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| Six of the most powerful fleets in the world. Ships and vessels of the British Navy Ships of the British Navy |
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On June 15, 1953, 200 warships, mostly British, anchored in the outer roadstead of Portsmouth, demonstrating the power and majesty of the Empire On Which the Sun Never Sets.
The grandiose naval parade, timed to coincide with the accession to the throne of Elizabeth II, was the last in the British fleet. Neither the high masts nor the gray sides of the ships could protect Britain from the coming catastrophe - the mechanism of the collapse of the empire was launched, and now the arrogant British could only wait for the last colony to separate, and for the once great power to finally turn into “small Britain.” And if there are no colonies, then there is no fleet. Great Britain could not afford to maintain hundreds of warships just like that, for the sake of the notorious prestige - tormented by economic problems, it radically reduced military spending. Powerful battleships were scrapped together, and excess aircraft carriers and destroyers were gradually sold to other countries. By the early 1980s, the anthem “Rule, O Britannia, the Seas!” sounded like a mockery of British sailors. Her Majesty's fleet had degraded to a completely bestial state - the Falklands War showed that British ships could be shot at strafing flight without fear. Flimsy frigates dying from unexploded missiles, outdated weapons and sub-aircraft carriers that never dared to enter the combat zone to directly cover destroyers and landing ships... Her Majesty’s squadron was saved from complete defeat only by the traditionally high training of British sailors and the fact that 80% The bombs that hit the ships did not explode. Neither the excellent training of the personnel, nor the meticulously thought-out system of logistics and combat support could make up for the lack of a normal air defense system. The chronicle of the Falklands War describes wild cases when the crews of British ships had to fight off Argentine Air Force jets with friendly salvoes from ... rifles. The conclusion is logical - a third of the 80 British ships and vessels that reached the combat zone received various damage from Argentine aviation. Six of them were sunk. And this is the result of a collision with some distant Argentina, which has only 5 anti-ship missiles! What can you expect when meeting a more serious opponent? Gloomy reports of the destruction of ships in the South Atlantic slowed down the collapse of Her Majesty’s fleet - frightened by Argentine bombs, the British rushed “at a gallop across Europe” to acquire robotic anti-aircraft guns for the self-defense of their ships - a month after the end of the war, the first batch of American Phalanxes was ordered. Urgent work began to improve survivability; synthetic finishing of premises was replaced by non-combustible materials. New modifications of the Type 42 destroyers - with installed Phalanxes and increased anti-aircraft ammunition - more or less corresponded to accepted international standards in their class. The serial construction of multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the Trafalgar type continued, the light aircraft carrier Ark Royal, the third ship of the Invincible class, was being completed... And yet, through all the British stiffness, the weakness and small numbers of Her Majesty’s fleet clearly showed through. The entire surface component was a replica of a real warship - and no matter how hard the British designers tried, it turned out to be impossible to build a full-fledged modern destroyer in the hull of a ship with a displacement of less than 5 thousand tons. The overgrown Type 42 frigate remained an “ugly duckling” compared to its American, Japanese or Soviet peers. Renaissance By the mid-1990s, a new era in the history of the British fleet began. “We are few, but we are in vests” - this phrase best describes the modern Royal Navy. Super-air defense destroyers of the Daring type, multi-purpose nuclear submarines of Estute, aircraft carriers of the Queen Elizabeth type... all this is accompanied by excellent training of personnel (only professionals serve) and a detailed scheme for the use of the fleet: what, where, when, for what . The number of surface combat units in the Royal Navy, at first glance, can cause a smile: only 4 universal landing ships, as well as 18 destroyers and frigates as of 2013 (another destroyer HMS Duncan is currently undergoing sea trials, its entry into service is planned for 2014). Most of the British surface ships are classified as Type 23 frigates, also known as Duke class. There are 13 units in service, all built between 1987 and 2002. On the technical side, they are ordinary, unremarkable ships with a displacement of about 5,000 tons, designed to perform escort, patrol and auxiliary missions around the globe. Crew – 185...205 people, depending on the assigned tasks. Armament is standard for NATO countries, taking into account some British traditions:
Frigate HMS Northumberland A tough multi-purpose ship for low intensity conflicts. The main drawback of the Type 23 frigate is its Sea Wolf air defense system. Despite its formidable appearance and 32 ready-to-launch missiles, the characteristics of this complex correspond more to the portable Stinger air defense system than to a full-fledged naval air defense system. The maximum firing range is 10 km; we can assume that the British Type 23 frigate is completely unprotected from air attacks. However, in reality, an air attack on the Type 23 would be very problematic. After all, there is always a “big brother” nearby - the inimitable air defense destroyer of the Daring class (aka Type 45 or D type). "Daring"... In total, since 2003, Her Majesty’s fleet has been replenished with six ships of this type. The most modern destroyers in the world, whose design incorporates the most advanced technologies in the field of existing naval air defense systems.
