Krasnogorsk municipal educational institution secondary school No. 8.

Subject: literature.

Subject: " Actual problems fathers and sons"

(Based on the novel “Fathers and Sons” by Turgenev I.S.)

10th grade student

Bulygin Dmitry.

Teacher

Khokhlova Zoya Grigorievna

2003-2004 academic year.

Introduction "Fathers and Sons".

Bazarov and Arkady.

Vasily Vasilyevich Golubkov about “Fathers and Sons” by Turgenev.

G.A. Bely “Fathers and Sons” by Turgenev is a modern novel.

“To accurately and powerfully reproduce the truth, the reality of life, is the highest happiness for a writer, even if this truth does not coincide with his own sympathies.”

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

Fathers and Sons.

The writing of the novel "Fathers and Sons" coincided with the most important reforms of the 19th century, namely the abolition of serfdom. The century marked the development of industry and natural sciences. Connections with Europe have expanded. In Russia, the ideas of Westernism began to be accepted. The "fathers" adhered to the old views.
The younger generation welcomed the abolition of serfdom and reform. A series of episodes that begin I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” is the return of Arkady Nikolaevich Kirsanov to the estate of his father Maryino.
The very situation of “returning home after a long absence” predetermines the reader’s attitude to what is happening as a new stage in life young man. Indeed, Arkady Nikolaevich completed his studies at the university and, like any young man, faces a choice of further life path, understood very broadly: it is not only and not so much a choice social activities as much as determining one’s own position in life, one’s attitude towards the moral and aesthetic values ​​of the older generation.
The problem of the relationship between “fathers” and “children,” which is reflected in the title of the novel and constitutes its main conflict, is a timeless, vital problem.
Therefore, Turgenev notes the typicality of the “slight awkwardness” that he feels
Arkady at the first “family dinner” after separation and “which usually takes possession of a young man when he has just ceased to be a child and returned to a place where they are accustomed to seeing and considering him a child. He unnecessarily drew out his speech, avoided the word “father” and even once replaced it with the word “father”, pronounced, however, through clenched teeth...”
Bazarov, a nihilist, represents the “new people”; Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is opposed to him as his main opponent. Pavel Petrovich is the son of a military general in 1812. Graduated from the page corps. He had a nasty handsome face and youthful slimness. An aristocrat, an Anglomaniac, he was funny, self-confident, and indulged himself. Living in the village with his brother, he retained his aristocratic habits. Bazarov is the grandson of the sexton, the son of the district doctor.
Materialist, nihilist. He says "lazy, but in a courageous voice", gait is "firm and swiftly bold." He speaks clearly and simply. Important features of Bazarov's worldview are his atheism and materialism. He
“possessed a special ability to arouse confidence in himself in lower people, although he never indulged them and treated them carelessly.” Nihilist views and
Kirsanov were completely opposite.

