wild Landowner" 1869 "The story of how one man fed two generals" 1869 "The Wise Minnow" 1883 "Bear in the Voivodeship" 1884 N.S. Leskov – (1831 – 1895) "Lefty" 1881 L.N. Tolstoy – (1828 – 1910) "War and Peace" 1867-1869 "After the Ball" 1903 A.P. Chekhov – (1860 – 1904) "Death of an Official" 1883 "Ionych" 1898 "The Cherry Orchard" 1903 M. Gorky – (1868 – 1936) "Makar Chudra" 1892 "Chelkash" 1894 "Old Woman Izergil" 1895 "At the Bottom" 1902 A.A. Blok – (1880 – 1921) "Poems about beautiful lady" 1904 "Russia" 1908 cycle "Motherland" 1907-1916 "Twelve" 1918 S.A. Yesenin – (1895 – 1925) “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...” 1921 V.V. Mayakovsky (1893 – 1930) "Good Treatment for Horses" 1918 A.S. Green – (1880 – 1932) A.I.Kuprin – (1870 – 1938) I.A. Bunin – (1879 – 1953) O.E. Mandelstam – (1891 – 1938) M.A. Bulgakov – (1891 – 1940) "White Guard" 1922-1924 "dog's heart" 1925 "The Master and Margarita" 1928-1940 M.I. Tsvetaeva – (1892 – 1941) A.P. Platonov – (1899 – 1951) B.L. Pasternak – (1890-1960) "Doctor Zhivago" 1955 A.A. Akhmatova – (1889 – 1966) "Requiem" 1935-40 K.G. Paustovsky – (1892 – 1968) "Telegram" 1946 M.A. Sholokhov – (1905 – 1984) "Quiet Don" 1927-28 "Virgin Soil Upturned" t1-1932, t2-1959) "The Fate of Man" 1956 A.T. Tvardovsky – (1910 – 1971) "Vasily Terkin" 1941-1945 V.M. Shukshin – (1929 – 1974) V.P. Astafiev – (1924 – 2001) A.I. Solzhenitsyn – (born 1918) "Matrenin's Dvor" 1961 V.G. Rasputin – (born 1937) The idea of protecting the Russian land in works of oral folk art (fairy tales, epics, songs). The work of one of the poets of the Silver Age. Originality art world one of the poets of the Silver Age (using the example of 2-3 poems of the examinee’s choice). The Great Patriotic War in Russian prose. (Using the example of one work.) The feat of man in war. (Based on one of the works about the Great Patriotic War.) Great Theme Patriotic War in the prose of the twentieth century. (Using the example of one work.) Military theme in modern literature. (Using the example of one or two works.) Your favorite poet in Russian literature of the 20th century. Reading his poem by heart. Russian poets of the 20th century about the spiritual beauty of man. Reading one poem by heart. Features of the work of one of the modern Russian poets of the second half of the twentieth century. (at the choice of the examinee). Your favorite poems by modern poets. Reading one poem by heart. Your favorite poet. Reading one of the poems by heart. The theme of love in modern poetry. Reading one poem by heart. Man and nature in Russian prose of the 20th century. (Using the example of one work.) Man and nature in modern literature. (Using the example of one or two works.) Man and nature in Russian poetry of the 20th century. Reading one poem by heart. Your favorite literary character. Review of the book modern writer: impressions and assessment. One of the works of modern literature: impressions and assessment. A book by a modern writer that you have read. Your impressions and assessment. Your contemporary in modern literature. (For one or more works.) Yours favorite piece modern literature. Moral issues of modern Russian prose (using the example of a work of the examinee’s choice). The main themes and ideas of modern journalism. (Using the example of one or two works.) Heroes and problems of one of the works of modern Russian drama of the second half of the twentieth century. (at the choice of the examinee). According to the UNESCO Index Translationum online database ranking, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov are the most frequently translated Russian writers in the world! These authors occupy second, third and fourth places in it, respectively. But Russian literature is also rich in other names that have made a huge contribution to the development of both Russian and world culture. Alexander SolzhenitsynNot only a writer, but also a historian and playwright, Alexander Solzhenitsyn was a Russian writer who made his mark in the period after the death of Stalin and the debunking of the cult of personality. In some ways, Solzhenitsyn is considered the successor of Leo Tolstoy, since he was also a great lover of truth and wrote large-scale works about the lives of people and social processes that took place in society. Solzhenitsyn's works were based on a combination of autobiographical and documentary.