Two radars with active phased array: centimeter - for detecting low-flying targets against the background of water, and decimeter - control of airspace at a range of up to 400 km. The largest ship in the British Navy today is HMS Illustrious- the only surviving light aircraft carrier of the Invincible class. At the moment, due to the decommissioning of the Sea Harrier VTOL aircraft, the ship is not used for its intended purpose and is classified as an amphibious helicopter carrier. It is expected that the old ship, launched back in 1978, will leave the Royal Navy next year. Also, the British fleet has several other large surface units - two Albion-class helicopter carriers and an Ocean-class landing helicopter carrier. All three ships were built between 1994 and 2004. Her Majesty's Ship Ocean is an analogue of the Mistral - a universal landing ship of similar dimensions, with a continuous flight deck, but without an aft docking chamber (landing boats are launched into the water using sloop beams). Air group - up to 18 helicopters: multi-purpose Lynx, Merlin and Sea King; heavy military transport "Chinook"; Apache attack helicopters. The ship's interior is designed to accommodate 830 Marines.
HMS Ocean Albion-class landing ships, unlike the Ocean, they lack a continuous flight deck and a helicopter hangar, but have a dock chamber filled with water, designed for 8 self-propelled barges (4 tank landings and 4 light ones). Additional landing craft can be launched using sloop beams. The landing ship can transport 400 paratroopers in one flight (up to 700 for a short time), the 64-meter-long aft helipad allows for simultaneous takeoff and landing operations of two Merlin transport helicopters. When the situation goes beyond the colonial showdown with the Papuans and things begin to take a really serious turn, it is the turn of the nuclear submarine fleet. Slippery black fish do not know how to “show the flag” and spoil the look at any parade (ugh! what monsters!). The only thing these machines can do is cut off sea communications, sinking everyone who gets in their way, or “cover” targets deep in enemy territory with a salvo of cruise missiles. And then, grumbling dissatisfied with the refrigeration machines and pumps of the reactor circuits, cross the ocean in a submerged position as a dark shadow to fall asleep again at the pier in Davenport (British submarine fleet base). In total, the Britons currently have 7 multi-purpose nuclear submarines - five elderly Trafalgars built in the 1980s and two newest Estute-class submarines. "Trafalgar" is a modest boat with a surface displacement of 4800 tons (submerged - 5300 tons). Submerged speed – 32 knots. Crew – 130 people. Armament – 5 torpedo tubes, ammunition – up to 30 Spearfish (“swordfish”) guided torpedoes with a firing range of up to 30 miles (when firing at shorter distances, the torpedo speed can reach 80 knots ≈ 150 km/h). The story with nuclear-powered ships of the Astute class is much more interesting - HMS Astute and HMS Ambush are already in service, the next four boats are at various stages of construction (for example, HMS Agamemnon was laid down two weeks ago, in July 2013). The seventh Estute, HMS Ajaks, is scheduled to be laid down in the coming years.
HMS Ambush "Estute"- the world's most modern multi-purpose nuclear submarine project with considerable combat capabilities. “Estute” obtains fresh water and oxygen directly from sea water, and the only reason to appear on the surface every three months is to change the crew and replenish food supplies. Many innovative solutions have been introduced into the design of the boat; it is invisible and inaudible to the enemy; instead of the usual periscope, there is a multifunctional mast with video cameras, thermal imagers and a laser rangefinder. The British are proud to report that Estute, without even leaving the base, is able to follow the movement of the Queen Elizabeth II liner along the entire route from London to New York. The main arguments of the super-boat are 6 TA of 533 mm caliber and an ammunition load of 38 torpedoes, mines and Tomahawk cruise missiles (the British fleet has currently adopted the Tomahawk Block IV - the most advanced modification of the Ax with the ability to reprogram in flight and attack moving targets). The British also have more creepy “toys” - four Vanguard-class nuclear-powered ships, carriers of Trident-2 submarine-launched ballistic missiles - 16 pieces in the belly of each “fish”. Everything is simple here - bam! bam! and the end of life on Earth. As for less destructive means, in addition to all of the above, British sailors have 15 mine-sweeping ships, the training destroyer Bristol and two dozen patrol ships, including the icebreaker HMS Protecor.