What is the essence of Bazarov’s nihilism?
What is the essence of Bazarov's nihilism? The novel "Fathers and Sons" is directed against the nobility. This is not the only work of Turgenev written in this spirit (remember, at least, “Notes of a Hunter”), but it especially stands out because in it the writer exposed not individual nobles, but the entire class of landowners, proved his inability to lead Russia forward, and completed his ideological defeat Why exactly in the early 60s of the 19th century did this work appear? Defeat in Crimean war, the predatory reform of 1861 confirmed the decline of the nobility and its incompetence in governing Russia.
In "Fathers and Sons" it is shown that the old, degenerating morality is giving way, albeit with difficulty, to a new, revolutionary, progressive one. The bearer of this new morality is main character novel - Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov.
This young man from the commoners, seeing the decline of the ruling classes and the state, takes the path of nihilism, that is, denial. What does Bazarov deny? “Everything,” he says, And everything is what relates to the minimum needs of man and to the knowledge of nature through personal experience, through experiments. Bazarov looks at things from the point of view of their practical benefits. His motto: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” Eugene does not recognize authorities, conventions, love, religion, autocracy. But he does not seek followers and does not fight against what he denies. This, in my opinion, is a very important feature of Bazarov’s nihilism. This nihilism is directed inward; Eugene does not care whether he is understood and recognized or not. Bazarov does not hide his convictions, but he is not a preacher either. One of the features of nihilism in general is the denial of spiritual and material values.
Bazarov is very unpretentious. He cares little about the fashionability of his clothes, the beauty of his face and body, he does not strive to get money by any means.
What he has is enough for him. Society's opinion about him material condition he doesn't care. Bazarov's disdain for material assets elevates him in my eyes. This trait is a sign of strong and smart people.
Evgeniy Vasilyevich’s denial of spiritual values ​​is disappointing.
Calling spirituality “romanticism” and “nonsense,” he despises the people who bear it. “A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than a great poet,” says Bazarov. He mocks Arkady's father, who plays the cello and reads Pushkin, Arkady himself, who loves nature, and Pavel
Petrovich, who threw his life at the feet of his beloved woman. I think,
Bazarov denies music, poetry, love, beauty out of inertia, without really understanding these things. He reveals complete ignorance of literature (“Nature evokes the silence of sleep,” said Pushkin, and so on) and inexperience in love.
Love for Odintsova, most likely the first in his life, did not in any way agree with Evgeniy’s ideas, which infuriated him. But, despite what happened to him, Bazarov did not change his previous views on love and took up arms against it even more. This is proof of stubbornness
Evgeniy and his commitment to his ideas. So, values ​​do not exist for Bazarov, and this is the reason for his cynicism. Bazarov likes to emphasize his indomitability before authorities. He believes only in what he saw and felt himself. Although Evgeniy says that he does not accept other people's opinions, he says that German scientists are his teachers. I don't think this is a contradiction. The Germans he is talking about and Bazarov himself are like-minded people, both of them do not recognize authorities, so why shouldn’t Evgeny trust these people? The fact that even a person like him has teachers is natural: it is impossible to know everything on your own; you need to rely on the knowledge already acquired by someone else. Bazarov's mentality, constantly searching, doubting, questioning, can be a model for a person striving for knowledge.
Bazarov is a nihilist, and this is also why we respect him. But in the words of the hero of another Turgenev novel, Rudin, “skepticism has always been characterized by sterility and impotence.” These words apply to Evgeniy Vasilyevich. - But you have to build it. - This is no longer our business... First we need to clear the place. Bazarov's weakness is that, while denying, he does not offer anything in return. Bazarov is a destroyer, not a creator. His nihilism is naive and maximalistic, but nevertheless it is valuable and necessary. It was generated by the noble ideal of Bazarov - the ideal of a strong, intelligent, courageous and moral person. Bazarov has such a peculiarity that he belongs to two different generations. The first is the generation of the time in which he lived. Eugene is typical of this generation, like any intelligent commoner, striving to understand the world and confident in the degeneration of the nobility. The second is the generation of the very distant future. Bazarov was a utopian: he called for living not according to principles, but according to feelings. This is absolutely Right way life, but then, in the 19th century, and even now it is impossible. Society is too corrupt to produce unspoiled people, that's all. “Fix society and there will be no diseases.”
Bazarov is absolutely right in this, but he did not think that it would not be so easy to do this. I am sure that a person who lives not according to rules invented by someone, but according to his natural feelings, according to his conscience, is a person of the future. That's why
Bazarov belongs to some extent to the generation of his distant descendants.
Bazarov gained fame among readers thanks to his unusual views on life and ideas of nihilism. This nihilism is immature, naive, even aggressive and stubborn, but it is still useful as a means of forcing society to wake up, look back, look forward and think about where it is going.

Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov.

In order to understand the conflict of the novel in its entirety, one should understand all the shades of disagreement between Evgeniy Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. "Who is Bazarov?" - the Kirsanovs ask and hear Arkady’s answer: “Nihilist.”
According to Pavel Petrovich, nihilists simply do not recognize anything and do not respect anything. The views of the nihilist Bazarov can only be determined by finding out his position. The question of what to admit, on what, on what grounds to build one’s beliefs is extremely important for Pavel Petrovich. This is what the principles of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov represent: aristocrats won the right to a leading position in society not by origin, but by moral virtues and deeds (“The aristocracy gave freedom to England and supports it”), i.e. moral standards developed by aristocrats are the support of the human personality. Only immoral people can live without principles.
Having read Bazarov’s statements about the uselessness of big words, we see that
Pavel Petrovich’s “principles” do not in any way correlate with his activities for the benefit of society, and Bazarov accepts only what is useful (“They will tell me the case, I will agree.” “In the present time, denial is the most useful thing - we deny”). Eugene also denies the political system, which leads Pavel
Petrovich was confused (he “turned pale”). Attitude towards the people of Paul
Petrovich and Bazarov are different. To Pavel Petrovich, the religiosity of the people, life according to the rules established by their grandfathers seem to be primordial and valuable traits folk life, touches him. Bazarov hates these qualities: “The people believe that when thunder roars, it is Elijah the prophet in a chariot driving around the sky. Well? Should I agree with him?” The same phenomenon is called differently, and its role in the life of the people is assessed differently. Pavel Petrovich: “They (the people) cannot live without faith.” Bazarov: “The grossest superstition is strangling him.”
The differences between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich in relation to art and nature are visible. From Bazarov’s point of view, “reading Pushkin is a waste of time, playing music is ridiculous, enjoying nature is absurd.” Paul
Petrovich, on the contrary, loves nature and music. Bazarov’s maximalism, which believes that one can and should rely in everything only on one’s own experience and one’s own feelings, leads to the denial of art, since art is precisely a generalization and artistic understanding of someone else’s experience. Art (and literature, painting, and music) softens the soul and distracts from business. All this is “romanticism”, “nonsense”. To Bazarov, for whom the main figure of the time was the Russian peasant, crushed by poverty and “gross superstitions,” it seemed blasphemous to “talk” about art,
"unconscious creativity" when "it's about our daily bread." So, in Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” two strong, vibrant characters collided. According to his views and convictions, Pavel Petrovich appeared before us as a representative of the “binding, chilling force of the past,” and Evgeny Bazarov - as part of the “destructive, liberating force of the present.”