His most famous works- “The Gulag Archipelago” and “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.” With the help of these works, Solzhenitsyn tried to draw the attention of readers to the horrors of totalitarianism, which modern writers have never written about so openly. Russian writers that period; I wanted to talk about the fate of thousands of people who were subjected to political repression, were sent to innocent camps and were forced to live there in conditions that can hardly be called human. Ivan TurgenevTurgenev's early work reveals the writer as a romantic who had a very subtle sense of nature. Yes and literary image“Turgenev’s girl,” which has long been presented as a romantic, bright and vulnerable image, is now something of a household name. At the first stage of his creativity, he wrote poems, poems, dramatic works and, of course, prose.
The second stage of Turgenev’s work brought the author the most fame - thanks to the creation of “Notes of a Hunter”. For the first time, he honestly portrayed landowners, revealed the theme of the peasantry, after which he was arrested by the authorities, who did not like such work, and sent into exile to the family estate.
Later, the writer’s work is filled with complex and multifaceted characters - the most mature period of the author’s work. Turgenev tried to reveal such philosophical themes like love, duty, death. At the same time, Turgenev wrote his most famous work both here and abroad, entitled “Fathers and Sons,” about the difficulties and problems of relations between different generations. Vladimir NabokovNabokov's work completely goes against the traditions of classical Russian literature. The most important thing for Nabokov was the play of imagination; his work became part of the transition from realism to modernism. In the author's works one can identify a typical Nabokovian type of hero - a lonely, persecuted, suffering, misunderstood person with a touch of genius.
In Russian, Nabokov managed to write numerous stories, seven novels (“Mashenka”, “King, Queen, Jack”, “Despair” and others) and two plays before leaving for the USA. From that moment on, the birth of an English-language author took place; Nabokov completely abandoned the pseudonym Vladimir Sirin, with which he signed his Russian books. Nabokov will work with the Russian language only once more - when he translates his novel Lolita, which was originally written in English, for Russian-speaking readers.
It was this novel that became Nabokov’s most popular and even scandalous work - not too surprising, since it tells the story of the love of a mature forty-year-old man for a twelve-year-old teenage girl. The book is considered quite shocking even in our free-thinking age, but if there are still debates about the ethical side of the novel, then it is perhaps simply impossible to deny Nabokov’s verbal mastery. Michael BulgakovBulgakov's creative path was not at all easy. Having decided to become a writer, he abandons his career as a doctor. He writes his first works, “Fatal Eggs” and “Diaboliada”, getting a job as a journalist. The first story evokes quite resonant responses, since it resembled a mockery of the revolution. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog,” which denounced the authorities, was refused to be published at all and, moreover, the manuscript was taken away from the writer.
But Bulgakov continues to write - and creates the novel “ White Guard”, on which they staged a play called “Days of the Turbins”. The success did not last long - due to another scandal due to the works, all performances based on Bulgakov were withdrawn from showings. The same fate would later befall Bulgakov’s latest play, Batum. The name of Mikhail Bulgakov is invariably associated with The Master and Margarita. Perhaps this particular novel became the work of his whole life, although it did not bring him recognition. But now, after the death of the writer, this work is also popular with foreign audiences.
This piece is like nothing else. We agreed to indicate that this is a novel, but what kind: satirical, fantastic, love-lyrical? The images presented in this work are striking and impressive in their uniqueness. A novel about good and evil, about hatred and love, about hypocrisy, money-grubbing, sin and holiness. At the same time, the work was not published during Bulgakov’s lifetime. It is not easy to remember another author who could so deftly and accurately expose all the falsehood and dirt of the philistinism, the current government and the bureaucratic system. That is why Bulgakov was subjected to constant attacks, criticism and bans from the ruling circles. Alexander PushkinDespite the fact that not all foreigners associate Pushkin with Russian literature, unlike most Russian readers, it is simply impossible to deny his legacy.
The talent of this poet and writer truly had no boundaries: Pushkin is famous for his amazing poems, but at the same time he wrote beautiful prose and plays. Pushkin’s work has received recognition not only now; his talent was recognized by others Russian writers and poets are his contemporaries.
The themes of Pushkin's work are directly related to his biography - the events and experiences that he went through during his life. Tsarskoe Selo, St. Petersburg, time in exile, Mikhailovskoe, Caucasus; ideals, disappointments, love and affection - everything is present in Pushkin’s works. And the most famous was the novel “Eugene Onegin”. Ivan BuninIvan Bunin is the first writer from Russia to become a laureate Nobel Prize in the field of literature. The work of this author can be divided into two periods: before emigration and after.