HMS Protector off the coast of Antarctica Her Majesty also has her own little secret - Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA). A supporting fleet of 19 container ships, tankers, integrated supply ships, amphibious assault ships and the RFA Diligence, displacing 10,850 tons. RFA is just the beginning. In crisis situations, the Ministry of Defense begins to requisition ships from private owners. Any means are used, for example, during the Falklands War, the luxury liner Queen Elizabeth was requisitioned from the Cunard Line company as a hospital. The RFA is a vital element of the fleet, allowing Her Majesty's ships to quickly move to any area of the planet and transport expeditionary forces with them. Without these ships, the British would not have been able to fight on foreign shores and would have been sad under the cloudy sky of Foggy Albion. Epilogue The British Navy is currently stronger than it has been in 50 years. The Royal Navy is a well-balanced and well-trained force to tackle any pressing mission - from international operations within NATO to domestic warfare. In the future, Her Majesty's fleet expects some changes - by the end of this decade the epic with the construction of two Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers should be completed. The fate of these ships has been rewritten more than once - for example, in 2010 it was assumed that three years after construction the lead aircraft carrier would be mothballed and sold to another country (South Korea and Taiwan were named among the possible buyers). Now plans have changed again - both aircraft-carrying ships will probably remain in the ranks of the Royal Navy, but will be rebuilt for ski-jump takeoff; the installation of catapults was considered unnecessarily wasteful. Time will tell what will happen next; the lead aircraft carrier Queen Elizabeth is due to enter service in 2016. Fleet tanker RFA Wave Ruler
Vanguard-class strategic submarine missile carrier | THROUGHOUT the history of Great Britain, the navy has been an important instrument in the conduct of its foreign policy. The country's leadership constantly took all measures to have a strong fleet, which always played a leading role in achieving foreign policy goals in both peace and war. Now the military-political course of Great Britain is aimed at strengthening the unity and increasing the military power of the North Atlantic Alliance as the main factor of European security, at further developing comprehensive cooperation with the United States and the leading states of Western Europe, and ensuring the protection of British interests in various regions. An important place in achieving these goals is given to the Navy, which is characterized by constant high combat readiness and the ability to quickly deploy its forces in designated areas of the World Ocean. It is believed that freedom of navigation allows the movement and concentration of fleet forces without violating international maritime law, in fact not Giving reasons for the enemy to organize retaliatory actions. This circumstance is of no small importance in the context of a radical change in the situation in Europe, when more flexible forms of using armed forces are required to achieve foreign policy goals in areas of interest to the British leadership. The British Navy, traditionally considered the main branch of the armed forces, is one of the largest in Europe in terms of numbers and combat power. They are divided into the Navy, Navy Aviation and Marine Corps. Their general management is carried out by the Chief of the Defense Staff, and their immediate leadership is carried out by the Chief of the Naval Staff with the rank of admiral (in English terminology, the first sea lord, who actually performs the functions of the commander). The chief of staff is responsible for the development and implementation of plans for construction, mobilization deployment, combat use, operational and combat training, improving the organizational structure, training and education of personnel. There are 51,000 people in the British naval forces: in the fleet - 44,000 (including in the naval aviation - 6,000) and the marines - 7,000. Organizationally, they consist of commands (navy, naval in the UK, Naval Aviation, Marine Corps, Logistics, Training) and the Gibraltar Naval Area (BMP). The naval command (headquarters in Northwood) includes a flotilla of submarines (two squadrons), a flotilla of surface ships (two squadrons of guided missile destroyers and four squadrons of guided missile frigates), a naval task force (light aircraft carriers, landing helicopter dock ships) and a flotilla of mine-sweeping forces (three squadrons of minesweepers, one for the protection of fisheries and the protection of oil and gas complexes). The naval command in Great Britain is headed by the commander (Portsmouth), who manages the activities of training centers, monitors the condition of naval, air bases, bases and coastal fortifications, and organizes and conducts tests of equipment and weapons. The command is responsible for training personnel, maintaining the mobilization and combat readiness of naval reserve components to an appropriate degree, and maintaining a favorable operational regime in