Bazarov and Arkady.

After its publication in 1862, Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” caused

literally a barrage of critical articles. None of the public

the camps did not accept Turgenev’s new creation. Liberal criticism is not

could forgive the writer for the fact that representatives of the aristocracy,

hereditary nobles are depicted ironically that the “plebeian” Bazarov

mocks them all the time and is morally superior to them.

Democrats perceived the novel's protagonist as an evil parody.

Critic Antonovich, who collaborated in the Sovremennik magazine, called

Bazarov "Asmodeus of our time."

But all these facts, it seems to me, speak in favor of

I.S. Turgeneva. Like a real artist, creator, he managed to guess

the trends of the era, the emergence of a new type, the type of commoner democrat,

who replaced the advanced nobility. The main problem,

set by the writer in the novel, already sounds in its title: “Fathers and

children". This name has double meaning. On the one hand, this

problem of generations - eternal problem classical literature, With

the other is a conflict between two socio-political forces operating in

Russia in the 60s: liberals and democrats.

The characters in the novel are grouped depending on their

which of the socio-political camps can we attribute them to?

But the fact is that the main character Evgeny Bazarov turns out to be

the only representative of the camp of “children”, the camp of democrats -

commoners. All other heroes are in the hostile camp.

The central place in the novel is occupied by the figure of the new man -

Evgenia Bazarova. He is presented as one of those young figures

who "want to fight". Others are older people who

do not share Bazarov’s revolutionary-democratic convictions.

They are depicted as petty, weak-willed people with narrow,

limited interests. The novel features nobles and

commoners of 2 generations - “fathers” and “children”. Turgenev shows how a commoner democrat acts in an environment alien to him.

In Maryino, Bazarov is a guest who is distinguished by his

democratic appearance from the landowners. And with Arkady he

differ in the main thing - in their ideas about life, although at first they

are considered friends. But their relationship still cannot be called

friendship, because friendship is impossible without mutual understanding, friendship

cannot be based on the subordination of one to the other. On

Throughout the novel, the submission of a weak nature is observed

stronger: Arkady - Bazarov. But still Arkady gradually

acquired his own opinion and stopped blindly repeating

Bazarov's judgments and opinions of a nihilist. He can't handle arguments

and expresses his thoughts. One day their argument almost led to a fight.

The difference between the heroes is visible in their behavior in Kirsanov’s “empire”.

Bazarov is busy with work, studying nature, and Arkady

sybaritizes, does nothing. It is clear that Bazarov is a man of action.

immediately across his red bare arm. Yes, indeed, he is in any

environment, in any home, he tries to get busy. His main business

Natural sciences, study of nature and testing of theoretical

discoveries in practice. Passion for science is a typical feature

cultural life of Russia in the 60s, which means that Bazarov keeps pace with

time. Arkady is the complete opposite. He's nothing

he is busy, none of the serious matters really captivates him.

For him, the main thing is comfort and peace, and for Bazarov - not to sit idle,

work, move.

They form completely different judgments regarding

art. Bazarov denies Pushkin, and unfoundedly. Arkady

trying to prove to him the greatness of the poet. Arkady is always neat,

neat, well dressed, he has aristocratic manners. Bazarov is not

considers it necessary to observe the rules of good manners, so important in

noble life. This is reflected in all his actions, habits,

manners, speech, appearance.

A major disagreement arose between the "friends" in a conversation about the role

nature in human life. Arkady's resistance is already visible here

According to Bazarov, the “student” is gradually getting out of control

"teachers". Bazarov hates many, but Arkady has no enemies. "You,

a gentle soul, a slob,” says Bazarov, realizing that Arkady has already

cannot be his associate. The "disciple" cannot live without

principles. In this way he is very close to his liberal father and Paul

Petrovich. But Bazarov appears before us as a man of the new

generation that replaced the “fathers” who were unable to decide

main problems of the era. Arkady is a man belonging to the old

generation, the generation of "fathers".