Bunin was very close to the peasantry, the life of the common people, which had big influence on the author's creativity. Therefore, so-called village prose is distinguished among it, for example, “Sukhodol”, “Village”, which have become one of the most popular works.
Nature also plays a significant role in Bunin’s work, which inspired many great Russian writers. Bunin believed: she is the main source of strength and inspiration, spiritual harmony, that every person is inextricably linked with it and in it lies the key to unraveling the mystery of existence. Nature and love became the main themes of the philosophical part of Bunin’s work, which is mainly represented by poetry, as well as novellas and short stories, for example, “Ida”, “Mitya’s Love”, “Late Hour” and others. Nikolay GogolAfter graduating from Nizhyn gymnasium, he was the first literary experience Nikolai Gogol's poem "Hans Küchelgarten", which turned out to be not very successful. However, this did not bother the writer, and he soon began working on the play “Marriage,” which was published only ten years later. This witty, colorful and lively work blows modern society, which made prestige, money, power its main values, and left love somewhere in the background.
Gogol was left with an indelible impression by the death of Alexander Pushkin, which also affected others. Russian writers and artists. Shortly before this, Gogol showed Pushkin the plot of a new work called “Dead Souls,” so now he believed that this work was a “sacred testament” to the great Russian poet.
“Dead Souls” became a magnificent satire on Russian bureaucracy, serfdom and social ranks, and this particular book is especially popular among readers abroad. Anton ChekhovChekhov began his creative activity from writing short essays, but very bright and expressive. Chekhov is best known for his humorous stories, although he wrote both tragicomic and dramatic works. And most often, foreigners read Chekhov’s play called “Uncle Vanya”, the stories “The Lady with the Dog” and “Kashtanka”.
Perhaps the most basic and famous hero Chekhov's works are " small man", whose figure is familiar to many readers even after " Stationmaster» by Alexander Pushkin. This is not a separate character, but rather a collective image.
Nevertheless, Chekhov’s little people are not the same: some want to sympathize with others, to laugh at others (“The Man in a Case”, “Death of an Official”, “Chameleon”, “The Weasel” and others). The main problem of this writer’s work is the problem of justice (“Name Day”, “Steppe”, “Leshy”). Fedor DostoevskyDostoevsky is best known for his works Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov. Each of these works is famous for its deep psychology - indeed, Dostoevsky is considered one of the best psychologists in the history of literature.
He analyzed the nature of human emotions, such as humiliation, self-destruction, murderous rage, as well as conditions leading to insanity, suicide, and murder. Psychology and philosophy are closely related to each other in Dostoevsky's portrayal of his characters, intellectuals who "feel ideas" in the depths of their souls.
Thus, “Crime and Punishment” reflects on freedom and inner strength, suffering and madness, illness and fate, the pressure of the modern urban world on the human soul, and raises the question of whether people can ignore their own moral code. Dostoevsky, along with Leo Tolstoy, are the most famous Russian writers around the world, and Crime and Punishment is the author's most popular work. Lev TolstoyWho do foreigners associate with famous people? Russian writers, so this is with Leo Tolstoy. He is one of the undisputed titans of world fiction, a great artist and man. The name of Tolstoy is known all over the world.
There is something Homeric about the epic scope with which he wrote War and Peace, but unlike Homer, he portrayed war as a senseless massacre, the result of the vanity and stupidity of a nation's leaders. The work “War and Peace” seemed to be a kind of summation of everything that Russian society experienced during the 19th century.