territorial waters and the 200-mile economic zone. The implementation of these tasks is entrusted to the commanders of three naval areas - Portsmouth, Plymouth, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In addition, the auxiliary fleet, the fleet auxiliary service and the naval reserve are subordinate to the command. The Naval Aviation Command (Yeovilton) includes combat aviation (three squadrons of fighter-attack aircraft, seven anti-submarine helicopters, four airborne transport helicopters) and auxiliary aviation (six squadrons). The Marine Corps Command (Portsmouth) includes Marine Forces, Marine Training, Reserve and Marine Special Forces. The Logistics Command is responsible for the comprehensive supply of ships and coastal units, ensuring routine maintenance and repair of equipment, as well as the mobilization deployment of the Navy, and the Training Command (Portsmouth) deals with the issues of manning ship crews and training them in combat training tasks before entering the ships into the fleet. The Gibraltar BMP is headed by a commander who is responsible for organizing the defense of the naval base in the area and important sections of the coast, maintaining a favorable operational regime in the area of responsibility. In wartime, the British naval forces have the following mission: delivering nuclear missile strikes on enemy territory, participating as part of NATO naval forces in operations (combat actions) to gain supremacy at sea, protecting ocean (sea) communications, providing support to ground forces troops in coastal areas, conducting amphibious landing operations. In peacetime, warships must operate as part of permanent NATO naval formations in the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean, as well as a permanent connection of the bloc's mine-sweeping forces. During the threatened period, most of the British Navy allocated to NATO's naval forces is expected to be used as part of the alliance's strike fleet in the Atlantic, NATO's naval forces in the Eastern Atlantic and in the North-West European theater of operations. strike and combined naval forces of the allied countries in the South European theater of operations. The main goal of improving the British Navy is to significantly increase the combat capabilities of the fleet through a high-quality update of all components. The main focus was increasing the combat capabilities of sea-based nuclear missile forces. In particular, the promising Trident-2 sea-based missile system with a longer range and increased firing accuracy began to enter their arsenal. In addition, the automatic combat control system for SSBNs in combat patrol areas was modernized. Increasing the stealth and invulnerability of these boats as a result of the adoption of the Trident-2 ballistic missile will make it possible to expand their patrol area. Higher secrecy will also be ensured by increasing their diving depth, equipping them with modern nuclear power plants and using towed antennas. SSN "Trenchang" type "Trafalgar" In the course of improving general-purpose forces, much attention is paid to the construction of multi-purpose ships with enhanced combat capabilities, capable of solving a wide range of tasks, improving control methods and means, and introducing new technical achievements and scientific discoveries. The core of the fleet's forces will be submarines and surface ships equipped with modern missile weapons and electronic equipment. To successfully interact with the navies of other NATO countries, British ships and aircraft are equipped with appropriate communication and information exchange systems. An important area of development for the British naval forces remains the construction of nuclear attack submarines, as well as the improvement of Trafalgar-class submarines. A larger displacement will make it possible to equip them with new nuclear power plants and promising hydroacoustic systems. All these submarines will be armed with American-made Tomahawk sea-launched cruise missiles in conventional configuration, thanks to which they can be used in operations to destroy enemy ground targets. Much attention is also paid to improving surface ships, in particular, the requirements for them are being adjusted taking into account the redistribution of the importance of tasks solved in modern conditions. This is manifested primarily in a change in the approach to the construction of aircraft-carrying ships. Attaching great importance to their use for anti-submarine warfare, the command of the British Navy nevertheless considers it possible to use them to combat enemy aircraft, especially when ensuring the transfer of reinforcement troops (forces) to the European theaters of war. The striking power of the fleet's surface forces continues to be three light aircraft carriers of the Invincible class, which have been modernized to increase the effectiveness of air defense systems and increase them by 20 percent. number of aircraft (helicopter) fleet. In particular, the lifting angle of the ski-jump was increased, which made it possible to increase the take-off weight of the Sea Harrier aircraft, and the hangars were converted to support the deployment of promising EH-101 Merlin helicopters on aircraft carriers.