Pisarev very accurately assesses the reasons for the disagreements between

"student" and "teacher", between Arkady and Bazarov: "Attitude

Bazarova to his comrade casts a bright streak of light on his character; at

Bazarov has no friend, because he has not yet met a person who

I wouldn't give up on him. Bazarov's personality closes in on itself,

because outside of her and around her there are almost no people related to her

elements".

Arkady wants to be the son of his age and puts ideas on himself

Bazarov, who absolutely cannot grow together with him. He

belongs to the category of people who are always looked after and never

noticing guardianship. Bazarov treats him patronizingly and

almost always mockingly, he understands that their paths will diverge.

The main problem in the novel by I.S. Turgenev becomes the problem of “fathers and sons”, which has always existed. Children cannot obey and indulge their parents in everything, because this is inherent in all of us. Each of us is an individual and each has his own point of view. We cannot copy anyone, including our parents. The most we can do to be more like them is to choose the same path in life as our ancestors. Some, for example, serve in the army because their father, grandfather, great-grandfather, etc. were military, and some treat people, just like their father and like Evgeny Bazarov. The problem of “father and children” in the novel is only a reason for conflict, and the reason is that fathers and children were representatives of different ideas. Already describing the heroes, Turgenev contrasts Bazarov’s dirty robe, which the owner himself calls “clothes,” with Pavel Petrovich’s fashionable tie and ankle boots. It is generally accepted that in communication between Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov, complete victory remains with the latter, and yet a very relative triumph falls to Bazarov’s lot. AND
Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich can be accused of loving to argue.
Kirsanov talks about the need to follow authorities and believe in them. A
Bazarov denies the rationality of both. Pavel Petrovich claims that only immoral and empty people can live without principles. But Evgeniy believes that principle is an empty and non-Russian word. Kirsanov reproaches
Bazarov is in contempt for the people, and he says that “the people deserve contempt.” And if you trace throughout the work, there are many areas in which they do not agree. So, for example, Bazarov believes: “A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any poet.”

Golubkov about “Fathers and Sons” by Turgenev I.S.

The socio-political situation in which Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” was created and published was extremely difficult.

Only five years have passed since Turgenev published the novel
"Rudin", but these five years (1856-1861) were marked by very big changes in the life of Russian society. Over these years, the mute fermentation associated with the expectation of “freedom” increased enormously among the masses, cases of peasant uprisings became more frequent, and even the tsarist government, after the Crimean defeat, began to understand the need to eliminate the old, serf-dominated relations.

Great shifts also took place in the cultural strata of society: among the magazines, the dominant places were occupied by Sovremennik and Russian word", the voices of Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Pisarev, were heard louder and louder in them,
Nekrasov, their influence on young people became wider and deeper. According to contemporaries, a revolutionary situation was being created in the country. Every year the social struggle intensified. Former like-minded people, who had recently stood side by side in the fight against serfdom, now, when it was necessary to decide the question of the future economic and political path of Russia, diverged in different directions and generally split into two camps: on one side stood the revolutionary democrats, and on the other - defenders of antiquity and liberals, supporters of moderate reforms.

Turgenev, who always reflected, in his own words, “the spirit and pressure of the time,” and this time faced the question of an artistic display of the brewing social conflict.

Turgenev approached this task not as an outside observer, but as a living participant in the events, playing public life active role.

All the main events of the novel take place within just two months:
Bazarov arrives at the Kirsanovs' estate at the end of May, and at the end of July he dies. Everything that happened to the heroes before or after these two months is told in biographical digressions (this is how we learn about the past of the Kirsanovs and Odintsova) and in the epilogue: this gives the reader the impression that he has become familiar with the hero’s entire life.

The main events are distributed evenly between three main centers of action: the estate of the Kirsanovs, Odintsova and the Bazarovs; the fourth location, the provincial town, is of secondary importance in the development of the plot.