But the most famous all over the world is Tolstoy's novel called Anna Karenina. It is eagerly read both here and abroad, and readers are invariably captivated by the story forbidden love Anna and Count Vronsky, which leads to tragic consequences. Tolstoy dilutes the narrative with the second storyline- the story of Levin, who devotes his life to his marriage to Kitty, housekeeping and God. This is how the writer shows us the contrast between Anna’s sin and Levin’s virtue. And watch a video about famous Russians writers of the 19th century century can be found here: Take it for yourself and tell your friends! Read also on our website: show more Is it worth reading? fiction? Maybe this is a waste of time, because such an activity does not generate income? Perhaps this is a way to impose other people's thoughts and program them certain actions? Let's answer the questions in order... Aksakov Ivan Sergeevich (1823-1886)- poet and publicist. One of the leaders of Russian Slavophiles. Aksakov Konstantin Sergeevich (1817-1860)– poet, literary critic, linguist, historian. The inspirer and ideologist of Slavophilism. Aksakov Sergei Timofeevich (1791-1859) – writer and public figure, literary and theater critic. Wrote a book about fishing and hunting. Father of writers Konstantin and Ivan Aksakov. The most famous work: the fairy tale “The Scarlet Flower”. Annensky Innokenty Fedorovich (1855-1909)– poet, playwright, literary critic, linguist, translator. Author of the plays: “King Ixion”, “Laodamia”, “Melanippe the Philosopher”, “Thamira the Kefared”. Baratynsky Evgeniy Abramovich (1800-1844)- poet and translator. Author of the poems: “Eda”, “Feasts”, “Ball”, “Concubine” (“Gypsy”). Batyushkov Konstantin Nikolaevich (1787-1855)- poet. Also the author of a number of well-known prose articles: “On the character of Lomonosov”, “Evening at Kantemir’s” and others. Belinsky Vissarion Grigorievich (1811-1848)- literary critic. Headed the critical department in the publication " Domestic notes" Author of numerous critical articles. He had a huge influence on Russian literature. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky Alexander Alexandrovich (1797-1837)- Byronist writer, literary critic. Published under the pseudonym Marlinsky. Published the almanac "Polar Star". He was one of the Decembrists. Author of prose: “Test”, “Terrible fortune-telling”, “Frigate Nadezhda” and others. Vyazemsky Pyotr Andreevich (1792-1878)– poet, memoirist, historian, literary critic. One of the founders and first head of the Russian Historical Society. Close friend Pushkin. Venevetinov Dmitry Vladimirovich (1805-1827)– poet, prose writer, philosopher, translator, literary critic Author 50 poems. He was also known as an artist and musician. Organizer of the secret philosophical association “Society of Philosophy”. Herzen Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870)- writer, philosopher, teacher. The most famous works: novel “Who is to Blame?”, stories “Doctor Krupov”, “The Thieving Magpie”, “Damaged”. Glinka Fedor Nikolaevich (1876-1880)- poet and writer. Member of the Decembrist Society. The most famous works: the poems “Karelia” and “The Mysterious Drop”. Gogol Nikolai Vasilievich (1809-1852)- writer, playwright, poet, literary critic. Classic of Russian literature. Author: " Dead souls”, the cycle of stories “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”, the stories “The Overcoat” and “Viy”, the plays “The Inspector General” and “Marriage” and many other works. Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich (1812-1891)- writer, literary critic. Author of the novels: “Oblomov”, “Cliff”, “An Ordinary Story”. Griboedov Alexander Sergeevich (1795-1829)- poet, playwright and composer. He was a diplomat and died in service in Persia. The most famous work is the poem “Woe from Wit,” which served as the source of many catchphrases. Grigorovich Dmitry Vasilievich (1822-1900)- writer. Davydov Denis Vasilievich (1784-1839)- poet, memoirist. Hero of the Patriotic War 1812 of the year. Author of numerous poems and war memoirs. Dal Vladimir Ivanovich (1801-1872)– writer and ethnographer. Being a military doctor, he collected folklore along the way. The most famous literary work – « Dictionary living Great Russian language." Dahl pored over the dictionary for more 50 years. Delvig Anton Antonovich (1798-1831)- poet, publisher. Dobrolyubov Nikolai Alexandrovich (1836-1861)- literary critic and poet. He published under the pseudonyms -bov and N. Laibov. Author of numerous critical and philosophical articles. Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821-1881)- writer and philosopher. Recognized classic of Russian literature. Author of works: “The Brothers Karamazov”, “Idiot”, “Crime and Punishment”, “Teenager” and many others. Zhemchuzhnikov Alexander Mikhailovich (1826-1896) Zhemchuzhnikov Alexey Mikhailovich (1821-1908)- poet and satirist. Together with his brothers and the writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov. Author of the comedy “Strange Night” and the collection of poems “Songs of Old Age”. Zhemchuzhnikov Vladimir Mikhailovich (1830-1884)- poet. Together with his brothers and the writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov. Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich (1783-1852)- poet, literary critic, translator, founder of Russian romanticism. Zagoskin Mikhail Nikolaevich (1789-1852)- writer and playwright. Author of the first Russian historical novels. Author of the works “The Prankster”, “Yuri Miloslavsky, or Russians in 1612 year", "Kulma Petrovich Miroshev" and others. Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-1826)- historian, writer and poet. Author of the monumental work “History of the Russian State” in 12 volumes He wrote the stories: “Poor Liza”, “Eugene and Yulia” and many others. Kireevsky Ivan Vasilievich (1806-1856)– religious philosopher, literary critic, Slavophile. Krylov Ivan Andreevich (1769-1844)- poet and fabulist. Author 236 fables, many of which became popular expressions. Published magazines: “Mail of Spirits”, “Spectator”, “Mercury”. Kuchelbecker Wilhelm Karlovich (1797-1846)- poet. He was one of the Decembrists. Close friend of Pushkin. Author of works: “The Argives”, “The Death of Byron”, “The Eternal Jew”. Lazhechnikov Ivan Ivanovich (1792-1869)- writer, one of the founders of Russian historical novel. Author of the novels “The Ice House” and “Basurman”. Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich (1814-1841)- poet, writer, playwright, artist. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: the novel “A Hero of Our Time”, the story “ Prisoner of the Caucasus", poems "Mtsyri" and "Masquerade". Leskov Nikolai Semenovich (1831-1895)- writer. The most famous works: “Lefty”, “Cathedrals”, “On Knives”, “Righteous”. Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich (1821-1878)- poet and writer. Classic of Russian literature. Head of the Sovremennik magazine, editor of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine. The most famous works: “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Russian Women”, “Frost, Red Nose”. Ogarev Nikolai Platonovich (1813-1877)- poet. Author of poems, poems, critical articles. Odoevsky Alexander Ivanovich (1802-1839)- poet and writer. He was one of the Decembrists. Author of the poem "Vasilko", the poems "Zosima" and "Elder Prophetess". Odoevsky Vladimirovich Fedorovich (1804-1869)– writer, thinker, one of the founders of musicology. He wrote fantastic and utopian works. Author of the novel “Year 4338” and numerous short stories. Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich (1823-1886)– playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author of plays: “The Thunderstorm”, “Dowry”, “The Marriage of Balzaminov” and many others. Panaev Ivan Ivanovich (1812-1862)- writer, literary critic, journalist. Author of works: “Mama’s Boy”, “Meeting at the Station”, “Lions of the Province” and others. Pisarev Dmitry Ivanovich (1840-1868)– literary critic of the sixties, translator. Many of Pisarev’s articles were dismantled into aphorisms. Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich (1799-1837)- poet, writer, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author: the poems “Poltava” and “Eugene Onegin”, the story “The Captain’s Daughter”, the collection of stories “Belkin’s Tale” and numerous poems. Founded the literary magazine Sovremennik. Raevsky Vladimir Fedoseevich (1795-1872)- poet. Participant of the Patriotic War 1812 of the year. He was one of the Decembrists. Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich (1795-1826) – poet. He was one of the Decembrists. Author of the historical poetic cycle "Dumas". Published the literary almanac "Polar Star". Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Efgrafovich (1826-1889)- writer, journalist. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: “Lord Golovlevs”, “The Wise Minnow”, “Poshekhon Antiquity”. He was the editor of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. Samarin Yuri Fedorovich (1819-1876)- publicist and philosopher. Sukhovo-Kobylin Alexander Vasilievich (1817-1903)– playwright, philosopher, translator. Author of the plays: “Krechinsky’s Wedding”, “The Affair”, “The Death of Tarelkin”. Tolstoy Alexey Konstantinovich (1817-1875)- writer, poet, playwright. Author of the poems: “The Sinner”, “The Alchemist”, the plays “Fantasy”, “Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich”, the stories “The Ghoul” and “The Wolf’s Adopted”. Together with the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers, he created the image of Kozma Prutkov. Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828-1910)- writer, thinker, educator. Classic of Russian literature. Served in the artillery. Participated in the defense of Sevastopol. The most famous works: “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, “Resurrection”. IN 1901 year was excommunicated from the church. Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (1818-1883)- writer, poet, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: “Mumu”, “Asya”, “ Noble Nest", "Fathers and Sons". Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich (1803-1873)- poet. Classic of Russian literature. Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich (1820-1892)– lyric poet, memoirist, translator. Classic of Russian literature. Author of numerous romantic poems. Translated Juvenal, Goethe, Catullus. Khomyakov Alexey Stepanovich (1804-1860)- poet, philosopher, theologian, artist. Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889)- writer, philosopher, literary critic. Author of the novels “What to do?” and “Prologue”, as well as the stories “Alferyev”, “Small Stories”. Chekhov Anton Pavlovich (1860-1904)- writer, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author of the plays “The Cherry Orchard”, “Three Sisters”, “Uncle Vanya” and numerous short stories. Conducted a population census on Sakhalin Island. |
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