Light aircraft carrier R05 Illustrious, Invincible class Considering the possibility of local conflicts arising in modern conditions and the need to use amphibious forces in them, the command retained landing ships in the Navy to conduct landing operations. In this regard, their construction and modernization will continue. Thus, in 1998, the fleet was replenished with a new landing helicopter carrier, Ocean, which is capable of carrying a squadron of Sea King helicopters (up to 12 units). With the commissioning of the frigate (FR) St. Albans into service in the British Navy in the second half of 2002, a multi-year program for the construction of a large series (16 units) of Norfolk-class frigates is coming to an end. Twelve of them were built at the Yarrow Shipbuilding shipyard (Glasgow), another four at the Swan Hunter shipyard (Wallsland-on-Tyne). Since the entire series is named after dukes famous in the history of the country (see table), these ships are often found in foreign publications as Duke-class frigates, as well as Project 21 frigates Ships based at Portsmouth naval base are part of the 4th. and those based at Devonport naval base - to the 6th frigate squadron. As the most modern and numerous warships, the Norfolk-class frigates currently form the basis of the British Navy's surface forces, represented by destroyers and frigates. The history of their creation and development is very indicative. Firstly, shipbuilders, thanks to increased labor productivity and a reduction in construction time, managed to significantly reduce construction costs: if the lead ship cost 135.5 million pounds sterling, then the cost of subsequent frigates in this series decreased from 96 million to 60 million pounds sterling (89 million dollars). At the same time, the ships fully comply with the “cost/effectiveness” criterion. Secondly (and this is the most important thing), in 12 years. elapsed between the completion of the construction of the lead and the last frigate, due to significant changes in the military-political situation in the world and in the strategic priorities and views of the British military leadership, the intended the roll and role of the British Navy in general and frigates in particular. When the frigate "St. Albans" is introduced into the Bosgot forces, it will have to perform completely different tasks that were assigned to the developers of the ship project. If during the Cold War the British Navy focused primarily on anti-submarine operations in the Atlantic Ocean, now it is intended to project sea power in expeditionary operations of the combined armed forces in any area of the world. Accordingly, frigates, designed as anti-submarine ships for operations against Soviet submarines at the Iceland-Faroe Islands border, in modern conditions are used to perform an expanded range of tasks and, in fact, become multi-purpose. In 2000 - 2001, they sailed and carried out military service in the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, off the west coast of Africa, in the Persian Gulf, in the Far Eastern seas and in the Caribbean Sea. There are known cases when Norfolk-class frigates operated as part of the American and French carrier strike groups or were part of NATO naval formations. Another feature of this project is that... that at the stages of development, construction and during the operation of ships, various new technical developments were introduced, not only with the aim of increasing the combat capabilities of the frigates themselves, but also to test and confirm the concepts and technologies that are supposed to be used in projects of promising ships, in particular destroyers of the type "D"erint."
The crew size is 180 people. Frigates of earlier construction (Linder type or Project 22) with a displacement of 2,900 tons were manned by a crew of 260 people. The trend of reducing the crews of surface ships will continue in the future. The presence of electric motors in the main power plant (GPU) of the ship, ensuring low-noise operation. and their successful application is considered by British shipbuilders as a factor confirming the promise of the electric propulsion concept. The experience of equipping these ships with an automated control system (ASCS) and systematically increasing its capabilities is also planned to be taken into account when building ships of other classes. The ship's design began to undergo changes already at the stage of its development. The tactical and technical specifications provided for the creation of an inexpensive ship with light weapons, capable of conducting surveillance at the anti-submarine line for 30-40 days, using a sonar with an extended towed antenna. However, taking into account the fact that this line was within the reach of Soviet Navy aviation, it was considered necessary to equip the frigates with an anti-aircraft missile system. A study of the combat experience of British ships in the Falklands conflict led to the decision to include a medium-caliber gun mount, anti-ship missiles and a ship-based helicopter in the frigates' armament. As a result, along with anti-submarine capabilities, frigates are capable of fighting surface ships, providing fire support to forces operating on shore, and carrying out self-defense and defense of nearby ships and vessels from enemy air attacks. The fairly high seaworthiness of these frigates made it possible to significantly (from one to five and a half months, as, for example, when patrolling in the South Atlantic) increase