In “Fathers and Sons” there are 30 characters (including in this number such third-rate ones as General Kirsanov, the father of Nikolai Petrovich), many of them are spoken of in just a few words, but the reader has a very clear idea about each of them. For example, Katya, Anna's sister
Sergeevna Odintsova does not belong to the main acting persons: to her
Turgenev devotes only 5 pages: about a page in chapter 16 (the first day of Bazarov and Arkady’s stay at Odintsova’s estate) and several pages in chapter 25 (Arkady’s explanation with Katya)…

The same, extremely stingy, but expressive artistic means Turgenev also draws in “Fathers and Sons” the image of the modern Russian village and peasantry. This collective image is created in the reader through a number of details scattered throughout the novel. In general, the village in the transition period of 1859-1860, on the eve of the abolition of serfdom, is characterized in the novel by three features. This is poverty, poverty, lack of culture of the peasants, as a terrible legacy of their centuries-old slavery. On the way Bazarov and Arkady to
Maryino came across “villages with low huts under dark, often half-swept roofs, and crooked threshing sheds with walls wicker from brushwood and gaping gates near empty barns...

A special feature of the peasantry shown in the novel is the complete alienation of the peasants from the masters and distrust of them, no matter in what guise the masters appear to them. This is the meaning of Bazarov’s conversation with the peasants in Chapter 27, which sometimes confused readers.

G.A. Byaly “Fathers and Sons” by Turgenev.

It's hard to call it literary work, about which they would argue as much and fiercely as about “Fathers and Sons.” These disputes began even before the novel was published. As soon as a select circle of the first readers became acquainted with the manuscript of “Fathers and Sons,” heated battles immediately arose.
Editor of the magazine “Russian Herald” M.N. Katkov, a fierce enemy of the democratic movement, became indignant: “What a shame it was
Turgenev to lower the flag in front of the radical and salute him as before an honored warrior..."

One would think that romance would be met in the democratic camp
Turgenev with respect and gratitude, but this did not happen either. In any case, there was no unanimity there. M. Antonovich, a critic of Sovremennik, having read the novel, was no less angry than Katkov. “He despises and hates his main character and his friends with all his heart,” Antonovich wrote about
Turgenev.

DI. Pisarev, unlike Antonovich, on the pages of another democratic magazine, Russkoe Slovo, passionately argued that Bazarov was not only not a caricature, but, on the contrary, a correct and deep embodiment of the type of modern progressive youth. Under the influence of all these rumors and disputes, Turgenev himself was confused: “Did I want to scold Bazarov or extol him? I don’t know this myself, for I don’t know whether I love him or hate him.”

In the article “About “Fathers and Sons” (1869), explaining “what is happening in the author’s soul”, “what exactly are his joys and sorrows, his aspirations, successes and failures.”

It is not surprising that "Fathers and Sons" had big influence both on literature and, more broadly, on the life of Russian society in different periods its development.

The meaning of “Fathers and Sons” has not been lost to this day. Roman Turgenev lives new life, excites, awakens thought, generates controversy. Smart and courageous Bazarov cannot help but attract us with his stern, if somewhat gloomy, honesty, his impeccable straightforwardness, his ardent enthusiasm for science and work, his aversion to empty phrases, to all kinds of lies and falsehood, and the indomitable temperament of a fighter.

Turgenev’s novel arose in the midst of the “present”, in an atmosphere of political struggle, it was saturated with the living passions of its era and therefore became an undying past for our time.

"To the 150th anniversary of the birth of I.S. Turgenev."
“To accurately and powerfully reproduce the truth, the reality of life, is the highest happiness for a writer, even if this truth does not coincide with his own sympathies,” wrote Turgenev. In Bazarov, the most important, the most interesting thing was “real life,” although in this particular case it did not quite coincide with the writer’s sympathies. Some emphasis on the extremes and vulgar features of Bazarov’s materialism was caused by the fact that Turgenev disagreed with the revolutionary democrats, with Nekrasov,
Chernyshevsky and, as you know, with a group of other writers left
"Contemporary". And yet, even Bazarov’s extremes are not fabricated, but rather sharpened by the writer, perhaps too much in some places. Bazarov - strong, immeasurable, courageous, although straightforwardly linear thinking - was a typical and mostly positive figure, although Turgenev himself was critical of him and, of course, not by chance.

The democratic movement of the 60s was very broad and diverse.
Pisarev correctly noted that Bazarov was an early forerunner of the movement of the mixed democratic intelligentsia, when its revolutionary activity had not yet been completely clearly defined.

Throughout his character, Bazarov, as opposed to people, is an active person, striving for action. But due to censorship conditions and the fact that the events of the novel refer to the summer of 1859, Turgenev could not show his hero in revolutionary activities, in revolutionary connections.

Pisarev noted that Bazarov’s readiness for action, his fearlessness, the strength of his will, his ability to sacrifice were clearly manifested in his scene tragic death. “Bazarov did not make a mistake and the meaning of the novel came out like this,” Pisarev pointed out, “today’s young people get carried away and go to extremes, but in their very desires fresh strength and an incorruptible mind are reflected; This strength and this mind, without any extraneous aids or influences, will lead young people onto a straight path and support them in life.