the duration of the voyage, subject to periodic replenishment of supplies from supply transports or when visiting foreign ports. The reduction in the “threat” from submarines in the 90s led to the decision not to install a 2031Z hydroacoustic station with a towed antenna on the last seven frigates, although it was the presence of the sonar that predetermined at one time the high requirements for reducing the noise level of the ship. To meet these requirements, the power plant is configured according to the CODLAG scheme, which provides for the combined use of gas turbines, diesel generators and electric motors. Low noise and economical speed (up to 16 knots) is ensured when the propeller shafts are driven by electric motors, and the highest (28 knots) is achieved when using two gas turbines. Additionally (in the interests of reducing the acoustic signature), the main equipment of the installation is placed on shock-absorbing platforms and surrounded by soundproof enclosures. Diesel generators are located 5 m above the waterline. Shortened shaft lines, beveled propeller blades, optimized hull contours, the use of a bubble curtain system, and the presence of a mechanism vibration control system - all this helps to achieve a low noise level in patrol mode. The project provides for measures to reduce the radar and infrared visibility of the frigate. According to Western experts, the effective scattering surface (ESR) of ships of this series is about 20 percent. The EPR of the Project 42 destroyer, which is similar in size, is due to the inclination of the vertical surfaces by 7°, careful selection of the shape of the superstructures, and the widespread use of radio-absorbing materials. To reduce the IR signature, a cooling system for combustion products is installed in the chimneys before releasing them into the atmosphere. Due to the insufficient capabilities of the CACS-4 automated combat control system (ACCS) that existed at the time construction of the frigates began, the Navy leadership made a questionable at first glance, but later recognized as a far-sighted decision to wait for the creation of a new SSCS ASCS, which included 12 automated workstations. Therefore, the first seven ships were transferred to the fleet without ASBU. Equipping frigates under construction and completed with this system began in 1994. Over the course of several years, the software was gradually improved. Ultimately, the work made it possible to combine all the means of illuminating the situation with the ship's weapons systems, as well as with the means of internal and external communications. On the first nine ships, the 2031Z low-frequency sonar with a towed extended antenna is used as the main means of illuminating the underwater environment. The Kinetik company has developed an additional signal processing unit for this station, allowing the operator to optimize the choice of frequency intervals and octave format. The bow-mounted mid-frequency sonar 2050 operates in both active and passive modes and, in addition to detecting and tracking submarines, is capable of detecting enemy attack torpedoes. The torpedo armament of the frigates is represented by two 324-mm twin-tube torpedo tubes located on the side in the bow of the helicopter hangar. The main source of data on the air situation is considered to be the 996 radar station with an operating range of 2-4 GHz. This RIS uses a multi-beam phased array antenna, rotating on the top of the foremast at a speed of 30 rpm and coupled with a “friend or foe” recognition station. Three survey methods are provided: normal circular with registration of objects detected at ranges over 115 km; optimized for detecting low-flying objects in conditions of natural or artificial interference; long-range vision, in which the emitted energy is concentrated in the lower beam to increase the range. In addition, the ships have the following radars: navigation 1007 (9 GHz), detection of air and surface targets 1008 (2-4 GHz), two 911 missile defense control stations with antenna posts on the bow and stern superstructures, as well as the UAF electronic warfare system or UAT (operating range 0.5-18 GHz). To combat airborne enemies, the frigates are equipped with the GWS26 anti-aircraft missile system, which includes a 32-charge Sea Wolf vertical launch missile system with a warhead weighing 14 kg and a firing range of 6 km. According to British experts, the current modernization of the complex will allow it to remain in service until 2020. The GWS60 anti-ship missile system includes a fire control system and two four-charge Harpoon missile launchers with a warhead weighing 227 kg and a firing range of about 130 km. The Mk8 medium-caliber gun mount (114mm) is designed to destroy sea and ground targets at a range of up to 22 - 23 km and air targets - up to 6 km. Its rate of fire is 25 rounds/min, the projectile weight is 21 kg. In 2001, the frigate Norfolk became the first ship on which the artillery system was modernized: hydraulic drives were replaced with electric ones, the total weight was reduced by 4 tons, the volume of the below-deck space was reduced, and the reflectivity of the turret was reduced (Fig. 3). The development of a projectile with a firing range increased to 29 km is nearing completion. The GSA 8B fire control system (FCS) consists of a computer, an operator console and an optoelectronic rangefinder station located on the foremast. This fully stabilized post weighing 227 kg, having a spherical design