Who read this in Turgenev’s novel? wonderful life, he cannot help but express deep and warm gratitude to him as a great artist and an honest citizen of Russia.”

Bibliography.

1. " Quick reference schoolchild" publishing house "Olma Press".

2. V.V Golubkov “Fathers and Sons” by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

3. G.A. Byaly “Fathers and Sons”

4. To the 150th anniversary of the birth of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

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(362 words)

Time gives rise to contradictions. And it doesn’t matter what century it is, the nineteenth or the twenty-first. The problem of “fathers” and “sons” is eternal. The generational conflict persists in the 19th century, but has its own distinctive feature. What events gave rise to the “new” conflict?

May 20, 1859. Turgenev chose this date not by chance: the country was preparing to adopt a reform to abolish serfdom. The question of which “path” the country’s development would take after the reform worried many troubled minds. Opinions in society were divided: the fathers wanted to leave everything as before, the children wanted radical changes.

A prominent representative of the revolutionary-democratic camp (“children”) in the novel is Yevgeny Bazarov. He denies the very foundations of the existing world order, while offering nothing in return. He is not interested in what happens next. “First we need to clear the place,” the hero confidently declares. Bazarov is a pragmatist. He refers to “romanticism” in all its manifestations as “nonsense and rottenness.” Evgeniy Vasilyevich undergoes tests of love, and then death, from which he “comes out victorious”, admitting his mistake - the extreme radicalism of his views.

The fathers could not accept his point of view, since Eugene was too categorical and denied everything that formed the basis of the worldview of the older generation. However, this senile stubbornness and reluctance to understand new trends can be interpreted as a desire to slow down progress. The fathers have done nothing in their lifetime, have not helped the people in any way, but they want to prevent others from changing something.

The Kirsanov brothers represent the liberal nobility (“fathers”) in the novel. Nikolai Petrovich is afraid of losing his spiritual connection with his son. He tries to “keep up with the times” in order to warn Arkady from mistakes. However, Pavel Petrovich sharply rejects the changes. The inveterate serf owner values ​​the people for their obedience and does not want to free them. If Arkady's father himself is ready to recognize equality with the peasants by falling in love with a serf girl and marrying her, then his brother is indignant and denies the possibility of a misalliance.

Although fathers do not understand the need for change, they still carry a lot of useful experience with them. Their heritage cannot be abandoned, so the Bazarovs need to learn tact; this will not harm the future either. New people also do not yet understand the people and their needs, and have also done nothing, but they have a chance to correct the mistakes of the older generation. How can you do this if you don’t listen to him and don’t know him? Nothing. The author proves this to us by showing that the progressive Eugene is the double of the conservative Pavel Petrovich, who repeats his unfortunate fate, only making it even more tragic.

The novel “Fathers and Sons” was written by I.S. Turgenev at a time when Russia was torn apart by severe social contradictions between representatives of different generations and between political camps. All these conflicts are reflected in the novel, the title of which is revealed in its content. We are talking about an acute, irreconcilable conflict not so much between representatives of different generations, but between aristocrats and democrats, between liberals and commoner revolutionaries. The meaning of the title must be considered in two aspects: firstly, as the socio-historical beginning of a new generation, and secondly, as universal human relations between people of two generations.

The writer brings out the main problem of the work in the title, using the example of “fathers and sons” to test the stability and strength of the social foundations of society with family and family relationships. Beginning the novel with a depiction of a family conflict between father and son Kirsanov, Turgenev goes further to clashes between social, social nature. But family theme in the novel it gives social conflict special humanistic overtones. After all, no social, political, government forms human relationships do not absorb moral content family life. The attitude of sons to their fathers is not limited only to family feelings, but extends further to the filial attitude towards the past and present of their fatherland, to those historical and moral values which children inherit. Fatherhood in the broadest sense of the word also presupposes the love of the older generation for those who are replacing the younger ones, tolerance and wisdom, reasonable advice and condescension.

The conflict of the novel “Fathers and Sons” in family spheres, of course, is not confined to family spheres, but its tragic depth is verified by the violation of “family life”, in connections between generations. The contradictions went so deep that they touched the natural foundations of existence.

In the work, not only two generations collide, but also two ideologies: the conservative Kirsanovs and the radical common democrats represented by Bazarov. The collision between Bazarov and the elder Kirsanov turned out to be inevitable. Pavel Petrovich was only waiting for an excuse to “pounce on the enemy.” Bazarov considered it useless to waste gunpowder on verbal battles, but still could not avoid the fight. Thus, in the tenth chapter, the author confronts the worldviews of two generations.