and including a TV camera, laser rangefinder and thermal imager (8 -12 microns), provides guidance accuracy of no worse than 3 m at a distance of 10 km in sea conditions of 5 points. In addition, the operation of the control system is ensured by two sights installed on the sponsons of the aft superstructure. (Data from the sighting devices can be used for target designation of the Sea Wolf missile defense system.) Artillery weapons! It also includes two single-barrel 30 mm DS ZOV artillery mounts. Their rate of fire is 650 rounds/min, the firing range against air targets is 3 km, and against surface targets - 10 km. ready-to-fire ammunition 160 rounds. The ship has four six-barreled 130-mm launchers designed to fire chaff and infrared decoys, as well as devices for deploying inflatable chaff. The ship's combat capabilities are significantly supplemented by the permanent deployment of the Lynx helicopter on it (Fig. 4), which can be used to destroy submarines with Sting-ray torpedoes or Mkl depth charges. When operating against light ships and boats, the helicopter carries Sea Sky missiles. In mid-2002, a new helicopter, the Merlin, entered service with the frigate Marlborough. Its avionics include: long-range Blue Kestrel radar, drop-down sonar, and radio-acoustic buoys. acoustic information processing system, Link-11 data transmission equipment. The maximum take-off weight of the vehicle is 14,600 kg (for Lynx it is less than 5,000 kg). The Merlin is capable of taking off from the deck of a frigate in sea conditions of force six. This helicopter will significantly expand both the anti-submarine and anti-ship capabilities of the frigate. In addition, it can be used to transport 20 people with personal weapons. With the completion of the entire series, work on re-equipping the frigates and adapting them to new operational needs will not end. To this end, a number of activities are planned to be carried out over the next few years. In particular, at least five more ships will receive Merlin helicopters. Since 2006, instead of the 2031Z hydroacoustic station, ships during scheduled maintenance will be equipped with the new active-passive sonar 2087. This station, developed to increase the ability to detect low-noise submarines not only in ocean but also in coastal waters, combines low-frequency (500 Hz) variable depth sonar and passive towed extended antenna (operating frequency 100 Hz). The sonar and extended antenna can be towed at different depths that are optimal for transmitting and receiving signals. The contract for the development and production of the first six kits was awarded to Thales. Another program provides for equipping frigates with the SSTD anti-torpedo protection system being developed. In the second half of the current decade, it is planned to install on frigates the equipment of the American automated system for controlling forces and air defense systems of the Cooperative Engagement Capability unit. Norfolk-class frigates were designed with an 18-year service life in mind. In this regard, research is already being carried out regarding the feasibility of planning their overhaul to extend their service life or developing a project for a promising frigate. CVF project aircraft carriers
The British Navy is negotiating with major shipbuilders to produce two new generation aircraft carriers for its fleet. One of them displaces 35,000 tons, the other 40,000 tons. Each ship should presumably be capable of carrying 40 aircraft. The aircraft carriers should enter service between 2012 and 2015. It was decided to use nuclear reactors to obtain energy. Based on the size of the ships and the power of the propulsion system, the estimated autonomous cruising range will be about 8,000 miles. The air group consists of 40 aircraft, including 30 multirole fighters, 6 helicopters and 4 reconnaissance aircraft. Displacement: 30000-40000 t Length - n.d.; Width - n.d.; Draft - n.d. Powerplant type: nuclear reactor Number of shafts: 4 Power: 280,000 hp Speed: over 30 knots Speed: n.a. Cruising range: 8000 miles Armament 40 aircraft units (50 can be accommodated) Team: 700 people Type 45 destroyers
The Royal Navy has ordered 12 Type 45 destroyers to replace the Type 42 destroyers that had been in service since 1978. These twelve new destroyers are due to enter service by 2014. The Royal Navy's main contractor is BAE SYSTEMS. The main mission of Type 45 destroyers is air defense. To achieve this, the ships are equipped with long-range radars, high-precision homing missiles and a system for simultaneous control and tracking of missiles. The destroyer's weapons system includes Aster 15 and Aster 30 cruise missiles. Missiles of this series are equipped with an on-board computer and an active homing device. The missile carries a 15 kg warhead, the damage radius is more than 80 km. The main 127mm cannon is located in the bow of the ship, four 30mm cannons are located on the sides. A landing deck for one EH 101 Merlin helicopter is mounted at the stern. Performance characteristics Displacement: 6500 t; Length - 152, m; Width - 18 m; Type of power plant - gas turbine Power: 50 MW Speed: 30 knots. Cruising range: over 5000 miles Armament
Vanguard class nuclear submarines
Vanguard-class submarines are the largest submarines in service with the British Navy. The first boat of the class, Vanguard, retired in 1993, Victorious in 1995, Viligiant in 1996, and Vengeance in 1999. The Vanguard can carry 16 Trident, Tridet II or D5 missiles, all of which are strategic ballistic missiles. Each missile carries up to 12 independent warheads (MVIR), each of 100 - 120 kilotons. The missiles' flight range is more than 11,000 km at supersonic speed. Weight - 65 tons. Four 533 mm torpedo tubes are located in the bow of the submarine. The arsenal includes wire-guided torpedoes with a 134 kg warhead and active and passive homing. The destruction range is 13 km with active homing and 29 km with passive homing. Performance characteristics Displacement - 16000 t Length:149.9 m Width:12.8 m Height:n.d. Powerplant Type: nuclear reactor Number of shafts: n.d. Power: n.a. Speed: 25 knots. Cruising range: n.d. Armament
Team: 135 people Baltic State Academy fishing fleet Naval department Navigation Faculty Essay « Characteristics of the British Navy" Completed: Checked: Kaliningrad 2004 |
Judging by historical sources, the most common type of armor in the 13th century was chain mail, consisting of iron rings connected to each other. However, despite their widespread use, only a few chain mail dating back to before the 14th century have survived to this day. None of them were made in England. Therefore, researchers rely mainly on images in manuscripts and sculptures. To date, the secret of making chain mail has been largely lost, although
The changes that the 14th century brought with it concerned not only armor and weapons, but also the organization of the army. If in 1300 the royal army consisted mainly of vassals conscripted on the basis of feudal law, then by 1400 the main contingent of the army consisted of mercenaries who served under contract for cash. The feudal conscription, introduced by the Normans, lost its significance for royal power by the 14th century, but continued to operate at the baronial level. Initially the system operated
Royal Air Force Uniform Fire Crew 1945 RAF Fire Crew, Airfield Services Unit 1945 This figure is a fantastic looking soldier wearing an asbestos suit designed to provide the greatest possible protection from the heat and fire produced by burning kerosene. Such suits were produced for firefighters at airfields and aircraft carriers.SSN "Trenchang" type "Trafalgar"
In the course of improving general-purpose forces, much attention is paid to the construction of multi-purpose ships with enhanced combat capabilities, capable of solving a wide range of tasks, improving control methods and means, and introducing new technical achievements and scientific discoveries. The core of the fleet's forces will be submarines and surface ships equipped with modern missile weapons and electronic equipment. To successfully interact with the navies of other NATO countries, British ships and aircraft are equipped with appropriate communication and information exchange systems.
An important area of development for the British naval forces remains the construction of nuclear attack submarines, as well as the improvement of Trafalgar-class submarines. A larger displacement will make it possible to equip them with new nuclear power plants and promising hydroacoustic systems. All these submarines will be armed with American-made Tomahawk sea-launched cruise missiles in conventional configuration, thanks to which they can be used in operations to destroy enemy ground targets.
Much attention is also paid to improving surface ships, in particular, the requirements for them are being adjusted taking into account the redistribution of the importance of tasks solved in modern conditions. This is manifested primarily in a change in the approach to the construction of aircraft-carrying ships. Attaching great importance to their use for anti-submarine warfare, the command of the British Navy nevertheless considers it possible to use them to combat enemy aircraft, especially when ensuring the transfer of reinforcement troops (forces) to the European theaters of war.
The striking power of the fleet's surface forces continues to be three light aircraft carriers of the Invincible class, which have been modernized to increase the effectiveness of air defense systems and increase them by 20 percent. number of aircraft (helicopter) fleet. In particular, the lifting angle of the ski-jump was increased, which made it possible to increase the take-off weight of the Sea Harrier aircraft, and the hangars were converted to support the deployment of promising EH-101 Merlin helicopters on aircraft carriers.
Light aircraft carrier R05 Illustrious, Invincible class
Considering the possibility of local conflicts arising in modern conditions and the need to use amphibious forces in them, the command retained landing ships in the Navy to conduct landing operations. In this regard, their construction and modernization will continue. Thus, in 1998, the fleet was replenished with a new landing helicopter carrier, Ocean, which is capable of carrying a squadron of Sea King helicopters (up to 12 units).
With the commissioning of the frigate (FR) St. Albans into service in the British Navy in the second half of 2002, a multi-year program for the construction of a large series (16 units) of Norfolk-class frigates is coming to an end. Twelve of them were built at the Yarrow Shipbuilding shipyard (Glasgow), another four at the Swan Hunter shipyard (Wallsland-on-Tyne). Since the entire series is named after dukes famous in the history of the country (see table), these ships are often found in foreign publications as Duke-class frigates, as well as Project 21 frigates
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