However, the conflict between representatives of different generations is not only ideological, but also cultural in nature: in the person of Bazarov and the Kirsanovs, two cultures collide, aristocratic and democratic, and the first has a much richer past. The difference between the two cultures is also evident in external description heroes. Compare at least impeccable appearance Pavel Petrovich, his coffee and cocoa at the appointed hour, mannerisms inherent in secular people, and Bazarov, who is careless in his clothes, does not take too much care of himself, behaves simply and naturally at the table.

Bazarov denies the previous culture, believing that poetry and music were created “out of nothing to do” by “damned aristocrats.” He calls art nonsense, romantic nonsense. The culture of commoners is characterized by a passion for natural sciences: in the sixties, all young people were interested in them. Therefore, Turgenev gives Bazarov his due in knowledge, the logic of his mind, hard work and perseverance. Bazarov is a materialist who values ​​only materialistic philosophy and does not recognize Hegel’s idealistic philosophy. He is a supporter of crude materialism, which directly derived spirit from matter: “the buildings are the same and the people are the same.” Such a philosophy denied the existence of an ideal beginning in life, which neither Turgenev himself nor the “old men” Kirsanovs could disagree with. Bazarov is an atheist who denies God and religion, and neither the author nor the majority of readers can support this extreme manifestation of nihilism.

It is also observed different attitude two generations and cultures towards love and women. In the life of the nobles, love occupied almost the main place, as evidenced by the fate of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Bazarov ridicules the “old romantics” for their exaggerated attention to love issues. But Turgenev proves Bazarov wrong by making him fall in love with him.

The conflict between two generations can also be seen in the example of Bazarov’s relationship with his parents. Using the example of the Bazarov family, Turgenev showed the conflict of generations at the change of eras, the conflict between kind and honest parents and denier sons who follow their own path not because they have personal indignation against their parents, but because they are more sensitive to the demands of life . Bazarov does not want to live like his parents, but they cannot understand his vague soul. Hence the tragedy between “fathers and sons.” Bazarov loves his parents and suffers because there is no mutual understanding between them. This is a conflict that can and should be smoothed out, but cannot be removed. In his house, Bazarov is constantly silent, not knowing how to announce his departure from home. He mercilessly crushes filial love within himself. His indifference to his parents speaks of spiritual devastation; as a result, Bazarov runs away from his parents’ love. At the same time, the author emphasizes the unnaturalness of such an act in relation to relatives. The tragedy of the parents who lost their spiritual connection with their son and their inconsolable grief after his death are depicted with stunning force

Thus, we have before us a novel in which, through the collision of two generations, the new spiritual possibilities of the noble intelligentsia and new people are tested. The conflict of the novel lies in the confrontation between lordly and democratic Russia, the passing and emerging eras, the generation of “fathers” and the “young, unfamiliar tribe.”

Tasks and tests on the topic "The meaning of the title and problems of the novel by I.S. Turgenev. (Based on the novel "Fathers and Sons" or "Nest of Nobles.")"

• Correlating word names and the questions they answer with parts of speech - Parts of speech grade 2

  Lessons: 1 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1

>Essays based on the work Fathers and Sons

The problem of fathers and children

The problem of fathers and children can be called eternal, because its relevance never fades. Younger generation often comes into conflict with an elder due to divergent ideas and worldviews. This problem is depicted especially well in I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” which was published in the second half of the 19th century. He became a symbol of the era, and the relationship between the nihilist Bazarov and the aristocrat Pavel Kirsanov became an undesirable model for many.

These two heroes can by no means be called negative. However, their intransigence and intolerance of other people's opinions forced critics to take a fresh look at the two social classes. Pavel Petrovich, although a man of the old school, tried to adhere to progressive trends. He is always well-groomed, well and neatly dressed. Kirsanov Sr. respects the peasants, speaks well of them, but at the same time he frowns at the sight of them and “smells perfume,” which already speaks of his contradictory character.

His younger brother Nikolai Petrovich, on the contrary, tries to smooth out all the conflicts that arise. He sees perfectly well that their views are at odds with the younger generation, but he does everything possible to maintain friendly relations with his son Arkady. We also see the problem of fathers and children in Bazarov’s relationship with his own parents - people raised on the old foundations, who believe in the power of one God and who love their only son to death.

Being a nihilist, Eugene denies the existence of God and does not accept any overt manifestations of love. Vasily Ivanovich and Arina Vlasevna know about this and therefore try not to show their love. The author emphasizes that these people should have been born a century earlier, since their views on life are too outdated. However, at the same time, he does not detract from their merits and breadth of soul. Evgeniy himself, being near death, admits that people like his parents are among today's people you can’t find them, they are so decent and good-natured towards others.

Despite all the efforts of Nikolai Petrovich, a conflict still flares up between Bazarov and Kirsanov Sr. These two find themselves involved in a secret duel, where Evgeny accidentally wounds Pavel Petrovich, then he himself is the first to give him a helping hand. The problem of fathers and sons has been and remains one of the most important in Russian classical literature. Many authors reflected it in their works, among them Griboedov, Pushkin, Ostrovsky. However, Turgenev’s work most fully reflected the clash of the “past century” with the “present century.”

Essay on the topic: The problem of fathers and children in Turgenev’s novel

Turgenev makes his heroes completely different. Externally and mentally. Everyone has their own views and lusts. We may find some similarities between the characters, but many will answer that there are many more differences. So it is in real life. Turgenev looks into the soul of every reader. Each person has his own character and state of mind. Some are calmer, while others are more passionate. Some treat themselves with disdain, while others, on the contrary, do everything to remain forever young. Everyone's life is different, just as the fates of the characters in the novel are different.

In the novel "Fathers and Sons" we're talking about about the relationship of Bazarov, who is, as he claims, a nihilist, with the nobleman Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, as well as relationships within the Kirsanov family and in the Bazarov family. As mentioned earlier, all the heroes are completely different. Everyone's appearance conveys them inner world. Only the main character of the novel, Evgeny Bazarov, can be classified as a separate group of people. He looks gloomy, calm and very smart person, but a huge power is raging inside him, his energy cannot be taken away. At the same time, he is cut off from the whole world and does not know what to do and what his purpose is. The writer focuses on the hero's mind. He makes Bazarov unusually smart and internally rich. The description of Pavel Petrovich is completely different from the description of Bazarov. The writer's emphasis for this hero falls on appearance. Pavel Petrovich is a handsome, distinguished man, wearing a white shirt and patent leather ankle boots. He is an elegant and neat man, in his past a famous person about whom there were many rumors. A typical aristocrat who suffers from idleness and spends his time on holidays and important events. Unlike Pavel, Evgeny Bazarov benefits society every day. In Turgenev's novel, the problems of these two heroes are clearly shown. Even though they are not related, their case shows the reader the essence of the problems of different generations.

If you compare the views of Kirsanov and Bazarov on political and labor problems, you can see that they have completely different positions in life. Pavel Petrovich does not like the new and stands up for what is already established. At this time, Bazarov introduces new products and destroys what has existed for so long. To the question reproaching Kirsanov, “Why are you destroying everything?”, Bazarov simply answers, “First you need to clear the place.”

Conflict in families is a common thing. Children are trying to teach their parents to live in a new way, but the old people do not understand this and protect their children. Passions also raged in Bazarov's family. He loves his parents and admits it, but at the same time, he does not understand their “stupid life.” Of course, first of all, Bazarov is separated from his parents by his beliefs. He cannot imitate anyone. He has his own views and other life position. We can look at another hero of the novel “Fathers and Sons,” Arkady, who imitates his friend, Bazarov, in everything. He does not live his own life, thinking that he is doing better for himself. He lives by the principles and beliefs of his friend, despises the older generation and pretends to be a mentally rich person.

In any case, Evgeny Bazarov’s parents love him and do not pay attention to some of the problems that reign in their family. Even after the death of the main character, Bazarov, the parents pretend that nothing happened and they were a friendly family. They come to his grave every day and love their now deceased son to the last.

The Kirsanov family also has its own problems. But can their problems be considered that serious? The views of Arkady and his father were very similar. They were cooking in the same pot, they had the same positions, but Arkady pretended to be a smart man, imitating his friend. Thus, he spoiled his relationship with his father. There were many disagreements in the Kirsanov family over the fact that Bazarov had a bad influence on Arkady. Later, Evgeny Bazarov passes away and Arkady is torn about what he should do. Now he has no one to imitate, and he did not make his own plans. After some time, he finally finds his purpose and begins to live his life.

Novel "Fathers and Sons" ordinary story about the relationship between generations for classical literature, but how did Turgenev present it? Wonderful, I think. Emotions cover the reader’s entire body and it is impossible to tear yourself away from the work. There weren't many pieces that caught my attention, but this was the best of the best. It seems to me that these problems will not disappear; the problems of fathers and children are eternal. Turgenev for me is a genius of words. He showed me the essence of the majority of society not only in this work. It is a pity that at the time when the novel was written, Turgenev was not understood by everyone. It is a pity that the writer was accused of slander. But for many, he remains a Genius with a capital G to this day!